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Ram, Vishnu Ji, und Atul Goel. „Past and Present Scenario of Hepatoprotectants#“. Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, Nr. 3 (März 1999): 217–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867306666220208205735.
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Abstract: The liver plays a significant role not only in metabolism and disposition of the chemicals to which it is exposed directly or indirectly but also plays a pivotal role in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, proteins and immunomodulations. The impairment of the liver generally results from viral or portozoal infections, excessive use of alcohol, drugs and xenobiotics. This review provides an overall view about the past and present status of the hepatoprotectants resulted from synthetic and plant origins.
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Dhanawat, Meenakshi, Nirupam Das, Ramesh Nagarwal und S. Shrivastava. „Antimalarial Drug Development: Past to Present Scenario“. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 9, Nr. 12 (01.10.2009): 1447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138955709789957323.
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Shukla, Madhulika, und Dolly Wattal Dhar. „Biotechnological Potentials of Microalgae: Past and Present Scenario“. Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 26, Nr. 2s (2013): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2229-4473.26.2s.143.
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Ram, Vishnu Ji, und Atul Goel. „ChemInform Abstract: Past and Present Scenario of Hepatoprotectants“. ChemInform 30, Nr. 24 (15.06.2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199924280.
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Islam, Md Shahidul, AKM Shahabuddin, M. Mostafa Kamal und Raquib Ahmed. „Wetlands of Dhaka City: Its Past and Present Scenario“. Journal of Life and Earth Science 7 (22.08.2014): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20126.
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Landscape of Dhaka city, one of the fastest growing mega cities in the world, is undergoing continuous changes and modifications due to unplanned hasty urbanization process. As the growth of urbanization taking place at an exceptionally rapid rate the city is unable to cope with changing situation due to internal resource constraints and management limitations. Dhaka city endowed with a large number of water-bodies both big and small, which includes river, khals, lakes, flood plain low-lying areas etc. However, pre and post-urban changes of water-bodies in the city were studied using topographic map of 1960 and a satellite image of 2008 (ALOS VNIR 2008) through GIS and remote sensing technique. It is found that in 1960 total areas of water-bodies and lowland were 2952.02 and 13527.58 hectares. But in 2008 total areas of water-bodies and lowland found 1990.71 and 6414.57 hectares. Categories (water-bodies and lowlands) of wetland areas were decreased harshly. Study shows that water-bodies and lowland areas were decreased 32.57% and 52.58% that means more than 49% of the wetland areas decreased over the period 1960 to 2008. The changes of low-lying areas in the south-western corner extending towards Mirpur, Muhammadpur and Pallabi-Cantonment areas and filled for the urban development. The part of Gulshan and Dhanmondi lakes has also been reduced; and some of the channels of Motijheel areas are not identifiable at present. The growth of urban infrastructures have been taking place in unplanned way; as a result it destroyed natural drainage systems, fill-up the water-bodies, causing water-loggings during rainy season in various part of the city. This study revealed that immediate necessary steps should take by concern authority to prevent from various disasters that might be occurred due to unwise and unplanned wetland changes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jles.v7i0.20126 J. Life Earth Sci., Vol. 7: 83-90, 2012
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Sinha, Bhaskar. „Pines in the Himalayas: Past, Present and Future Scenario“. Energy & Environment 13, Nr. 6 (November 2002): 873–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830502762231322.
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The Himalayas have a great environmental influence in the Indian subcontinent. But Himalayan ecosystems with their rich biodiversity are particularly fragile. In the recent past, India has been serially affected by several natural calamities like droughts, floods and even earthquakes. Scientists all over the world have warned of various contributing factors. But, the major cause has been attributed to one important matrix – the constant degeneration of the Himalayan ecology. Human activities have resulted in arrested succession, leading to exhaustion of the germplasm of larger shrubs and trees, and invasion of exotic weeds. Large-scale transformation of landscapes for chir-pine plantation in the Himalayas has resulted in changes in soil physicochemical and biological properties. In this article the author depicts the introduction of pines as well as the present and future consequences of pine culture in the Himalayas.
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Khan, Faraz Yusuf, Aprajita Srivastava, Noman Ahmad und Shrish Bajpai. „Power Engineering Education in India: Past, Present and Future Scenario“. Comparative Professional Pedagogy 9, Nr. 2 (01.06.2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2019-0017.
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AbstractThe present paper deals with the sphere of Power Engineering and it’s past developments, current status and future scope of Power Engineering education in India. The aim of this manuscript is to explore the prevalent status of Power Engineering education in India from the grassroot level to Industry level applications, data has been collected from India’s premier Institutes of National Importance for this purpose. Introduction to Power Engineering has been given with India-specific past developments and current obstacles faced by the nation’s Power Engineering community in order to achieve a hundred percent electrification rate through clean and efficient means. India ranks second on the list of countries with the most population and seventh on the list of countries with the most land area, it is imperative that India becomes independent in terms of energy production, energy transmission and most importantly energy management. Electric power transmission-loss remains a major roadblock in the delivery of sufficient electric power to India’s citizens and the Power Engineers of India have to contribute to the best of their abilities in order to solve the problem of electric power transmission-loss in the worlds second most populated and seventh largest country. Challenges faced by Power Engineering aspirants and students who are pursuing undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Power Engineering have been analysed for every level of technical education available for students in India. Requirements for a Power Engineering Undergraduate aspirant currently in twelfth grade or currently pursuing a Diploma degree and requirements for a Power Engineering Post-Graduate currently in graduation have been explained separately using data from their syllabus which is verified by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), a regulatory body formulated by the Government of India to guide, promote and scrutinize technical education syllabus’ in all institutes and organizations of India concerned with science and technology. Since a large portion of India’s population resides in rural areas and indulges in agrarian based employment practises, the importance of the Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DUGJY) which is an initiative specifically formulated by the Government of India for electrification of India’s villages and rural areas has been explained, India is the second most populated country in the world and predominantly most of this population lives in villages, many of which are located in remote areas and thus it becomes nearly impossible to supply continuous electricity to these areas. As mentioned earlier a major part of India’s economy depends on agrarian products and by-products, thus it is imperative that Power Engineers of India contribute in the development of these areas through continuous supply of clean electrical power which helps in keeping the rural environments of India’s villages clean and green. Government of India’s approach towards marginalised sections of the Indian society for the implementations of these schemes so that they can offer last-mile connectivity has been statistically explained. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) is being approached and implemented for using the sun as a source of electrical power on war-footing by the Government of India to meet the demands of the second most populated nation on the planet. Power Engineers have actively participated for the efficient utilization of India’s 7500-kilometre coastline in order to generate electrical power from the force of blowing wind, employment opportunities for Power Engineering aspirants, Power Engineering Graduate and Power Engineering Postgraduate students have been disclosed in this manuscript. Initiatives of the Government of India in developing and redefining Power Engineering courses through massive open online courses through National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) which is an online based platform for students and academia alike, NPTEL lectures are available in video format and are delivered by faculties from India’s designated Institutes of National Importance. Past involvement of power engineers in the electrification of India and their role in research and development of new technologies such as ultra-high voltage direct current and superconductors has been scrutinized. In conclusion, future scope of Power Engineering and new technological research and developments have been mentioned with regards to Industrial Revolution 4.0. Possibilities of Power Engineering’s contribution in research and development of Smart-Grids, Micro-Grids and Electrical Power Management sourced from academia, which includes the fourth largest Ph.D. population on the planet and industry alike have been explored in this manuscript.
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Rameshkumar, Karuna. „Scenario of female genital tract tuberculosis-past, present and future“. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 70 (2000): B131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(00)83122-7.
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Sawant, Sarika. „Past and Present Scenario of Open Access Movement in India“. Journal of Academic Librarianship 39, Nr. 1 (Januar 2013): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2012.11.007.
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Philip, J. „Management Education in India: Past, Present and Future“. Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 17, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1992): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919920404.
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What are the major developments in the field of management education since the inception of the first management school in 1954 ? What is the scenario in the 90s and what are the emerging changes? J Philip focuses on these issues and offers directions for future development.
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Jan, Yasmeena, Muneeb Malik, Mifftha Yaseen, Sayeed Ahmad, Mohammad Imran, Suhail Rasool und Afrozul Haq. „Vitamin D fortification of foods in India: present and past scenario“. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 193 (Oktober 2019): 105417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105417.
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Kommuru, Anusha Ramkumar, Aastha Gupta und Manvi Chauhan. „Cryptocurrency: The Present and the Future Scenario“. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, Nr. 6 (30.06.2022): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43812.
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Abstract: Cryptocurrency is a digital means of exchange of non-physical or digital currencies. It is a universal currency system which resolves the problem of currency exchange between two different nations with different currencies. Thus, cryptocurrencies have risen as imperative financial software systems in various countries. It is dependent on a secure distributed ledger data structure for the transactions. The exchange rates on the cryptocurrencies are not stable and keep changing with time, thus it is exploited the most by the traders. Mining is a method through which new units of cryptocurrencies are generated and earned. It also adds past transactions to the distributed and open ledger among the users known as the blockchain. In this paper, we shall discuss the mining techniques, growth of cryptocurrencies and the associated risks and returns. Keywords: Types of cryptocurrencies, Mining, Factors of its growth, Risks and returns, Challenges and problems
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Marzeion, B., A. H. Jarosch und M. Hofer. „Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers“. Cryosphere Discussions 6, Nr. 4 (06.08.2012): 3177–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-6-3177-2012.
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Abstract. We present a model of the global surface mass balance of glaciers, based on the reconstruction and projection of the surface mass balance of all the world's individual glaciers. The model is validated using a leave-one-glacier-out cross validation scheme using 3997 observed surface mass balances of 255 glaciers, and against 756 geodetically observed, temporally integrated volume and surface area changes of 341 glaciers. Between 1902 and 2009, the world's glaciers are reconstructed to have lost mass corresponding to 114 ± 5 mm sea level equivalent (SLE). During the 21st century, they are projected to loose additionally between 148 ± 35 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 166 ± 42 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), 175 ± 40 mm SLE (scenario RCP60), to 217 ± 47 mm SLE (scenario RCP85). Based on the extended RCP scenarios, glaciers are projected to approach a new equilibrium towards the end of the 23rd century, after having lost between 248 ± 66 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 313 ± 50 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), to 424 ± 46 mm SLE (scenario RCP85). Up until approximately 2100, ensemble uncertainty within each scenario is the biggest source of uncertainty for the future glacier mass loss; after that, the difference between the scenarios takes over as the biggest source of uncertainty. Rates of mass loss are projected to peak between 2050 and 2100, depending on the scenario.
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Wątorek, Marcin, Jarosław Kwapień und Stanisław Drożdż. „Financial Return Distributions: Past, Present, and COVID-19“. Entropy 23, Nr. 7 (12.07.2021): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23070884.
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We analyze the price return distributions of currency exchange rates, cryptocurrencies, and contracts for differences (CFDs) representing stock indices, stock shares, and commodities. Based on recent data from the years 2017–2020, we model tails of the return distributions at different time scales by using power-law, stretched exponential, and q-Gaussian functions. We focus on the fitted function parameters and how they change over the years by comparing our results with those from earlier studies and find that, on the time horizons of up to a few minutes, the so-called “inverse-cubic power-law” still constitutes an appropriate global reference. However, we no longer observe the hypothesized universal constant acceleration of the market time flow that was manifested before in an ever faster convergence of empirical return distributions towards the normal distribution. Our results do not exclude such a scenario but, rather, suggest that some other short-term processes related to a current market situation alter market dynamics and may mask this scenario. Real market dynamics is associated with a continuous alternation of different regimes with different statistical properties. An example is the COVID-19 pandemic outburst, which had an enormous yet short-time impact on financial markets. We also point out that two factors—speed of the market time flow and the asset cross-correlation magnitude—while related (the larger the speed, the larger the cross-correlations on a given time scale), act in opposite directions with regard to the return distribution tails, which can affect the expected distribution convergence to the normal distribution.
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San Miguel, Guillermo, und María Cerrato. „Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of the Spanish Electricity: Past, Present and Future Projections“. Energies 13, Nr. 8 (13.04.2020): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081896.
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This paper provides an investigation into the sustainability of the electrical system in Spain. The analysis covers historic inventories of power generation, installed capacity and technology mix since 1990 and also contemplates four alternative projections for 2030 and 2050. The sustainability is evaluated using eight indicators that provide objective information about the environmental (climate change, fossil depletion, ozone layer depletion, terrestrial acidification, human toxicity and photochemical smog), economic (levelized cost of electricity) and socio-economic (direct employment) performance of the system. The results show an increase in the magnitude of the environmental impacts between 1990 and 2008, due to a growing power demand triggered by economic expansion. After 2008, the environmental performance improves due to the economic recession and the penetration of renewable energies. Overall, the cost of power generation remains rather stable as rising expenses generated by renewables are compensated by a progressive reduction in the cost of fossil technologies. Direct employment generation has been strongly stimulated by the upsurge in renewables that has taken place in Spain after 2008. Regarding future scenarios, the results evidence that the most ambitious projections in terms of renewable penetration perform best in terms of environmental performance, employment generation and reduced costs (€/MWh). The significance of these benefits was particularly clear in the 2050 scenario. In the long term, the scenario considering higher fossil fuel contributions (ST) performed worst in all sustainability indicators.
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Martin, Glenn, Sae Schatz, Clint Bowers, Charles E. Hughes, Jennifer Fowlkes und Denise Nicholson. „Automatic Scenario Generation through Procedural Modeling for Scenario-Based Training“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 53, Nr. 26 (Oktober 2009): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120905302615.
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We discuss our current efforts at developing automatic scenario generation software. We begin by explaining the rationale, and then review successful previous efforts. We discuss the lessons-learned from the past work, and the conceptual pieces that are required to generate operationally-valid scenarios that support effective training. We then present the conceptual design of our scenario generation approach, which uses novel procedural modeling approaches to ensure operational and training requirements are adequately met.
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Suhail, Mohammad, Turki Kh Faraj, Waseem Ahmad, Alikul Xudayberdiyevich Ravshanov und Mohd Nazish Khan. „Issues of Water Resources in Saudi Arabia: Past, Present, and Future“. Sustainability 16, Nr. 10 (16.05.2024): 4189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16104189.
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The present paper addresses a comprehensive historical assessment of water consumption, demand, and supply in Saudi Arabia, along with future projections regarding water balance, in terms of demand and supply by source in various sectors. Being an arid region, Saudi Arabia experiences scorching heat, low precipitation, a high rate of potential evaporation, and the absence of permanent water bodies over the territory. Groundwater contributes almost 61% of total available water, while the recharge rate is negligible. However, few widyan (ephemeral streams) systems exists to satisfy water demand, which could contribute to approximately one year of domestic water consumption if managed efficiently. The study also predicts water consumption scenarios for the next three consecutive development plans, i.e., the 10th plan (2015–2019), 11th plan (2020–2024), and 12th plan (2025–2029). The analysis shows that water consumption may decline significantly in the future, if the present rate of decline continues. Scenario I, if the current rate is assumed, provides a decrease in consumption of 14.36, 12.66, and 11.15 BCM for 10th, 11th, and 12th plans, respectively. Moreover, the domestic and industrial sectors will consume more water in the future. In the same way, scenarios II and III represent a decline in total water consumption, along with that of agriculture, while domestic and industrial water usage would increase, thus improving environmental sustainability.
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Agarwal, A., S. Dinakar, NK Tripathy, V. Sharma, S. Joshi und SD Lagisetti. „Colour vision standards: Past, present, and future“. Indian Journal of Aerospace Medicine 64 (14.12.2020): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/ijasm_44_2020.
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Historically, signal lights (red-green-amber) were used in shipping, rail, and road transportation. This colour schema continued in the aviation industry too. However, automation has taken over aviation sector with electronic maps and colour-coded multifunction displays. Despite sweeping changes seen in the use of colour coding in aviation, there is little change in colour vision standards and in the way colour vision testing is done for the aircrew, military and civil. The changing needs of aviation dictate that renewing the standards is necessary. Furthermore, the new standards will dictate aircraft design, and hence, it is mandatory that they remain current for the next 50 years or so. It becomes necessary to understand the role colour vision plays in the modern cockpit and suggest the colour vision standards accordingly. In the same breath, it is important to understand the evolution of colour vision testing and colour theories, so as to develop or adopt a more suitable test for the changing aviation scenario.
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Stefanov, Nako. „“THE CELESTIAL” AND “THE RUSSIAN WORLD” – PAST, PRESENT AND PERSPECTIVES“. Diplomatic, Economic and Cultural Relations between China and Central and Eastern European countries 8 (01.04.2023): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.62635/788p-empj.
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The development of relations and interactions between historical China (the Celestial, today People’s Republic of China /PRC/) and historical Russia (the Russian world, today Russian Federation /RF/) largely determines the course of political and economic processes not only in Eurasia, but – especially today – also at the global level. The goal of the proposed research is to review the Sino-Russian relations in the past and the present and predict their likely future. This goal is achieved with the tasks presented in the main sections of the work: 1. The historical legacy in the relationships and interactions of the “Celestial” with the “Russian World” – about the ups and downs in the dynamics of the past; 2. The modern world – factors and circumstances determining the positives and negatives in the Euro-Asian China-Russia part of the US-China-Russia global equation; 3. Instead of a conclusion: About the prospects of Chinese-Russian relations and interactions – optimistic, balanced, and pessimistic scenarios. The main thesis of the paper is that, despite the sometimes more-than-ambiguous historical past, today’s positive trends in the development of the relations between the PRC and the Russian Federation, which are determined by objective circumstances, create a higher probability in a shorter or longer-term perspective for an optimistic or at least balanced development scenario rather than a pessimistic one.
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Marzeion, B., A. H. Jarosch und M. Hofer. „Past and future sea-level change from the surface mass balance of glaciers“. Cryosphere 6, Nr. 6 (12.11.2012): 1295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1295-2012.
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Abstract. We present estimates of sea-level change caused by the global surface mass balance of glaciers, based on the reconstruction and projection of the surface mass balance of all the individual glaciers of the world, excluding the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica. The model is validated using a leave-one-glacier-out cross-validation scheme against 3997 observed surface mass balances of 255 glaciers, and against 756 geodetically observed, temporally integrated volume and surface area changes of 341 glaciers. When forced with observed monthly precipitation and temperature data, the glaciers of the world are reconstructed to have lost mass corresponding to 114 ± 5 mm sea-level equivalent (SLE) between 1902 and 2009. Using projected temperature and precipitation anomalies from 15 coupled general circulation models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble, they are projected to lose an additional 148 ± 35 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 166 ± 42 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), 175 ± 40 mm SLE (scenario RCP60), or 217 ± 47 mm SLE (scenario RCP85) during the 21st century. Based on the extended RCP scenarios, glaciers are projected to approach a new equilibrium towards the end of the 23rd century, after having lost either 248 ± 66 mm SLE (scenario RCP26), 313 ± 50 mm SLE (scenario RCP45), or 424 ± 46 mm SLE (scenario RCP85). Up until approximately 2100, ensemble uncertainty within each scenario is the biggest source of uncertainty for the future glacier mass loss; after that, the difference between the scenarios takes over as the biggest source of uncertainty. Ice mass loss rates are projected to peak 2040 ∼ 2050 (RCP26), 2050 ∼ 2060 (RCP45), 2070 ∼ 2090 (RCP60), or 2070 ∼ 2100 (RCP85).
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Kaur, Mandeep, und Kamalpreet Kaur. „Development of Plastic Cards Market: Past, Present and Future Scenario in Indian Banks“. Asia Pacific Business Review 4, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097324700800400406.
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The current study presents an overview of the development of banking in India from time to time specifically focused on the plastic cards usage trends since these have been introduced in Indian banking sector. Various types of plastic cards provided by banks in India like ATM cards, Debit Cards, Credit Cards and Smart cards have been discussed. The study also highlights the role of these cards as electronic payment tool to be used by customers and discusses clearing and settlement process of these cards. Some future plans made by various banks and institutions are also summarized in a way that it depicts the picture of its future growth and prospects in India.
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Kakkar, Dipti, Anjani K. Tiwari, Harpal Singh und Anil K. Mishra. „Past and Present Scenario of Imaging Infection and Inflammation: A Nuclear Medicine Perspective“. Molecular Imaging 11, Nr. 4 (01.07.2012): 7290.2011.00051. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7290.2011.00051.
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Nuclear medicine techniques provide potential non-invasive tools for imaging infections and inflammations in the body in a precise way. These techniques are further exploited by the use of radiopharmaceuticals in conjunction with imaging tests such as scintigraphy and positron emission tomography. Improved agents for targeting infection exploit the specific accumulation of radiolabeled compounds to understand the pathophysiologic changes involved in the inflammatory process and correlate them with other chronic illnesses. In the recent past, a wide variety of radiopharmaceuticals have been developed, broadly classified as specific radiopharmaceuticals and nonspecific radiopharmaceuticals. New developments in positron emission (leveraging 18F and 18fluorodeoxyglucose) and heterocyclic/peptide chemistry and radiochemistry are resulting in unique agents with high specific activity. Various approaches to visualizing infection and inflammation are presented in this review, in an integral manner, that give a clear view of the existing radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice and those under development.
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Choi, Doo Sung, Jong-Sang Youn, Im Hack Lee, Young-Kwon Park, Byung Jin Choi und Ki-Joon Jeon. „Analysis of National PM2.5 (FPM and CPM) Emissions by Past, Current, and Future Energy Mix Scenarios in the Republic of Korea“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 16 (08.08.2019): 4289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164289.
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The main purpose of this study was to analyze the Korean PM2.5 emissions according to the past, present, and future energy mix scenarios from 1970 to 2035, with the aim of identifying a sustainable, future environmentally friendly energy mix scenario for Korea related to PM2.5 emissions. To calculate the PM2.5 emissions according to an energy mix plan, we assumed two scenarios: (1) Scenario 1 is based on an energy conversion scenario established by the Korean government’s 7th electric power demand supply program; and (2) Scenario 2 is enhancement of fuel cell usage. In Scenario 1, filterable PM2.5 (FPM2.5) emission was calculated as 61,158 ton/year, which includes contributions of anthracite (46.8%), petroleum (39.7%), natural gas (LNG) (10.0%), and LPG (0.1%). In Scenario 2, FPM2.5 emission was calculated as 36,917 ton/year, which includes contributions of petroleum (47.8%), anthracite (40.3%), bituminous coal (10.1%), and LNG (1.7%). Thus, we concluded that the FPM2.5 mitigation effect from fuel cell policy enforcement is about 38.13% higher than the Korean national energy conversion policy. PM2.5 (FPM2.5 + condensable PM2.5 (CPM2.5)) emissions dramatically increased in both energy mix scenarios so that CPM2.5 should be considered when estimating PM2.5 emissions and PM2.5 reduction.
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Henry, Sheika, und Francisco de Assis Mendonça. „Past, Present, and Future Vulnerability to Dengue in Jamaica: A Spatial Analysis of Monthly Variations“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 9 (01.05.2020): 3156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093156.
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Over the years, Jamaica has experienced sporadic cases of dengue fever. Even though the island is vulnerable to dengue, there is paucity in the spatio-temporal analysis of the disease using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing tools. Further, access to time series dengue data at the community level is a major challenge on the island. This study therefore applies the Water-Associated Disease Index (WADI) framework to analyze vulnerability to dengue in Jamaica based on past, current and future climate change conditions using three scenarios: (1) WorldClim rainfall and temperature dataset from 1970 to 2000; (2) Climate Hazard Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) rainfall and land surface temperature (LST) as proxy for air temperature from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the period 2002 to 2016, and (3) maximum temperature and rainfall under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 climate change scenario for 2030. downscaled at 25 km based on the Regional Climate Model, RegCM4.3.5. Although vulnerability to dengue varies spatially and temporally, a higher vulnerability was depicted in urban areas in comparison to rural areas. The results also demonstrate the possibility for expansion in the geographical range of dengue in higher altitudes under climate change conditions based on scenario 3. This study provides an insight into the use of data with different temporal and spatial resolution in the analysis of dengue vulnerability.
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Sadeghi, Sajad, Bahram Saghafian und Mohsen Najarchi. „Assessment of impacts of change in land use and climatic variables on runoff in Tajan River Basin“. Water Supply 20, Nr. 7 (29.07.2020): 2779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.169.
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Abstract The main objective of the present study was to investigate runoff response to climate variables as well as landuse change over the past 30 years in Tajan River Basin, using the SWAT model. After the model calibration, four different scenarios were simulated and compared. Comparison of simulated runoff results determined from different scenarios indicated that climatic variables reduced the amount of runoff while the landuse change increased this amount in most months of the year. Simulated runoff under three landuse scenarios in all months demonstrated that the runoff achieved from scenario 1 was smaller than scenarios 2 and 4. In scenario 4, the runoff amount increased by 3–21% and 0.8–13% in Kordkheil station compared to those of scenario 1 and scenario 2, respectively. Furthermore, the increase in runoff for scenario 4 is 3–19% and 2–12% in Rig Cheshmeh station relative to those of scenario 1 and scenario 2, respectively. Nonetheless, the maximum change in runoff was only 6% under climatic variables. Hence, landuse had more significant impacts on the runoff compared to climatic variables.
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Sever, Richard. „Biomedical publishing: Past historic, present continuous, future conditional“. PLOS Biology 21, Nr. 10 (03.10.2023): e3002234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002234.
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Academic journals have been publishing the results of biomedical research for more than 350 years. Reviewing their history reveals that the ways in which journals vet submissions have changed over time, culminating in the relatively recent appearance of the current peer-review process. Journal brand and Impact Factor have meanwhile become quality proxies that are widely used to filter articles and evaluate scientists in a hypercompetitive prestige economy. The Web created the potential for a more decoupled publishing system in which articles are initially disseminated by preprint servers and then undergo evaluation elsewhere. To build this future, we must first understand the roles journals currently play and consider what types of content screening and review are necessary and for which papers. A new, open ecosystem involving preprint servers, journals, independent content-vetting initiatives, and curation services could provide more multidimensional signals for papers and avoid the current conflation of trust, quality, and impact. Academia should strive to avoid the alternative scenario, however, in which stratified publisher silos lock in submissions and simply perpetuate this conflation.
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Alfonso, Fernando. „Treatment of In-stent Restenosis – Past, Present and Future“. European Cardiology Review 5, Nr. 2 (2009): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/ecr.2009.5.2.74.
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In-stent restenosis (ISR) remains a significant clinical problem. The penetration of drug-eluting stents (DES) is quite variable and patients with DES may also suffer from ISR. Treatment of ISR remains a technical challenge and the long-term clinical outcome of these patients may be complicated by recurrences. Different strategies have been used for the treatment of patients with bare-metal ISR. Currently, DES constitute the intervention of choice in this setting. However, the best intervention for patients suffering from ISR after DES implantation remains to be elucidated. This report summarises our clinical and research efforts in this adverse anatomical scenario over the last decade. We will address the treatment of patients with ISR, revisiting the historical background, emphasising the currently available alternatives and disclosing future perspectives.
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Subba Rao, R., Y. Jagannadhapuri, K. M. Ganes und D. V. Ramanamurthy. „Demographic Projections for India: Past, Present and Future“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.31 (24.08.2018): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.31.18293.
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The growth or development of a country mainly depends on the present and future population scenario. Population projections help in the growth of the nation in various directions. Predicting the human fertility and mortality is very difficult, particularly when we are concentrating farther time. Various National, International and some individual demographers made projections for the entire nation and some parts of the country. The estimates of the population projections changes as and when new information added to the existing values. The perspective population growth and its impact were discussed by Visaria and Visaria, 1996 and noticed that population projections vary based on the parameters considered in their models. In our present work, by considering the 2001 India’s Census data, Registrar General (1996)[14], a new population projection of the country are estimated by allowing the age arrangement of the population. The mortality estimates of the whole country made by considering the impact of HIV / AIDS. Cohort component method was used for the projections from 2001 to 2051. Using the Sample Registration System (SRS) figures of 2001 census, state level figures are generated. Only two variants namely, average and high are used for making the population projections.
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Salvatore, Sergio, und Claudia Venuleo. „Liminal transitions in a semiotic key: The mutual in-feeding between present and past“. Theory & Psychology 27, Nr. 2 (21.02.2017): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354317692889.
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This article proposes a reading of liminal transitions in semiotic terms; that is, as a byproduct of the dynamics of sensemaking consisting of how two components of meaning interact: the observable side of meaning ( Significance in Praesentia)—the rupture directly experienced by the interpreter—and a further generalized meaning—the semiotic scenario ( Significance in Absentia), which makes the lived experience interpretable. Due to its pre-semantic and affective nature, in the liminal hotspot the semiotic scenario keeps a certain version of the self alive, regardless of the changes occurring in the real world. The conditions that favor such dynamics are briefly outlined as well as some implications for theory, methodology, and intervention.
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Kapczinski, Flavio, und Antonio E. Nardi. „Present and future of Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (RBP)“. Revista Debates em Psiquiatria Ano 6 (01.12.2016): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25118/2236-918x-6-6-5.
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Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (RBP) is currently one of the most important scientific journals in Brazil, and it now holds the highest impact factor among all Brazilian scientific journals. Over the past few years, RBP has consolidated its position in the international scenario of psychiatric publications, attracting a growing number of submissions from different countries. In this article, we review the recent history of RBP, highlighting its most significant actions, contributions, and achievements.
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Meehl, Gerald A., Claudia Tebaldi und Dennis Adams-Smith. „US daily temperature records past, present, and future“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 49 (21.11.2016): 13977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606117113.
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Observed temperature extremes over the continental United States can be represented by the ratio of daily record high temperatures to daily record low minimum temperatures, and this ratio has increased to a value of about 2 to 1, averaged over the first decade of the 21st century, albeit with large interannual variability. Two different versions of a global coupled climate model (CCSM4), as well as 23 other coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, show larger values of this ratio than observations, mainly as a result of greater numbers of record highs since the 1980s compared with observations. This is partly because of the “warm 1930s” in the observations, which made it more difficult to set record highs later in the century, and partly because of a trend toward less rainfall and reduced evapotranspiration in the model versions compared with observations. We compute future projections of this ratio on the basis of its estimated dependence on mean temperature increase, which we find robustly at play in both observations and simulations. The use of this relation also has the advantage of removing dependence of a projection on a specific scenario. An empirical projection of the ratio of record highs to record lows is obtained from the nonlinear relationship in observations from 1930 to 2015, thus correcting downward the likely biased future projections of the model. For example, for a 3 °C warming in US temperatures, the ratio of record highs to lows is projected to be ∼15 ± 8 compared to the present average ratio of just over 2.
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Agustina, D. S., und Fetrina Oktavia. „Rubber agroforestry system in Indonesia: Past, present, and future practices“. E3S Web of Conferences 305 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130502005.
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Indonesia is the second largest rubber producing country after Thailand. The area of rubber in 2018 was about 3.7 million hectares with the total production of 3.6 million tons. Among those areas, 88.13% were owned by smallholders, and the rest belongs to private estate (5.16%) and government estate (6.7%). Productivity is still become the problem at smallholders’ level. Some efforts have been conducted in order to improve the productivity of smallholders. The concept of agroforestry has become increasingly relevant in recent days as they introduced new commercial opportunities to smallholders. Agroforestry, with its multiple environmental and economic benefits, can help the agriculture and forestry sectors find innovative solutions to present-day problems: including low profitability, environmental impacts, and negative public perception This paper presents the implementation of rubber agroforestry system at the smallholders’ level since the past, current situation and future scenario for agroforestry in order to support the sustainability of rubber smallholders.
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M. K. S., Mihiranie, Jayasinghe J.M.J.K., Wanasundara J.P.D. und Jayasinghe C.V.L. „Indigenous Food Practices of the Dambana Vedda Community in Sri Lanka: Past and Present Scenario“. Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 08, Nr. 02 (01.07.2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v08i02.01.
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Veddas are considered to be the indigenous community of Sri Lanka. A century ago, the Veddas had scattered across the Eastern Province, North-Central and Uva Provinces. Presently, their main settlement is confined to Dambana in the Badulla district. They inherit unique indigenous knowledge from their ancestors to hunt animals, gather forest goods, collect honey and dig yams to fulfill their food needs as ‘Forest dwellers’. Therefore, they had simple and efficient indigenous techniques for gathering and processing food. The main objective of the present study was to identify and document the past indigenous food practices and current food practices of the Dambana Vedda community. Focus group discussions were carried out with the different age categories of the Vedda community at Dambana to collect information. The indigenous lifestyle of the Vedda community was affected by modernization and civilization. Wild Veddas who lived in the forest have transmitted to village Veddas in colonies with modified food culture. Their indigenous food culture is mixed with the neighboring Sinhalese and Tamil communities. However, with forest reserves restricted, the Veddas are still engaging in a questionable struggle to protect their indigenous tradition and culture. Consequently, they have consumed indigenous foods rarely and novel food varieties become the daily diets of Veddas. Therefore, Veddas have been facing many challenges to protect their unique indigenous food practices for future generations.
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Gutman, Jennifer. „Scenario Fiction and the Novel Claims of Insurance“. Novel: A Forum on Fiction 56, Nr. 3 (01.11.2023): 410–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-10750577.
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Abstract Emerging during a Cold War era of nuclear uncertainty, refined in decades of neoliberal turbulence, and used today for modeling climate futures, scenario thinking has now entered the domain of the Anthropocene novel. This article argues for the adoption of scenarios as a formal strategy of two contemporary realist novels engaged in updating the genre to present scales of crisis: Tom McCarthy's Remainder (2005) and Ben Lerner's 10:04 (2014). As these novels process new forms of risk in a time of epochal fracture, they likewise signal a conceptual break in realism's capacity to imagine new configurations for the present based on the shape of things past. Scenarios prioritize plausibility over predictability, emphasizing the importance of storytelling in processing an age of planetary crisis while also showing the limits of statistical methods of world-building. By attending to the many configurations that could emerge from the volatile state of the present, scenario fiction seeks to preempt unmediated outcomes and insure the novel's critical extension into all possible futures.
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Uriu, Keiya, Yusuke Kosugi, Jumpei Ito und Kei Sato. „The Battle between Retroviruses and APOBEC3 Genes: Its Past and Present“. Viruses 13, Nr. 1 (17.01.2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010124.
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The APOBEC3 family of proteins in mammals consists of cellular cytosine deaminases and well-known restriction factors against retroviruses, including lentiviruses. APOBEC3 genes are highly amplified and diversified in mammals, suggesting that their evolution and diversification have been driven by conflicts with ancient viruses. At present, lentiviruses, including HIV, the causative agent of AIDS, are known to encode a viral protein called Vif to overcome the antiviral effects of the APOBEC3 proteins of their hosts. Recent studies have revealed that the acquisition of an anti-APOBEC3 ability by lentiviruses is a key step in achieving successful cross-species transmission. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the interplay between mammalian APOBEC3 proteins and viral infections and introduce a scenario of the coevolution of mammalian APOBEC3 genes and viruses.
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Narina, Ramesh, Marek Iwaniec und Swapnil Arawade. „Past, Present and Future of Assistive Robotic Lower Limb Exoskeletons“. MATEC Web of Conferences 357 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202235703005.
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Many research teams have developed various innovations in the field of assistive robotic exoskeletons for human lower limbs. Especially in the recent years, because of the expeditious technological development, much work has been done and published in the scientific communities. However, in the publications, for different reasons and constraints, the information available is in bits and pieces. Most papers only could manage to speak of the individual aspects like the mechanical design or state machine or interface or another control scenario, etc. This is why an attempt of bringing scientific aspects together is done in this work. This is achieved by considering the most popular and various kinds of exoskeletons. Therefore, in this chapter an overview on the aspects of mechanical design and electrical control, and simultaneously their algorithms were discussed. Coming to analytical simulations like forward and inverse kinematics, dynamic simulation of the moments of the multibody system, etc., were performed in ADAMS and OpenSim simulation platforms. Better solutions were proposed and awaiting challenges were discussed for each aspect of the robotic exoskeleton.
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Shyamsundar, Kirankere Ananthapadmanabha, Doddamane Rathnamma, Basavegowdanadoddi Marinaik Chandranaik, Beechagondahalli P. Shivashankar, Ramakrishnaiah Sharada, Shrikrishna Isloor, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh und Sharanagouda Patil. „Sheep Associated-Malignant Catarrhal Fever: Past, present, and future“. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 11, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2023.11(1).16.23.
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Members of Artiodactyla can contract the infectious disease Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), which has a wide range of symptoms. Ten known viruses contribute to the disease, the two most significant ones being Ovine gamma herpes virus 2 (OvHV-2) and Alcelaphine gamma herpes virus 1 (AIHV-1). In the African subcontinent, AIHV-1 is seen in most MCF cases. In the Indian scenario, Ovine gamma herpes virus-2 is the main culprit. MCF is reported in certain pockets of India. Its threat to wildlife is not yet completely understood. In AIHV-1, wildebeests serve as the primary MCF reservoir, whereas with OvHV-2, the primary MCF reservoir is sheep. In India, OvHV-2 causes MCF in deer species, bison, and water buffaloe. The life cycle and properties of this virus are not yet wholly deciphered. To understand the impact of the disease and the threat it may pose in the future, we need to have diagnostic techniques in place. Currently, PCR is the most commonly used diagnostic technique. Work should be done on field-oriented tests like ELISA and LFA, which are helpful in areas without sophisticated lab facilities. Treatment protocols must be in place, as culling bovines is not an accepted policy in India. Probable plans for overcoming all these problems are discussed in this article.
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Richard, Brendan. „Las Vegas: past, present and future“. Journal of Tourism Futures 4, Nr. 3 (07.09.2018): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jtf-05-2018-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to better understand the dramatic transformation of Las Vegas from a local watering hole to a world renowned entertainment city, and to offer predictions of what this ever-changing city might become in the future. Design/methodology/approach A series of turning points in Las Vegas’ history are presented in a chronological manner, highlighting how external forces have played a role in shaping the city into what it is today. These external forces are then used as the underlying reasoning for a series of scenarios, signposts informing predictions detailing what might happen to Las Vegas in the future. Findings The development of Las Vegas has been influenced by a wide range of external factors, from geology, government, organized crime, business visionaries, large corporations and the economy. The continued influence of these factors could lead to drastically divergent outcomes from the loss of the city to a new golden age. Originality/value This paper identifies turning points that have helped to shape the development of Las Vegas, and in doing so encourages researchers to consider future scenarios grounded in the underlying dynamics of the turning points.
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Paul, Oindrila, Amrita Jasu, Dibyajit Lahiri, Moupriya Nag und Rina Rani Ray. „IN SITU AND EX SITU BIOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS: THE PRESENT SCENARIO“. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 29, Nr. 4 (16.12.2021): 454–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2021.15447.
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Enhanced population growth, rapid industrialization, urbanization and hazardous industrial practices have resulted in the development of environmental pollution in the past few decades. Heavy metals are one of those pollutants that are related to environmental and public health concerns based on their toxicity. Effective bioremediation may be accomplished through “ex situ” and “in situ” processes, based on the type and concentration of pollutants, characteristics of the site but is not limited to cost. The recent developments in artificial neural network and microbial gene editing help to improve “in situ” bioremediation of heavy metals from the polluted sites. Multi-omics approaches are adopted for the effective removal of heavy metals by various indigenous microbes. This overview introspects two major bioremediation techniques, their principles, limitations and advantages, and the new aspects of nanobiotechnology, computational biology and DNA technology to improve the scenario.
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Sun, Y., G. Ramstein, C. Contoux und T. Zhou. „A comparative study of large scale atmospheric circulation in the context of future scenario (RCP4.5) and past warmth (Mid Pliocene)“. Climate of the Past Discussions 9, Nr. 2 (20.03.2013): 1449–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1449-2013.
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Abstract. The Pliocene climate (3.3 ~ 3.0 Ma) is often considered as the last sustained warm period with close enough geographic configurations compared to the present one and associated with atmospheric CO2 concentration (405 ± 50 ppm) higher than the modern level. It is therefore suggested that the warm Pliocene climate may provide a plausible scenario for the future climate warming with the important advantage, that for mid-Pliocene, many marine and continental data are available. To investigate this issue, we selected RCP4.5 scenario, one of the current available future projections, to compare the pattern of tropical atmospheric response with past warm mid-Pliocene climate. We performed three OAGCM simulations (RCP4.5 scenario, mid-Pliocene and present day simulation) with the IPSL-CM5A model and investigated atmospheric tropical dynamics through Hadley and Walker cell responses to warmer conditions. Our results show that there is a damping of the Hadley cell intensity in the northern tropics and an increase in both subtropics. Moreover, northern and southern Hadley cells expand poleward. The response of Hadley cell is stronger for RCP4.5 scenario than for mid-Pliocene, but in very good agreement with the fact the atmospheric CO2 concentration is higher in future scenario than mid-Pliocene (543 versus 405 ppm). Concerning the response of the Walker cell, we showed that, despite very large similarities, there are also some differences. i.e. the common features are for both scenarios: weakening of the ascending branch, leading to a suppression of the precipitation over the western tropical Pacific. The response of Walker cell is stronger in RCP4.5 scenario than mid-Pliocene but also depicts some major difference as an eastward shift of the rising branch of Walker cell in future scenario compared to the mid-Pliocene. In this paper, we explain the dynamics of the Hadley and Walker cell, and show that despite minor discrepancy, mid-Pliocene is certainly an interesting analogue for future climate changes in the tropical areas.
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Paya, Ali. „Islamic Philosophy: Past, Present and Future“. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 74 (30.06.2014): 265–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246114000113.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to critically assess the present state of Islamic philosophy in its main home, namely, Iran. However, since such a study requires some knowledge of the past developments of philosophical thought among Muslims, the paper briefly, though critically, deals with the emergence and subsequent phases of change in the views of Muslim philosophers from ninth century onward. In this historical survey I also touch upon the role played by other Muslim scholars such as theologians, mystics and jurists, in shaping Islamic philosophy. The last section of the paper, deals, not in great details, with one or two possible scenarios for the future of Islamic philosophy.
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Ahmed, Jesmine, und Niranjan Mohapatra. „The Evolution of India-US Nuclear Relations: Conflicts and Co-operation From Past to Present Scenario“. Asian Review of Social Sciences 8, Nr. 1 (05.02.2019): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2019.8.1.1542.
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India and the United States have long historical, diplomatic, strategic and cultural linkages. Since the genesis of the Indo-US engagement in the international politics, the issues relating to nuclear aspects have been a great source of divergence and convergence between the two countries. This relation is mostly revolve around the three major shifts; Pokhran-I (1974), Pokhran-II (1998) and Civilian Nuclear deal (2005). However, before the signing of civil nuclear deal, both the countries had many clashes for not signing India in NPT and CTBT. However, this paper focuses on the evolution of India –US nuclear relations since past and also discuss how US response to nuclear tests that India had conducted. It also concludes the agreements that led to the cordial relations between the two countries at present.
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Khan, Muhammad Wasim Jan, und Muhammad Khalique. „An Overview of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia and Pakistan: Past, Present and Future Scenario“. Business and Management Horizons 2, Nr. 2 (22.11.2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v2i2.5792.
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The main objective of this study was to identify the importance of SMEs in Malaysian and Pakistani economies. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the development and growth of the Malaysian and Pakistani economies. However, their contribution to the national economies of both countries is still relatively small. Malaysian and Pakistani governments have made various fundamental steps to improve the growth of SMEs. In spite of this, SMEs are still facing heaps of challenges and obstacles that deter them from further expanding their businesses and sustainable growth. This study provides the review of the importance of SMEs in Malaysia and Pakistan.
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Lioubimtseva, Elena. „Climate change in arid environments: revisiting the past to understand the future“. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 28, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2004): 502–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp422oa.
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Arid regions are expected to undergo significant changes under a scenario of climate warming, but there is considerable variability and uncertainty in these estimates between different scenarios. The complexities of precipitation changes, vegetation-climate feedbacks and direct physiological effects of CO2 on vegetation present particular challenges for climate change modelling of arid regions. Great uncertainties exist in the prediction of arid ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 and global warming. Palaeodata provide important information about the past frequency, intensity and subregional patterns of change in the world’s deserts that cannot always be captured by the climatic models. However, it is important to bear in mind that the global mechanisms of Quaternary climatic variability were different from present-day trends, and any direct analogies between the past and present should be treated with great caution. Although palaeodata provide valuable information about possible past changes in the vegetation-climate system, it is unlikely that the history of the world’s deserts is a key for their future.
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Contreras Quintana, Sergio. „Oceanography and Climate Change: Past, present and future scenarios“. PAGES news 16, Nr. 2 (April 2008): 36–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.16.2.36.
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Hamad, Rahel, Heiko Balzter und Kamal Kolo. „Predicting Land Use/Land Cover Changes Using a CA-Markov Model under Two Different Scenarios“. Sustainability 10, Nr. 10 (25.09.2018): 3421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103421.
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Multi-temporal Landsat images from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) acquired in 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008 and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) from 2017, are used for analysing and predicting the spatio-temporal distributions of land use/land cover (LULC) categories in the Halgurd-Sakran Core Zone (HSCZ) of the National Park in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The aim of this article was to explore the LULC dynamics in the HSCZ to assess where LULC changes are expected to occur under two different business-as-usual (BAU) assumptions. Two scenarios have been assumed in the present study. The first scenario, addresses the BAU assumption to show what would happen if the past trend in 1993–1998–2003 has continued until 2023 under continuing the United Nations (UN) sanctions against Iraq and particularly Kurdistan region, which extended from 1990 to 2003. Whereas, the second scenario represents the BAU assumption to show what would happen if the past trend in 2003–2008–2017 has to continue until 2023, viz. after the end of UN sanctions. Future land use changes are simulated to the year 2023 using a Cellular Automata (CA)-Markov chain model under two different scenarios (Iraq under siege and Iraq after siege). Four LULC classes were classified from Landsat using Random Forest (RF). Their accuracy was evaluated using κ and overall accuracy. The CA-Markov chain method in TerrSet is applied based on the past trends of the land use changes from 1993 to 1998 for the first scenario and from 2003 to 2008 for the second scenario. Based on this model, predicted land use maps for the 2023 are generated. Changes between two BAU scenarios under two different conditions have been quantitatively as well as spatially analysed. Overall, the results suggest a trend towards stable and homogeneous areas in the next 6 years as shown in the second scenario. This situation will have positive implication on the park.
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Pal, Rimesh, und Urmila Yadav. „COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Present Scenario and a Steep Climb Ahead“. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (Januar 2020): 215013272093940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720939402.
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Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, India has witnessed a massive surge of cases in the past 3 weeks. As of April 30, 33 610 confirmed cases and 1075 deaths have been reported from 32 states/union territories in India. Apart from the nationwide lockdown, India has increased its testing rate and has markedly strengthened the health care sector to combat COVID-19. With India’s population of more than 1.3 billion people at a significant population density compared with the rest of the world, the lack of universal access to clean water and overall poor socioeconomic status, all have posed a major challenge to India’s fight against COVID-19. Failure to contain the pandemic in India could have disastrous consequences with widespread cases and thousands of deaths that could easily overwhelm the health care infrastructure. Unabated spread of the pandemic could make India the next COVID-19 hotspot; hence the World Health Organization has recently stated that the “future of the pandemic will depend on how India handles it.” Here, we have summarized the present scenario of the pandemic in India and the myriad challenges being faced by the country in its fight against COVID-19.
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Min, Jingjing, Yan Dong und Hua Wang. „Response of Natural Gas Consumption to Temperature and Projection under SSP Scenarios during Winter in Beijing“. Atmosphere 13, Nr. 8 (25.07.2022): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13081178.
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The present study investigates the response of natural gas consumption to temperature on the basis of observations during heating season (middle November–middle March) for the period 2002–2021 in Beijing, China, and then estimates temperature-related changes in the gas consumption under future scenarios by using climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Observational evidence suggests that the daily natural gas consumption normalized by gross domestic product is linearly correlated with the daily average temperature during heating season in the past two decades in Beijing. Hence, a linear regression model is built to estimate temperature-related changes in the natural gas consumption under future scenarios. Corresponding to a rising trend in the temperature, the natural gas consumption shows a decrease trend during 2015–2100 under both the SSP245 and the SSP585 scenarios. In particular, the temperature would increase rapidly from early 2040s to the end of 21st century under the SSP585 scenario, leading to an obvious reduction in the natural gas consumption for heating in Beijing. Relative to that in the present day (1995–2014), the natural gas consumption would show a reduction of approximately 9% (±4%) at the end of 21st century (2091–2100) under the SSP245 scenario and approximately 22% (±7%) under the SSP585 scenario.
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Gupta, Ritu, und Douglas A. Hershey. „Time perspective as an antecedent of trust in a manager and its impact on employee attitudes“. Time & Society 28, Nr. 1 (03.07.2017): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x17716552.
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A manager’s personality has been demonstrated to have an influence on employees’ level of trust. However, it has yet to be demonstrated whether trust levels are based, in part, on a manager’s time perspective. In this study a between-subjects scenario-based experimental approach was employed, which involved administration of six different scenarios. Each described a hypothetical manager who exhibited one of six time perspectives: past positive, past negative, present hedonistic, present fatalistic, future oriented, and balanced. Participants (N = 630) rated the extent to which the manager could be trusted and what they believed their attitude would be if they were to work for the individual. Findings revealed that managers who exhibited a past positive, future oriented, or balanced time perspective were perceived to be more trustworthy and had higher ratings of trust than supervisors with a past negative or present fatalistic orientation. A path analysis model further demonstrated that employee perceptions of trustworthiness (an antecedent of trust) covary with time perspective, as did employee attitudes (a trust-linked outcome). This research contributes to the development of theory by shedding light on the way interpersonal perceptions shape employee attitudes. From an applied perspective, the findings suggest interpersonal perceptions influence workers’ attitudes toward their manager and their job.
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Lee, Der-Horng, und Sreyus Palliyani. „Sustainable transport policy - An evaluation of Singapore's past, present and future“. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 1, Nr. 1 (08.03.2017): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v1i1.23.
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The whole world is in a fuel crisis nearly approaching exhaustion, with climate change knocking at our doorsteps. In the fight against global warming, one of the principle components that demands technocratic attention is Transportation, not just as a significant contributor to atmospheric emissions but from a much broader perspective of environmental sustainability. From the traditional technocratic aspect of transport planning, our epiphany comes in the form of Land Use integrated sustainable transport policy in which Singapore has been a pioneer, and has led the way for both developed and developing nations in terms of mobility management. We intend to investigate Singapore’s Transport policy timeline delving into the past, present and future, with a case by case analysis for varying dimensions in the present scenario through selective benchmarking against contemporary cities like Hong Kong, London and New York. The discussions will include themes of modal split, land use policy, vehicular ownership, emission policy, parking policy, safety and road traffic management to name a few. A visualization of Singapore’s future in transportation particularly from the perspective of automated vehicles in conjunction with last mile solutions is also detailed.