Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Patterns de jeux“

ABSTRACT Objectives: The objective of this study was to longitudinally study engagement in video gaming throughout the first 11 months of the COVID-19 pandemic using latent growth curve modeling. Methods: A total of 332 Canadian adults (M age=33.79, 60.8% men) who played video games were recruited from the crowdsourcing site Prolific. Participants responded to 4 waves of surveys (spaced 3 mo apart) from April 2020 to March 2021. The main outcome of interest was time spent gaming, measured in hours spent gaming in the past 30 days before each assessment wave. Results: Latent growth curve modelling showed that participants reported high initial levels of gaming, but progressively declined in gaming activity across the subsequent waves. Being male, living with others, experiencing a decrease in income because of COVID-19, endorsement of disordered gaming symptoms, game preference, and solitary gaming were significant predictors of increased gaming at the outset of the pandemic. However, only age was related to longer-term declines in gaming during the pandemic, such that older participants’ gaming decreased at a more accelerated rate. Conclusions: This study suggests that gaming declined over the course of the pandemic and was not a problematic behaviour on average among a community sample of Canadian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectifs: L’objectif de cette étude était d'étudier longitudinalement l’engagement dans les jeux vidéo au cours des onze premiers mois de la pandémie de COVID-19 en utilisant la modélisation de la courbe de croissance latente. Méthodes: Au total, 332 adultes canadiens (âge=33,79, 60,8% d’hommes) jouant à des jeux vidéo ont été recrutés sur le site de recrutement Prolific. Les participants ont répondu à quatre vagues d’enquêtes (espacées de 3 mois) d’avril 2020 à mars 2021. Le principal résultat d’intérêt était le temps passé à jouer, mesuré en heures passées à jouer au cours des 30 derniers jours précédant chaque vague d'évaluation. Résultats: La modélisation de la courbe de croissance latente a montré que les participants ont signalé des niveaux initiaux élevés de jeu, mais ont progressivement diminué leur activité de jeu au cours des vagues suivantes. Le fait d'être un homme, de vivre avec d’autres personnes, de subir une baisse de revenu en raison du COVID-19, d’endosser des symptômes de troubles du jeu, les préférences de jeux et de jouer en solitaire étaient des facteurs prédictifs significatifs d’une augmentation de l’activité de jeu au début de la pandémie. Cependant, seul l'âge était lié à une diminution à plus long terme du jeu pendant la pandémie, de sorte que le temps de jeu des participants plus âgés diminuait à un rythme plus rapide. Conclusions: Cette étude, prise parmi un échantillon communautaire d’adultes canadiens pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, suggère qu’en moyenne, le jeu a diminué au cours de la pandémie et n’a pas été un comportement problématique.

The purpose of this article is to examine the patterns and significance of the interpretation of 『Yeosaseo』, a Chinese teaching book for women, written by Changam Park Man-hwan during the Enlightenment period. 『Yusisaseo』 is a book of instruction for women edited and annotated by Wang Sang during the Qing Dynasty in China. In 1907, Park Man-hwan translated and published it at Yeongjujeongsa. This paper studied the translation of Park Man-hwan's 『Yeosaseo』 and examined the publication process, the interpretation pattern, and its characteristics. We also looked at the meaning within the context of women's instruction books at the time. In 1907, Park Man-hwan interpreted 『Yeosaseo』 and received verification from Jeun woo. He published it with Yeosaseo with a preface written by Song Byeong-soon and an afterword written by Jeun woo. If you look at the system, the original Chinese text and the Korean translation of the language are placed separately. This method is different from the one that was translated into Korean during the Yeongjo period of the Joseon Dynasty and wrote the sound of Chinese characters. And Park Man-hwan selected only the exemplary deeds of women from the contents of the commentary and translated them into Korean. In particular, the annotations of 『Yeogye』『Naehun』『Yeo Analects』, which contain a lot of didactic content about women and behavioral norms that women should follow, were not explained at all. On the other hand, 『Yeobeomcheoprok』 explained the exemplary behavior of women in detail in the annotations, and Park Man-hwan faithfully explained this. In this way, Park Man-hwan tried to interpret 『Yeosaseo』 focusing on the exemplary examples of women and encourage women to use it as an example and put it into practice. During the Enlightenment period, the need for women's education was emphasized, and many textbooks teaching women were produced, and Park Man-hwan's interpretation of 『Yeosaseo』 was in line with this trend. In addition, women's loyalty and attitude toward the state and wages were emphasized as they recognized women as members of the state, and this trend is reflected in the women's guidebook, and Park Man-hwan's interpretation of the 『Yeosaseo』 focused on responding to social demands and expanding women's consciousness.

Abstract Board games are often used as a plot motif in modern genre fiction, especially in detective and adventure stories. In these types of narrative, a well-known pattern of storytelling or literary structure (e.g., the treasure hunt, the detection of serial crimes, the iniatory course, or the medieval tale collection) is reworked and adapted to the rules and phases of a board game such as chess, jeu de l’oie, or the tarot card pack. This literary practice is very ancient and may be traced back to a number of novelistic compositions of the ancient Near East, dating from the 1st millennium BC to late antiquity. In the Demotic Egyptian Tale of Setne Khaemwaset, from the Saite period, the protagonist Setne plays a board game (probably senet) with the mummy of a long dead and buried magician, in order to gain a powerful book of spells. The widespread Near-Eastern story-pattern of the magical competition is here superimposed on the procedure of a celebrated Egyptian game. In a late Hellenistic Greek novella inspired by the Odyssey (Apion of Alexandria, FGrH 616 F36) Penelope’s suitors play an elaborate game of marbles (petteia) in order to determine which one of them will marry the queen. This is a playful rewriting of the famous bow contest of the Homeric epic. A Sasanian novelistic work, the Wizārišn ī čatrang, adapts the age-old legend of the riddle contest of kings; the riddles are replaced with board games (chess and backgammon), which the opponents invent and propose to each other as difficult puzzles for solution. In all these texts the board game becomes a central symbol of the transformative and innovative power of literary narrative.

Abstract Board games are often used as a plot motif in modern genre fiction, especially in detective and adventure stories. In these types of narrative, a well-known pattern of storytelling or literary structure (e.g., the treasure hunt, the detection of serial crimes, the iniatory course, or the medieval tale collection) is reworked and adapted to the rules and phases of a board game such as chess, jeu de l’oie, or the tarot card pack. This literary practice is very ancient and may be traced back to a number of novelistic compositions of the ancient Near East, dating from the 1st millennium BC to late antiquity. In the Demotic Egyptian Tale of Setne Khaemwaset, from the Saite period, the protagonist Setne plays a board game (probably senet) with the mummy of a long dead and buried magician, in order to gain a powerful book of spells. The widespread Near-Eastern story-pattern of the magical competition is here superimposed on the procedure of a celebrated Egyptian game. In a late Hellenistic Greek novella inspired by the Odyssey (Apion of Alexandria, FGrH 616 F36) Penelope’s suitors play an elaborate game of marbles (petteia) in order to determine which one of them will marry the queen. This is a playful rewriting of the famous bow contest of the Homeric epic. A Sasanian novelistic work, the Wizārišn ī čatrang, adapts the age-old legend of the riddle contest of kings; the riddles are replaced with board games (chess and backgammon), which the opponents invent and propose to each other as difficult puzzles for solution. In all these texts the board game becomes a central symbol of the transformative and innovative power of literary narrative.

Pennarts, C.M.A., N.P.A. Bos, M.T.G. De Jeu, A.M.S. Geurtsen, M. Mirmiran, A. A. Sluiter, and R. M. Buijs. Membrane properties and morphology of vasopressin neurons in slices of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2710–2717, 1998. Vasopressin (VP) neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are thought to be closely linked to neural mechanisms for circadian timekeeping. To gain insight into the cellular–physiological principles that govern spike-driven VP release and to examine whether VP cells can be electrophysiologically and morphologically identified by a unique combination of features, we recorded membrane properties by whole cell patch-clamp methods and stained the cells with biocytin. In current-clamp mode, VP neurons recorded during subjective daytime expressed a clear time-dependent inward rectification but no pronounced low-threshold Ca2+ potential after hyperpolarizing current pulses. Their spontaneous firing rate varied between 0.6 and 13.4 Hz and was generally tonic and irregular. Spike afterhyperpolarizations (AHPs) were steeply rising and monophasic. Spikes were preceded by depolarizing ramps mediated by a slow component of Na+ current. Spike trains evoked by depolarizing current pulses displayed frequency adaptation and were usually followed by an AHP lasting 0.5–2.0 s. Spontaneous postsynaptic potentials were present in a majority of cells. Voltage-clamp recordings revealed a Ba2+-sensitive K+ current that exerts a tonic, hyperpolarizing influence on the membrane potential. This set of membrane properties was not significantly different from other cells in the dorsomedial region and is characteristic for cluster I cells, which were described previously and are widely encountered throughout the SCN. None of the cells could be classified as belonging to cluster II or III, which were indeed found mainly outside the dorsomedial region. Morphologically, single VP neurons were characterized by compact, mono- or bipolar dendritic branching patterns and numerous varicosities throughout the dendrites. They generally possessed few axon collaterals, most of which remained inside the boundaries of the SCN but were occasionally seen to project to SCN target areas. In conclusion, VP neurons in the SCN express several active membrane poperties, including time-dependent inward rectification, frequency adaptation in spike trains, monophasic spike AHPs, and Ba2+-sensitive K+ current. VP release is proposed to be governed by tonic and irregular patterns of spontaneous firing. The electrophysiological and cytological properties of VP neurons are representative for a majority of SCN cells and define them as a subset of previously defined cluster I cells.

This article proposes to analyze the function of land and aerial walking in Le petit garçon qui avait envie d'espace by Jean Giono. Crucial and constantly present throughout the story, the walking pattern will give us the possibility to wonder where the story leads the young hero but also his adult alter ego: Giono himself. Our study will be essentially stylistic. As far as the methodology is concerned, we are mainly indebted, to a large extent, to the poetics of Gaston Bachelard, who takes the form of reading and writing-walking and produces dynamic reflection. Thus, the study of the chosen text will also refer to other works by Giono such as Jean Le Bleu and Le voyageur immobile and to those of other youth literature writers such as Lewis Carroll. Building series by the game of neighborhoods and echoes, we will try to approach Giono's fascination with the bush routes, the great outdoors and the airways, necessarily initiatory, which lead to them. Cet article se propose d'étudier la fonction de la promenade terrestre et aérienne dans Le petit garçon qui avait envie d'espace de Jean Giono. Centrale et présente tout au long du récit, nous nous demanderons notamment où elle conduit le jeune héros mais aussi son double adulte : Giono lui-même. Notre étude passera d'abord par une analyse stylistique du récit de l'auteur. En ce qui concerne la méthodologie, nous tenterons de nous départir d'une démarche tenant à la fois de la lecture et de l'écriture-promenade, productrice de réflexion dynamique. Ainsi, l'étude du texte choisi se fera aussi en référence à d'autres œuvres de Giono et à celles d'autres auteurs ayant écrit à destination de la jeunesse. En construisant des séries par le jeu des voisinages et des échos, nous tâcherons d'approcher la fascination de Giono pour les itinéraires buissonniers, les grands espaces et les voies aériennes, forcément initiatiques, qui y conduisent.

AbstractAgricultural programme planners have commonly assumed that, to adopt new crops and inputs, small-scale farmers need financial loans, and that private land titles help them to borrow by providing a form of collateral for mortgages. The experience of the over 2 million Luo people and others in Kenya shows how inappropriate this theory can be in a tropical African context.With a land-holding system based on patriliny, the hosting of in-laws, and other principles, Luo tend to live among kin. They continue to justify land claims largely by labour, by the presence of ancestral graves, and by the group membership these represent. These patterns persist despite individual titling by the government since the 1950s. Financial institutions trying to foreclose on defaulters, and buyers trying then to move on to those lands, face stiff social a~hd political resistance, sometimes violent. The government land register obsolesces, and double-dealing proliferates. The mortgage system breaks down.Other problems in exogenous finance are legion. Credit means debt. It also means patronage, at international, national, or local levels. Neither public nor private financial institutions have overcome the great cultural, political, or pragmatic difficulties of lending to small farmers for staple food cropping or most other farm activities. These people have important debts and obligations of their own already, some quite subtle and some long-term. The promise of more loans, the most commonly cited justification for freehold tenure, proves largely illusory in western Kenya, as in many other rural parts of tropical Africa. Aid strategies based on saving and investment, and on non-financial intervention, hold more promise.RésuméCeux qui ont établi la planification agricole ont assumé de facon générate que, pour adopter les nouvelles cultures et ressources, les fermiers à petite échelle ont besoin de prêts financiers, et que le titre de propriétaire leur permet d'emprunter en constituant une sorte d'engagement pour une hypothéque. L'exemple du peuple Luo de plus de deux millions et des autres au Kenya, montre que cette théorie n'est pas due tout appropriee dans le contexte d'une Afrique tropicale.En raison d'un systeme foncier basé sue l'héritage père-fils, le recueillement des belles-families, et d'autres principes, les Luo ont tendance à vivre en communaute familiale. Us continuent à justifier leurs demandes de terres essentiellement par leur travail effectué, par la présence des tombes ancestrales, et par l'appartenance au groupe que celles-ci représentent. Ces modèles persistent, même depuis que le gouvemement a attribué des titres de propriété individuels à partir des années 1950. Les institutions financières qui tentent de saisir les débiteurs, et les acheteurs qui essaient de prendre possession de ces terres, se heurtent à une résistance ferme à la fois sociale et politique, et parfois même violente. Le registre des terres du gouvemement tombe en désuetude, et le procédé du double-jeu prolifère. Le système de l'emprunt s'effondre.Les autres problèmes en finance exogène sont multiples. Le credit est un signe de dette. II signifie aussi le patronage, aux niveaux international, national, ou local. Aucunes institutions financières publiques ou privées n'ont pu surmonter les grandes difficultés culturelles, politiques ou pragmatiques pour prêter à de petits fermiers pour la production alimentaire de base ou la plupart des autres activités de la ferme. Ces gens ont déjà leurs propres dettes de reconnaissance, à plus ou moins long terme. La promesse d'emprunts supplémentaires, ce qui est le plus regulièrement utilisé pour justifier la propriété fonciére libre, se revèle être fortement illusoire dans le Kenya de l'ouest, comme dans beaucoup d'autres régions de l'Afrique tropicale. Les stratégies d'aides basées sur l'épargne et l'investissement, ainsi que sur des interventions non financieres donnent plus d'espérances.

Recent expansions in regulated offerings to include online forms of gambling have been undertaken amid animated debate on the potential impacts of this legalization. The objective of the present study is to examine changes in online gambling patterns before and after the opening of Espacejeux: the state-operated gambling website in Québec, Canada. Information on gambling habits was drawn from two repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted with samples representative of the general adult population of the province of Québec in 2009 (N = 11,888) and 2012 (N = 12,008). Behavioural data were retrieved from the Online Poker Database of the University of Hamburg (ODP-UHH) for 4,591,298 (2009/2010) and 2,909,562 (2013) unique real money poker identities; all Québec players were retained for analysis. Gambling patterns before and after legalization of online gambling were compared. The prevalence of Internet gambling remained stable: 1.5% of the population gambled online in 2012 compared to 1.4% in 2009. Of those surveyed, 82.5% continued to gamble on unregulated sites in 2012 and data from OPD-UHH confirmed that 90% of all real money online poker players still bet on unregulated sites in 2013. Results suggest that it may be prudent for government stakeholders to consider alternative approaches for managing online gambling offerings. Longitudinal analyses are needed to disentangle the effects of legalization of online gambling.RésuméL’augmentation récente d’offres réglementées, notamment des jeux en ligne, a fait l’objet de vifs débats sur les répercussions possibles de cette légalisation. Cette étude examine les changements dans les modèles de jeux en ligne avant et après l’ouverture d’Espacejeux, le site de jeux exploité par la province de Québec, au Canada. L’information sur les habitudes de jeu a été tirée de deux enquêtes transversales répétées, réalisées avec des échantillons représentatifs de la population générale adulte de la province de Québec en 2009 (N = 11 888) et 2012 (N = 12 008). Les données comportementales ont été tirées de la base de données de poker en ligne de l’Université de Hambourg (ODP-UHH) sur 4 591 298 (2009/2010) et 2 909 562 (2013) joueurs de poker avec argent réel. Tous les joueurs québécois ont été retenus pour l’analyse. On a comparé les modèles de jeu avant et après la légalisation de jeux en ligne. La prévalence de jeu sur Internet est restée stable : 1,5 % de la population a joué en ligne en 2012 contre 1,4 % en 2009. Parmi les personnes sondées, 82,5 % d’entre elles ont continué de jouer sur des sites non réglementés en 2012 et les données de l’Université de Hambourg ont permis de confirmer que 90 % des joueurs de poker en ligne avec argent réel misent toujours sur des sites non réglementés en 2013. Avec ces résultats, les parties prenantes du gouvernement seraient avisées d’envisager d’autres approches pour la gestion des offres de jeux en ligne. Il faut effectuer des analyses longitudinales pour distinguer clairement les effets de la légalisation du jeu en ligne.

Recent expansions in regulated offerings to include online forms of gambling have been undertaken amid animated debate on the potential impacts of this legalization. The objective of the present study is to examine changes in online gambling patterns before and after the opening of Espacejeux: the state-operated gambling website in Québec, Canada. Information on gambling habits was drawn from two repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted with samples representative of the general adult population of the province of Québec in 2009 (N = 11,888) and 2012 (N = 12,008). Behavioural data were retrieved from the Online Poker Database of the University of Hamburg (ODP-UHH) for 4,591,298 (2009/2010) and 2,909,562 (2013) unique real money poker identities; all Québec players were retained for analysis. Gambling patterns before and after legalization of online gambling were compared. The prevalence of Internet gambling remained stable: 1.5% of the population gambled online in 2012 compared to 1.4% in 2009. Of those surveyed, 82.5% continued to gamble on unregulated sites in 2012 and data from OPD-UHH confirmed that 90% of all real money online poker players still bet on unregulated sites in 2013. Results suggest that it may be prudent for government stakeholders to consider alternative approaches for managing online gambling offerings. Longitudinal analyses are needed to disentangle the effects of legalization of online gambling.RésuméL’augmentation récente d’offres réglementées, notamment des jeux en ligne, a fait l’objet de vifs débats sur les répercussions possibles de cette légalisation. Cette étude examine les changements dans les modèles de jeux en ligne avant et après l’ouverture d’Espacejeux, le site de jeux exploité par la province de Québec, au Canada. L’information sur les habitudes de jeu a été tirée de deux enquêtes transversales répétées, réalisées avec des échantillons représentatifs de la population générale adulte de la province de Québec en 2009 (N = 11 888) et 2012 (N = 12 008). Les données comportementales ont été tirées de la base de données de poker en ligne de l’Université de Hambourg (ODP-UHH) sur 4 591 298 (2009/2010) et 2 909 562 (2013) joueurs de poker avec argent réel. Tous les joueurs québécois ont été retenus pour l’analyse. On a comparé les modèles de jeu avant et après la légalisation de jeux en ligne. La prévalence de jeu sur Internet est restée stable : 1,5 % de la population a joué en ligne en 2012 contre 1,4 % en 2009. Parmi les personnes sondées, 82,5 % d’entre elles ont continué de jouer sur des sites non réglementés en 2012 et les données de l’Université de Hambourg ont permis de confirmer que 90 % des joueurs de poker en ligne avec argent réel misent toujours sur des sites non réglementés en 2013. Avec ces résultats, les parties prenantes du gouvernement seraient avisées d’envisager d’autres approches pour la gestion des offres de jeux en ligne. Il faut effectuer des analyses longitudinales pour distinguer clairement les effets de la légalisation du jeu en ligne.

Gambling participation among older people has grown over the years. Elders constitute a large and fast-growing population in Italy, but little empirical evidence describes gambling patterns among older Italian adults and the problem gambling (PG)’s psychosocial determinants, so a range of questions which are crucial to orient prevention strategies remain unanswered. The present study aims to investigate habits, representations, levels of engagement in gambling among Italian elders and the role of loneliness, social support and well-being in explaining their problem with gambling. A convenience sample of 165 participants (mean age: 66.93; SD = 5.73; women: 43.1%) was involved. Gambling activities, habits, representations and PG rates were examined. A group “at moderate risk/problem gambling” (scoring >7 on PGSI, n = 40) and a control group (scoring 0 on PGSI, n = 40) were selected from the whole sample, balanced on socio-demographic characteristics; a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the two groups on the target psychosocial variables. 11.5% of the sample was found to meet the PGSI criteria for PG; 26.7% for moderate risk; 11.5% for problem gambling; 50.3% were classified as no-problem gamblers. Scratch cards were the main form of gambling among all groups; the chance to make more money and to distract oneself from other problems were the main reasons to gamble. Finally, the group “at moderate risk/problem gambling,” compared to the control group, expressed higher loneliness, as well as lower perceived social support and well-being.RésuméLa pratique des jeux de hasard chez les personnes plus âgées augmente au fil des années. Les aînés représentent un segment important et à croissance rapide de la population en Italie, mais peu de données empiriques décrivent les habitudes de pratique de jeux de hasard des adultes italiens plus âgés et les déterminants psychosociaux du jeu compulsif. Tout un éventail de questions essentielles à l’orientation des stratégies de prévention reste sans réponse. La présente étude se penche sur les habitudes, les représentations et les niveaux de pratique de jeux de hasard chez les aînés italiens, ainsi que le rôle de la solitude, du soutien social et du bien-être pour expliquer leurs problèmes liés au jeu, à l’aide d’un échantillon de commodité de 165 participants (moyenne d’âge : 66,93; écart-type de la population = 5.73; femmes : 43,1 %). La pratique des jeux de hasard, les habitudes, les représentations et le jeu compulsif ont été examinés. Un groupe « à risque moyen/jeu compulsif » (pointage >7 sur l’indice de gravité de jeu compulsif (IGJC), n = 40) et un groupe témoin (pointage de 0 sur l’IGJC, n = 40) ont été choisis parmi l’ensemble de l’échantillon, équilibrés du point de vue des caractéristiques sociodémographiques; une analyse de variance à un critère de classification (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer les deux groupes par rapport aux variables psychosociales cibles. On a constaté que 11,5 % de l’échantillon répondaient aux critères de jeu compulsif de l’IGJC; 26,7 % répondaient aux critères de risque modéré; 11,5 %, aux critères de jeu compulsif; et 50,3 % étaient classés comme des joueurs ne présentant pas de problème. Les cartes à gratter constituaient la forme principale de jeu de hasard dans tous les groupes; les principales raisons de jouer étaient la possibilité de faire plus d’argent et d’oublier d’autres problèmes. Enfin, par rapport au groupe témoin, le groupe « à risque moyen/jeu compulsif » a exprimé un plus grand sentiment de solitude et percevait un moins grand soutien social et un moins grand bien-être.

Four hundred five college students completed a questionnaire that assessed patterns of Internet use. Results describe college students, with rare exception, as Internet users. The vast majority of college students frequently communicate online and access websites. While an Internet game experience is typical, relatively few college students are heavy online gamers. Overwhelmingly (i.e., 77.8%), college students conceptualized the Internet as a convenience, although 17.8% considered the Internet a source of amusement. Approximately 5% of college students reported negative perceptions of the Internet (frustrating or a waste of time). Principal component analysis revealed three patterns of online behaviour; integrated-Internet-use, games-only use, and dating-only use. Implications for online instructional practice are presented. Résumé : Quatre cent cinq étudiants du niveau collégial ont répondu à un questionnaire mesurant leurs tendances de l’utilisation d’Internet. Les résultats présentent ces étudiants comme des usagers d’Internet, à quelques exceptions près. La grande majorité de ces étudiants utilisent fréquemment les outils de communication en ligne et naviguent sur Internet. Alors qu’une expérience de jeu en ligne s’avère commune, peu d’étudiants du collège s’avèrent être des joueurs en ligne excessifs. Essentiellement (c.à-d. 77,8 %), ces étudiants perçoivent Internet comme une commodité, même si 17,8 % d’entre eux le considère comme une source d’amusement. Environ 5 % ont indiqué des perceptions négatives d’Internet (frustrations ou pertes de temps). L’analyse en composantes principales a révélé 3 tendances de comportements en ligne, l’utilisation intégrée d’Internet, l’utilisation seule de jeux et l’utilisation à des fins de rencontre seulement. On présente des conséquences pour la pratique de l’enseignement en ligne.

Texas Hold’em poker has become increasingly popular on university and college campuses. However, not much is known about personality correlates of engaging in Hold’em, which is commonly seen as more skill-based compared to other forms of gambling. The current study sought to determine where, how much, and which students are playing Hold’em, and to further distinguish these patterns among gamblers. The current study describes Canadian university students’ Hold’em-specific behaviour and beliefs, as well as determines whether locus of control and sensation seeking traits independently correlate with and predict gambling behaviour among a university sample. Undergraduate students (N = 96) completed an online questionnaire containing Rotter’s Internality-Externality scale (I-E), the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Participants played a round of Hold’em in lab and answered a survey about their perception of Hold’em and of the game they played. Sensation seeking and external locus of control were significantly positively correlated with gambling pathology. Participants overestimated the number of hands played and the time spent playing Hold’em. There was a significant positive correlation between gambling pathology and gambling success. The I-E and boredom susceptibility sensation seeking subscale significantly predicts some problem/pathological gambling. The current study suggests that more pathological gamblers display higher levels of sensation seeking and a more external locus of control than non-problem gamblers, and that the type of gambling activity and setting in which gambling occurs should be considered in future research looking at personality characteristics of certain problem/pathological gamblers. RésuméLa version de poker Texas Hold’em fait de plus en plus d’adeptes sur les campus. On ne connaît cependant pas grand-chose sur les corrélats de personnalité qui entrent en jeu dans le Hold’em, mais ils semblent généralement plus axés sur les compétences par rapport aux autres formes de jeux de hasard. Cette étude a cherché à déterminer les lieux, le nombre et le genre d’étudiants qui jouent au Hold’em et à caractériser plus en profondeur ces modèles parmi les joueurs. L’étude décrit le comportement et les croyances propres aux étudiants universitaires canadiens et détermine si le locus de contrôle et les caractéristiques de recherche de sensation sont en corrélation et prédisent indépendamment le comportement du jeu dans un échantillon universitaire. Pour l’étude, les étudiants de premier cycle (N = 96) ont rempli un questionnaire en ligne contenant l’échelle de Rotter (I-E) sur l’internalité-externalité, l’échelle de Zuckerman sur la recherche de sensation et le South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Les participants ont joué une partie de Hold’em en laboratoire et ont répondu à un sondage sur leur perception du Hold’em et de la partie qu’ils ont jouée. La recherche de sensations et le lieu de contrôle externe ont été corrélés positivement et substantiellement à la pathologie du jeu. Les participants ont surestimé le nombre de mains jouées et le temps consacré à jouer la partie. Il y a eu corrélation positive importante entre la pathologie du jeu et la réussite du jeu. L’échelle sur l’internalité-externalité et la sous-échelle de la disposition à l’ennui prédisent de manière significative certains problèmes ou pathologies liés au jeu. L’étude actuelle suggère que plus de joueurs pathologiques affichent des niveaux plus élevés de recherche de sensation et un locus de contrôle plus externe que les joueurs sans problème, et que ce type d’activité de jeu et le contexte dans lequel le jeu se produit devraient être pris en compte dans les recherches futures sur les caractéristiques de la personnalité de certains joueurs compulsifs/pathologiques.

Texas Hold’em poker has become increasingly popular on university and college campuses. However, not much is known about personality correlates of engaging in Hold’em, which is commonly seen as more skill-based compared to other forms of gambling. The current study sought to determine where, how much, and which students are playing Hold’em, and to further distinguish these patterns among gamblers. The current study describes Canadian university students’ Hold’em-specific behaviour and beliefs, as well as determines whether locus of control and sensation seeking traits independently correlate with and predict gambling behaviour among a university sample. Undergraduate students (N = 96) completed an online questionnaire containing Rotter’s Internality-Externality scale (I-E), the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Participants played a round of Hold’em in lab and answered a survey about their perception of Hold’em and of the game they played. Sensation seeking and external locus of control were significantly positively correlated with gambling pathology. Participants overestimated the number of hands played and the time spent playing Hold’em. There was a significant positive correlation between gambling pathology and gambling success. The I-E and boredom susceptibility sensation seeking subscale significantly predicts some problem/pathological gambling. The current study suggests that more pathological gamblers display higher levels of sensation seeking and a more external locus of control than non-problem gamblers, and that the type of gambling activity and setting in which gambling occurs should be considered in future research looking at personality characteristics of certain problem/pathological gamblers. RésuméLa version de poker Texas Hold’em fait de plus en plus d’adeptes sur les campus. On ne connaît cependant pas grand-chose sur les corrélats de personnalité qui entrent en jeu dans le Hold’em, mais ils semblent généralement plus axés sur les compétences par rapport aux autres formes de jeux de hasard. Cette étude a cherché à déterminer les lieux, le nombre et le genre d’étudiants qui jouent au Hold’em et à caractériser plus en profondeur ces modèles parmi les joueurs. L’étude décrit le comportement et les croyances propres aux étudiants universitaires canadiens et détermine si le locus de contrôle et les caractéristiques de recherche de sensation sont en corrélation et prédisent indépendamment le comportement du jeu dans un échantillon universitaire. Pour l’étude, les étudiants de premier cycle (N = 96) ont rempli un questionnaire en ligne contenant l’échelle de Rotter (I-E) sur l’internalité-externalité, l’échelle de Zuckerman sur la recherche de sensation et le South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). Les participants ont joué une partie de Hold’em en laboratoire et ont répondu à un sondage sur leur perception du Hold’em et de la partie qu’ils ont jouée. La recherche de sensations et le lieu de contrôle externe ont été corrélés positivement et substantiellement à la pathologie du jeu. Les participants ont surestimé le nombre de mains jouées et le temps consacré à jouer la partie. Il y a eu corrélation positive importante entre la pathologie du jeu et la réussite du jeu. L’échelle sur l’internalité-externalité et la sous-échelle de la disposition à l’ennui prédisent de manière significative certains problèmes ou pathologies liés au jeu. L’étude actuelle suggère que plus de joueurs pathologiques affichent des niveaux plus élevés de recherche de sensation et un locus de contrôle plus externe que les joueurs sans problème, et que ce type d’activité de jeu et le contexte dans lequel le jeu se produit devraient être pris en compte dans les recherches futures sur les caractéristiques de la personnalité de certains joueurs compulsifs/pathologiques.

RESUMÉ. L’analyse de la dynamique des aires urbaines ou des métropoles, la délimitation de leurs aires fonctionnelles et la comparaison spatio-temporelle de leurs motifs est souvent freinée par l’insuffisance de données relationnelles (portant sur des liens entre des entités) ouvertes et l’absence jusque récemment de dispositifs d’analyse et de géo-visualisation dédiés. Au-delà des questions d’ouverture des données (géo)numériques, nous proposons un panorama du geoweb, le processus de création de cartes dans le contexte du web 2.0, spécifique aux flux et réseaux localisés. L’éclairage ainsi apporté sur les pratiques cartographiques actuelles révèle trois grandes familles d’applications web ainsi que les besoins d’une communauté, restreinte mais dynamique, d’analyser librement ses propres jeux de données. ABSTRACT. Analysing the dynamics of urban areas or metropolises, delineating their functional areas and comparing their spatio-temporal patterns is often limited by the lack of open relational data (on links between entities) and the absence until recently of dedicated analysis and geo-visualization frameworks. Beyond the questions of opening (geo)digital data, we propose a panorama of a geoweb, the process of creating maps in the context of the Web 2.0, specific to flows and networks. The insights provided on current mapping practices reveal three main families of web applications, as well as the needs of a small but dynamic community to freely analyze its own data sets.

AbstractIn the course of his painstaking study of ancient verse, Ferdinand de Saussure came up with an intriguing theory about the phonetics of the poetry he scrutinised. He postulated that the “jeux phoniques” he detected in the texts he analysed was proof that their authors were attempting to “parasite” the surface level meaning of their verse with a “hypotexte.” This hypotexte consisted of “anagrams” of “mots thèmes” whose phonetic properties were “isosyllabically diffracted” throughout the rest of the host text. Today it is generally accepted that Saussure was wrong about this. Few however maintain that what he discerned in the phonetic depths of the verse he auscultated was no more than the figment of a fertile imagination. But if this be so, what exactly had he detected? This paper maintains that what Saussure stumbled upon was the trace of a contribution made to ancient verse by melodically and metrically organised sounds. This was inevitable. Virtually all the texts he probed were “carmina sacra” that were composed to be sung and accompanied by music. This musical accompaniment had a decisive impact on the phonetics of the “lexemic” words in the Poetry that has survived. This is so because sung verse cannot “euphoniously” accommodate a musical accompaniment unless its phonetics constituents are selected, concatenated and intoned in such a way as to follow the melodic contours and rhythm patterns that modulate their articulation. In addition, the point of making verse consist both of melodically organised arrangements of sound and of organisations of sound in which one can recognise ordinary words was not simply ornamental. The real point was to bi-nature what one was hearing. In other words, the goal was to “over-signify” the usual meanings of the “logocentric” words in the verse with a separate but complementary meaning and narrative encoded in melodised tones and metered rhythms. Why qualify the accompanying music as “acousmatic voices”? Because the music in question was added to song to give a voice to whichever tutelary divinity the song was performed to honour. That’s what makes “acousmatic voices” an especially apt epithet for characterising the melodically and rhythmically structured bodies of sound Saussure so presciently discerned in the phonetic depths of the poésie phonisante he probed. The point of their being in poetry was to give a voice to the agencies to whom the object or occasion of verse is beholden for its Being-in-the-world.

International audience The $\textit{parallel chip-firing game}$ is an automaton on graphs in which vertices "fire'' chips to their neighbors. This simple model, analogous to sandpiles forming and collapsing, contains much emergent complexity and has connections to different areas of mathematics including self-organized criticality and the study of the sandpile group. In this work, we study $\textit{firing sequences}$, which describe each vertex's interaction with its neighbors in this game. Our main contribution is a complete characterization of the periodic firing sequences that can occur in a game, which have a surprisingly simple combinatorial description. We also obtain other results about local behavior of the game after introducing the concept of $\textit{motors}$. Le $\textit{parallel chip-firing game}$, c’est une automate sur les graphiques, dans lequel les sommets “tirent” des jetons à leurs voisins. Ce modèle simple, semblable aux tas de sable qui forment et s’affaissent, contient beaucoup de complexité émergente et a des connections avec différents domaines de mathématiques, incluant le $\textit{self-organized criticality}$ et l’étude du $\textit{sandpile group}$. Dans ce projet, on étudie les $\textit{firing sequences}$, qui décrivent les interactions de chaque sommet avec ses voisins dans le jeu. Notre contribution principale est une caractérisation complète des séquences de tir qui peuvent arriver dans une jeu, qui ont une description combinatoire assez simple. Nous obtenonsaussi d'autres résultats sur le conduite locale du jeu après l’introduction du concept des $\textit{motors}$.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide an updated profile of gambling and problem gambling in Canada and to examine how the rates and pattern of participation compare to 2002. Method: An assessment of gambling and problem gambling was included in the 2018 Canadian Community Health Survey and administered to 24,982 individuals aged 15 and older. The present analyses selected for adults (18+). Results: A total of 66.2% of people reported engaging in some type of gambling in 2018, primarily lottery and/or raffle tickets, the only type in which the majority of Canadians participate. There are some significant interprovincial differences, with perhaps the most important one being the higher rate of electronic gambling machine (EGM) participation in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The overall pattern of gambling in 2018 is very similar to 2002, although participation is generally much lower in 2018, particularly for EGMs and bingo. Only 0.6% of the population were identified as problem gamblers in 2018, with an additional 2.7% being at-risk gamblers. There is no significant interprovincial variation in problem gambling rates. The interprovincial pattern of problem gambling in 2018 is also very similar to what was found in 2002 with the main difference being a 45% decrease in the overall prevalence of problem gambling. Conclusions: Gambling and problem gambling have both decreased in Canada from 2002 to 2018 although the provincial patterns are quite similar between the 2 time periods. Several mechanisms have likely collectively contributed to these declines. Decreases have also been reported in several other Western countries in recent years and have occurred despite the expansion of legal gambling opportunities, suggesting a degree of inoculation or adaptation in the population.

Gambling participation among older adults aged 65 and above has increased in Great Britain. However, there is limited research and therefore understanding about cognitive and behavioural patterns of gambling for this demographic. The objective of this study is to develop a substantive framework that represents the gambling behaviour of older adults in Great Britain, with specific reference to motivational factors affecting behaviour. A systematic grounded theory approach (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was used to produce an inductive set of theoretical propositions. A stratified sample of 17 British older adults aged 65 years and older, who gambled frequently, was recruited. Theoretical sampling was used to fully develop emerging concepts. Axial and selective coding revealed that gambling was often used as a coping mechanism to alleviate distress from psychological and physical lifestyle changes associated with the aging process. In total, four grounded theoretical propositions emerged that accounted for gambling participation, including facilitation of gambling, psychological stress reduction, physical stress mediation, and satisfaction of stimulation needs. Patterns emerged from the data that suggested unique motivational factors regarding gambling behaviour of older adults in Great Britain in contrast to other adult populations. This is the first study to investigate gambling behaviour in British older adults. New directions for future research are discussed in relation to emergent findings.Une augmentation de la participation des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus au jeu a été observée en Grande-Bretagne. Il existe toutefois peu d’études sur le sujet et, par conséquent, on connaît peu les caractéristiques cognitives et comportementales de ce groupe de la population en ce qui a trait au jeu. La présente étude vise à concevoir un important cadre de travail représentant le comportement de jeu des personnes âgées en G.-B., faisant explicitement référence aux facteurs qui motivent le comportement. On a utilisé la méthode de la théorie ancrée (systematic grounded theory) (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) pour produire un ensemble inductif de propositions théoriques. Un échantillon stratifié de 17 Britanniques âgés de 65 ans et plus s’adonnant souvent au jeu a été formé. L’échantillonnage théorique a servi à élaborer de nouveaux concepts. Le codage axial et sélectif des données a révélé que le jeu était souvent employé comme mécanisme d’adaptation pour atténuer la détresse découlant des changements psychologiques et physiques du mode de vie associés au processus de vieillissement. Au total, quatre propositions de théorie ancrée ont émergé pour expliquer la participation au jeu : la facilitation du jeu, la réduction du stress psychologique, la médiation du stress physique et la satisfaction des besoins de stimulation. Les caractéristiques émergeant des données laissent entendre que par rapport à d’autres populations de personnes âgées, il y aurait des facteurs motivationnels uniques au comportement de jeu des personnes âgées en G.-B. Cette étude est la première à se pencher sur le comportement de jeu des personnes âgées britanniques et à discuter des nouvelles orientations à donner aux études futures compte tenu des conclusions qui y sont énoncées.

Gambling participation among older adults aged 65 and above has increased in Great Britain. However, there is limited research and therefore understanding about cognitive and behavioural patterns of gambling for this demographic. The objective of this study is to develop a substantive framework that represents the gambling behaviour of older adults in Great Britain, with specific reference to motivational factors affecting behaviour. A systematic grounded theory approach (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was used to produce an inductive set of theoretical propositions. A stratified sample of 17 British older adults aged 65 years and older, who gambled frequently, was recruited. Theoretical sampling was used to fully develop emerging concepts. Axial and selective coding revealed that gambling was often used as a coping mechanism to alleviate distress from psychological and physical lifestyle changes associated with the aging process. In total, four grounded theoretical propositions emerged that accounted for gambling participation, including facilitation of gambling, psychological stress reduction, physical stress mediation, and satisfaction of stimulation needs. Patterns emerged from the data that suggested unique motivational factors regarding gambling behaviour of older adults in Great Britain in contrast to other adult populations. This is the first study to investigate gambling behaviour in British older adults. New directions for future research are discussed in relation to emergent findings.Une augmentation de la participation des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus au jeu a été observée en Grande-Bretagne. Il existe toutefois peu d’études sur le sujet et, par conséquent, on connaît peu les caractéristiques cognitives et comportementales de ce groupe de la population en ce qui a trait au jeu. La présente étude vise à concevoir un important cadre de travail représentant le comportement de jeu des personnes âgées en G.-B., faisant explicitement référence aux facteurs qui motivent le comportement. On a utilisé la méthode de la théorie ancrée (systematic grounded theory) (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) pour produire un ensemble inductif de propositions théoriques. Un échantillon stratifié de 17 Britanniques âgés de 65 ans et plus s’adonnant souvent au jeu a été formé. L’échantillonnage théorique a servi à élaborer de nouveaux concepts. Le codage axial et sélectif des données a révélé que le jeu était souvent employé comme mécanisme d’adaptation pour atténuer la détresse découlant des changements psychologiques et physiques du mode de vie associés au processus de vieillissement. Au total, quatre propositions de théorie ancrée ont émergé pour expliquer la participation au jeu : la facilitation du jeu, la réduction du stress psychologique, la médiation du stress physique et la satisfaction des besoins de stimulation. Les caractéristiques émergeant des données laissent entendre que par rapport à d’autres populations de personnes âgées, il y aurait des facteurs motivationnels uniques au comportement de jeu des personnes âgées en G.-B. Cette étude est la première à se pencher sur le comportement de jeu des personnes âgées britanniques et à discuter des nouvelles orientations à donner aux études futures compte tenu des conclusions qui y sont énoncées.

As the proportion of Canadians over the age of 55 continues to rise, it accordingly becomes increasingly important to understand the implications that their leisure activities have for their physical and mental health. Gambling is a form of leisure that presents relatively high risk for its participants and remains a popular leisure pursuit among older adults. The current study uses a representative survey of 2,187 adults over the age of 55 in Ontario to explore problem gambling and gambling-related behaviours among older adults. The findings show that 1.8% of the population over the age 55 were classified as experiencing moderate-to-severe problem gambling. While differences across sex were observed in types of gambling, attitudes towards gambling, and frequency of gambling, no significance difference in problem gambling was observed. Findings are discussed in relation to previous findings on older adults’ gambling patterns and their implications for mental, physical and financial well-being.RésuméAvec la constante augmentation de la proportion de Canadiens âgés de plus de 55 ans, il devient de plus en plus important de comprendre les répercussions qu’ont leurs activités de loisir sur leur santé physique et mentale. Le jeu est une forme de loisir qui présente un risque relativement élevé chez les personnes qui s’y adonnent et demeure un loisir populaire chez les personnes plus âgées. L’étude en question a utilisé un sondage représentatif auprès de 2187 adultes âgés de plus de 55 ans en Ontario pour explorer le jeu problématique et les comportements liés au jeu chez les personnes plus âgées. Les résultats montrent que 1,8 % de la population âgée de plus de 55 ans a été classée comme ayant un problème de jeu, de modéré à grave. Bien que des différences entre les sexes aient été observées dans les types de jeu, les attitudes à l’égard du jeu et la fréquence, aucune différence significative n’a été observée dans le jeu problématique. Les résultats sont examinés en lien avec des conclusions antérieures sur les habitudes de jeu des personnes plus âgées et leurs répercussions sur le bien-être mental, physique et financier.

AbstractStrombidium is a species‐rich genus of oligotrichid ciliates mainly inhabiting the marine pelagial. In molecular phylogenies, the genus emerged as non‐monophyletic, and cladistic analyses suggest that it is largely characterized by plesiomorphies. A reliable split of the genus and the establishment of new genera necessitate, however, support by novel morphological and/or ultrastructural features. In the present study, the arrangement and ultrastructure of trichites are proposed as taxonomically relevant characters. Strombidium biarmatum Agatha et al., 2005 differs in the trichite pattern from the type species Strombidium sulcatum and most congeners. Aside from the trichites inserting anteriorly to the girdle kinety and generating the typical funnel‐shaped complex in the posterior cell portion, the species displays additional trichites between the adoral membranelles even visible in live cells. Here, this exceptional trichite arrangement is detailed based on transmission electron microscopic investigations. In molecular phylogenies, S. biarmatum forms a monophylum with two congeners sharing its trichite arrangement. Therefore, the strombidiid genus Heteropilum nov. gen. is established with S. biarmatum as type species to also include H. paracapitatum (Song et al., 2015) nov. comb. and H. basimorphum (Martin & Montagnes, 1993) nov. comb. Further differences discovered in the trichite ultrastructure support the organelles' taxonomic significance.

International audience We prove a collection of conjectures due to Abuzzahab-Korson-Li-Meyer, Reiner, and White regarding the cyclic sieving phenomenon as it applies to jeu-de-taquin promotion on rectangular tableaux. To do this, we use Kazhdan-Lusztig theory and a characterization of the dual canonical basis of $\mathbb{C}[x_{11}, \ldots , x_{nn}]$ due to Skandera. Afterwards, we extend our results to analyzing the fixed points of a dihedral action on rectangular tableaux generated by promotion and evacuation, suggesting a possible sieving phenomenon for dihedral groups. Finally, we give applications of this theory to cyclic sieving phenomena involving reduced words for the long elements of hyperoctohedral groups, handshake patterns, and noncrossing partitions.

Fatigue and intoxication can impair people’s thinking, including their decision-making and assessments of risk. However, little research has specifically examined whether links exist between episodes of gambling, sleep restriction and alcohol consumption. Gambling often occurs in environments where alcohol is served and opening hours are long, making potential interactions between intoxication, fatigue and gambling relevant for exploration from a harm reduction standpoint. The current study tracked the gambling, alcohol consumption and sleep patterns of an online sample of regular gamblers and drinkers (N = 132, 28% female) for six days using online diaries. Results confirm that the three behaviours are related at the individual level; with significant between-subjects correlations between gambling and sleep (r = –.20), gambling and alcohol consumption (r = .22), and sleep and alcohol consumption (r = –.19). However, no strong or reliable within-subjects (day by day) relationships were found. That is, although more intense gamblers slept less and drank more, they were no more likely to drink relatively more or sleep relatively less, on the same days which they gambled. We also observed a negative auto-correlation effect for each behaviour: engaging in more of one behaviour on one day is associated with a reduction of the same behaviour the following day. This result suggests that individual-level traits, rather than contextual or environmental effects, are responsible for observed co-morbidities between these health-related behaviours. Further, that gambling consumption, like alcohol and sleep, is subject to satiation and refractory effects.RésuméLa fatigue et l’intoxication peuvent nuire à la faculté de penser, notamment à la prise de décisions et à l’évaluation des risques. Cependant, peu de recherches ont particulièrement tenté de découvrir s’il existait des liens entre des épisodes de jeu, une privation de sommeil et une consommation d’alcool. Le jeu se produit souvent dans des lieux où l’on sert de l’alcool et les heures d’ouverture sont longues; ces endroits sont donc propices à l’exploration des interactions potentielles entre l’intoxication, la fatigue et le jeu, du point de vue de la réduction des méfaits. La présente étude a suivi les tendances de jeu, de consommation d’alcool et de manque de sommeil d’un échantillon en ligne de joueurs et de buveurs réguliers (N = 132, 28% de femmes) pendant six jours à l’aide de journaux en ligne. Les résultats confirment que les trois comportements sont liés sur le plan individuel, avec des corrélations significatives entre les sujets, notamment entre le jeu et le sommeil (r = –.20), le jeu et la consommation d’alcool (r = 0,22) et le sommeil et la consommation d’alcool (r = –0,19). Cependant, aucune relation intrasujet forte ou fiable (jour après jour) n’a été constatée. Autrement dit, même si les joueurs plus actifs dormaient moins et buvaient plus, ils n’étaient pas plus susceptibles de boire relativement plus ou de dormir moins les jours où ils jouaient. Nous avons également observé un effet d’autocorrélation négatif pour chaque comportement : s’engager intensément dans un comportement le même jour est associé à une réduction du même comportement le jour suivant. Ce résultat laisse croire que les traits individuels, plutôt que les effets contextuels ou environnementaux, sont responsables des comorbidités observées entre ces comportements liés à la santé. De plus, les comportements liés au jeu, comme la consommation d’alcool et le manque de sommeil, sont sujets à des effets de saturation et à des effets réfractaires.

Background: South Africa is experiencing one of the worst HIV epidemics, which varies by province and by districts within each province.Objective: To explore and compare HIV trends and patterns between two provinces in South Africa. Method: ‘Know your epidemic’ synthesis suggests that HIV prevalence is rising in older age groups and falling in younger people. Using secondary data analyses of population-based and antenatal care surveillance (ANC) surveys, we explored trends and patterns in HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape.Results: Even though KwaZulu-Natal has the highest HIV prevalence in the country (15.5% compared with 3.8% in the Western Cape), there is considerable recent decline (6%) in HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal, compared with a 2% increase in the Western Cape, based on ANC data, in youth aged 15 to 24 years. These results are consistent with those from a population-based survey where a decline of 0.3% in HIV prevalence in KwaZulu-Natal was observed as compared with an increase of 0.7% in Western Cape youth. Both ANC results and population-based surveys conducted in different years show a decline in HIV prevalence amongst youth in KwaZulu-Natal compared with an increase in the same age group in the Western Cape. HIV infection in this age group is associated with recent infection, thus indicating an increasing epidemic in the Western Cape compared with KwaZulu-Natal.Conclusion: Interventions aimed at curbing infections such as sexual abstinence and condom promotion in this age group need to be implemented extensively in the Western Cape. These should include HIV counseling and testing campaigns. Agtergrond: Suid-Afrika ondervind een van die ergste MIV-epedemies, wat verskil ten opsigte van elke provinsie en distrik en binne elke provinise. Doelstelling: Om MIV-voorkoms en -patrone tussen twee provinises in Suid-Afrika te ondersoek en vergelyk.Metode: ‘Ken jou epidemie’ sintese dui daarop dat die voorkomssyfer van MIV in ouer ouderdomsgroepe styg en daal by jonger mense. Ons het sekondêre data analieses van bevolkingsgebaseerde en swangerskapsorg waarnemingsopnames (ANC) gebruik om neigings en patrone in MIV-voorkoms in Kwa-Zulu Natal en die Wes-Kaap, vas te stel.Resultate: Ofskoon Kwa-Zulu Natal die hoogste voorkoms in Suid-Afrika (15.5% vergelyk met 3.8% in die Wes-Kaap) het, is daar ‘n aansienlike onlangse afname (6%) in die voorkoms van MIV in Kwa-Zulu Natal waargeneem, vergelyk met die 2% verhoging in die Wes-Kaap, gebasseer op ANC data, in jongmense in die ouderdomsgroep 15–24 jaar. Hierdie resultate is konsekwent met dié van die bevolkingsgebaseerde opname, waar ‘n afname van 0.3% in MIV-voorkoms in Kwa-Zulu Natal waargeneem is, vergelyk met ‘n toename van 0.7% in die jeug van die Wes-Kaap. Altwee die ANC-resultate en die bevolkings-gebaseerde opnames wat in verskillende jare uitgevoer is, wys ’n afname in MIV-voorkoms onder die jeug in Kwa-Zuly Natal vergelyk met ’n toename onder dieselfde ouderdomsgroep in die Wes-Kaap. MIV-infeksie onder hierdie ouderdomsgroep word verbind met ’n onlangse infeksie, wat ’n toename van die epidemie in die Wes-Kaap, vergelyk met Kwa-Zulu Natal aandui.Gevolgtrekkings: Ingryping, wat daarop gemik is om infeksies soos seksuele onthouding en die reklame van kondome vir hierdie ouderdomsgroep, behoort wyd in die Wes-Kaap geimplementeer te word. Hierdie behoort voorligtings- en toetsveldtogte in te sluit.

Jeu de données : voir lien ci-dessous This article provides a detailed description of the network of alliances and the matrimonial constellations established from 1000 to 1440 between noble “topolineages” of the upper, middle and low nobility in the Île-de-France (Paris region), with the aim of understanding their marital strategies. For these topolineages, the aim was to ensure the reproduction of aristocratic domination in a context where new actors emerged, including recently ennobled individuals who were aggregated to the existing nobility. Using the Puck software, the author carries out a systematic exploration of alliances and realliances formed through affinity and inbreeding in order to identify the role played by kinship in solidarities. Datasets stored on the Kinsource platform are used to build dated graphs of these networks, highlighting alliances and consanguineous marriages. The development of network patterns makes it possible to identify expansions of matrimonial components, as well as the interruption of their expansion around 1290. Computer analysis shows that aristocrats looked for their spouses within authorized boundaries, and did not hesitate to reproduce past unions between the same lineages as long as the generational gap between the common ancestors and the spouses complied with canonical laws. L’article décrit de manière détaillée le réseau d’alliance et les constellations matrimoniales entre 1000 et 1440 de quelques topolignées nobiliaires franciliennes de la haute, moyenne et basse noblesse, pour aborder les stratégies matrimoniales établies. L’enjeu est d’assurer la reproduction de la domination aristocratique, où apparaissent différents acteurs dont de nouveaux individus anoblis qui s’agrègent aux parentèles nobiliaires existantes. Une méthode d’exploration systématique des alliances et renchaînements d’alliances dans l’affinité et dans la consanguinité est présentée pour identifier les parentés engagées dans ces solidarités à l’aide du logiciel Puck. L’évolution des figures de réseaux permet d’identifier les expansions de composantes matrimoniales. Le jeu de données est disponible en libre accès sur la plateforme Kinsource.

L’étude porte sur les emplois du marqueur de cohérence discursive mais étudié en contexte de soin. Dans le cadre d’un projet, DECLICS, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la distribution fonctionnelle de mais en fonction du rôle du locuteur (médecins vs thérapeutes). En appui sur la littérature scientifique, trois macro-fonctions de mais (interlocutive-interactionnelle, logico-argumentative et logico-sémantique) sont décomposées en 17 types dont 16 sont présents dans le corpus DECLICS2016. Le relevé systématique des 122 occurrences de mais présentes dans le corpus a permis d’étudier la fréquence d’emplois comparatifs entre médecins et thérapeutes. Les résultats quantitatifs indiquent que les médecins emploient davantage mais que les thérapeutes, ce, indépendamment de leur service hospitalier. Grâce à une analyse qualitative, nous éclairons ensuite les mécanismes interactionnels en jeu lors des entretiens thérapeutiques médicaux vs cliniques, en déterminant les fonctions prépondérantes, secondaires et tertiaires assignables à chacune des 122 occurrences de mais. Sur ces 122 occurrences d’emplois, 32 occurrences sont le fait d’une fonction prépondérante unique, 80 emplois correspondent à une bi-fonctionnalité du marqueur et 10 d’une tri-fonctionnalité. Les résultats montrent que les macro-catégories interactionnelles et sémantiques permettent la distinction des rôles des soignants, et on constate un lien entre l’utilisation de la fonction prépondérante argumentative et la fonction secondaire logico-sémantique de type circonstanciel. Les résultats ont permis d’extraire deux patterns d’emplois de la tri-fonctionnalité de mais, utilisée presque exclusivement par les thérapeutes. Cette étude montre que les médecins utilisent mais pour activer des opérations logico-argumentatives, les thérapeutes activant préférentiellement un but interactionnel.

International audience Pak and Vallejo have defined fundamental symmetry map as any Young tableau bijection for the commutativity of the Littlewood-Richardson coefficients $c_{\mu,\nu}^{\lambda}=c_{\nu, \mu}^{\lambda}$. They have considered four fundamental symmetry maps and conjectured that they are all equivalent (2004). The three first ones are based on standard operations in Young tableau theory and, in this case, the conjecture was proved by Danilov and Koshevoy (2005). The fourth fundamental symmetry, given by the author in (1999;2000) and reformulated by Pak and Vallejo, is defined by nonstandard operations in Young tableau theory and will be shown to be equivalent to the first one defined by the involution property of the Benkart-Sottile-Stroomer tableau switching. The proof of this equivalence provides, in the case the first tableau is Yamanouchi, a variation of the tableau switching algorithm which shows $\textit{switching}$ as an operation that takes two tableaux sharing a common border and moves them trough each other by decomposing the first tableau into a sequence of tableaux whose sequence of partition shapes defines a Gelfand-Tsetlin pattern. This property leads to a $\textit{jeu de taquin-chain sliding}$ on Littlewood-Richardson tableaux. Pak et Vallejo ont défini la transformation de la symétrie fondamentale comme une bijection de tableaux de Young pour la comutativité des coefficients de Littlewood-Richardson $c_{\mu,\nu}^{\lambda}=c_{\nu, \mu}^{\lambda}$. Ils ont considéré quatre bijections fondamentaux et ont conjecturé qu’elles sont équivalentes (2004). Les trois premières sont basées sur des opérations standard de la théorie des tableaux de Young et, dans ce cas, la conjecture a été confirmée par Danilov et Koshevoy (2005). La quatrième symétrie fondamentale, donnée par l’auteur (1999;2000) et reformulée par Pak et Vallejo, est définie par des opérations $\textit{nonstandard}$ dans la théorie des tableaux de Young. Cette bijection sera montrée équivalente à la première définie pour la propriété involutoire du $\textit{tableau switching}$ de Benkart-Sottile-Stroomer. La preuve de cette équivalence, dans le cas le premier tableau est de Yamanouchi, donne une variation du algorithme de $\textit{tableau switching}$ qui montre $\textit{switching}$ comme une opération qui prendre deux tableaux avec une même borde et meut un à travers de l’autre en décomposant le premier dans une séquence de tableaux dont la séquence des partitions des formats définit une diagramme de Gelfand-Tsetlin. Cette propriété conduit à un algorithme du type $\textit{jeu de taquin-glissements sur chaînes}$ pour les tableaux de Littlewood-Richardson.

International audience In this paper we explore the combinatorics of the non-negative part $(G/P)_{\geq 0}$ of a cominuscule Grassmannian. For each such Grassmannian we define Le-diagrams ― certain fillings of generalized Young diagrams which are in bijection with the cells of $(G/P)_{\geq 0}$. In the classical cases, we describe Le-diagrams explicitly in terms of pattern avoidance. We also define a game on diagrams, by which one can reduce an arbitrary diagram to a Le-diagram. We give enumerative results and relate our Le-diagrams to other combinatorial objects. Surprisingly, the totally non-negative cells in the open Schubert cell of the odd and even orthogonal Grassmannians are (essentially) in bijection with preference functions and atomic preference functions respectively. Dans cet article nous schtroumpfons la combinatoire de la partie non-négative $(G/P)_{\geq 0}$ d'une Grassmannienne cominuscule. Pour chaque Grassmannienne de ce type nous définissons les Le-diagrammes ― certains remplissages de diagrammes de Young généralisés en bijection avec les cellules de $(G/P)_{\geq 0}$. Dans les cas classiques, nous décrivons les Le-diagrammes explicitement en termes d'évitement de certains motifs. Aussi nous définissons un jeu sur les diagrammes, avec lequel on peut réduire un diagramme arbitraire à un Le-diagramme. Nous donnons les résultats énumératifs et nous relions nos Le-diagrammes à d'autres objets combinatoires. Étonnamment, les cellules non-négatives dans la cellule de Schubert ouverte des Grassmanniennes orthogonales impaires et paires sont essentiellement en bijection avec les fonctions de préférence et les fonctions de préférence atomiques.

En esta tesis profundizamos el estudio de la cognición y comunicación numérica de niños y niñas de primeros grados de la escuela primaria en la zona andina rionegrina. Desde un enfoque socio-constructivista de recursos, interesó visibilizar, documentar y comprender la variedad, articulación y dinamismo de conocimientos numéricos en los diferentes grados de apropiación que estos jóvenes estudiantes ponen en juego al producir y reflexionar sobre signos numéricos en situación de entrevista, en distintos modos semióticos. También prestamos atención a sus procesos de reflexión y regulación de la propia cognición numérica. Los participantes son cuarenta y cinco niñas y niños que cursaban primer grado en cuatro escuelas públicas de gestión estatal de jornada simple en Bariloche y El Bolsón. Dos de las escuelas son céntricas y dos se encuentran en la periferia de la ciudad. La selección de las escuelas respondió a obtener un relativamente amplio abanico sociocultural y socioeducativo en el marco de la escolaridad urbana regional. Metodológicamente, se entrevistó a los niños individualmente en base a un guión semi-estructurado, con tareas abiertas, creativas, convocantes, desafiantes y andamiadas. Se utilizaron dispositivos de registro multimodal de los procesos comunicativo-cognitivos implicados en los momentos de producción oral, gráfica y con objetos. Los análisis mixtos buscaron conjugar profundidad y sistematicidad en la atención a la singularidad y la regularidad, utilizando técnicas que permiten tal diversidad de acercamientos a los textos gráficos creados por los niños, así como a sus respuestas verbales y gestuales y sus acciones con objetos. Principalmente trabajamos con: sistemas de categorías para la construcción de repertorios con posterior aplicación de técnicas de la estadística no paramétrica y multivariada, análisis de trayectorias de aprendizaje y estudio de casos múltiples. El enfoque socio-constructivista de recursos impregnó las decisiones tomadas tanto al realizar la entrevista como al analizar la producción numérica de cada niña o niño. Dimos cuenta de la variedad de las formas de conocer y comunicar numéricamente de los y las participantes mediante cuatro repertorios: el primero visibiliza el arco de producción numérica convencional identificado en la población estudiada; el segundo distingue las aproximaciones parciales a la convención numérica; el tercero articula trayectorias de conservación e innovación cognitiva al pensar en y con cantidades “grandes”, y finalmente, el cuarto identifica formas de reflexión y regulación de la propia cognición numérica. Ilustramos todas las categorías incluidas en esos cuatro repertorios con producciones orales, gráficas y a veces gestuales originales de los niños y niñas participantes. Además, nos dedicamos a captar multimodalmente el dinamismo del pensamiento y la comunicación numérica de los niños en situación, tanto a nivel intra-tarea como inter-tarea. Así, identificamos cuatro patrones de producción convencional, que se extienden desde una producción convencional limitada (Patrón 1, 9 niños) a una producción avanzada (Patrón 4, 8 niños), pasando por configuraciones de producción convencional “incipiente”(Patrón 2, 13 niños) e “intermedia” (Patrón 3, 15 niños). Encontramos una asociación entre los patrones de producción convencional y el sector socioeducativo y sociocultural vinculado a la escuela. En las escuelas céntricas se concentró la mayor proporción de niños y niñas cuya producción convencional es más extendida, y en las escuelas periféricas sucedió lo inverso. Sin embargo, en tres de los primeros grados participantes convivían niños de los cuatro patrones de producción convencional, y en uno, de tres patrones. La heterogeneidad se incrementa notablemente si miramos a los chicos considerando sus respuestas no convencionales como una producción comunicativa cognitiva genuina. Esta situación coloca a la heterogeneidad cognitiva en el campo del número como una condición a considerar como esperable en el inicio de la escolarización matemática primaria en la región. Para ahondar en el estudio del dinamismo en la puesta en juego de los recursos cognitivo-comunicativos de los niños realizamos varias líneas de análisis. Una fue el estudio de sus avances en el curso de una misma tarea o a lo largo de tareas relacionadas. El hallazgo de que el 78% de los niños evidenciaron alguna forma de progreso resalta la importancia de disponer un espacio abierto y sin prisa para la comunicación y evaluación del conocimiento. El progreso según indicadores de mayor producción estrictamente convencional se evidenció en niños o niñas pertenecientes a todos los patrones de producción convencional, lo que muestra que ni tan siquiera el saber que se corresponde con el establecido culturalmente constituye un bagaje del que niños y niñas disponen de forma estable, pronto a ser demostrado ante la primera demanda. A su vez pudimos constatar que las tensiones entre lo establecido y lo posible, o entre convenciones e invenciones, resultaron ser fuentes de conflicto y transformación cognitiva para algunos niños entrevistados. En este proceso, los niños y las niñas mostraron cómo gradualmente se apropiaron del conocimiento cultural establecido, exploraron relaciones, revisaron y generaron innovaciones en sus ideas y procedimientos. La mayoría de las niñas y niños entrevistados mostraron que tales respuestas surgieron de procesos constructivos y exploratorios no lineales, que introdujeron ajustes y fomentaron nuevas percataciones de regularidades numéricas, e incluso nuevos matices de significado. En nuestra búsqueda por comprender la variedad y el dinamismo de los recursos de los niños, elegimos incluir también un estudio de casos múltiples. Seleccionamos dos niños y una niña que se inscriben en distintos patrones de producción convencional para reconstruir su construcción de sentidos a lo largo de la progresión de tareas numéricas en la entrevista. Esta fue una vía más para dimensionar el grado en que los saberes de los niños entrevistados acerca de las formas y funciones numéricas abordadas revisten una notable disparidad inter-sujeto, y también conexiones de sentido a nivel inter-tarea. Somos conscientes de los alcances y restricciones de un trabajo investigativo acotado no solo en el número de participantes sino también en el tiempo/espacio de interacción en el que recabamos la información (una única entrevista diádica fuera del aula). No obstante, consideramos que los análisis de grano fino y multimodal de la variedad de recursos numéricos en esta etapa, junto a la atención al dinamismo de su puesta en juego en situación, pueden contribuir a articular un panorama de los niños como aprendices que buscan agentivamente apropiarse de las formas y funciones numéricas como instrumento de participación cultural. En ese sentido las contribuciones recogidas en los comentarios finales de los capítulos de resultados y en las conclusiones pueden ofrecer información valiosa de primera mano para el diseño y la implementación de prácticas de enseñanza capaces de promover la agencia en el aprendizaje numérico básico en entornos socioeducativos diversos. Planteamos una vía para superar enfoques de estándares que conciben el aprendizaje preferentemente como proceso descontextualizado, reproductivo, monomodal y universal. Para ello, por supuesto, es clave el trabajo también agentivo, creativo, colaborativo, multimodal y andamiado de los equipos docentes en sus comunidades de práctica. In this thesis we go a step further in the study of numerical cognition and communication of first-grade children in the Andean region of Rio Negro. From a resource-based socio-constructivist framework, we were interested in making visible, documenting and understanding the variety, articulation and dynamism of children’s numerical knowledge at work when they produced and thought about and with numerical signs during interviews, in different semiotic modes. We also paid attention to the processes of reflexion and regulation of their own numerical cognition. The participants are forty-five students who attended first grade in four public schools in Bariloche and El Bolsón. Two of the schools are located down-townl and two are located in the periphery of the city. The selection of schools aimed at obtaining a relatively wide sociocultural and socio-educational range within regional urban schooling. Methodologically, the children were interviewed individually based on a semi-structured script, with open, creative, convoking, challenging and scaffolding tasks. Multimodal recording devices of the communicative-cognitive processes evidenced during oral, graphic and object production were used. The mixed methods analyses sought to combine depth and systematic attention to both singularity and regularity, by using techniques that allow such a diversity of approaches to the graphic texts created by children, as well as to their verbal and gestural responses and to their actions with objects. We mainly worked with: category systems for the construction of repertoires, with subsequent application of non-parametric and multivariate statistics techniques, analysis of learning trajectories and study of multiple cases. The resource-based socio-constructivist framework resource-based socio-constructivist framework permeated the decisions made both when conducting the interview and when analyzing the numerical production of each girl or boy. Four repertoires captured the variety in participants’ ways of knowing and communicating numerically: the first one makes visible the conventional numerical production identified in the studied population; the second distinguishes partial approaches to numerical convention; the third articulates trajectories of cognitive preservation and cognitive innovation when thinking about and with relatively large quantities, and finally, the fourth identifies forms of reflexion and regulation of numerical cognition. We illustrate all the categories included in those four repertoires with original productions of the participating children ─oral, graphic and sometimes gestural. In addition, we sought to capture the multimodal dynamism of children’s situated thinking and communication, both at an intra-task and an inter-task level. Thus, we identified four conventional production patterns, which range from Limited conventional production (Pattern 1; 9 children) to Advanced production (Pattern 4; 8 children). Incipient conventional production (Pattern 2; 13 children) and Intermediate (Pattern 3; 15 children) configurations are half-way. We found an association between conventional production patterns and the socio-educational / socio-cultural sector characteristic of the schools. In the down-town schools a greater proportion of children whose conventional production is more widespread was concentrated, and in the peripheral schools the opposite happened. However, in three of the participating first grades, children of the four conventional production patterns coexisted, and in the remaining one, children from three patterns did so. Intra-school-grade heterogeneity increases markedly if we look at students’ unconventional responses as genuine cognitive-communicative productions. This situation places cognitive-communicative heterogeneity as a condition to be considered at the beginning of primary mathematical schooling in the region. In order to deepen into the study of the dynamism of children’s cognitive-communicative resources we performed several lines of analysis. One was the study of their progress in the course of a same task or along related tasks. The finding that 78% of children showed some form of progress highlights the importance of having an open and unhurried space for communication and knowledge assessment. Progress according to indicators of conventional production was evidenced in children belonging to all conventional production patterns. The latter shows that children’s established cultural knowledge is not a stable ready-made possession, soon to be demonstrated at request. At the same time, tensions between the realms of the established and the possible, or between conventions and inventions, turned out to be sources of conflict and cognitive transformation for some of the children. In this process, students showed how they gradually appropriated established cultural knowledge, explored relationships, reviewed and generated innovations in their ideas and procedures. Most of the interviewed children showed that such answers arose from nonlinear constructive and exploratory processes, which introduced adjustments and encouraged new perceptions of numerical regularities, and even new nuances of meaning. In our quest to understand the variety and dynamism of children's resources, we also chose to include a multiple case study. We selected two boys and a girl who belonged in different patterns of conventional production, as a way to reconstruct their meaning-making processes throughout the progression of numerical tasks in the interview. This was one more way to measure the degree to which the knowledge of the interviewed children about the numerical forms and functions addressed is markedly heterogeneous across learners, and also to understand connections of meaning at the single learner, inter-task level. We are aware of the scope and restrictions of a limited research work as ours. Limitations are related to the number of participants as well as to the temporal-spatial frame of interaction in which we collected the information (a single dyadic interview outside the classroom). However, we consider that the fine-grained and multimodal analyses of the variety of numerical resources at this stage, together with the attention to the dynamism of their putting into play in situation, can contribute to articulate a panorama of children as apprentices who agentively seek to appropriate numerical forms and functions as an instrument for their cultural participation. In that sense, we expect that the contributions collected in the final comments of each chapter, together with the final conclusions chapter can offer valuable first-hand information for the design and implementation of teaching practices capable of promoting children’s agency in basic numerical learning, in diverse socio-educational environments. We propose a way to overcome standardized approaches that conceive learning preferably as a decontextualized, reproductive, monomodal and universal process. To that end, of course, the agentive, creative, collaborative, multimodal and scaffolded work of the teaching teams in their communities of practice is also a key factor. Dans cette thèse, on approfondit l'étude de la cognition et de la communication numérique des enfants des premières années d'école primaire dans la région des Andes, province de Rio Negro. À partir d’un optique socioconstructiviste des ressources, on a voulu visualiser, documenter et comprendre la variété, l'articulation et le dynamisme des connaissances numériques à des degrés divers d'appropriation que ces jeunes étudiants mettent en jeu pour produire et réfléchir sur des signes numériques lors d'un entretien, dans différents modes sémiotiques. On s'intéresse également à leurs processus de réflexionet de régulation de la propre cognition numérique. Les participants sont quarante-cinq enfants de la première année d'école primaire de quatre écoles publiques de demi-journée d'activité à Bariloche et El Bolsón. Deux des écoles sont dans la ville et deux sont situées en périphérie. La sélection des écoles est motivée par l'idée d'obtenir un éventail socioculturel et socio-éducatif relativement large dans le cadre de la scolarisation en milieu urbain régional.Du point de vue méthodologique, des entretiens individuels avec les enfants se sont déroulés sur la base d'un protocole semi-structuré avec des tâches ouvertes, créatives, attirantes, défiantes et didactiques. Dispositifs multimodaux on été employés pour saisir les processus cognitifs-communicatifs impliqués pendant les périodes de production orale, graphique et avec des objets. Les analyses mixtes ont cherché à combiner profondeur et systématisation dans l'attentionà la singularité et à la régularité, en utilisant des techniques qui permettent une telle diversité d'approches aux textes graphiques créés par les enfants, ainsi qu'à leurs réponses verbales et gestuelleset à leurs actions avec des objets. Principalement, on a travaillé avec: systèmes de catégories pour la construction de répertoires avec application ultérieure de techniques d'analyse statistique non paramétrique et multi-variée, analyse de trajectoires d'apprentissage et étude de cas multiples. L'approche socioconstructiviste des ressources a imprégnée les décisions tant lors de la conduite de l'entretien comme pendant l'analyse de la production numérique de chaque enfant. Nous avons remarqué la variété de manières de comprendre et communiquer numériquement des enfants à travers quatre répertoires: le premier met en évidence l'arc de production numérique conventionnel correspondant à la population étudiée; le second distingue les approches partielles à la convention numérique; le troisième articule trajectoires de conservation et d'innovation cognitive en pensant à et avec des quantités "grandes", et en fin, le quatrième identifie les manières de réflexionet de régulation de la propre cognition numérique. On illustre toutes les catégories comprises dans ces quatre répertoires avec des productions orales, graphiques et parfois gestuelles des enfants. En plus, on s'est engagé à capter d'un point de vue multimodal le dynamisme de la pensée et de la communication numériques des enfants en situation, soit intra-tâche que inter-tâche. Ainsi, on a identifié quatre modèles de production conventionnels, allant d'une production conventionnelle limitée (modèle 1, 9 enfants) à une production avancée (modèle 4, 8 enfants), en passant par des configurations de production conventionnelle "naissante" (modèle 2, 13 enfants) et "intermédiaire" (modèle 3, 15 enfants). On a trouvé une association entre les modèles de production conventionnelle et le secteur socio-éducatif et socioculturel lié à l'école. Dans les écoles du centreville, on a trouvé la plus forte proportion d'enfants dont la production conventionnelle est la plus répandue, tandis que l'inverse caractérise les écoles périphériques. Toutefois, dans trois des premiers niveaux participants coexistaient des enfants des quatre modèles de production conventionnelle, et dans un, des trois modèles. L’hétérogénéité est fortement augmentée si l'on regarde les enfants en ce qui concerne leurs réponses non conventionnelles comme une véritable production communicative et cognitive. Cette situation place l'hétérogénéité cognitive dans le domaine du nombre comme condition à considérer attendue au début de l'scolarisation mathématique primaire dans la région. Pour plonger dans l'étude de la dynamique des enjeux des ressources cognitives et de communication des enfants on a considéré plusieurs lignes d'analyse. L'un était l'étude de leurs progrès au cours de la même tâche ou tout au long des tâches connexes. Le constat que 78% des enfants ont démontré une certaine forme de progrès souligne l'importance d’avoir un espace ouvert et le temps pour la communication et l'évaluation des connaissances. Selon les indicateurs de production plus vaste et strictement conventionnelle, le progrès s’est fait évident pour les enfants de tous les modèles de production conventionnelle, ce qui démontre que même pas le savoir qui correspond au plan culturel établi constitue un bagage dont les enfants disposent d’une manière stable, ce qui est facilement vérifié à la première question.Aussi, on a pu constater que les tensions entre l'établi et le possible, ou entre conventions et inventions, se sont révélées comme sources de conflit et de transformation cognitive pour certains enfants interrogés. Dans ce processus, les enfants ont mis en évidence comment ils se sont appropriés graduellement des connaissances culturelles établies, ont exploré des relations, examiné et généré des innovations de leurs idées et procédures. La plupart des enfants interrogés ont montré que ces réponses provenaient de processus constructifs et exploratoires non linéaires, qu’ils ont introduit des ajustements et qu’ils ont aperçu des nouvelles régularités numériques, et même de nouvelles nuances de sens. Dans notre quête pour comprendre la diversité et le dynamisme des ressources des enfants, on a choisi également d’inclure une étude de cas multiples. On a sélectionné deux garçons et une fille qui appartiennent à des différents modèles de production conventionnelle pour reconstruire leur construction de sens tout au long de la progression des tâches numériques dans l'entretien. Ce fut une autre façon d'évaluer la mesure dans laquelle les connaissances des enfants interrogés sur les formes et les fonctions numériques abordées ont des disparités considérables entre les individus, et aussi des connexions de sens au niveau individuel et inter-tâche. On comprend l’ampleur et les contraintes d'un travail de recherche limitée non seulement dans le nombre de participants, mais aussi dans le temps/espace d’interaction dans lequel on a recueilli l’information (un seul entretien dyadique en dehors de la salle de classe). Cependant, on considère que les analyses multimodaux et à grains fins sur la variété des ressources numériques à ce stade, avec une attention au dynamisme de la mise en jeu dans des situations, peuvent contribuer à articuler un panorama des enfants en tant qu’apprentis qui cherchent à s’approprier des formes et fonctions numériques comme instrument de participation culturelle. En ce sens, les contributions recueillies dans les observations finales des chapitres des résultats et dans les conclusions peuvent fournir de précieuses informations de première main pour la conception et la mise en œuvre des pratiques d'enseignement capables de promouvoir l'apprentissage numérique de base en milieux socioéducatifs divers. On propose un moyen de surmonter les approches standardisés qui perçoivent de préférence l’apprentissage comme un processus sans contexte, reproductif, monomodal et universel. Pour ce faire, bien sûr, le travail créatif, collaboratif, multimodal et didactique des équipes d’enseignement est clé dans leurs communautés de référence.

Background information Sandscript was programmed with the web application « Tchat-scene », created by Carol-Ann Braun and the computer services company Timsoft (). It organizes a data-base of raw material into compositions and sequences allowing to build larger episodes. Multimedia resources are thus attributed to frames surrounding the chat space or to the chat space itself, thus “augmented” to include pre-written texts and graphics. Sandscript works best on a PC, with Internet Explorer. On Mac, use 0S9 and Internet Explorer. You will have to download a chat application for the site to function. Coded conversation General opinion would have it that chat space is a conversational space, facilitating rather than complicating communication. Writing in a chat space is very much influenced by the current ideological stance which sees collaborative spaces as places to make friends, speak freely, flip from one “channel” to another, link with a simple click into related themes, etc. Moreover, chat users tend to think of the chat screen in terms of a white page, an essentially neutral environment. A quick analysis of chat practices reveals a different scenario: chat spaces are highly coded typographical writing spaces, quick to exclude those who don’t abide by the technical and procedural constraints associated with computer reading/writing tools (Despret-Lonné, Gentès). Chatters seek to belong to a “community;” conversely, every chat has “codes” which restrict its membership to the like-minded. The patterns of exchange characteristic of chats are phatic (Jakobson), and their primary purpose is to get and maintain a social link. It is no surprise then that chatters should emphasize two skills: one related to rhetorical ingenuity, the other to dexterity and speed of writing. To belong, one first has to grasp the banter, then manage very quickly the rules and rituals of the group, then answer by mastering the intricacies of the keyboard and its shortcuts. Speed is compulsory if your answers are to follow the communal chat; as a result, sentences tend to be very short, truncated bits, dispatched in a continuous flow. Sandscript attempts to play with the limits of this often hermetic writing process (and the underlying questions of affinity, participation and reciprocity). It opens up a social space to an artistic and fictional space, each with rules of its own. Hyper-linked dialogue Sandscript is not just about people chatting, it is also about influencing the course of these exchanges. The site weaves pre-scripted poetic content into the spontaneous, real-time dialogue of chatters. Smileys and the plethora of abbreviations, punctuations and icons characteristic of chat rooms are mixed in with typographical games that develop the idea of text as image and text as sound — using Morse Code to make text resonate, CB code to evoke its spoken use, and graphic elements within the chat space itself to oppose keyboard text and handwritten graffiti. The web site encourages chatters to broaden the scope of their “net-speak,” and take a playfully conscious stance towards their own familiar practices. Actually, most of the writing in this web-site is buried in the database. Two hundred or so “key words” — expressions typical of phatic exchanges, in addition to other words linked to the idea of sandstorms and archeology — lie dormant, inactive and unseen until a chatter inadvertently types one in. These keywords bridge the gap between spontaneous exchange and multimedia content: if someone types in “hi,” an image of a face, half buried in sand, pops up in a floating window and welcomes you, silently; if someone types in the word “wind,” a typewritten “wind” floats out into the graphic environment and oscillates between the left and right edges of the frames; typing the word “no” “magically” triggers the intervention of an anarchist who says something provocative*. *Sandscript works like a game of ping-pong among chatters who are intermittently surprised by a comment “out of nowhere.” The chat space, augmented by a database, forms an ever-evolving, fluid “back-bone” around which artistic content is articulated. Present in the form of programs who participate in their stead, artists share the spot light, adding another level of mediation to a collective writing process. Individual and collective identities Not only does Sandscript accentuate the multimedia aspects of typed chat dialogues, it also seeks to give a “ shape” to the community of assembled chatters. This shape is musical: along with typing in a nickname of her choice, each chatter is attributed a sound. Like crickets in a field, each sound adds to the next to create a collective presence, modified with every new arrival and departure. For example, if your nick is “yoyo-mama,” your presence will be associated with a low, electronic purr. When “pillX” shows up, his nick will be associated with a sharp violin chord. When “mojo” pitches in, she adds her sound profile to the lot, and the overall environment changes again. Chatters can’t hear the clatter of each other’s keyboards, but they hear the different rhythms of their musical identities. The repeated pings of people present in the same “scape” reinforce the idea of community in a world where everything typed is swept away by the next bit of text, soon to be pushed off-screen in turn. The nature of this orchestrated collective presence is determined by the artists and their programs, not by the chatters themselves, whose freedom is limited to switching from one nick to another to test the various sounds associated with each. Here, identity is both given and built, both individual and collective, both a matter of choice and pre-defined rules. (Goffman) Real or fictitious characters The authors introduce simulated bits of dialogue within the flow of written conversation. Some of these fake dialogues simply echo whatever keywords chatters might type. Others, however, point else where, suggesting a hyper-link to a more elaborate fictionalized drama among “characters.” Sandscript also hides a plot. Once chatters realize that there are strange goings on in their midst, they become caught in the shifting sands of this web site’s inherent duality. They can completely lose their footing: not only do they have to position themselves in relation to other, real people (however disguised…) but they also have to find their bearings in the midst of a database of fake interlocutors. Not only are they expected to “write” in order to belong, they are also expected to unearth content in order to be “in the know.” A hybridized writing is required to maintain this ambivalence in place. Sandscript’s fake dialogue straddles two worlds: it melds in with the real-time small talk of chatters all while pointing to elements in a fictional narrative. For example, “mojo” will say: “silting up here ”, and “zano” will answer “10-4, what now? ” These two characters could be banal chatters, inviting others to join in their sarcastic banter… But they are also specifically referring to incidents in their fictional world. The “chat code” not only addresses its audience, it implies that something else is going on that merits a “click” or a question. “Clicking” at this juncture means more than just quickly responding to what another chatter might have typed. It implies stopping the banter and delving into the details of a character developed at greater length elsewhere. Indeed, in Sandscript, each fictional dialogue is linked to a blog that reinforces each character’s personality traits and provides insights into the web-site’s wind-swept, self-erasing world. Interestingly enough, Sandscript then reverses this movement towards a closed fictional space by having each character not only write about himself, but relate her immediate preoccupations to the larger world. Each blog entry mentions a character’s favorite URL at that particular moment. One character might evoke a web site about romantic poetry, another one on anarchist political theory, a third a web-site on Morse code, etc… Chatters click on the URL and open up an entirely new web-site, directly related to the questions being discussed in Sandscript. Thus, each character represents himself as well as a point of view on the larger world of the web. Fiction opens onto a “real” slice of cyber-space and the work of other authors and programmers. Sandscript mixes up different types of on-line identities, emphasizing that representations of people on the web are neither “true” nor “false.” They are simply artificial and staged, simple facets of identities which shift in style and rhetoric depending on the platform available to them. Again, identity is both closed by our social integration and opened to singular “play.” Conclusion: looking at and looking through One could argue that since the futurists staged their “electrical theater” in the streets of Turin close to a hundred years ago, artists have worked on the blurry edge between recognizable formal structures and their dissolution into life itself. And after a century of avant-gardes, self-referential appropriations of mass media are also second nature. Juxtaposing one “use” along another reveals how different frames of reference include or exclude each other in unexpected ways. For the past twenty years much artwork has which fallen in between genres, and most recently in the realm of what Nicolas Bourriaud calls “relational aesthetics.” Such work is designed not only to draw attention to itself but also to the spectator’s relation to it and the broader artistic context which infuses the work with additional meaning. By having dialogue serve as a hyper-link to multimedia content, Sandscript, however, does more. Even though some changes in the web site are pre-programmed to occur automatically, not much happens without the chatters, who occupy center-stage and trigger the appearance of a latent content. Chatters are the driving force, they are the ones who make text appear and flow off-screen, who explore links, who exchange information, and who decide what pops up and doesn’t. Here, the art “object” reveals its different facets around a multi-layered, on-going conversation, subjected to the “flux” of an un-formulated present. Secondly, Sandscript demands that we constantly vary our posture towards the work: getting involved in conversation to look through the device, all while taking some distance to consider the object and look at its content and artistic “mediations.” (Bolster and Grusin, Manovitch). This tension is at the heart of Sandscript, which insists on being both a communication device “transparent” to its user, and an artistic device that imposes an opaque and reflexive quality. The former is supposed to disappear behind its task; the latter attracts the viewer’s attention over and over again, ever open to new interpretations. This approach is not without pitfalls. One Sandscript chatter wondered if as the authors of the web-site were not disappointed when conversation took the upper hand, and chatters ignored the graphics. On the other hand, the web site’s explicit status as a chat space was quickly compromised when users stopped being interested in each other and turned to explore the different layers hidden within the interface. In the end, Sandscript chatters are not bound to any single one of these modes. They can experience one and then other, and —why not —both simultaneously. This hybrid posture brings to mind Herman’s metaphor of a door that cannot be closed entirely: “la porte joue” —the door “gives.” It is not perfectly fitted and closed — there is room for “play.” Such openness requires that the artistic device provide two seemingly contradictory ways of relating to it: a desire to communicate seamlessly all while being fascinated by every seam in the representational space projected on-screen. Sandscript is supposed to “run” and “not run” at the same time; it exemplifies the technico-semiotic logic of speed and resists it full stop. Here, openness is not ontological; it is experiential, shifting. About the Authors Carol-Ann Braun is multimedia artist, at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecomunications, Paris, France. EmaiL: carol-ann.braun@wanadoo.fr Annie Gentes is media theorist and professor at the Ecole Nationale Superieure des Telecomunications, Paris, France. Email: Annie.Gentes@enst.fr Works Cited Adamowicz, Elza. Surrealist Collage in Text and Image, Dissecting the Exquisite Corpse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Augé, Marc. Non-lieux, Introduction à une Anthropologie de la Surmodernité. Paris: Seuil, 1992. Bolter, Jay David and Richard Grusin. Remediation, Understanding New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000. Bourriaud, Nicholas. Esthétique Relationnelle. Paris: Les Presses du Réel, 1998. Despret-Lonnet, Marie and Annie Gentes, Lire, Ecrire, Réécrire. Paris: Bibliothèque Centre Pompidou, 2003. Goffman, Irving. Interaction Ritual. New York: Pantheon, 1967. Habermas, Jürgen. Théorie de l’Agir Communicationnel, Vol.1. Paris: Fayard, 1987. Herman, Jacques. “Jeux et Rationalité.” Encyclopedia Universalis, 1997. Jakobson, Roman.“Linguistics and Poetics: Closing statements,” in Thomas Sebeok. Style in Language. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960. Latzko-Toth, Guillaume. “L’Internet Relay Chat, Un Cas Exemplaire de Dispositif Socio-technique,” in Composite. Montreal: Université du Québec à Montréal, 2001. Lyotard, Jean-François. La Condition Post-Moderne. Paris: les Editions de Minuit, 1979. Manovitch, Lev. The Language of New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2001. Michaud, Yves. L’Art à l’Etat Gazeux. Essai sur le Triomphe de l’Esthétique, Les essais. Paris: Stock, 2003. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Braun, Carol-Ann & Gentes, Annie. "Dialogue: a hyper-link to multimedia content." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/05_Braun-Gentes.php>. APA Style Braun, C. & Gentes, A. (2004, Jul1). Dialogue: a hyper-link to multimedia content.. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, 7, <http://www.media-culture.org.au/0406/05_Braun-Gentes.php>

Women in Universities Women have been fighting for the right to participate in universities since 1873, when Sophia Jex Blake went to court with her fight to enrol at Edinburgh University. In rejecting her application, one of the judges stated: It is a belief, widely entertained, that there is a great difference in the mental constitution of the two sexes, just as there is in their physical conformation. The powers and susceptibilities of women are as noble as those of men; but they are thought to be different, and, in particular, it is considered that they have not the same power of intense labour as men .... (Scutt 224) In Australia, from the 1850s to the 1880s, both the University of Sydney and The University of Melbourne refused to admit women as students. In 1879, the Chancellor of the University of Sydney suggested that: The best course to be taken by advocates of advanced education for women, would be to found some sort of affiliated college for them in the vicinity of the University ... if there really be a widespread wish on the part of young women for a higher education ..." (Scutt 228). Having finally won the right to study at university in 1881, and to enter the academic workforce, women are still finding many of the old prejudices remain. Numerous studies have demonstrated that women's experiences in academe are qualitatively different from men's and that women are systematically paid lower salaries than men of equivalent academic achievement, age and length of service (Bagilhole 431-47; Loder 713-4; McElrath 269-81;). Studies have shown that differences in the experiences of male and female faculty are largely explained by gender (Booth & Burton 312-33; Everett 159-75; Over & Lancaster 309-18; Ready 7) and sex discrimination is highlighted as an ongoing contributor to the inequity (Allport 5-8; Hall & Swadener 1; Tuohy 8). A recent UNESCO-Commonwealth (http://www.unesco.org/) report states that: ... in spite of advances which women have made in many areas of public life in the past two decades, in the area of higher education management they are still a long way from participating on the same footing as men. With hardly an exception, the global picture is one of men outnumbering women at about five to one at middle management level and at about twenty to one at senior management level (Singh 4). The introduction in Australia of Sex Discrimination legislation (http://www.hreoc.gov.au/sex_discrimination/) in 1984 and more recently, Affirmative Action policies ( http://www.austlii.edu.au/) in employment and promotion rounds in some universities has not improved women's situation to the extent expected. In 1978, women held 16% of full time academic posts while gaining 25% of all higher degrees and 30% of undergraduate degrees (Commonwealth Government statistics cited by Over and McKenzie 61-71). In 1999, 54% of students were women yet women's participation in academe had only increased to 35% (DETYA) (http://www.deet.gov.au/). Women are mainly employed at the lowest academic levels. In 1999, 72% of women were employed at Levels A and B (Associate Lecturer/Lecturer) compared to 46% of men, with only 8% of women reaching Levels D and E (Associate Professor/Professor) compared to 26% of men. Women continue to be clustered in the traditionally female areas of Health, Education and Arts while few seem to have successfully broken through the barriers in the traditionally male areas of Engineering, Architecture or Agriculture (DETYA) (http://www.deet.gov.au/). Business has traditionally been viewed as a male preserve but enrolments have increased to the point where women almost equal men. However, the staff ratio of men to women remains very low at 70/30 (DETYA) (http://www.deet.gov.au/). The slow growth rate for women in academe belies the fact that more women than men are now completing university degrees. The purpose of this study was to determine how well the experiences of academic women in the male-dominated faculties of business and commerce, reflect the literature on women in universities, in general. Previous empirical studies have found inequitable treatment of women without necessarily exploring the processes of discrimination. The Study This study involved interviews with academic women who had been employed in faculties of business and commerce for at least five years. The research used the 'snowballing' technique: participants initially comprised women known to me but as these women told female colleagues of my study I was given the names of other women who were willing to participate. Participants comprised twenty-one women from three universities in Western Australia, two universities in New South Wales and one Victorian university. One woman had recently left academe and started her own business because of discriminatory practices she had encountered and another was contemplating leaving. In each university, women comprised a minority of the faculty and felt disadvantaged in some way. A semi-structured interview was used to explore with the women the issues that had been identified from previous studies of sex discrimination in the academic profession. Open-ended questions were used and the interviews conducted face to face, or, in the case of those interstate, via telephone or email. The women spoke frankly about their experiences. Findings and Discussion Promotion Each of the women in this study said that their university had established an internal promotion policy based on merit. However, they felt the greatest problem they had encountered in gaining promotion was in determining the criteria upon which they would be judged each year, and in meeting those criteria. "I have been chasing promotion for over five years. At first I was told that I would not be promoted until I got my masters degree so I worked really hard to complete it but then a male colleague was promoted without a masters. Once I got the masters I was told I needed to publish to be promoted but in the next year someone else was promoted without any publications. You go all out to meet the criteria each year but in the next year the promotions committee changes and so do the criteria for that year"(Lecturer applying for Senior Lecturer position). The promotion procedure at one university was explained by a Senior Lecturer who had served on promotion committees on two occasions. "There are about ten criteria upon which promotion can be based. When the applications are received we all get together to determine which are the criteria to be applied. In the last promotion round only four of the ten criteria were used so only people satisfying those criteria were selected." When asked whether the criteria were the same as the previous year she replied: "Last year there was more emphasis on qualifications and publications. This year community involvement and involvement in university affairs were judged as more important ... it varies from year to year". On questioning about the promotion procedures at their universities, women stated they were largely dissatisfied with the process, that they were presumed to be satisfied with their lot while the men were actively encouraged to apply. "I was told not to bother to apply (for a senior lecturer position) as I would not get it ... that there was a queue of people to be promoted before me - (named males) - and until they were promoted, I would not be considered" (Lecturer). "The position was advertised with a specific male applicant in mind and specifically excluded me by stating that the appointee must have supervisory experience. Women in my department are not given the opportunity to supervise students so I didn't even bother applying."(Lecturer aspiring to a Senior Lecturer position). One woman, upon inquiring why she was not promoted, was told that she should be grateful to have tenure and asked why she wanted to be promoted, anyway. "They would never have said that to a male, they would have expected a male to be working towards promotion" (Associate Lecturer). All women interviewed stated that they had problems keeping up with the 'goal posts' which moved from year to year. The 'moving of the goal posts' is one means by which universities are able to maintain the position of women at lower levels. Unsurprisingly, some women said they felt that promotion at their university was based on politics rather than merit. However, defining merit in universities is problematic. According to Burton (430), definitions of what is meritorious depend upon the power of particular groups to define it and, as a result, can change. The narrow view of merit is 'the best person for the job' which Burton (113) describes as an "overwhelming tendency to select in your own image". Burton (430) and Allport (5) claim universities define merit along male cultural lines with current selection, remuneration and career progression practices strongly influenced by an underlying gender bias. Burton (430) argues that there is still a tendency for work to be ranked as 'men's' or women's work with lower status attributed to the latter and an assumption that different skills and abilities are needed for each. Over and McKenzie (61-71) claim that women are disadvantaged by the fact that invalid merit criteria are applied to them which men as a group are more likely to satisfy. They state that the academic careers of most women do not fit the stereotypic male experience and it is mainly men who decide whether women should be promoted. At one university in the study, the merit criteria for senior lecturer include the requirement that aspirants have a number of overseas conference presentations. "Some of us are single working mothers and overseas conference attendance is out of the question because who's going to mind our children while we are away? The senior males were astonished when I mentioned that this was a problem for me. It had never occurred to them" (Associate Lecturer on why women at her university do not apply for promotion). Family Responsibilities The women commented on the numerous difficulties they had encountered in combining an academic career with responsibility for children. They felt that certain male faculty members perceived married women with children as lacking in career commitment, whereas married men with families were viewed as being more stable and committed to their careers. One married woman claimed that when she needed to go home to tend a sick child, her male Head of Department told her she should "get her priorities right". In 1992, Family Responsibility provisions were added to the Sex Discrimination Act (http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/0/171/top.htm). However, it would appear that individual practice doesn't always follow as a result of changes in policy. Equal Pay On the subject of equal pay for equal work, the women said that they were often paid lower wages than their male colleagues despite having higher qualifications and equivalent teaching and research experience. Some women felt that the barriers between academic levels were used to artificially maintain the wage gap between men and women, regardless of qualifications and ability. This was felt to be particularly the case between the levels of Associate Lecturer (Level A) and Lecturer (Level B). "They find excuses to keep you at Associate Lecturer so that they can pay you less to do the same work that you would be doing as a lecturer ... lecturing, coordinating units and so on"(Associate Lecturer). "There are no men below Lecturer in my Department, either lecturing or with Masters degrees. As soon as they get their Masters they are promoted to Lecturer.... I'm coordinating units as an Associate Lecturer while some male lecturers have less responsibility' (Associate Lecturer with Masters degree and publications) Two women said that they had been performing higher level duties (Level B) for up to five years while working on their Masters but their university refused to pay them at the higher level until they had completed their degree. Even when they satisfied all the requirements for the Masters degree and had a letter from their supervisor saying they had satisfied all the requirements, the university refused to pay them until they had actually graduated, which was some time later. Shortly afterwards their university took on two men to perform the same duties, paying these at the higher level even though they had not completed a masters degree. One former lecturer claimed that she was employed at a time when there was a large turnover of staff in her department. A number of new staff were appointed of whom she was the only female. Although she and the other new staff were all employed at Lecturer Level B, it wasn't until later on that she discovered that the men were appointed at the top of the Lecturer salary scale while she was appointed at the bottom, with a salary differential of about10 000pa. This was despite the fact that both she and the men had similar qualifications and work experience at commencement. Teaching Loads Another complaint by women concerned inequitable teaching loads. An analysis in one Business School showed that women had higher teaching loads while men were given more time off for research. The women complained that the supervision of post-graduate students was divided up between the men, and women were excluded. Since research publication and student supervision are usually the most highly ranked criteria in academic promotion rounds, women who are not given the opportunity to participate in these areas are disadvantaged when applying for promotion. This problem is compounded since women are overwhelmingly employed at the lower levels where responsibility for the majority of teaching takes place. This leaves them with little time left to devote to research even if given the opportunity. The women also said they were often pressured into taking on higher duties than those prescribed in the Position Classification Standards for their level. They tended to acquiesce because of their need to prove they were better than men to gain promotion. One woman said that the extra administrative duties she had been given meant that she had less time for research which actually reduced her prospects for tenure and promotion. She said she didn't dare complain as the men in her department would use it as an excuse to question her commitment to her job. Conclusion An examination of women's perceptions and experiences in the workplace can help us understand the informal processes that work against women. The experiences of the women discussed in this paper provide an insight into the subtle processes that continue to operate in some higher education institutions to prevent women from reaching their full potential. Although equal opportunity legislation (http://www.hreoc.gov.au/about_the_commission/legislation/index.html) has been enacted to prevent discrimination and disadvantage to women, the implementation of policy does not always filter through to the operational levels. It is still possible to circumvent legislation in subtle ways, perhaps without even being aware that these practices are discriminative. The women in this study spoke frankly about their experiences and the difficulties they had encountered in gaining equal recognition to men, with very few satisfied that they were receiving equitable treatment. The women felt that their work was not valued as highly as that of the men they worked with and they were given less opportunities for advancement. Overall, the interviews with the women revealed interesting insights into their experiences in pursuing academic careers and in trying to gain recognition for their achievements. The collective experiences of the women provide an insight into the subtle ways in which disadvantage can be engendered. The findings of this study have serious implications for university administrators, particularly deans and heads of schools. There are many well-qualified women academics and universities cannot afford to overlook the valuable contribution these women can make to teaching, research and university governance. References Allport, Caroline. 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Tuohy, John. "Sex Discrimination Infects Med Schools: Women Say Bias Blocks Chances for Advancement". USA Today2000. 8. Links http://www.unesco.org/ http://www.deet.gov.au/ http://www.hreoc.gov.au/sex_discrimination/ http://www.hreoc.gov.au/about_the_commission/legislation/index.html http://www.austlii.edu.au/cgibin/disp.pl/au/legis/cth/consol%5fact/aaeofwa 1986634/?query=title+%28+%22affirmative+action%22+%29 http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/0/171/top.htm Citation reference for this article MLA Style Ellis-Newman, Jennifer. "Women and Work" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4.5 (2001). [your date of access] < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Ellis-Newman.xml >. Chicago Style Ellis-Newman, Jennifer, "Women and Work" M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4, no. 5 (2001), < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Ellis-Newman.xml > ([your date of access]). APA Style Ellis-Newman, Jennifer. (2001) Women and Work. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 4(5). < http://www.media-culture.org.au/0111/Ellis-Newman.xml > ([your date of access]).