Dissertationen zum Thema „Pathogènes fongiques“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit Top-18 Dissertationen für die Forschung zum Thema "Pathogènes fongiques" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Sehen Sie die Dissertationen für verschiedene Spezialgebieten durch und erstellen Sie Ihre Bibliographie auf korrekte Weise.
Al-Yasiri, Mohammed Hashim Yasir. „Réservoirs environnementaux des champignons pathogènes humains : effet de l'anthropisation sur les communautés fongiques chez Larus michahellis“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5012/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe yellow-legged gull is endemic in the French Mediterranean area. Their gut mycobiota has never been studied. This work aimed to describe their role in the spreading of potentially human pathogenic fungi with antifungal resistance. Therefore, we sampled 177 yellow-legged gull’s faecal samples in five sites along the Mediterranean littoral South of France; La Grande-Motte, Palavas-les-Flots, Pierre-Blanche, Frioul and Riou archipelagos. We identified seventeen yeast species; the most frequent were Candida krusei, Galactomyces geotrichum, C. glabrata, C. albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The frequency of the anthropic yeast species C. glabrata and C. albicans increased with the synanthropy of the gull’s colonies and antifungal resistance was found in each of the five most frequent yeast species. We further analyzed the airborne filamentous fungi species isolated from the same sample cultures. We identified 35 filamentous fungi species in 16 genera including 35 species. Both fungal diversity and abundance were low in urban area when compared to suburban ecocline or environments that were little affected by anthropogenic impact and particular fungal species were clearly associated with distinct environments. Finally, we analyzed the population genetic of the human pathogenic yeast C. glabrata, which were isolated from gulls (111 isolates) and from patients (79 isolates) in Nimes, Montpellier and Marseille hospitals, via MLVA analysis. We found that the C. glabrata populations isolated from gulls or humans shared a similar genetic diversity. Antifungal-resistant C. glabrata isolates were evenly distributed in both gull and human populations
Mouhajir, Abdelmounaim. „Caractérisation moléculaire et épidémiologique de pathogènes fongiques émergents dans la mucoviscidose : scedosporium spp et Rasamsonia spp“. Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0049/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn cystic fibrosis (CF), respiratory infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Bacteria are the most common causative agents of these infections, but an increasing number of fungal species may also be found, including Scedosporium species and species of the Rasamsonia argillacea complex. In order to improve our knowledge on the epidemiology of these infections, here we evaluated the interest of PCR amplification of repetitive DNA sequences (rep-PCR) for species identification and strain delineation. rep-PCR was applied to the retrospective analysis of a panel of 63 isolates belonging to the Scedosporiumgenus. Results were consistent with those obtained by beta-tubulingene sequencing, random amplification of polymorphic DNA and Multilocus Sequence Typing. rep-PCR also permitted precise species identification in the R. argillacea complex. Analysis of the data obtained on 116 isolates revealed the capacity of these fungi to chronically colonize the airways of patients with CF, a unique electrophoretic profile being observed usually for each patient. Finally, we produced in this thesis new data about the ecology of Scedosporium species by studying different biotopes in Morocco. As previously reported, these fungi are mainly found in human-impacted areas. Also they prefer soils with a neutral pH, a high organic matter content and a very low mineral salts content. In addition, if S. apiospermum was by far the predominant species, S. boydii, S. aurantiacum and S. dehoogii were encountered with similar frequencies. In conclusion, data provided here reinforce our knowledge on the epidemiology of the infections caused by these emerging pathogens
Delage, Nicolas. „Étude des contaminations fongiques des pommes à cidre et des possibilités de détection avant transformation“. Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePages, Marielle. „Effets et mécanismes d'action de l'ozone utilisé comme moyen de lutte contre des champignons pathogènes du pommier : études in vitro et in vivo“. Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0102.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleApple trees are the target of a lot of pests and fungal diseases, responsible for many economic losses. Farmers treat these micro-organisms mainly with pesticides. Plant-protection products are today very controversial. French and European authorities control their use by means of numerous regulations. Therefore, an alternative solution with a low remanence must be found in order to limit fungal diseases. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the innovative process efficiency based on the use of ozonated water against four fungal species: Venturia inaequalis, Botrytis cinerea, Neofabraea alba and Phytophthora syringae. Firstly, this work of thesis verified the ozone antifungal action on spores suspensions of the four fungal species and on different stages of development of V.inaequalis spores. According to the species and stages of development considered, a difference of sensibility was detected. Moreover, alteration of the membrane, due to ozone action, was observed thanks to several experimentations: quantification of phospholipids peroxidation, spore observations with Scanning Electron Microscopy and with Optical Microscopy after staining. Secondly, the ozonated water effects on seedlings previously contaminated by V.inaequalis spores were evaluated. This study confirmed the anti-fungal action of water containing ozone. It was also observed the importance of the water and of ozone quantities supplied. These quantities must be controlled to optimize the antifungal action of the treatment. These results validated the ozone application as a fungicide alternative of use of pesticides. Additional researches will be made concerning the treatment modalities: the aim is to transfer the technology from the laboratory to the orchard
Pascault, Alice. „Investigating Candida albicans epithelial infection using a high-throughput microscopy-based assay“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS277.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFungal infections are an emerging threat to human health in developed countries. Candida albicans is a dimorphic yeast which colonizes the oral, genital and intestinal mucosa as part of the commensal flora of most of the healthy population. However, it can also lead to local infections such as oral and vaginal thrush and in susceptible patients to severe systemic infections. While much effort has been made in deciphering the interplay between C. albicans and the host at the immunological level, infection begins with invasion of the host epithelium, a process that is only partially understood. At the onset of infection, C. albicans transforms from a yeast to a filamentous hyphal form that can invade and damage epithelial cells, sometimes followed by translocation deeper into host tissues. Several fungal and host molecular factors have been shown to regulate epithelial invasion, including fungal adhesins, invasins and secreted factors such as the fungal toxin candidalysin, as well as host factors such as E-cadherin, which plays a role in C. albicans endocytic uptake. Recent work from our lab based on single cell, live imaging of early invasion into HeLa and Caco-2 cell lines revealed that two invasive lifestyles involving distinct host cellular niches can be exploited by the fungus: (1) Damaging invasion, in which host membranes are breached, leading most often to host cell death; (2) C. albicans trans-cellular tunnelling (CaTCT), in which hyphae extend within host membrane-derived transcellular tunnels without host damage. During CaTCT, hyphae can traverse through several host cells in sequence, leading to the formation of multi-layered tunnel structures. Currently, the molecular factors and cellular mechanisms regulating CaTCT from both the fungal and host sides remain almost entirely undescribed. The objective of my thesis project was to identify and characterize molecular factors and cellular processes regulating early Caco-2 infection by C. albicans, which occurs exclusively via CaTCT for up to 9 hours post-infection. For this purpose, I developed a novel quantitative, high-throughput and universal (i.e. applicable to a wide variety of fungal and host models) experimental imaging assay that uses an automated non-biased approach to provide single cell readouts pertaining to adhesion, hyphal formation, invasion and host damage in a single experiment. I then applied this assay to study several distinct aspects of CaTCT: (1) the function of the fungal Als3 protein in C. albicans adhesion and invasion; (2) the reservoir of host membranes implicated in trans-cellular tunnel formation and extension; (3) the function of the fungal toxin candidalysin and fungal secreted aspartyl proteases (Saps); (4) nutrient uptake and glycogen metabolism ; (5) the role of host secreted IgA in immune defence at the epithelial surface. In order to identify new potential virulence factors, I also employed the assay to screen for differences in epithelial infection between C. albicans clinical strains isolated from commensal and invasive origins. Overall, my work has provided several new insights into the mechanism of CaTCT, which act to further enhance our knowledge of this enigmatic process. Furthermore, the experimental assay developed in this project has important potential applications for future targeted studies and screens relating to C. albicans epithelial infection, as well as infection by other fungal pathogens
Gandon, Corinne. „Etude biochimique et activité biologique de polysaccharides et glycoconjugués fongiques“. Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10139.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDiogo, Dorothée. „Diversité génétique et diversification chez la levure pathogène opportuniste Candida albicans“. Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077117.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCandida albicans is a common component of the human digestive tract and is considered the major opportunistic fungal pathogen. Candida albicans is an asexual yeast with a largely clonal propagation and a population structured in clades. The research project introduced in this manuscript aimed to shed light on the genetic diversity underlying the C. Albicans population, between and within clades. We have shown that, during commensalism, large Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) events are fréquent. Moreover, we have evidenced an excess of heterozygosity in the C. Albicans population, suggesting that large LOH events ïnust be counter-selected to maintain a high level of heterozygosity. Additionally, we hâve shown that genetic exchanges are rare between and within clades, demonstrating that clades do not depict cryptic species. Finally, we have performed a comprehensive investigation of the genomic variability in the C. Albicans species. The results have shown a significant number of SNPs and insertions/deletions differentiating C. Albicans strains. Indels events, mainly attributed to transposable éléments and tandem repeats, contributed to a gene content variability among strains. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the distribution of the SVs in the population of C. Albicans is superimposable with the assignment of strains to clades. Taken together, our results contribute to a comprehensive overview of the different events underlying the genetic diversity in the C. Albicans population
Nesseir-Chameret, Audrey. „Étude des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la régulation de la morphogenèse chez la levure pathogène Candida albicans“. Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077180.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCandida albicans is a commensal organism of the human digestive and genital tracts, responsible for the majority of systemic fungal infections. Its success as an opportunistic pathogen is linked to its ability to undergo a reversible yeast-to-hypha transition. This switch is controlled by both positive and negative regulatory pathways that interact in a complex signalling network in response to multiple signals. The research project introduced in this manuscript aimed to improve our knowledge about the regulation of morphogenesis in C albicans. First, we have performed a screen for genes whose overexpression altered morphogenesis in a wild-type strain and identified twelve regulators of filamentation. Results obtained using transcript profiling, gene inactivation and especially gene overexpression showed that three of these genes form a new regulatory module governing morphogenesis and we have positioned this module relative to known players of morphogenesis in C. Albicans. Second, we have identified three important aspects for the regulation of Yak1, a kinase involved in hyphal differentiation in C. Albicans: this protein is auto-regulated by phosphorylation at two different sites; its fonction is repressed by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase; and it interacts with the Bmhl protein. In addition, data obtained from a screen for multi-copy suppressors of a knock-out mutation in thé YAKJ gène and using a quantitative phosphoproteomics approach allowed us to propose targets of the Yakl protein kinase. Taken together, our results show the potential of new strategies, including the construction of a partial ORFeome and genetic screens based on gene overexpression, in the study of regulatory networks in C. Albicans
Wakade, Rohan Sanjay. „Rôle de GTPase de type Rab, Ypt6, chez le pathogène fongique opportuniste de l’homme, Candida albicans“. Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4064.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCandida albicans is a harmless constituent of the human microbiota that causes superficial infections as well as life threatening infections in immune compromised individuals. The transition from a budding form to the highly polarized hyphal form is associated with virulence and requires cytoskeleton reorganization and sustained membrane trafficking. In a range of eukaryotes, Ras related protein in the brain (Rab) G proteins and their regulators have been shown to play a central role in membrane traffic. The objective of this work is to understand the role of Rab proteins, in particular Ypt6, the homolog of Human Rab6, in the morphological transition and virulence of C. albicans. To this aim, I generated loss of function mutants and found that YPT6 is not essential for viability, yet was critical for cell wall integrity and invasive hyphal growth, with ypt6 hyphal filaments shorter compared to that of the wild type (WT). Furthermore, YPT6 was important for virulence in two murine candidiasis models. I determined that Ypt6 was localized at the late Golgi compartment during hyphal growth, where it co-localized with Arl1, a small GTPase of the Arf (ADP Ribosylation Factor) family, also required for hyphal growth and virulence. Interestingly, overexpression of YPT6 specifically rescued the hyphal growth defect of the arl1 mutant, but not the converse. Further characterization of the ypt6 deletion mutant showed that the number of Golgi cisternae is increased in this mutant compared to that of WT strain, suggesting an alteration of Golgi integrity. In addition, using live cell imaging I showed that the distribution of Actin binding protein 1 (Abp1), which is a reporter for actin patches, was altered in the ypt6 mutant, in that it was no longer restricted to the tip of the filament, as is observed in WT cells. These data suggest that the defect in hyphal growth maintenance of the ypt6 deletion mutant is at least partly associated with an alteration of the distribution of endocytic sites. Thus, I identified a critical role of Ypt6 during invasive hyphal growth and virulence in the human fungal opportunistic pathogen C. albicans and revealed an interaction between Ypt6 and Arl1 in the hyphal growth process
Enache, Angoulvant Adela. „Candida glabrata : pathogène fongique émergent : Typage moléculaire : traçage des souches, génétique des populations et identification des espèces“. Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066710.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePetit, Yohann. „Comprendre l’implication des effecteurs fongiques dans l’infection d’une plante hôte : caractérisation fonctionnelle d’effecteurs de Leptosphaeria maculans, un champignon pathogène du colza“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS549/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDuring infection, plant pathogens secrete an arsenal of molecules collectively known as effectors that circumvent plant innate immunity and trigger infection. The phytopathogenic fungus Leptosphaeria maculans is the causal agent of stem canker of oilseed rape. More than 650 putative effector-encoding genes have been identified in its genome, 7 of them corresponding to avirulence genes. Fungal effectors mainly correspond to small secreted proteins (SSP) with no known homologs and no predicted functions. Their biological function is therefore difficult to predict, and very little is known about the mode of action of L. maculans effectors during infection.The objective of my thesis was to elucidate the role of L. maculans effectors during infection through their functional characterization which included: i) the determination of their subcellular localization in Nicotiana benthamiana et Arabidopsis thaliana; ii) a search for their plant targets; and iii) the determination of the cellular processes targeted by those effectors through their stable expression in A. thaliana and by testing their ability to suppress cell-death in N. benthamiana. We investigated four effectors in that study: AvrLm10-1, AvrLm10-2, AvrLm4-7 and AvrLm3.AvrLm10-1 and AvrLm10-2 are both necessary to trigger recognition by the Rlm10 resistance gene. We have identified orthologs for AvrLm10-1 and AvrLm10-2 in Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes phytopathogens, and several paralogs in L. maculans which are expressed specifically during oilseed rape infection. AvrLm10-1 and AvrLm10-2 both have a nucleo-cytoplasmic localization. AvrLm10-1 and AvrLm10-2 physically interact, and may also interact with a PR1 (Pathogenesis-related 1) protein and a secreted cysteine-protease. AvrLm4-7 is recognized by two resistance genes, Rlm4 and Rlm7, and suppresses recognition of AvrLm3 by Rlm3. AvrLm4-7 suppresses cell-death triggered by general inducers, PAMP-Triggered Immunity (PTI) and Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI). AvrLm4-7 has a nucleo-cytoplasmic localization, whether expressed with or without its signal peptide, suggesting an intracellular mode of action. One of the potential plant targets for AvrLm4-7 is a ribosomal protein, just like a Blumeria graminis effector with structural analogy to AvrLm4-7. Transgenic lines of A. thaliana constitutively expressing AvrLm4-7 do not show any morphological phenotypes or any difference in their susceptibility to diverse fungal pathogens. AvrLm3 is an avirulence gene strongly conserved in L. maculans populations. Recognition of AvrLm3 by Rlm3 is suppressed by the presence of AvrLm4-7. AvrLm3 suppresses cell-death triggered by several inducers of PTI and ETI. AvrLm3 is localized in plant apoplasm when expressed with its signal peptide, suggesting an extracellular localization. AvrLm3 potentially interacts with a secreted myrosinase-associated protein implicated in the myrosinase-glucosinolate system, suggesting that AvrLm3 could disturb glucosinolate production, which is a novel mode of action never described for a plant pathogen effector.My thesis allowed us to improve our knowledge on fungal effector function during infection and to propose new strategies for plant diseases management
Wong, Sak Hoi Joanne. „Caractérisation fonctionnelle de CLSTE12, un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la régulation du pouvoir pathogène Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, agent fongique responsable de l'anthracnose du haricot“. Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30070.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSTE12-like proteins are transcription factors that regulate invasive growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and pathogenicity in parasitic fungi. These proteins harbour a homeodomain involved in DNA binding. In filamentous fungi, an additional domain is found, containing a couple of C2H2/Zn2+ fingers, whose role is unknown. Recently, a STE12-like gene (CLSTE12) was isolated from the fungal bean pathogen, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Gene expression studies revealed the presence of two mRNAs, resulting from the alternative splicing of an exon. The skipping of the exon leads to the deletion of one zinc finger in the corresponding protein. At the onset of pathogenesis, both transcripts were induced rapidly, then the expression level of the shorter transcript suddenly decreased during the formation of a specialized infection structure -the appressorium-, whereas that of the full-length transcript remained high. .
Laurent, Benoit. „Base génétique et potentiel d’évolution de la pathogénicité de Fusarium graminearum, bio-agresseur fongique des céréales“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0317/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleF. graminearum is one of the main causal agents of the fusarium head-blight (FHB), a cereal disease leading to head necrosis, in addition to grain and food/feed contamination by stable and toxic metabolites. Recent observations refer to an increase of pathogenicity, questioning efficiency and durability of current management practices. In order to anticipate this evolution, we must bring a deeper characterization of the currently existing diversity. Six new genomes of F. graminearum were sequenced, and 243,000 genetic variations have been identified and characterized. Seventy seven percent of the total number of the variants was located within 32% of the genome, delineating highly polymorphic islands. These islands are enriched with probable effectors linked to Fusarium’s pathogenicity. The construction and the genotyping on 1,300 molecular markers of a recombinant population have enabled the development of the first high-density genetic map of the species. The remarkable correlation between polymorphism and recombination rate highlighted the 'two-speed' genome organization of this pathogen. Finally, the integration of these data through a quantitative genetic approach allowed the discovery of one quantitative trait locus, likely to affect the gene FgVeA, and responsible for 90% of the observed variation of aggressiveness and mycotoxin production. These results are discussed in the light of F. graminearum’s adaptive potential and evolution
Rochefort, Aude. „Le microbiote des graines de Brassica napus : assemblage, transmission et contribution à la réponse de la plante à un champignon pathogène du sol“. Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03285677.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlant microbiota can modulate host fitness. Understanding the ecological processes that drive its assembly is a prerequisite for promoting plant growth and health via the manipulation of its composition. Seed and soil are two main sources of plant microbiota inoculum and are therefore critical for its assembly. In this thesis, we showed that the structure of the seed microbiota of Brassica napus is primarily shaped by the environment and to a lesser extent by host genotype. The output of community coalescence between seed and soil microbiota was assessed with soils of contrasting microbial diversity and with distinct seed samples. Soil diversity but not seed diversity modulates seedling microbiota structure in roots and stems.Overall, seedling favors the emergence of seed- and soil-borne rare taxa. Impact of these different levels of initial diversity on a plant disease were monitored during inoculation with the pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. The soil of high diversity promotes disease reduction for one particular seed lot, giving rise for a role of the seed microbiota. No link between initial seed microbiota, seedling microbiota and disease could be established. The transmission of bacterial synthetic communities was subsequently monitored. Their inoculation on seed influences seedling microbial diversity and disease. Coalescence knowledge, transmission of rare taxa from seed to seedling and synthetic community using, give new inputs to drive seedling microbiota assembly and disease reduction
Lecomte, Mickaël. „Analyse des mécanismes de défense de la carotte (Daucus carota) face au champignon pathogène Alternaria dauci, responsable de l'alternariose ou brûlure foliaire“. Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881134.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMillet, Nicolas. „Etude des familles de Glycoside-Hydrolases GH16, GH17 et GH55 dans la morphogénèse pariétale du pathogène opportuniste, Aspergillus fumigatus“. Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC330.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe fungal cell wall is an outer and robust layer mainly composed of polysaccharides, which protects the fungal cell from its environment, mediates cell-cell interaction, and is responsible for the shape of the cell. The cell wall of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus is essentially composed of ß(1,3)glucan which is synthesized at the plasma membrane by a transmembrane complex and then modified in the cell wall space by branching, cross-linking and degradating activities. The cell wall is a highly dynamic structure, which undergoes constant change during cell division, growth and morphogenesis. In this study, we investigated the role of three glycoside-hydrolases families (GH16, GH17 and GH55) in cell wall remodeling of this fungal pathogen by different approaches. Transglycosidase and glucanase activities of respectively AfCrh5p and AsScw11p have been studied by using recombinant proteins and the first crystal structure of the Crh family have been resolved. Furthermore, complete deletion of each family's genes has been performed to study the biological function of these enzymes and highlighted a multi-faceted role of this glycosides-hydrolases in the morphogenesis of the filamentous fungus, A. fumigatus
Badet, Thomas. „Genome scale analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana quantitative disease resistance to the generalist fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30403.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn nature, plant pathogen interactions are frequent but disease is not the most prevalent outcome. Indeed, plants evolved an efficient immune system able to face multiple pathogen attacks. Getting insights into plant microbe interactions at multiple levels will improve our understanding of how plants defend against pathogens and help building sustainable agronomy. Fungal plant pathogens are major threats to food security worldwide. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an Ascomycete generalist plant pathogen causing mold diseases on hundreds of plant species. There is no genetic source of complete plant resistance to this generalist pathogen known to date. Instead, natural plant populations show a continuum of resistance levels controlled by multiple genes, a phenotype designated as quantitative disease resistance (QDR). Little is known about the molecular mechanisms controlling the interaction between plants and S. sclerotiorum, and more generally which are the molecular bases underlying QDR in plants. My thesis project consisted in a first part in identifying molecular mechanisms underlying QDR to S. sclerotiorum in natural accessions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. A Genome wide association study (GWAS) allowed me to associate genetic variation with disease resistance to S. sclerotiorum. The analysis pinpointed three genes in A. thaliana genome as putative candidates involved in QDR to S. sclerotiorum. I led the functional characterization of these genes and investigated natural diversity at these loci. The results revealed that a prolyl-oligopeptidase (POQR) and an actin-related protein complex member (ARPC4) are associated with QDR against S. sclerotiorum. The analysis of actin filament networks highlighted their role in response to S. sclerotiorum. Furthermore, I showed that POQR alleles evolved convergently in different plant lineages, suggesting that some QDR molecular mechanisms are conserved across plants. Among fungal parasites, some like S. sclerotiorum are able to infect multiple species while others are restricted to one or few hosts. In the second part of the project, I investigated the properties of S. sclerotiorum genome associated to its ability to infect hundreds of plant species. Theory predicts that generalism comes at a cost and may underlie important fitness trade-offs. At the genome level, some codons (nucleotide triplets) allow more efficient translation than their synonymous. Indeed, the genetic encoding of proteins is redundant with multiple codons specifying the same amino acid. The optimization of codon-usage is a mean to reduce the costs associated with protein production. I analysed codon-usage at the genome level in 45 fungal species to reveal that generalist parasites are highly codon optimized. Moreover, I showed that optimized codons are under purifying selection, suggesting that codon optimization is an adaptation to generalist parasitism in fungi
Grund, Elisabeth. „Functional Analysis of the MAP kinase Mps1 pathway and its downstream targets in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae“. Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10075.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWe have studied the Mps1/Slt2 MAPK signalling pathway in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. In yeast, Slt2 activates the transcription factors Rlm1, Swi4 and Swi6. We have identified the M. oryzae gene orthologous to ScSWI4 and studied the roles of Mps1, Rlm1, Swi4 and Swi6 in M. oryzae by comparing the phenotypes of their null mutants. Δmps1, Δswi4, Δswi6 displayed the same defects in melanisation, while Δmps1 and Δrlm1 are defective in sporulation. Loss of aerial hyphae formation and mycelium hydrophobicity are phenotypes specific of Δmps1, while reduced growth is a specific phenotype of Δswi4 and Δswi6. None of these mutants displayed an increased sensitivity against cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and cell wall inhibitors (aculeacine A, nikkomycin Z, calcofluor white : CFW). Pathogenicity was reduced in Δswi4, while Δswi6 was as pathogenic as WT. Δmps1 and Δrlm1 were non-pathogenic. Comparative transcriptomic of WT, Δmps1, Δrlm1 and Δswi4 highlighted only a limited number of genes up- and down-regulated in these mutants, with the largest number observed between Δmps1 and Δswi4. The alpha-1,3-glucan synthase encoding gene AGS1, a suggested Mps1 target, was not up- nor down-regulated in these mutants. WT and Δmps1 have a similar sensitivity to CWDE and CFW at pH6. However, at pH5, WT displays a resistance to CWDEs and CFW, while Δmps1 loses this pH5 induced resistance, suggesting it requires the Mps1 pathway. This work shows that Mps1 MAPK pathway has an important role in different M. oryzae biological processes and provides new insights on its transcriptional targets