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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Passive Investments“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Graham, Roger C., and Craig E. Lefanowicz. "Evidence of the Relation between Accounting for Equity Investments and Equity Valuation." Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 11, no. 4 (1996): 587–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x9601100404.
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Income recognition events for equity investments reflect an investor's ability to influence the activities of an investee and therefore the timing of income realization to the investor. Investor firms with passive equity investments recognize investment income when investee dividends are declared, whereas investors with nonpassive equity investments recognize investment income as investee income is earned. To determine whether market participants associate investor income realization with the income recognition events, investor and investee security return correlations are examined around investee dividend and earnings announcements. The correlations suggest an association between passive and nonpassive investor valuation and investee dividend and earnings announcements that corresponds to the accounting income recognition procedures for equity investments. Analysis of the relative timing of investor and investee announcements indicates that the results are not due to a naive fixation on accounting revenue recognition events. Rather, the results suggest differences in the substance of the investor-investee relation between passive and nonpassive investments. The results are robust to alternative specifications and controls for relative investment size and industry affiliation.
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Joshi, Girish Balkrishna, and Ranjan Dash. "Analysis of Active Vs Passive Investment Behavior in Emerging Markets." Management 27, no. 1 (2023): 130–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58691/man/170138.
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Responses from 480 Indian respondents, 240 each investing in Mutual Funds and Exchange Traded Funds were studied to assess individual investors behavioral biases with the help of factors of herding, market, prospect, overconfidence and availability bias by using one way MANOVA approach. Results indicate that the Mutual Fund (active investment) investors show significantly higher behavioral biases as compared to Exchange Traded Fund (passive investment) investors in emerging markets. Behavioral biases effect on investments has been extensively studied on individual products, but this article is the first attempt to make comparative analysis of behavioral biases on active and passive investments. Behavioral biases have received little attention in the developing markets and results of this paper have practical implications for policymakers in understanding the dynamic behavior of the active and passive investors and educate the investors for proper investment decisions.
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Alexander, Carol, and Anca Dimitriu. "Equity indexing: Optimize your passive investments." Quantitative Finance 4, no. 3 (2004): C30—C33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1469-7688/4/3/f01.
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Anand, Dr Raghu G., and Dr Mala K. M. "A Research on the Investment Patterns in Banking and Securities: A Study on Indian Investment Behavior." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (2022): 1144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47118.
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Abstract: The Investment Industry is highly growing amidst the pandemic issues. Today with developing infrastructure we have numerous options in the investing industry. Investments are broadly classified into 2 types, namely the active and passive. The active investment requires investor to change their assets in the portfolio as per the trends of market and requires knowledge, time , patience. The passive doesn’t need you to be active and is termed as buy and hold strategy of the industry. This is for ones who cannot indulge completely. Active includes high investment and the passive includes smaller investments. The risk in active increases with increase in buying and selling of assets and securities where as passive risk reduces with longer time of hold to the securities. Therefore the study solely focuses on both factors and to assess the changes in behaviour pattern of citizens of India in terms of investment. Their behaviour is observed on majority parameters and also how technology has changed the phase of industry. In the present study, the researcher has tried to understand the mindset of Indian citizens and their attitude towards investment and its changing patterns. The researcher tries to convince the readers to understand and be aware of all forms of Investment. The pandemic era has created a vacuum of lack of capital. The study has tried to incorporate maximum aspects to justify the study. The investment industry has totally become electronic controlling with improvement in technology for easy usages, reach and access.
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Daniluk, Katarzyna. "Profitability and Risk of Selected Forms of Investment on the Polish Capital Market." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 14, no. 2 (2021): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2021-0014.
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Abstract Subject and purpose of work: The subject of this study concerns profitability and risk of selected forms of investment on the Polish capital market. The aim of the study was to compare profitability and risk of active and passive investment portfolios. Materials and methods: The research material consisted of the rates of return on investments in the undervalued shares and growth shares included in the WIG-20 index and the results of the Lyxor WIG 20 UCITS ETF fund in 2014-2019. The study compares the rates of the return and standard deviations of returns of the portfolios managed actively and passively. Results: The analysis of the rates of return of the created investment portfolios indicates a higher profitability and a lower risk of the passive form of investment consisting in the purchase of an ETF fund. Among active strategies the growth investing strategy showed a higher profitability and a lower risk. Conclusions: Passive forms of investment are an effective alternative to active portfolio management.
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Venkataraman, R., and Thilak Venkatesan. "Evaluation of Growth of Mutual Funds and Exchange Traded Funds in India." SDMIMD Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (2016): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/sdmimd/2016/8413.
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Investors are always baffled about the risk-return characteristics of their investments. There is often the challenge of the alternative between active&passive investments. In case of active mutual funds there are numerous categories of active funds each tracking a different benchmark. It often leads to confusion about how the performance can be compared between one fund to another. The growth of ETFs' has been phenomenal in the recent years due to various advantages of an exchange traded fund compared to the mutual fund as lower cost of management, lesser dependence on fund manager, ease of transaction to name a few. In this context the research analysedthe passive ETF's&prominent Mutual funds both active and passive to justify superior returns at lower risk. The research was based on secondary data, for a period of 5 years i.e. from 2010 to 2015.The various tools used were Sharpe Ratio, Jenson's Alpha, Treynor's Ratio and Tracking error. The study recommends fund houses to implement proactive strategies to reduce tracking error and make ETF's a better alternative for investment.
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Pini, Gian Diego. "Passive Aggressive Investments: Minority Shareholdings and Competition Law." European Business Law Review 23, Issue 5 (2012): 575–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2012032.
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Minority share acquisitions between competitors have been mistakenly considered of concern only in case they result in a change of control. First the economic theory, closely followed by courts and doctrine, explained and demonstrated that even the acquisition of non-controlling shareholdings may distort competition and requires a close scrutiny by competition authorities. This article analyzes the impact of minority shareholdings on the incentives of rival firms and ascertains whether the authorities are provided with adequate tools to investigate and address the potential anticompetitive effects. The results of the economic theory are the starting point to assess whether the legal treatment of minority shareholdings under the EU and US antitrust systems is appropriate and adequate.
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Bankman, Joseph. "The Case against Passive Investments: A Critical Appraisal of the Passive Loss Restrictions." Stanford Law Review 42, no. 1 (1989): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1228858.
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Dhika Maha Putri, Dwi Narullia, Putri Regina Prayoga, and Yongky Teguh Setiaji. "Edukasi Ragam Investasi Digital untuk Meningkatkan Peluang Passive Income UMKM Kota Malang." Jurnal Pengabdian dan Peningkatan Mutu Masyarakat (Janayu) 5, no. 1 (2024): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/janayu.v5i1.29940.
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Purpose – This activity aims to provide understanding to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in managing their income and capital flows Design/methodology/approach – This service method is carried out by involving a combination of socialization and education programs that emphasize the importance of investing, providing practical guidance, and supervising digital investments made by MSME participants. Findings – After the service activities are carried out, it can increase knowledge and interest in digital investment among MSME players in the city of Malang so that MSME enthusiasm for investment as a passive income stream increases, while protecting them from fraud in investment Originality/value – Activities focus on the goal of broadening the perspective of MSME players regarding digital investment
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Buser, Stephen A. "On the Optimal Mix of Active and Passive Investments." Journal of Portfolio Management 41, no. 4 (2015): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2015.41.4.091.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertationen zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Topudurti, Shruti. "Determinants of Flows Between Active and Passive Equity Investments." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1952.
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Active versus passive investing is a popular topic within the investment community and beyond. In particular, many are concerned with fund flows in and out of active and passive investments. Existing research suggests that recent returns are a reason for the capital flow from active to passive and that fees also impact flows negatively. With U.S. equity mutual funds as a proxy for active investing and U.S. equity ETFs as a proxy for passive investing, I show that prior month flows have a positive and significant relationship with current flows for both ETFs and mutual funds, as well as for flows from ETFs to mutual funds. I also show that mutual fund monthly returns have a positive relationship with flows of mutual funds and flows from ETFs to mutual funds, while ETF monthly returns have a negative relationship with flows from ETFs to mutual funds. This supports prior literature. I also find that the differential in mutual fund and ETF returns (rMF – rETF) is insignificant and negative for net fund flows into ETFs. I find a generally positive relationship between mutual fund expense ratios and flows into mutual funds, as well as with flows from ETFs to mutual funds. Finally, I find a negative relationship between ETF expense ratios and flows into ETFs, as well as with flows from ETFs to mutual funds. The relationships between expense ratios and flows mostly contradict prevailing literature, except for the relationship between ETF expense ratios and ETF flows. This suggests passive investors are potentially more price-conscious than active investors, as passive investors experience negative flows as expense ratios increase, while flows into mutual funds do not have that relationship with expense ratios. Higher fees for mutual funds may also suggest a change in the composition of mutual funds, as funds similar to ETFs exit and new mutual funds become even more active.
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Heger, Levin, and Lisa Åkerman. "Momentum in ESG Indexes : A study on the passive capital flows effect on ESG stock prices." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185265.
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The aim with this thesis is to investigate whether increased capital flows to ESG screened indexes create higher price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios and momentum in the included stocks during the chosen time period of three years, from 2018 to 2020. The thesis will evaluate the capital flows to ESG indexes and compare both performance and P/E ratios between those and their corresponding Mother indexes. The study will also look at the development of capital flows, performance and P/E ratios separately in the four chosen geographical indexes; Global, Europe, US and Emerging Markets. The theoretical framework goes through four relevant subjects for this study; passive investing, ESG, momentum and the P/E ratio. The study has shown that the capital flows in all four ESG indexes increased during the chosen time period. Moreover, it could be proven that three out of four ESG indexes outperformed their Mother indexes, namely, Global, Europe and Emerging Markets. In the U.S. the Mother index outperformed the ESG index. Three out of four geographical indexes also had a higher increase in the average P/E ratio than their mother indexes. Here, the Global market stood out as the one that had a lower increase in P/E ratio than its Mother index. Lastly, regression analyses were made to see the relationship between the variables capital flows, average P/E ratios in the indexes and the performance of the indexes. The study showed significantly that capital flows is the explanatory variable for the increased P/E ratios on the European ESG index. However, for the other indexes no significant correlation could be proved. This led to an interesting discussion and conclusion, and also left us with a question mark. What is the reason behind this result on the European market, and why was it not possible to see any significant correlation on the other markets? Further research in this field is needed and some ideas are discussed in the last chapter of the thesis.
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Babar, Haseeb Zaman, and Johan Norberg. "Performance of passive long term investments : A longitudinal study over the relative performance of emerging- and developed markets." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-81143.
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The concept of emerging markets came to surface in early 1980 and constituted of only eight countries from the two continents of South America and Asia. The globalization of financial markets has since raised the importance of emerging capital markets. We take a quantitative approach to investigate the performance of emerging markets compared to developed markets. The aim of the study is to conclude if emerging markets offers investment value and if logic in portfolio theory can be used to improve the chance of creating a relatively better performing investment. Included markets in our study are Brazil, Russia, India, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa. S&P 500 is our benchmark for developed market performance. Sample period is 2002-01-01 to 2011-12-31 and monthly return data, creating 120 data points on each index. The weighting schemes used for the portfolios are min variance optimization, geographical location and high and low correlation. All investments are scored on performances in correlation to S&P 500, inflation adjusted growth, currency effect, Sharpe ratio, skewness and kurtosis. Rankings are done on the separate categories, on the individual overall ranking on only countries and one overall ranking on all investments. A brief overview of the overall ranking for all investments suggest that medium performing investments are overrepresented (12/20) and the low and high is underrepresented (3/20 and 5/20). Of note is that the min variance portfolio outperforms its components, the geographical portfolios have a wide range and the high correlated portfolio outperforms the low. The country to portfolio ratio over each grade suggests only a small skew of the results. There is no low scoring portfolio but the other two ratios are close to 50/50, suggesting that on average the portfolios create diversification benefits. Furthermore normality of returns seem to be violated and then the concept of volatility as a risk measure is significantly impaired also currency risk can be of high importance, currency effects ranged from -48% to 28.7%. Assuming non-normality seems more accurate than assuming normality; therefore we need to improve on volatility as a tool to measure risk. So one direction for further research we see a need is in the concept of volatility. The initial reason for this research came from small investors’ seemingly intuitive knowledge that emerging markets are a suitable investment option. We have concluded that they in fact are, therefore we suggest that a qualitative study is conducted to investigate this seemingly natural intuition.
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Nourmohammadi, Derya. "Ska man tro på aktie-Nostradamus? : en studie om aktierekommendationers värde för privata investerare." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-5317.
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Intro: 80 percent of the Swedish population own shares. This makes Sweden the leading country in private investment in securities. It can be difficult for the private investor to know where, when and which security to invest in. The strategies are as ambivalent as the stock markets fluctuations. If the investor prefers to refrain from investing money himself, there are brokers who carry out these types of services. Brokers use complex calculations and analytical tools to reach the best investment strategies. Their results are based on historic data from public information. According to the theory of the efficient market hypothesis, it is not possible to generate excessive returns on investments which are based on publicly available information. Purpose: The study aims to assess if stock recommendations published in a business newspaper have any value for investors, who hopes to generate high returns. Methodology: Since the data is quantitative, a deductive method is used to comprehend the results. Investments are divided into two fictive portfolios where one portfolio follows a passive investment strategy whilst in the other, active investments based on public information are made. A one-sample t-test is used to obtain the statistics for answering the hypothetical questions. Theoretical: The primary theory for the essay is the theory of efficient market hypothesis, perspectives but also passive investment strategies and the random walk hypothesis are being touched upon. Empirical: A study has been conducted of recommendations with the recomendations foundations found on DI.se between 01.01.2005 and 31.12.2006, as the study objects. Theprimary sources have been DI.se and the NASDAQ OMX. The results from the data are solely products of my own empirical findings. Conclusion: The results signify a large difference between a passive and an active investment strategy, although the statistical results indicates no significancy.
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Karlsson, Johanna, and Persson Didrik Brinkestam. "Active versus Passive Investment : A China and Hong Kong comparison." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97110.
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Investors have been debating whether active or passive management is the better strategy for a very long time where the majority conclude passive investment the most beneficial strategy in terms of after cost. Due to limited research in emerging markets, this study examines whether active or passive management is the most remunerative strategy in mainland China and Hong Kong, considering the difference in attributes between the regions. Historical data for the Hang Seng Index (HSI) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index (SSE Composite Index) was used for representing passive funds. To illustrate active management, historical data for 10 active funds for each region were collected. By using two methods including a simple observation of historical returns and a regression analysis, the results of this study conclude that no distinct difference can be confirmed between the two regions when regarding whether the active or passive investment strategy is more beneficial. And in obedience with the majority of previous literature, passive investments outperform active management in both mainland China and Hong Kong.
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Tomášik, Ivan. "Analýza úspešnosti vybraných pasívnych a aktívnych investičných stratégií." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113643.
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This working paper discusses in its first section differences between active and passive investment strategies. It also deals with convenience of active funds by overcoming returns of indices size of fees and share of assets in active and passive investment forms. It also discusses index investing and exchange traded funds. The second chapter deals with short selling, its history, regulation, fees and criteria for short selling. Last chapter analyzed financial indicators of stock titles from DSW Watchlist. The results of the analysis have been also tested. Results are shown in the third chapter itself and relevant annexes.
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Rundlöf, Niclas, and Jimmy Lovén. "Ska jag placera aktivt eller passivt? : En studie om premiepensionsvalet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-15285.
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Intention: The purpose of this thesis is to see if an active investment decision in the Swedish Premium Pension System would result in a higher return than a non-active investment decision. A non-active investment decision is equivalent to leaving the money in AP7 Premium Savings Fund. Method: This thesis is a statistical analysis and has a descriptive character in which the calculations are based on secondary data, thus the thesis has a quantitative character. Furthermore three active portfolios in different risk categories have been chosen. These portfolios are compared with the AP7 Premium Savings Fund’s returns. The thesis is deductive because it is using existing financial theories to do empirical examinations. Conclusion: Generally, higher risk is equal to higher returns. This thesis shows that an active investment of the premium pension should be done in portfolios with higher risk. Therefore the selected low-risk portfolio has lower returns than AP7 Premium Savings Fund. Further Research: The authors would find it interesting to redo this study in the future with the new AP7 Såfa as a benchmark.<br>Syfte: Studien avser att se om ett aktivt sparande och förvaltande av premiepensionen leder till en högre avkastning i jämförelse mot att låta pengarna ligga kvar i AP7 Premiesparfond Metod: Studien är en statistik analys och har en deskriptiv karaktär där sekundärdata ligger till grund för beräkningarna. Studien kan således ses som en kvantitativ studie. Vidare har tre stycken aktiva portföljval i tre olika riskkategorier tagits fram för att jämföras med AP7 Premiesparfonds avkastning. Studien är deduktiv då den empiriska prövningen sker med hjälp av redan befintliga finansiella teorier. Slutsats: Generellt sett ger högre risk en högre avkastning. Studien visar att om premiepensionen ska förvaltas aktivt bör detta göras i portföljer med högre risk. Då den valda lågriskportföljen gav lägre avkastning än AP7 Premiesparfond. Vidare forskning: Författarna anser det intressant att jämföra om AP7 Såfa skulle gynna icke aktiva sparare i högre grad än den gamla AP7 premiesparfonden. AP7 Såfa är en generationsfond där risken anpassas efter spararens ålder. Studien bör därför omprövas då det finns tioårig historik om AP7 Såfa.
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Moisan-Poisson, Miguel. "Stratégie d'investissement guidé par les passifs et immunisation de portefeuille : une approche dynamique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6096.
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In a previous MITACS project in collaboration with Addenda Capital, two basic liability matching strategies have been investigated: cash flow matching and moment matching. These strategies performed well under a wide variety of tests including historical backtesting. A potential shortcoming for both of these methods is that the optimization process is done only once at the beginning of the investment horizon and uses deterministic moment matching constraints to immunize the portfolio against interest rate movements. Though the portfolio subsequently need to be frquently rebalanced, this static optimization does not take into account the relatively high rebalancing costs it involves. The main objective of this present project is to further enhance the moment matching method by implementing and testing a stochastic dynamic optimization and by comparing its efficiency with the static one. Our dynamic optimization problem is to minimize the portfolio cost and its expected rebalancing costs one month ahead over a set of interest rate scenarios by the use of stochastic moment matching constraints. Our backtesting results show some improvements with the 6 moments matching strategy as the dynamic optimization slightly shrinks the difference in asset-liability gap between scenarios compared with the static optimization. However, after analyzing the realized periodic rebalancing costs each month (a constant bid-ask spread has been assigned to each asset's position change in the optimal portfolio), the immunization improvements are mitigated by substantialy higher costs. We also noticed, in the case of the duration/convexity matching strategy, that the dynamic optimization is not that much more efficient than the static method. Thus, these results confirm that the 6 moments matching technique is still more efficient with both the static and stochastic dynamic optimization. Our extensive dynamic analysis of transaction costs through backtesting showed that from an efficiency to cost ratio and an efficiency to simplicity ratio, the static 6 moments matching method seems so far to be a more practical solution for liability matching.
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Leisher, Thomas Kai. "Exchange-Traded Funds: The Unknown Investment Opportunity." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1617280855446967.
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Partlová, Zuzana. "Pasivní domy -- význam certifikace a ekonomická návratnost." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11036.
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In the present time, when prices of energy go up continually, we can hear more and more about the topic of energy-cutting. Important role in this sphere performs low-energy development. Passive houses, which are specific type of low energy houses, cut heat demand significantly. It means marked improvement with the view of energy saving, protection of the environment, but also quality of living. There is no doubt that these constructions bring numerous advantages, as evidenced by ever-growing number of passive houses abroad. Nevertheless, in the Czech Republic are very little passive houses. Partial intention of the thesis work is to highlight the importance of certification, which is able to contribute toward expansion of passive houses. The outcome of this part is proposal of the criteria for certification of passive houses in the Czech Republic. Principal aim of my diploma work is to compare passive house to common house in light of capital expenditures and operating costs and information about pay-off period of investment in low-energy buildings. Just matter of economic return is the most important criterion in decision making about construction of house or building.
Bücher zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Kimmelfield, Neil. Taxation of passive activities. Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1989.
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Jennings, Michael N. Federal income taxation of passive activities. Warren, Gorham & Lamont, 1990.
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Ferri, Richard A. The power of passive investing: More wealth with less work. Wiley, 2010.
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Treasury, United States Dept of the. Report to the Congress on adjusting the excess passive rules and the passive foreign investment company rules to account for marketing intangibles. Dept. of the Treasury, 1994.
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1916-, Caplin Mortimer Maxwell, and Grace Michael J, eds. Passive activity losses: The latest regulations (second installment). Prentice Hall Law & Business, 1989.
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C, Young James. The passive loss rules: Reporting responsibilities. S.C. Dilley's Federal Tax Workshops, 1988.
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Saake, Ronald D. Passive activity rules: Law and tax planning strategies. Wiley, 1991.
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Ringquist, Neil A. PALS: Working with the revised passive activity loss rules. CCH, 1995.
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Ringquist, Neil A. PALS: Working with the revised passive activity loss rules. CCH Incorporated, 1995.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Vargas, Carlos. "Indices and passive investments." In Sustainable Finance Fundamentals. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003274735-8.
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Walker, Stephen Todd. "Devising Portfolios with Alternative Investments (Active vs. Passive)." In Understanding Alternative Investments. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137370198_13.
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Levy, Moshe, and Richard Roll. "Active Versus Passive Investment." In Mutual Fund Selection. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69758-6_5.
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Skougaard, Mikkel. "Perspectives on the Integration of Corporate Governance in Equity Investments: From the Periphery to the Core, from Passive to Active." In CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55206-4_3.
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Cowell, Frances. "Passive Asset Allocation." In Practical Quantitative Investment Management with Derivatives. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501874_7.
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Meziani, A. Seddik. "Active versus Passive Investing." In Exchange-Traded Funds as an Investment Option. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230513372_1.
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Zaremba, Adam. "Passive Investment Strategies in Commodity Markets." In The Financialization of Commodity Markets. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137476395_2.
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Chinloy, Peter. "Passive Investment: Syndication, Limited Partnerships, and Real Estate Investment Trusts." In Real Estate: Investment and Financial Strategy. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2663-9_9.
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Barth, Markus. "Measuring Water Risk: The Challenges for Passive Index Investment." In Water Risk Modeling. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23811-6_7.
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Takahashi, Hiroshi. "Analyzing the Validity of Passive Investment Strategies Under Financial Constraints." In Advances in Computational Social Science. Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54847-8_9.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKonferenzberichte zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Ding, Yuan, and Jeremy Moloney. "Control of Stray Current Corrosion by Application of Corrosion Inhibitor." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00506.
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Abstract In oil and gas production operations, multiple sources of voltages and currents are prevalent due to the necessity of various motors, pumps, and cathodic protection systems. Unintended current flow can occur through undesired paths caused by grounding issues or failed electrical insulation, leading to severe corrosion that compromises asset integrity. Traditional mitigation methods include cathodic protection, insulation, and coatings. However, these methods require substantial capital investment and result in considerable downtime. This paper explores a more cost-effective approach using Corrosion Inhibitor A (CI-A) to control stray current corrosion, employing various electrochemical techniques. Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) tests were conducted to evaluate the inhibition performance of CI-A on general corrosion at different concentrations. Additionally, the effectiveness of batch treatment with CI-A was analyzed in the same manner. Polarized sweeps were performed on the differently treated coupons to simulate stray current conditions. The results indicated that batch treatment with CI-A provided superior protection against stray current, as it resulted in the lowest current under the same polarization. An anodic "limiting current" was observed, demonstrating that the batch treatment could inhibit corrosion up to a higher potential. This passive-like behavior also exhibited negative hysteresis, further underscoring the efficacy of the batch treatment approach.
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Kaymaz, E., and B. Manav. "ANALYSIS OF LIGHTING ENERGY CONSUMPTION THROUGH COST-OPTIMAL INVESTMENTS FOR RESIDENCES: A CASE STUDY IN TURKEY." In CIE 2023 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x50.2023.op058.
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The study represents an approach to improving the annual lighting and primary energy performance of a residential building in temperate-humid and hot-dry Mediterranean climates in Turkey by simulation-based optimization method. In this context, five design variables and sixty four options including façade orientation, window size and configuration, window-to-wall ratio, thermo-physical properties of glazing, and light reflectance value of walls are investigated. The global cost of interior lighting system proposal and passive design strategies are calculated accordingly. Compared to the reference building, we achieved 26.5 - 27.6 % savings in lighting energy, 8.5 - 8.9 % in global costs and 10.5 - 12.4 % in primary energy as well as 9.4 - 10.6 % reduction in carbon emissions for the optimal solutions depending on the climate zone, respectively. Daylight performance of sample living rooms is also evaluated with climate-based daylight modelling (CBDM) metrics for the base case and optimal solutions.
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Danmadami, Amina, Ibiye Iyalla, Gbenga Oluyemi, Oghenerume Ogolo, and Jesse Andrawus. "Evaluation of the Profitability of Marginal Field Investment Using the Fiscal Provisions in the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA) 2021." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217218-ms.
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Abstract The passage of the petroleum industry act (PIA) 2021 in Nigeria established a new era in the petroleum sector of the country. Before the passage of the PIA 2021, marginal fields were operating using a separate fiscal arrangement that gave them special consideration. But the passage of the PIA 2021, made them operate like other fields depending on the terrain. The fiscal arrangement that governs marginal field investments is embedded in the PIA 2021. It offers marginal field operators dynamic fiscal terms that may increase their chances of survival during periods of low oil prices. This research considered the evaluation of the profitability of marginal field investments in Nigeria using the fiscal provisions in the PIA 2021. Investment in a typical marginal field in Nigeria was modeled using Excel. The fiscal terms in the PIA 2021 for marginal field investments were embedded into the economic model. The profitability of the marginal field investment was evaluated using profitability indicators such as net cash flow, net present value, government take, and internal rate of return. When the oil price was $80/bbl, the contractor's take was higher than the host government take. The contractor's and host government take when the oil price was $80/bbl were 52.40% and 47.60% respectively. While the contractor's and host government NCF when the oil price was $80/bbl were $247.52 MM and $224.816 MM respectively. This shows that the fiscal provisions for marginal field investment in the PIA 2021 are very attractive compared to other fiscal regimes in Nigeria.
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GREBLIKAITE, Jolita, Neringa GERULAITIENE, and Wlodzimierz SROKA. "FROM TRADITIONAL BUSINESS TO SOCIAL ONE: NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURS IN RURAL AREAS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.139.
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In many EU countries economic and social development stagnates. The reasons are various and depends on the country. Some countries are still leaders (Germany, Great Britain, France), but depending on political events and complicated issues in each of them common EU internal market is kept as rather passive and not expanding in terms of consumption and investments. Especially it is related to countries suffering their internal business problems. The research problem of this paper is related to the issues how to provide some innovative solutions to traditional enterprises in Lithuania and Poland for their prosperous development. The aim of the paper is to analyse the situation and problems of traditional business in rural areas of Lithuania and Poland and propose development possibilities applying social initiatives and becoming social enterprises. The research object of the paper is traditional and social enterprises in rural areas. The research discloses that in Lithuania and Poland the situation in rural areas has a lot of similarities in terms of development and problems. Social entrepreneurship in both countries is kept as possibility but still problems and specificity exist in the countries.
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van Dijk, Radboud, Kees van Zandwijk, and Eelco Harmsen. "Deep Water Installation, Hydrodynamic Aspects and Practical Considerations." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23808.
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The past decade has shown a fast growing subsea production market tending to complete factories on the sea floor involving ever more complicated infrastructure and increasing size and weight components to be installed. The water depth of this market typically ranges between 1000 and 3000m. This new subsea market triggers a need for increased deep water lowering capacity to enable safe, fast and efficient installation of this infrastructure. The authors’ company has gained extensive experience in the field of deep water installation over the past 15 years, ranging from complex mooring foundations to the installation of large subsea production units in up to 3000m water depth. This experience is used and further deployed in the specification of new and higher capacity deep water lowering systems for recent and upcoming investments. The paper will share a number of the contractor’s considerations with respect to a state-of-the-art deep water lowering system meeting the needs of today’s subsea production market. The paper will address the challenges associated with the various stages of deep water installation, choices made in type of ropes (steel versus fiber), pros and cons of various floater types that can be used as an installation platform and the need for and effect of passive or active heave compensation.
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Zhao, Qian. "Self-organization in planned Danwei and Dayuan: A case study of the transitional Houzaimen neighborhood of Nanjing in urban China." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6010.
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In the network of global economy, urban places as the spatial effect of globalization that results from the negotiation between international capitals and local powers play an important role in globalization discourse. The transformation of urban form also responses to the entrepreneurial turn in the municipal governance that affects city planning in particular. The role of municipal governments due to global economic competitions shifts from a passive regulation operator to an active agent to increase attractiveness for local investments and fiscal incomes. Danwei as ‘the space of the socialist work unit’ and its residential compound Dayuan referring ‘a large courtyard’ in Chinese term have shaped the urban landscape and everyday life since Maoist China. The unitary urban space that emerged under a command economy favoring the governmental intervention has varied over time. Many Dayuan neighborhoods have diminished in urban renewal movements. As the study object, Houzaimen neighborhood of Nanjing has the well-reserved Dayuan fabric built before 1990. Most researches emphasize the top-down planning process that results in social and physical space while this article underlines self-organized community. By methods of site surveys and space syntax for site analysis, the identifiable pattern of self-organization including the social buildup and the subculture of residents, residential ownerships and the allocation of commercial activities compared to public institutions and facilities on site reveals the place-shaping mechanism.
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Johnson, Michael D., and Amlan Nanda. "Incorporating the Option Value of Product Family Variants in Material and Process Selection." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87493.
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In the modern competitive environment, firms have to offer a variety of products to their customers in a cost effective manner. One way of achieving this goal is through the use of product platforms and product families. The choice of product materials and manufacturing processes has a significant effect on the ability to derive variants from these product platforms and families. Unfortunately, most economic analyses of materials selection rarely include the effect on the product family, and if they do they are viewed as static and passive investments. In reality, the decision to produce an additional variant is a “right, but not an obligation” — it can be viewed as a real option. A methodology to value the option of producing a follow-on variant product for an a posteriori (or bottom up) product family is proposed. This method uses inputs that are readily available for most product development teams. An automotive instrument panel beam case study is used to illustrate the method. Results from the case study show that while the follow-on variant option did not affect the relative economic preference of the materials, the value of the options associated follow-on variants accounted for a significant portion of total development project value. Valuations performed using both the binomial and Black-Scholes methods did not show significant differences between the methods. Material and manufacturing process characteristics are shown to have an effect on follow-on variant option value. The product lifetime and annual production volume of the follow-on variant are shown to have significant effects on option value. Initial variant product lifetime and underlying asset risk are shown to have less of an effect on option value.
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Marsili, Irene. "Design, realization and testing of an azimuth-stabilized modular stratospheric platform." In IV Aerospace PhD-Days. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644903193-3.
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Abstract. In recent years, increasing investments from space industry are directed towards single or constellations of small satellites orbiting in LEO, which have significantly low cost with respect to other types of space missions, but require many years of development and large sums on an absolute scale. The development of new facilities that can cut costs during this phase is therefore of primary interest. One of the main cost items is the development and testing of space hardware, which shall be exposed to high-vacuum and high-level-radiation environment, that is both extremely difficult and expensive to recreate in laboratory. The cheapest option is the use of near-space platforms lifted by small-scale sounding balloons; however, they are not commonly employed because state-of-the-art gondolas for such balloons do not offer a stabilized frame. The work presented in this paper shows a successful attempt at designing and realizing a low-cost yaw-stabilized stratospheric platform, able of self-orienting at set azimuth direction. Active attitude stabilization was achieved via the use of a single reaction wheel placed along the main vertical axis of the platform, controlled by a PI software, and was accompanied by passive attitude stabilization techniques. Tests prove that a stabilized position can be achieved within ±5° of the selected pointing direction, which is preset or directly inputted by the user during platform operations. In this paper, a first application of the platform to host a payload of four solar cells is presented, but particular emphasis was given to modular design, so that the integration of a different payload would require the minimum amount of re-design.
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Hinson, David, Rusty Smith, Bruce Kitchell, Mackenzie Stagg, Elizabeth Farrell Garcia, and Betsy Burnet. "Can Increasing Energy Performance Be a Key to Unlocking Rural Home Affordability?" In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.36.
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Though home energy use should be considered in every residential project, it is particularly critical for low-wealth individuals and families. While higher-budget projects can rely on a return on investment for energy-saving features, “affordable” housing projects built by not-for-profit organizations frequently rely on reductions in construction costs to keep purchasing prices low for homeowners. However, this can result in higher maintenance and operations costs over the useful life of the home. Could linking home performance to the mortgage carry of an individual homeowner provide opportunities to create a housing stock of homes that consider the total cost of homeownership? This paper describes a research initiative designed to seek the balance point between up-front investments in improved energy performance and home affordability in support of a pilot, systems-based approach to more affordable homeownership. In a design-build studio format, the authors and their students have revised and constructed multiple versions of the same small, two-bedroom prototype home developed for the context of a mixed-humid climate: one built to the Passive House Institute U.S. (PHIUS) standard and the other to the Department of Energy’s Zero Energy Ready Home (ZERH) standard. By constructing two prototype homes on the same street and with similar orientation, but with differing energy-related details, the authors are able to evaluate the initial cost of construction associated with achieving these two performance standards while simultaneously comparing the monthly energy savings afforded by each approach. Each home underwent a rigorous process of modeling, testing, and monitoring. Computational energy modeling during the design phase were used to to test various envelope assemblies. At key points in construction, blower door tests and thermal imaging were utilized to assess the specific efficacy of alternative approaches construction detailing and to verify systems and envelope airtightness. Long-term monitoring is used to evaluate actual post-occupancy energy use against that which was predicted in the initial design phase. Furthermore, post-occupancy engagement with the homeowner allows for a deeper understanding of the design of end-user education programs that empower families to leverage the high-performance potential of their homes. Ultimately, these findings provide an invaluable contribution to the authors’ broader research and development where, in partnership with federal agencies as well as mortgage and insurance providers, the team continues to explore mechanisms to better integrate both the policies and products necessary to support a new paradigm of truly affordable homeownership to families in the rural South.
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Khosrowjerdi, M., Robert C. Azar, Ali Salehi, and G. H. Nazari. "Computer-Aided Design of Bicycles." In ASME 1991 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1991-0132.
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Abstract Traditional manual designing of bicycles often relies on prototype building and testing and since structural deficiencies often are not obvious until a prototype fails, several build-and-test iterations are usually required before a satisfactory design is obtained. Also, the final design may be less than optimal because of quick fixes inserted at the last minute. However, by utilizing computer-aided design, better bicycles can be designed at smaller investments of time and money. The development and utilization of a DI-3000 based (graphics subroutines developed by Precision Visual), user-friendly, self contained computer aided design package for the analysis and design of bicycle frames and forks are presented. The software, written in Fortran 77 and executable on most passive and active graphics devices, creates the necessary analysis input files for the ANSYS finite element program (developed and marketed by Swanson Analysis System Inc.). These pre and post processing files in conjunction with the ANSYS program are used to determine deflections and stress components. The graphics user interface module of the software allows users to enter bicycle geometry, loading and other pertinent data quickly and efficiently. Tubing configuration and specifications are selected from a data base through the use of cursor-controlled menus. The loading menu presents users with seven different types of realistic and self-consistent loading conditions from which to choose. Computer graphics is also used extensively wherever appropriate to enhance user-computer interaction. Contrasting color and text size are used to explain pictorially as well as visually unfamiliar terminology and to clarify vague sign or orientation conventions, thus, leading to more accurate input. While this package has been designed for instructional purposes, it can also be used by design engineers involved in the design of bicycles to facilitate the creation of ANSYS pre and post processing files.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Passive Investments"
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Catalini, Christian, Jorge Guzman, and Scott Stern. Passive Versus Active Growth: Evidence from Founder Choices and Venture Capital Investment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26073.
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Batt, Rosemary, Eileen Applebaum, and Tamar Katz. The Role of Public REITs in Financialization and Industry Restructuring. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp189.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are important but little studied financial actors that control over $3.5 trillion in gross assets and over 500,000 properties in the U.S. Yet they have been largely ignored because tax rules define them as ‘passive investors.’ The evidence in this report shows that they are actually financial actors that aggressively buy up property assets and manage them to extract wealth at taxpayers’ expense. This study identifies the powerful impact that REITs, as owners of the real estate that houses productive enterprises, have had on operating companies and on the US economy more generally. It draws on case study evidence from markets where REITs have a major presence – nursing homes, hospitals, and hotels. The tax treatment of REITs has facilitated a growing and worrying influence on health care markets in particular at taxpayer expense.
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de Luis, Mercedes, Emilio Rodríguez, and Diego Torres. Machine learning applied to active fixed-income portfolio management: a Lasso logit approach. Banco de España, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/33560.
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The use of quantitative methods constitutes a standard component of the institutional investors’ portfolio management toolkit. In the last decade, several empirical studies have employed probabilistic or classification models to predict stock market excess returns, model bond ratings and default probabilities, as well as to forecast yield curves. To the authors’ knowledge, little research exists into their application to active fixed-income management. This paper contributes to filling this gap by comparing a machine learning algorithm, the Lasso logit regression, with a passive (buy-and-hold) investment strategy in the construction of a duration management model for high-grade bond portfolios, specifically focusing on US treasury bonds. Additionally, a two-step procedure is proposed, together with a simple ensemble averaging aimed at minimising the potential overfitting of traditional machine learning algorithms. A method to select thresholds that translate probabilities into signals based on conditional probability distributions is also introduced.
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Verdisco, Aimee, Oliver Neuschmidt, Jennelle Thompson, and Santiago Cueto. PRIDI: Urgency and Possibility. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006251.
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For many children, the circumstances of their birth and earliest years have lifelong consequences. Where and to whom a child is born can predict her economic and social outcomes later in life. Children born to parents who invest emotional and economic resources in their development tend to become healthy and productive adults, passing on the advantages that such investments bring to their own children. Children born in adverse circumstances, where poverty and stress limit possibilities and aspirations, fare less well. The odds are stacked against them from the beginning. Chances are that neither school nor any life experience will level the playing field.
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de Leon, Mark Jerome, Chirbet Ayunon, Maria Benita Balagan, and Kristinne Joyce Lara. Strengthening Tertiary Enrollment through Financial Aid: Insights from a Survey in Cagayan Valley. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.11.
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This study examines how financial aid shapes post-secondary enrollment and persistence among senior high school graduates, challenging assumptions in traditional human capital theory. While the theory posits that reducing financial barriers increases participation, findings suggest a more complex process. Drawing on survey data from the Batch 2024 graduates in Cagayan Valley, the study traces student trajectories across three points: college application (Wave 1), first-semester enrollment (Wave 2), and second-semester persistence (Wave 3). Guided by St. John’s (1992) framework, the analysis employs logistic regression to assess the relative influence of financial aid and non-financial factors on student decision-making. Financial aid is more effective in sustaining students already in college rather than initially attracting them. However, the positive impact of financial aid tends to wane over time. While aid may help students persist within an academic year, it is less effective at promoting re-enrollment in the following academic year. This suggests that educational investment is not a one-time choice made at enrollment but a continuous, iterative process. Persistence is shaped by an ongoing process of reassessment, influenced not only by costs but also by academic progress, psychosocial resilience, and institutional support. Non-financial factors—such as academic preparation, mental health, and social support—emerge as key determinants of persistence. Socio-demographic characteristics, including age, gender, and school background, also affect student outcomes. Decisions about educational investment are not solely economic but are shaped by structural, institutional, and psychological conditions. To sustain educational investments, aid must be part of a broader support ecosystem—including advising, mentorship, and mental health services—that reinforces student motivation and resilience. The findings offer qualified support for Human Capital Theory, pointing to a need for a more holistic financial aid model that integrates both financial and non-financial support systems. The strongest extension of the theory arises from the role of psychological traits, particularly grit, a psychological measure of an individual’s perseverance and passion for long-term goals (Duckworth et al. 2007), and a strong predictor of the intent to re-enroll. Traditional indicators are insufficient proxies for student risk. Policies should shift toward the persistence and re-enrollment stages, where aid is most effective, and expand eligibility to include students with academic and psychosocial vulnerabilities. An integrated model that addresses both financial and non-financial barriers can more effectively promote student success.
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Aldaba, Rafaelita. Navigating a New Era of Reciprocal Tariffs: Strategic Implications for the Philippines and Selected ASEAN Economies. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.62986/dp2025.06.
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Amid the evolving US-China tariff realignment and the broader restructuring of global value chains, this paper evaluates the vulnerability and strategic positioning of the Philippines alongside four other ASEAN economies—Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam. For the ASEAN-5, the key challenge lies in minimizing exposure to import flooding from displaced Chinese goods and potential exclusion from global value chains if competitiveness falters, while also capitalizing on trade and investment diversion opportunities. Using a Tariff Exposure Composite Index (TECI), the assessment reveals that the Philippines and Malaysia fall within the moderate-to-low risk tier, owing to relatively low reciprocal tariff rates and strong exemption coverage—particularly for high-value electronics. Indonesia is classified as moderate risk but is more vulnerable due to limited exemption coverage and a dependence on low-tech, commoditized exports. Meanwhile, Vietnam and Thailand are in the high-risk tier, driven by steep tariffs, significant US export dependence, and only moderate levels of tariff exemption. Absent a coordinated and forward-looking policy response, the Philippines and its ASEAN neighbors risk becoming passive bystanders in an increasingly fragmented trade landscape. However, with strategic alignment of trade and industrial policy, the deployment of robust trade defense tools, and deeper ASEAN collaboration, these economies can reframe the current disruption as a platform to reposition themselves as high-trust, tariff-resilient production hubs in the new global trading order.
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Fairbank, Elizabeth, Kristeen Penrod, Anna Wearn, et al. US-191/MT-64 Wildlife & Transportation Assessment. Western Transportation Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/1706207536.
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The US Highway 191 (US-191)/Montana Highway 64 (MT-64) Wildlife & Transportation Assessment (the “Assessment”) improves understanding of the issues affecting driver safety, wildlife mortality, and wildlife movement along the major routes that connect Yellowstone National Park, the Custer Gallatin National Forest, and other public lands to the growing population centers of Bozeman, Big Sky, and nearby communities in Southwest Montana. By engaging personnel from multiple federal, state, and local agencies along with key stakeholders to examine problems and possibilities through the lens of spatial ecology, the US-191/MT-64 Wildlife & Transportation Assessment brings new insight into the impact of two major roads that unite local communities yet divide the landscape and natural habitats. The information included in this report should inform and support area communities and agency decision-makers to select and pursue wildlife accommodation options. With the passage of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, significant funds for wildlife accommodation measures are available nationwide on a competitive basis. The US-191/MT-64 Wildlife & Transportation Assessment better equips part of Southwest Montana’s gateway to Yellowstone National Park to take advantage of new funding opportunities.
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Malm, Therese. Energy use and indoor climate in livestock buildings for pigs : an introductory paper. Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.5tt5942kdj.
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Swedish pig farming is facing two climatic challenges: minimizing greenhouse gases and adapting to warmer climates in confined livestock buildings. Climate change leads to more heat waves, causing pigs in confined buildings to endure heat stress more often and for longer periods. Heat stress not only affects the animals' welfare and health negatively, but it also implies a risk of economic losses for farmers, as heat stress can result in slower growth, impacts on reproduction and increased mortality. Pigs are particularly sensitive to heat because they do have few sweat glands. This introductory paper on the subject “Improving energy-efficiency and indoor climate of livestock buildings for pigs through passive and active adaptation measures” highlightsthe need for adaptation measures due to climate change. The main aim of this introductory paper is to provide a summary of current research and knowledge on the energy efficiency and indoor climate of livestock buildings for pigs, as well as the need for further research on pig buildings in Sweden. Many studies have evaluated potential adaptation measures to lower indoor temperatures and reduce heat stress in warmer climates. The most commonly implemented measures for cooling are increased airflow and air velocity, as well as evaporative cooling. The reviewed articles also indicated that insulation and mechanical ventilation are required in warmer climates to maintain an acceptable indoor climate. The main conclusions are that: (1) Heat stress for pigs will increase due to global warming, necessitating adaptation measures to reduce indoor temperatures in warmer climates. (2) Technical solutions are available to reduce indoor temperatures in warmer climates. However, studies on the investment costs and energy use of these solutions are lacking. (3) To reduce the environmental impact of livestock buildings intended for pigs, it is necessary to develop energy-saving solutions, improve management practices, and use non-fossil energy sources. (4) Computer simulations can be used as a tool to predict thermal climate and energy use in livestock buildings. (5) It is recommended to develop a common framework and use standardised functional units to enable comparison and simplify evaluation of results from different studies.
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Lazonick, William, and Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.
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The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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Financial Entrepreneurship: Balancing Active and Passive Investment Horizons. CFA Institute Research Foundation, 2025. https://doi.org/10.56227/25.1.8.
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