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Cattanach, B. M. „Parental origin effects in mice“. Development 97, Supplement (01.10.1986): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.97.supplement.137.
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Nuclear transplantation experiments in mice, reviewed elsewhere in this Symposium, have clearly demonstrated that the maternal and paternal genomes from which the embryo is formed are not functionally equivalent. The paternal genome appears to be essential for the normal development of extraembryonic tissues and the maternal genome for some stage of embryonic development. These findings provide some explanation for the observations that in mammals diploid parthenotes possessing two maternal genomes fail to survive (Markert, 1982) and that, in man, embryos with two paternal chromosome sets are inviable, forming hydatidiform moles (Kajii & Ohama, 1977). It has been proposed that a specific ‘imprinting’ of the paternal genomes occurs during gametogenesis so that the presence of both a female and male pronculeus is essential in an egg for full-term development (Barton, Surani & Norris, 1984; McGrath & Solter, 1984a; Surani, Barton & Norris, 1984).
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Paterson, A. D. „Analysis of parental-origin effects in linkage data“. Molecular Psychiatry 5, Nr. 2 (März 2000): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000667.
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Adams, S., R. Vinkenoog, M. Spielman, H. G. Dickinson und R. J. Scott. „Parent-of-origin effects on seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana require DNA methylation“. Development 127, Nr. 11 (01.06.2000): 2493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.11.2493.
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Some genes in mammals and flowering plants are subject to parental imprinting, a process by which differential epigenetic marks are imposed on male and female gametes so that one set of alleles is silenced on chromosomes contributed by the mother while another is silenced on paternal chromosomes. Therefore, each genome contributes a different set of active alleles to the offspring, which develop abnormally if the parental genome balance is disturbed. In Arabidopsis, seeds inheriting extra maternal genomes show distinctive phenotypes such as low weight and inhibition of mitosis in the endosperm, while extra paternal genomes result in reciprocal phenotypes such as high weight and endosperm overproliferation. DNA methylation is known to be an essential component of the parental imprinting mechanism in mammals, but there is less evidence for this in plants. For the present study, seed development was examined in crosses using a transgenic Arabidopsis line with reduced DNA methylation. Crosses between hypomethylated and wild-type diploid plants produced similar seed phenotypes to crosses between plants with normal methylation but different ploidies. This is consistent with a model in which hypomethylation of one parental genome prevents silencing of alleles that would normally be active only when inherited from the other parent - thus phenocopying the effects of extra genomes. These results suggest an important role for methylation in parent-of-origin effects, and by inference parental imprinting, in plants. The phenotype of biparentally hypomethylated seeds is less extreme than the reciprocal phenotypes of uniparentally hypomethylated seeds. The observation that development is less severely affected if gametes of both sexes (rather than just one) are ‘neutralized’ with respect to parent-of-origin effects supports the hypothesis that parental imprinting is not necessary to regulate development.
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Lefort-Buson, M., B. Guillot-Lemoine und Y. Dattee. „Heterosis and genetic distance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.): crosses between European and Asiatic selfed lines“. Genome 29, Nr. 3 (01.06.1987): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-072.
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Different types of F1 hybrids from the same and different geographic origins were studied. European and Asiatic inbred lines were hand crossed in three ways: a diallel design among European lines (European group), a diallel design among Asiatic lines (Asiatic group), and a factorial design between European and Asiatic lines (mixed group). Selfed lines and F1 hybrids of each group have been tested in the field at a normal seeding rate (4 kg/ha) in replicated trials. The experiment has been conducted over 2 years in two localities. Mixed group F1 hybrids were taller and more productive in seed yield than both European and Asiatic ones. For flowering, they were intermediate between both parents and close to the check Bienvenu. Variability was not organized the same way among the three groups. It was mainly additive for hybrids from lines of the same geographic origin (either European or Asiatic). However, specific effects, as great as the parental ones, occurred for hybrids from lines of different origins. Moreover, variability revealed for parental effects was greater within both European and Asiatic groups than in the mixed one. Key words: heterosis, genetic distance, geographic origin, genetic parameters, Brassica napus L.
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Lessmark, Anna, Gad Hatem, Györgyi Kovacs, Marta Vitai, Emma Ahlqvist, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Laszlo Koranyi, Leif Groop und Rashmi B. Prasad. „Lipid-Associated Variants near ANGPTL3 and LPL Show Parent-of-Origin Specific Effects on Blood Lipid Levels and Obesity“. Genes 13, Nr. 1 (29.12.2021): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010091.
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Parent-of-origin effects (POE) and sex-specific parental effects have been reported for plasma lipid levels, and a strong relationship exists between dyslipidemia and obesity. We aim to explore whether genetic variants previously reported to have an association to lipid traits also show POE on blood lipid levels and obesity. Families from the Botnia cohort and the Hungarian Transdanubian Biobank (HTB) were genotyped for 12 SNPs, parental origin of alleles were inferred, and generalized estimating equations were modeled to assess parental-specific associations with lipid traits and obesity. POE were observed for the variants at the TMEM57, DOCK7/ANGPTL3, LPL, and APOA on lipid traits, the latter replicated in HTB. Sex-specific parental effects were also observed; variants at ANGPTL3/DOCK7 showed POE on lipid traits and obesity in daughters only, while those at LPL and TMEM57 showed POE on lipid traits in sons. Variants at LPL and DOCK7/ANGPTL3 showed POE on obesity-related traits in Botnia and HTB, and POE effects on obesity were seen to a higher degree in daughters. This highlights the need to include analysis of POEs in genetic studies of complex traits.
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Satyaki, Prasad R. V., und Mary Gehring. „RNA Pol IV induces antagonistic parent-of-origin effects on Arabidopsis endosperm“. PLOS Biology 20, Nr. 4 (07.04.2022): e3001602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001602.
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Gene expression in endosperm—a seed tissue that mediates transfer of maternal resources to offspring—is under complex epigenetic control. We show here that plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) mediates parental control of endosperm gene expression. Pol IV is required for the production of small interfering RNAs that typically direct DNA methylation. We compared small RNAs (sRNAs), DNA methylation, and mRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana endosperm from heterozygotes produced by reciprocally crossing wild-type (WT) plants to Pol IV mutants. We find that maternally and paternally acting Pol IV induce distinct effects on endosperm. Loss of maternal or paternal Pol IV impacts sRNAs and DNA methylation at different genomic sites. Strikingly, maternally and paternally acting Pol IV have antagonistic impacts on gene expression at some loci, divergently promoting or repressing endosperm gene expression. Antagonistic parent-of-origin effects have only rarely been described and are consistent with a gene regulatory system evolving under parental conflict.
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Georgiades, P., C. Chierakul und A. C. Ferguson-Smith. „Parental origin effects in human trisomy for chromosome 14q: implications for genomic imprinting.“ Journal of Medical Genetics 35, Nr. 10 (01.10.1998): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jmg.35.10.821.
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Li, Yaojun, und Yizhang Zhao. „Double Disadvantages: A Study of Ethnic and Hukou Effects on Class Mobility in China (1996–2014)“. Social Inclusion 5, Nr. 1 (28.03.2017): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i1.857.
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This paper examines the ethnic and household registration system (<em>hukou</em>) effects on intergenerational social mobility for men in China. Using national representative surveys covering almost two decades (1996–2014), we assess both absolute and relative rates of mobility by ethnicity and <em>hukou</em> origin. With regard to absolute mobility, we find that minority men had significantly lower rates of total and upward mobility than Han men, and those from rural <em>hukou</em> origins faced more unfavourable chances. With regard to relative mobility, we find men of rural ethnic origins significantly less likely to inherit their parental positions. Even with parental and own educational qualifications and party memberships controlled for, we still find ethnic minority men of rural <em>hukou</em> origins behind others in access to professional-managerial positions. Overall, our findings suggest that the preferential policies have largely removed the ethnic differences in the urban sector but ethnic minority men from rural <em>hukou</em> origins are faced with double disadvantages: in addition to the inequality of opportunity rooted in the institutional divide which they share with the majority group from similar backgrounds, they face much greater inequalities in conditions, namely, in having poorer socio-economic and cultural resources.
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Yang, Chin Jian, Rajiv Sharma, Gregor Gorjanc, Sarah Hearne, Wayne Powell und Ian Mackay. „Origin Specific Genomic Selection: A Simple Process To Optimize the Favorable Contribution of Parents to Progeny“. G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, Nr. 7 (19.05.2020): 2445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401132.
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Modern crop breeding is in constant demand for new genetic diversity as part of the arms race with genetic gain. The elite gene pool has limited genetic variation and breeders are trying to introduce novelty from unadapted germplasm, landraces and wild relatives. For polygenic traits, currently available approaches to introgression are not ideal, as there is a demonstrable bias against exotic alleles during selection. Here, we propose a partitioned form of genomic selection, called Origin Specific Genomic Selection (OSGS), where we identify and target selection on favorable exotic alleles. Briefly, within a population derived from a bi-parental cross, we isolate alleles originating from the elite and exotic parents, which then allows us to separate out the predicted marker effects based on the allele origins. We validated the usefulness of OSGS using two nested association mapping (NAM) datasets: barley NAM (elite-exotic) and maize NAM (elite-elite), as well as by computer simulation. Our results suggest that OSGS works well in its goal to increase the contribution of favorable exotic alleles in bi-parental crosses, and it is possible to extend the approach to broader multi-parental populations.
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Yama, Mark F., Stephanie L. Tovey, Bruce S. Fogas und Lisa A. Teegarden. „Joint Consequences of Parental Alcoholism and Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Their Partial Mediation by Family Environment“. Violence and Victims 7, Nr. 4 (Januar 1992): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.7.4.313.
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This study investigated the effects of childhood sexual abuse and parental alcoholism in a sample of university women. Current symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured together with retrospective reports of subjects’ families of origin. Using a 2X2 factorial design, main effects on symptoms were obtained for sexual abuse and parental alcoholism, but their interaction was not significant. With respect to family environment, a history of sexual abuse was associated with perceptions that families of origin had less cohesion, more conflict, less emphasis on moral-religious matters, less emphasis on achievement, and less of an orientation towards intellectual, cultural, and recreational pursuits. Similarly, subjects who had alcoholic parents reported less family cohesion, more conflict, and less emphasis on moral-religious matters. Results of analyses of co variance suggested that family environment was a mediator of current symptoms of anxiety, but not symptoms of depression.
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Lebrun, M., N. Richard, G. Abeguilé, A. David, A. Coëslier Dieux, H. Journel, D. Lacombe et al. „Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia: A Model for the Imprinting Effects of GNAS Inactivating Mutations in Humans“. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, Nr. 6 (01.06.2010): 3028–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1451.
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Abstract Context: Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations are known to induce pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a when maternally inherited and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism when paternally inherited. Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is a rare disease of ectopic bone formation, and studies in different families have shown that POH is also caused by paternally inherited GNAS mutations. Objective: Our purpose was to characterize parental origin of the mutated allele in de novo cases of POH and to draw phenotype/genotype correlations according to maternal or paternal transmission of a same GNAS mutation. Design and Setting: We conducted a retrospective study on patients addressed to our referral center for the rare diseases of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Patients and Methods: We matched 10 cases of POH with cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a carrying the same GNAS mutations. Main Outcome Measures: The parental origin of the mutated allele was studied using informative intragenic polymorphisms and subcloning of PCR products. Results: Paternal origin of GNAS mutations was clearly demonstrated in eight POH cases including one patient with mutation in exon 1. Genotype/phenotype analyses suggest that there is no direct correlation between the ossifying process and the position of the inactivating GNAS mutation. It is, however, more severe in patients in whom origin of the mutation is paternal. Severe intrauterine growth retardation was clearly evidenced in paternally inherited mutations. Conclusions: Clinical heterogeneity makes genetic counseling a delicate matter, especially in which paternal inheritance is concerned because it can lead to either a mild expression of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism or a severe expression of POH.
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Alemany, Silvia, Frühling V. Rijsdijk, Claire Margaret Alison Haworth, Lourdes Fañanás und Robert Plomin. „Genetic origin of the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal genetically sensitive study“. Development and Psychopathology 25, Nr. 2 (30.04.2013): 487–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001198.
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AbstractLittle is known about how genetic and environmental factors contribute to the association between parental negativity and behavior problems from early childhood to adolescence. The current study fitted a cross-lagged model in a sample consisting of 4,075 twin pairs to explore (a) the role of genetic and environmental factors in the relationship between parental negativity and behavior problems from age 4 to age 12, (b) whether parent-driven and child-driven processes independently explain the association, and (c) whether there are sex differences in this relationship. Both phenotypes showed substantial genetic influence at both ages. The concurrent overlap between them was mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Causal pathways representing stability of the phenotypes and parent-driven and child-driven effects significantly and independently account for the association. Significant but slight differences were found between males and females for parent-driven effects. These results were highly similar when general cognitive ability was added as a covariate. In summary, the longitudinal association between parental negativity and behavior problems seems to be bidirectional and mainly accounted for by genetic factors. Furthermore, child-driven effects were mainly genetically mediated, and parent-driven effects were a function of both genetic and shared-environmental factors.
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Zimmermann, Barbara, und Simon Seiler. „The Relationship between Educational Pathways and Occupational Outcomes at the Intersection of Gender and Social Origin“. Social Inclusion 7, Nr. 3 (05.09.2019): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v7i3.2035.
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In this article, we are interested in the differences in the educational pathways and subsequent labour market outcomes by social origin and gender. We apply sequence analyses to model the educational trajectories and conduct regression analyses to determine how the individual’s own social status and the salary at labour market entry differs. First, our results show that educational pathways vary by parental status and gender when controlling for reading and mathematics/science skills. Men and pupils with a lower socioeconomic background are overrepresented in vocational education, whereas women and pupils with a more privileged socioeconomic background more often pursue general and academic tracks. Second, these different trajectories lead to unequal occupational status and income. Besides these indirect effects, significant direct effects of parental status and gender on the individual’s own occupational status and salary can be found. Together, these findings provide a broad overview of the emergence of inequalities by gender and social origin over the early life course, ranging from differences in skills learned in school to labour market outcomes.
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Präg, Patrick, und Lindsay Richards. „Intergenerational social mobility and allostatic load in Great Britain“. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, Nr. 2 (01.11.2018): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210171.
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BackgroundIntergenerational social mobility is hypothesised to be a stressful process that has a negative effect on health. By examining the relationship between own socioeconomic position, parental socioeconomic position and allostatic load (AL) in a representative sample of the British population, we test this hypothesis.MethodsOur study uses cross-sectional data from 9851 adult participants of waves 2 and 3 of Understanding Society. The relationship between parental occupational class at age 14 years, respondents’ social class at the time of the interview and AL is explored by means of diagonal reference models, which allow us to disentangle the effects of parental social class, own social class and the mobility process. The AL score comprises the following biomarkers: (1) total cholesterol, (2) high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, (3) triglycerides, (4) glycated haemoglobin, (5) C-reactive protein, (6) fibrinogen, (7) systolic blood pressure, (8) diastolic blood pressure, (9) resting heart rate, (10) body mass index and (11) waist circumference.ResultsAL is particularly high among the stable working class and low among the stable upper class. On average, current class and origin class exert about equal weight on current AL. However, social mobility—regardless of whether upwards or downwards—is not detrimental for AL. Furthermore, we find evidence that class of origin may be less important among those outside the labour market for reasons other than retirement.ConclusionBoth own social class and parental social class influence AL to a similar extent. However, we find no evidence that mobility trajectories exert any effects, good or bad, on AL.
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Wei, Yujie, Blaise Bergiel und Lingfang Song. „Effects of parental cultural capital on purchase intention of cognac“. International Journal of Wine Business Research 31, Nr. 3 (19.08.2019): 344–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-05-2018-0017.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility that individual differences in consumer choice of cognac are at least partially influenced by parental cultural capital. Also examined are ten value orientations factors (e.g. hedonism and self-direction) and attitudes toward France, cognac’s country-of-origin that may affect the degree of this intergenerational influence. Design/methodology/approach The survey research measures parents’ cultural capital, value orientations and attitude toward France and purchase intention using recognized scales. Data were collected from the faculty and students of a major university located in the southeast of the USA. The sample size was 234. Findings The results confirm that parental cultural capital, consumer value orientations and attitudes toward France have significant impacts on the consumer’s willingness to purchase cognac. Adult children of high cultural capital parents are more likely to buy cognac. Practical implications The findings of this paper provide meaningful insights into intergenerational influences on consumer purchase intention of cognac and socialization theory. The paper provides several managerial implications for segmentation, targeting and positioning of cognac in the US market. Originality/value As the first of its kind, this paper introduces the parents’ cultural capital into the consumer research regarding cognac. The longer-term effects that parents can have on grown children’s consumer behavior are confirmed, suggesting that parental influence persists well into adulthood and has impact on their brand preference.
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Starr, Brian T. „effects of health, family, and altruism on retirement savings“. Financial Services Review 30, Nr. 4 (11.08.2023): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.61190/fsr.v30i4.3161.
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Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, this paper broadens the analysis of retire- ment savings by examining the effects of health, children, altruism, and family of origin attributes on the decision of whether to save for retirement and on how much retirement savings are accumu- lated. The presence of children in the household generally reduces the probability of saving for retirement. Poor personal or parental health diminishes retirement savings outcomes. Altruistic behavior generally presents as complementary to retirement savings, and the evidence suggests chil- dren of mothers who saved for retirement are more likely to do the same.
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Malhotra, Rakhi, Rashmi Shukla, Madhulika Kabra, Yashdeep Gupta, Viveka P. Jyotsna und Rajesh Khadgawat. „Impact of parental origin of X-chromosome on clinical and biochemical profile in Turner syndrome“. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, Nr. 9 (25.09.2020): 1155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2020-0104.
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AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate if the parental origin of X-chromosome has an impact on the phenotype and biochemical profile in Turner syndrome (TS). Result of the previous studies have been equivocal and could be attributable to the multicentric study design with different experts examining heterogeneous TS population of various ethnic background.MethodsA cross-sectional single center study from Northern India. Fifty nine diagnosed subjects of TS and their parents participated in the study. Parental origin of intact X-chromosome was determined using 12 highly polymorphic short tandem repeats (STR) on X-chromosome. For the evaluation of parent-of-origin effects, typical phenotypic traits including congenital malformations, anthropometry, body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and biochemical profile were compared. Clinical stigmata of TS in all subjects were examined by a single expert.ResultsThe intact X-chromosome was of maternal origin (Xm) in 49.1% subjects while 50.9% had paternal origin (Xp). Skeletal anomalies were more common in Xm group, out of which prevalence of short neck and short fourth metatarsal reached statistical significance (p=0.04 and 0.01 respectively). A strong correlation was observed between subject’s baseline height standard deviation score (Ht SDS) and paternal height (r=0.593, p<0.001), maternal height (r=0.564, p<0.001) and mid-parental height (MPH) (r=0.372, p=0.047) in Xp group. This effect was not seen in Xm subjects whose baseline Ht SDS showed no significant correlation with maternal height, paternal height or MPH. No differences were detected between the groups with regard to biochemical profile or body composition.ConclusionsWe speculate that the differences in skeletal anomalies and height correlations between Xm and Xp groups could be due to the modifying effect of epigenetic signature on short stature homeobox (SHOX) gene of Xm. SHOX gene is not modified on Xp thereby explaining the paucity of skeletal changes and height correlations in Xp subjects.
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Kermicle, Jerry L., und Mary Alleman. „Gametic imprinting in maize in relation to the angiosperm life cycle“. Development 108, Supplement (01.04.1990): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.supplement.9.
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Differences in the activity of maternally and paternally derived genomes in maize endosperm have been observed at three levels of genetic manipulation. When the balance of entire chromosome sets departs from the standard ratio of two of maternal origin to one of paternal origin, development is impaired, often leading to seed failure. At the level of individual chromosomes, absence of a paternal representative for 8 of the 19 chromosome arms tested causes a marked reduction in kernel size. Replacement of the missing arms by ones of maternal origin does not complement this defect. At the gene level, some alleles of R confer solid coloration on the aleurone layer when transmitted maternally but patchy coloration (mottled) when transmitted via pollen. In contrast with the endosperm, no effect of parentage on R phenotype has been detected in embryonic and seedling tissues. Furthermore, gynogenetic and androgenetic haploid plants are viable in maize and are similar in appearance. The detection of parental effects in the endosperm, but not the embryo, points to the few cell divisions of the gametophytes as a critical stage in imprinting. Chromosomally based epigenetic variation originating at this stage would be reflected as imprinting effects. A separate fertilization establishes a line of genetic descent in the embryo that appears to be relatively free of imprinted genes.
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KRAMPE, EDYTHE M., und PAUL D. FAIRWEATHER. „Father Presence and Family Formation“. Journal of Family Issues 14, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1993): 572–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251393014004006.
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During the past several decades, studies on the transition to parenthood and the parent-infant relationship have investigated the role of the father in family formation. The addition of the family systems perspective focused on triadic and family-of-origin effects in early parenthood. The present reformulation introduces object relations theory and self psychology, which permit the development of the concept, the Psychic parental coalition. This concept resides at the heart of a multidimensional definition of father presence beginning at the origins of the offspring's life. It is postulated that father presence cannot be understood apart from the context of the father-mother relationship, beginning at conception. Methods for the study of father presence in family formation are discussed.
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Jamieson, Andrew, Liliya Slutsker, Gordon C. Inglis, Robert Fraser, Perrin C. White und John M. C. Connell. „Glucocorticoid-Suppressible Hyperaldosteronism: Effects of Crossover Site and Parental Origin of Chimaeric Gene on Phenotypic Expression“. Clinical Science 88, Nr. 5 (01.05.1995): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0880563.
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1. Genetic analysis of five kindreds with glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism, four of whom had not been subjected to any previous genetic analysis, revealed three different crossover breakpoints within the five kindreds clustered in the exon 3-intron 4 region of the chimaeric gene. The site of the crossover point had no effect on blood pressure within the kindreds studied. 2. The gene causing glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism was in strong linkage disequilibrium with an allele of a newly described restriction enzyme polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene promoter region, suggesting a possible role for this allele in the development of the chimaeric gene. 3. A novel observation on subjects inheriting glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism from their mothers showed that they had significantly higher plasma aldosterone concentrations and mean arterial blood pressures than those inheriting glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism from their fathers. 4. These results raise the possibility that chronic exposure in utero to elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations may result in the permanent programming of mineralocorticoid-dependent blood pressure regulatory mechanisms, which is amplified in later life by the elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations found in glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism.
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Yendell, Alexander, Vera Clemens, Julia Schuler und Oliver Decker. „What makes a violent mind? The interplay of parental rearing, dark triad personality traits and propensity for violence in a sample of German adolescents“. PLOS ONE 17, Nr. 6 (22.06.2022): e0268992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268992.
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Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy are socially aversive personality traits that are strongly linked to the propensity of violence. A central determinate of aggression and violence is parental rearing. Interestingly, while the origin of the development of Dark Triad is not yet entirely understood, next to genetic and environmental factors, literature points towards an influence of parenting styles to the development of dark traits. Therefore, in a sample of 1366 9th grade students (mean age 14.89,), we assessed the interplay between parental rearing, dark triad traits, observation of violence among peers and their propensity for violence. The sample has a good representativeness on school types. Results reveal a positive association between the experience of parental rejection by both parents and punishment as well as parental control and overprotection and Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy. Parental emotional warmth was associated negatively with Machiavellianism and psychopathy while no significant association with narcissism was seen. In a path model, parental rearing, dark triad traits and observation of violence among peers significantly contributed to the propensity of violence. However, differences between the experienced parenting behaviour of mothers and fathers should be noted. Both rejection and overly harsh punishments by fathers and emotional warmth by mothers have no significant influence on the dark triad. It is interesting that the effects regarding maternal parenting behaviour are stronger overall than the effects regarding paternal parenting behaviour. These results underline the importance of parental rearing on the development of Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy and suggest a significant role of parental rearing and the dark triad traits on propensity for violence in adolescents. Parenting trainings and family interventions may be a promising starting point to prevent antisocial behavior linked to the dark triad and to prevent violent behavior in future generations
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Clark, Robert G., Russell D. Dawson, Jennifer L. Greenwood, David W. Johns, Leonard I. Wassenaar und Keith A. Hobson. „Experimental Evaluation of δ2H, δ13C and δ15N Variability in Blood and Feathers of Wild and Captive Birds: Implications for Interspecific Food Web Studies“. Diversity 13, Nr. 10 (14.10.2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100495.
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Stable-hydrogen (δ2H), nitrogen (δ15N), and carbon (δ13C) isotopes are used to decipher broad movement patterns and trophic relationships among diverse species, and an improved understanding of factors controlling natural variation in tissue-isotope measurements will enhance these applications. To evaluate the rearing environment and family-related effects on the isotopic composition of tissues, we cross-fostered nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor, Vieillot 1808) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius, Linnaeus 1758) by swapping recently hatched birds (<4 days old) among nest boxes and collecting blood and feathers prior to fledging. To assess developmental effects, we measured δ2H in blood and feathers of captive mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, Linnaeus 1758) ducklings challenged energetically during growth. Stable isotope composition was not strongly related to nest box type or natal nest (i.e., family of origin) effects in swallows and kestrels; tissue-isotope composition was related to rearing environment, indicative of differences in nest and parental quality or parental provisioning tactics. Blood and feather δ2H values in swallows were positively related to antecedent maximum ambient temperature, and unrelated to elevated energy expenditure in mallards. The average differences between δ2H in blood and feathers were similar for nestling swallows (27‰, 32‰; two sites) and mallards (26‰, 30‰; two age groups), and lower than in nestling kestrels (50‰). Strong species-specific patterns in blood-feather differences were not observed for δ15N and δ13C in swallows or kestrels; divergent δ2H results may be related to differences in nest ambient conditions, diet composition, or physiological processes affecting hydrogen assimilation during growth and feather synthesis. In swallows, tissue-isotope values reflected parental prey selection from spatially distinct food webs during nestling development with little effect(s) of family of origin, egg composition, or early growth.
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Clark, Robert G., Russell D. Dawson, Jennifer L. Greenwood, David W. Johns, Leonard I. Wassenaar und Keith A. Hobson. „Experimental Evaluation of δ2H, δ13C and δ15N Variability in Blood and Feathers of Wild and Captive Birds: Implications for Interspecific Food Web Studies“. Diversity 13, Nr. 10 (14.10.2021): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100495.
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Stable-hydrogen (δ2H), nitrogen (δ15N), and carbon (δ13C) isotopes are used to decipher broad movement patterns and trophic relationships among diverse species, and an improved understanding of factors controlling natural variation in tissue-isotope measurements will enhance these applications. To evaluate the rearing environment and family-related effects on the isotopic composition of tissues, we cross-fostered nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor, Vieillot 1808) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius, Linnaeus 1758) by swapping recently hatched birds (<4 days old) among nest boxes and collecting blood and feathers prior to fledging. To assess developmental effects, we measured δ2H in blood and feathers of captive mallard (Anas platyrhynchos, Linnaeus 1758) ducklings challenged energetically during growth. Stable isotope composition was not strongly related to nest box type or natal nest (i.e., family of origin) effects in swallows and kestrels; tissue-isotope composition was related to rearing environment, indicative of differences in nest and parental quality or parental provisioning tactics. Blood and feather δ2H values in swallows were positively related to antecedent maximum ambient temperature, and unrelated to elevated energy expenditure in mallards. The average differences between δ2H in blood and feathers were similar for nestling swallows (27‰, 32‰; two sites) and mallards (26‰, 30‰; two age groups), and lower than in nestling kestrels (50‰). Strong species-specific patterns in blood-feather differences were not observed for δ15N and δ13C in swallows or kestrels; divergent δ2H results may be related to differences in nest ambient conditions, diet composition, or physiological processes affecting hydrogen assimilation during growth and feather synthesis. In swallows, tissue-isotope values reflected parental prey selection from spatially distinct food webs during nestling development with little effect(s) of family of origin, egg composition, or early growth.
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Bidică, Emilia, und Horațiu Catalano. „Psychological Effects of Parental Remigration on Young School-Age Pupils From A Social And Educational Point Of View“. Educatia 21, Nr. 25 (30.11.2023): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/ed21.2023.25.31.
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The adaptation of modern man to the demands of globalization, to economic and social needs, has led to the accentuation of some social phenomena (migration and remigration) in terms of the exodus of part of the population. The latter are seeking economic and social stability for their families. Migration is a sensitive issue of interest to both countries of origin and destination. Remigration of Romanian citizens is a phenomenon that produces more or less predictable social, educational, economic and, especially, individual effects. Many migrants do not achieve their goals, many have negative experiences of migration so that their physical and mental state is affected, but even more return home disillusioned and sometimes traumatized by this experience, many of them being children. The phenomenon of remigration (returning to the country of origin after a failed migration experience) has a strong impact on the well-being and development of the student. The social and school adaptation of the pupil and his/her reintegration into social activities presents, in most cases, major difficulties: low self-esteem, school failure, hyperactivity/attention deficit, social isolation.
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Tinarelli, Federico, Celina Garcia-Garcia, Francesco Nicassio und Valter Tucci. „Parent-of-origin genetic background affects the transcriptional levels of circadian and neuronal plasticity genes following sleep loss“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, Nr. 1637 (05.03.2014): 20120471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0471.
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Sleep homoeostasis refers to a process in which the propensity to sleep increases as wakefulness progresses and decreases as sleep progresses. Sleep is tightly organized around the circadian clock and is regulated by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The homoeostatic response of sleep, which is classically triggered by sleep deprivation, is generally measured as a rebound effect of electrophysiological measures, for example delta sleep. However, more recently, gene expression changes following sleep loss have been investigated as biomarkers of sleep homoeostasis. The genetic background of an individual may affect this sleep-dependent gene expression phenotype. In this study, we investigated whether parental genetic background differentially modulates the expression of genes following sleep loss. We tested the progeny of reciprocal crosses of AKR/J and DBA/2J mouse strains and we show a parent-of-origin effect on the expression of circadian, sleep and neuronal plasticity genes following sleep deprivation. Thus, we further explored, by in silico , specific functions or upstream mechanisms of regulation and we observed that several upstream mechanisms involving signalling pathways (i.e. DICER1, PKA), growth factors (CSF3 and BDNF) and transcriptional regulators (EGR2 and ELK4) may be differentially modulated by parental effects. This is the first report showing that a behavioural manipulation (e.g. sleep deprivation) in adult animals triggers specific gene expression responses according to parent-of-origin genomic mechanisms. Our study suggests that the same mechanism may be extended to other behavioural domains and that the investigation of gene expression following experimental manipulations should take seriously into account parent-of-origin effects.
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Davis, Kyle, Moises Serrano, Sara Loddo, Catherine Robinson, Viola Alesi, Bruno Dallapiccola, Antonio Novelli und Merlin Butler. „Parent-of-Origin Effects in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 Microdeletion (Burnside-Butler) Syndrome“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 6 (22.03.2019): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061459.
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To identify whether parent-of-origin effects (POE) of the 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 microdeletion are associated with differences in clinical features in individuals inheriting the deletion, we collected 71 individuals reported with phenotypic data and known inheritance from a clinical cohort, a research cohort, the DECIPHER database, and the primary literature. Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to test for differences in specific and grouped clinical symptoms based on parental inheritance and proband gender. Analyses controlled for sibling sets and individuals with additional variants of uncertain significance (VOUS). Among all probands, maternal deletions were associated with macrocephaly (p = 0.016) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD; p = 0.02), while paternal deletions were associated with congenital heart disease (CHD; p = 0.004). Excluding sibling sets, maternal deletions were associated with epilepsy as well as macrocephaly (p < 0.05), while paternal deletions were associated with CHD and abnormal muscular phenotypes (p < 0.05). Excluding sibling sets and probands with an additional VOUS, maternal deletions were associated with epilepsy (p = 0.019) and paternal deletions associated with muscular phenotypes (p = 0.008). Significant gender-based differences were also observed. Our results supported POEs of this deletion and included macrocephaly, epilepsy and ASD in maternal deletions with CHD and abnormal muscular phenotypes seen in paternal deletions.
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Kalmijn, Matthijs. „The Children of Intermarriage in Four European Countries“. ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 662, Nr. 1 (11.10.2015): 246–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215595391.
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This article tests the thesis that intermarriage fosters the integration of immigrants by studying the children of intermarriage. Using secondary school–based questionnaire data from England, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, I compare the children of mixed marriages to second-generation immigrants and to children of native origins. Three dimensions of integration are measured: social integration (contacts with natives), cultural integration (religiosity and family values), and economic integration (school achievement tests). I examine the effect of intermarriage on these outcomes as well as interactions with gender, socioeconomic status, destination country, and origin group. Our findings show that the outcomes for the children of mixed origins are in between the outcomes of immigrants and natives. In some respects, mixed children are exactly halfway, confirming a model of additive effects of parental origins. In other cases, mixed children are closer to immigrants than to natives, pointing to a model of stigmatization and ethnic retentionism.
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Chesters, Jenny. „Egalitarian Australia? Associations between family wealth and outcomes in young adulthood“. Journal of Sociology 55, Nr. 1 (08.07.2018): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318777293.
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Despite a widely held belief that Australia is an egalitarian society where social origin is less important than in many other advanced economies, previous research shows that there is an enduring association between socioeconomic status, as measured by parental education, and child’s educational attainment. Less attention has been paid to the effects of another indicator of socioeconomic status, namely family wealth, on educational attainment. In this article, I examine associations between parental wealth and educational attainment, occupational prestige and wealth in young adulthood using data from the Housing, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) project collected in 2002 and 2014. The results show that high levels of family wealth are associated with higher levels of educational attainment, occupational prestige and individual wealth in young adulthood.
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McGinn, Daniel, T. Crowley, Tracy Heung, Oanh Tran, Edward Moss, Elaine Zackai, Beverly Emanuel et al. „Influence of Parent-of-Origin on Intellectual Outcomes in the Chromosome 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome“. Genes 13, Nr. 10 (05.10.2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13101800.
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Learning and intellectual disabilities are hallmark features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Data are limited, however, regarding influences on full-scale IQ (FSIQ). Here, we investigated possible 22q11.2 deletion parent-of-origin effects. In 535 individuals, we compared FSIQ (≥50), 481 with de novo and 54 with inherited 22q11.2 deletions. In the subsets with data available, we examined parent-of-origin effects on FSIQ. We used linear regression models to account for covariates. Median FSIQ was significantly higher in de novo vs. inherited deletions (77; range 50–116 vs. 67; range 50–96, p < 0.0001). Results remained significant using a regression model accounting for age at IQ testing, sex and cohort site. No significant parent-of-origin differences in FSIQ were observed for de novo deletions (n = 81, 63.0% maternal; p = 0.6882). However, median FSIQ was significantly lower in maternally than in paternally inherited familial deletions (65, range 50–86 vs. 71.5, range 58–96, respectively, p = 0.0350), with the regression model indicating an ~8 point decrement in FSIQ for this variable (p = 0.0061). FSIQ is higher on average in de novo than in inherited 22q11.2 deletions, regardless of parental origin. However, parent-of-origin appears relevant in inherited deletions. The results have potential clinical implications with further research needed to delineate possible actionable mechanisms.
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Beckerman, Marieke, Sheila R. van Berkel, Judi Mesman, Rens Huffmeijer und Lenneke R. A. Alink. „Are Negative Parental Attributions Predicted by Situational Stress?: From a Theoretical Assumption Toward an Experimental Answer“. Child Maltreatment 25, Nr. 3 (08.10.2019): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559519879760.
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In an experimental within-subjects research design, we studied the theoretical assumption that stress predicts negative parental attributions, which until now was mainly studied using cross-sectional study designs. During home visits to 105 families, mothers and fathers were subjected to two experimental conditions and two control conditions. In the experimental conditions, parents completed the Parental Attributions of Child behavior Task (PACT, a computerized attribution task) under two different stressful conditions (i.e., cognitive load and white noise); in the control conditions, the PACT was completed without additional stressors. Furthermore, parents completed questionnaires about existing risk factors (i.e., partner-related stress, parenting stress, and abuse risk). There were no main effects of induced stress on attributions for fathers and mothers, but we found that a combination of induced situational stress (cognitive load) and high risk resulted in the most negative parental attributions in mothers. The discussion focuses on intensity and origin of stressors, comparison between mother and father attributions, implications for interventions, and possible future research directions.
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Bazyka, Dimitry, Maureen Hatch, Natalia Gudzenko, Elizabeth K. Cahoon, Vladimir Drozdovitch, Mark P. Little, Vadim Chumak et al. „Field Study of the Possible Effect of Parental Irradiation on the Germline of Children Born to Cleanup Workers and Evacuees of the Chornobyl Nuclear Accident“. American Journal of Epidemiology 189, Nr. 12 (02.07.2020): 1451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa095.
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Abstract Although transgenerational effects of exposure to ionizing radiation have long been a concern, human research to date has been confined to studies of disease phenotypes in groups exposed to high doses and high dose rates, such as the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Transgenerational effects of parental irradiation can be addressed using powerful new genomic technologies. In collaboration with the Ukrainian National Research Center for Radiation Medicine, the US National Cancer Institute, in 2014–2018, initiated a genomic alterations study among children born in selected regions of Ukraine to cleanup workers and/or evacuees exposed to low–dose-rate radiation after the 1986 Chornobyl (Chernobyl) nuclear accident. To investigate whether parental radiation exposure is associated with germline mutations and genomic alterations in the offspring, we are collecting biospecimens from father-mother-offspring constellations to study de novo mutations, minisatellite mutations, copy-number changes, structural variants, genomic insertions and deletions, methylation profiles, and telomere length. Genomic alterations are being examined in relation to parental gonadal dose, reconstructed using questionnaire and measurement data. Subjects are being recruited in exposure categories that will allow examination of parental origin, duration, and timing of exposure in relation to conception. Here we describe the study methodology and recruitment results and provide descriptive information on the first 150 families (mother-father-child(ren)) enrolled.
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Paulsen, H., O. S. Kjesbu, V. Buehler, R. A. J. Case, C. Clemmesen, G. Carvalho, L. Hauser et al. „Effects of egg size, parental origin and feeding conditions on growth of larval and juvenile codGadus morhua“. Journal of Fish Biology 75, Nr. 3 (August 2009): 516–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02301.x.
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Latham, Keith E., Bela Patel, F. Dale M. Bautista und Susan M. Hawes. „Effects of X Chromosome Number and Parental Origin on X-Linked Gene Expression in Preimplantation Mouse Embryos1“. Biology of Reproduction 63, Nr. 1 (01.07.2000): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod63.1.64.
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Gilgen, Sandra, und Milan Stocker. „Discrimination at the Crossroads? Evidence from a Factorial Survey Experiment on Teacher‘s Tracking Decisions“. Swiss Journal of Sociology 48, Nr. 1 (01.03.2022): 77–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjs-2022-0005.
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Abstract Using a factorial survey experiment, we investigate whether teachers discriminate against lower class and minority children. The vignettes include information on the pupil’s gender, social and ethnic origin, academic potential, motivation, behaviour in class as well as parental educational aspirations. While the discrimination hypotheses are not supported, we find gender-specific effects of challenging behaviour, to the disadvantage of girls. Both the usefulness as well as potential pitfalls of the factorial survey approach are discussed.
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DesRochers, Annie, und Victor J. Lieffers. „Root biomass of regenerating aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands of different densities in Alberta“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, Nr. 6 (01.06.2001): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-037.
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In north-central Alberta, 12 plots (9 m2) were hydraulically excavated in young trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) stands (510 years old) of different sucker density to quantify the effects of sucker density on the parental root system, on the formation of new roots and on the growth of suckers. All roots were collected and divided into live and dead parental roots and new root categories. Size and age of parent roots at the time of suckering were determined. Total biomass ranged from 1 to 18 t/ha of live roots. Living root biomass was proportional to stand density and leaf area index (LAI). Low-density stands had a higher proportion of dead roots. Suckers in plots with more parental root biomass/sucker had greater height growth. Root/shoot ratios ranged from 0.46 to 3.52 but were not correlated with stand densities. Stands with larger basal area of suckers and greater mean parent root diameter produced more biomass of new roots. This research suggests that young sucker-origin aspen stands support a large underground biomass and that high sucker densities and LAI are required to prevent loss of parental root biomass.
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Barrick, Cordelia J., Anping Dong, Rebekah Waikel, Drew Corn, Fanmuyi Yang, David W. Threadgill und Susan S. Smyth. „Parent-of-origin effects on cardiac response to pressure overload in mice“. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 297, Nr. 3 (September 2009): H1003—H1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00896.2008.
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Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and is commonly caused by hypertension. In rodents, transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a model regularly employed in mechanistic studies of the response of the LV to pressure overload. We previously reported that inbred strains of male mice manifest different cardiac responses to TAC, with C57BL/6J (B6) developing LV dilatation and impaired contractility and 129S1/SvImJ (129) males displaying concentric LVH. In the present study, we investigated sex and parent-of-origin effects on the response to TAC by comparing cardiac function, organ weights, expression of cardiac hypertrophy markers, and histology in female B6 and female 129 mice and in F1 progeny of reciprocal crosses between B6 and 129 mice (B6129F1 and 129B6F1). Five weeks after TAC, heart weight increased to the greatest extent in 129B6F1 mice and the least extent in 129 and B6129F1 mice. Female 129B6F1 and B6 mice were relatively protected from the increase in heart weight that occurs in their male counterparts with pressure overload. The response to TAC in 129 consomic mice bearing the B6 Y chromosome resembled that of 129 rather than 129B6F1 mice, indicating that the B6 Y chromosome does not account for the differences in the reciprocal cross. Our results suggest that susceptibility to LVH is more complex than simple Mendelian inheritance and that parental origin effects strongly impact the LV response to TAC in these commonly used inbred strains.
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Żurawicz, Edward, Agnieszka Masny, Jolanta Kubik und Mariusz Lewandowski. „Germination of red raspberry seeds as affected by origin and chemical scarification“. Horticultural Science 44, No. 3 (07.09.2017): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/22/2016-hortsci.
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In 2014, this research was conducted at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice, Poland. It was based on different red raspberry seed treatments with sulfuric acid during the scarification process. The seeds were obtained from crosses among ten parental forms, producing 55 hybrid families. During scarification, the seeds were subjected to concentrated sulfuric acid for 20, 30 and 40 minutes. Assessment of the germinated seeds, performed 2.5 months after the sowing, revealed different effects of the seed origin/pedigree and the applied scarification treatments. The best seed germination was recorded for the hybrid families where ‘Radziejowa’ (56.5% of germinated seeds), ‘Laszka’ (63.9%) and ‘Sokolica’ (73.5%) were the maternal forms, and the poorest one – where ‘Polana’ (6.2% of germinated seeds), ‘Glen Ample’ (32.5%) and ‘Canby’ (33.1%) were used as the maternal cultivars. The highest germination, on average for all the hybrid families, was obtained for seeds treated with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for 30 min (45.3% of germinated seeds), and the lowest when the seeds were treated with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for 40 min (35.6%).
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Schrader, Kasmintan A., Vahid Akbari, Vincent Hanlon, Tiffany Leung, Katherine Dixon, Kieran O'Neill, Alexandra Roston et al. „Accurate parent-of-origin variant assignment for multiple hereditary cancer syndromes using proband-only blood sample analysis.“ Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, Nr. 16_suppl (01.06.2024): 10516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.10516.
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10516 Background: Predicting which side of the family a germline variant comes from is a critical gap in current clinical practice, vital for risk management, variant curation, and cascade genetic testing. Assignment of any autosomal variant to either parent with 99% accuracy is now possible with only a blood sample from the proband. Parent-of-Origin-Aware genomic analysis (POAga) is achieved by combining methylation and sequence data from Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing with chromosome-length haplotypes generated from Strand-seq to infer parent of origin of any variant along the length of a chromosome, due to accurate phasing of imprinted differentially methylated regions that occur on each autosome. We sought to validate POAga in common, high penetrant hereditary cancer conditions such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) and Lynch syndrome, rarer syndromes with parent-of-origin-effects and other genes predisposing to breast cancer and gastrointestinal malignancies that are associated with genes across multiple chromosomes. Methods: Blood samples from carriers of pathogenic variants in ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CDH1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, EPCAM, PALB2, SDHD and SDHAF2, with known parental segregation, are currently being ascertained to determine the analytic validity of POAga in real world samples of differing age, sex, ethnicity, and cancer status. Samples are undergoing whole genome analysis by long and short read sequencing. Parent-of-origin of the pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant or variant of uncertain significance is predicted according to previously described methods (Akbari V, Hanlon VCT, et al. Cell Genom. 2022 Dec 21;3(1):100233.) under an REB approved protocol. Results: To date, analysis is complete for 100 individuals with a total of 107 rare or pathogenic germline variants with known or presumed parental segregation. Germline variants are in SDHD (n = 18), BRCA2 (n = 17), BRCA1 (n = 14), MLH1 (n = 10), PALB2 (n = 9), PMS2 (n = 8), MSH2 (n = 9), MSH6 (n = 7), ATM (n = 5), CDH1 (n = 5), SDHAF2 (n = 1), DICER1 (n = 1), MUTYH (n = 1), RET (n = 1), and EPCAM (n = 1). Of variants able to be assigned a parent-of-origin (n = 104 of 107, 97%), there was complete concordance between the predicted parent-of-origin and known clinical segregation (n = 104, 100%). Conclusions: Results to date support the ability of POAga to accurately infer parent-of-origin of rare or pathogenic variants with known parental segregation using only a blood sample from carriers of diverse hereditary cancer syndromes. Ongoing validation of POAga will continue to test its feasibility in real-world samples and inform its path towards clinically translation. Parent-of-Origin-Aware genomic analysis is a powerful technology that could improve our understanding of hereditary cancer syndromes and transform our ability to conduct genetic cancer risk assessments for patients and families.
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Folkvord, Arild, Hans Høie, Arne Johannessen und Turid Solbakken. „Effects of prey concentration, light regime, and parental origin on growth and survival of herring larvae under controlled experimental conditions“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, Nr. 8 (02.04.2009): 1702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp072.
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Abstract Folkvord, A., Høie, H., Johannessen, A., and Solbakken, T. 2009. Effects of prey concentration, light regime, and parental origin on growth and survival of herring larvae under controlled experimental conditions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1702–1709. Experiments were undertaken to study the combined effects of environmental (prey concentration and photoperiod) and genetic (parental spawning season) factors on growth and survival of herring larvae. During the experimental period, constant prey concentrations were maintained at one of the two nominal levels, under either a spring or an autumn light regime. Eggs of one autumn-spawning North Sea Buchan female herring were fertilized either with cryopreserved sperm from three Norwegian spring-spawning males or with fresh sperm from three Buchan males. Larvae of the two groups (the hybrids marked with alizarin) were mixed in replicated treatment tanks, thus ensuring identical environmental conditions. Mean larval growth rates were mostly influenced by food availability, but the hybrids grew significantly faster than the pure autumn-spawned offspring. In addition, the hybrids experienced a survival advantage at low prey concentrations. Hybrid survival was also somewhat better at high prey concentrations under a spring photoperiod than the corresponding group under an autumn photoperiod, suggesting a possible genetic adaptation to seasonal light conditions. The experiment documents the viability beyond first-feeding of offspring from parents with different spawning periods. The results are discussed in relation to herring metapopulation structure.
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Rodríguez-Ordóñez, Itxaso. „Stylistic Variation and the Role of Dialect Contact in the leísmo of Basque-Spanish“. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, Nr. 1 (01.05.2021): 81–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2041.
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Abstract There is considerable debate with respect to the status of Basque-Spanish leísmo as a contact phenomenon. To address this conundrum, the present study adds another variable, dialect contact and examines the synchronic variation of Basque-Spanish leísmo among educated young speakers, paying special attention to possible stylistic effects. The speech of 41 Basque-Spanish speakers was gathered by means of sociolinguistic interviews and an elicited production task. Participants were stratified by region: 22 speakers were recruited from Gernika where contact with Basque has been intense and compared to 19 speakers from the Greater Bilbao Area where the contact with Basque is less strong. Dialect contact was operationalized through parental input (Basque Country vs. Monolingual Spain). Results indicate that leísmo is quite extended in the Spanish of the Basque Country and mainly driven by animacy. Basque-Spanish leísmo is also subject to stylistic effects, whereby animacy and grammatical gender effects were found, suggesting that Basque-Spanish speakers alternate between two systems depending on speech formality. Finally, results indicate that parental origin had an effect in Bilbao, but not in Gernika. I situate these results within a discussion of previous work on dialect contact.
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Ghosh, Sharmila, Josefina Kjöllerström, Laurie Metcalfe, Stephen Reed, Rytis Juras und Terje Raudsepp. „The Second Case of Non-Mosaic Trisomy of Chromosome 26 with Homologous Fusion 26q;26q in the Horse“. Animals 12, Nr. 7 (22.03.2022): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12070803.
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We present cytogenetic and genotyping analysis of a Thoroughbred foal with congenital neurologic disorders and its phenotypically normal dam. We show that the foal has non-mosaic trisomy for chromosome 26 (ECA26) but normal 2n = 64 diploid number because two copies of ECA26 form a metacentric derivative chromosome der(26q;26q). The dam has normal 64,XX karyotype indicating that der(26q;26q) in the foal originates from errors in parental meiosis or post-fertilization events. Genotyping ECA26 microsatellites in the foal and its dam suggests that trisomy ECA26 is likely of maternal origin and that der(26q;26q) resulted from Robertsonian fusion. We demonstrate that conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches can accurately identify aneuploidy with a derivative chromosome but determining the mechanism and parental origin of the rearrangement requires genotyping with chromosome-specific polymorphic markers. Most curiously, this is the second case of trisomy ECA26 with der(26q;26q) in the horse, whereas all other equine autosomal trisomies are ‘traditional’ with three separate chromosomes. We discuss possible ECA26 instability as a contributing factor for the aberration and likely ECA26-specific genetic effects on the clinical phenotype. Finally, because ECA26 shares evolutionary homology with human chromosome 21, which trisomy causes Down syndrome, cytogenetic, molecular, and phenotypic similarities between trisomies ECA26 and HSA21 are discussed.
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Hall, Judith G. „How imprinting is relevant to human disease“. Development 108, Supplement (01.04.1990): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.108.supplement.141.
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Genomic imprinting appears to be a ubiquitous process in mammals involving many chromosome segments whose affects are dependent on their parental origin. One of the challenges for clinical geneticists is to determine which disorders are manifesting imprinting effects and which families are affected. Re-evaluation of cases of chromosomal abnormalities and family histories of disease manifestations should give important clues. Examination of the regions of human chromosomes homologous to mouse imprinted chromosomal regions may yield useful information. Cases of discordance in monozygous twins may also provide important insights into imprinted modification of diseases.
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Agatha, Olivia, und Dwi Setiawan. „Behind the Canvas: A Novel Exploring Childhood Verbal Abuse’s Effects on Adolescents’ Behavioral Development“. k@ta kita 11, Nr. 2 (04.09.2023): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.11.2.276-285.
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The number of child abuse, particularly verbal abuse, has been increasing over the past decades. The increase happens because of some people’s rationalization toward verbal abuse, especially because they believe that verbal abuse is an effective discipline method for their children. Reflecting on this reality, this creative work highlights the issues of childhood verbal abuse on the victims’ behavioral development by displaying the types, the consequences, and the healing steps of childhood verbal abuse. The exploration of the aforementioned issues is supported by Rohner’s Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory and Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. The form of this creative work is a bildungsroman novel about the journey of a boy named Elliot who suffers from verbal abuse from his mother due to his birth origin.
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Mansbach, Ivonne Kleinfeld, und Charles W. Greenbaum. „Developmental Maturity Expectations of Israeli Fathers and Mothers: Effects of Education, Ethnic Origin, and Religiosity“. International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, Nr. 3 (September 1999): 771–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383793.
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This study investigated expectations of maturity in children among 380 Israeli Jewish fathers and mothers of 6-month-old infants. Subjects were administered a questionnaire which included items reflecting three developmental domains: Cognitive Maturity, Biosocial Maturity, and Social Autonomy. Regarding Cognitive Maturity mothers had earlier expectations than fathers, intermediate and higher educated parents had earlier expectations than lower educated and nonreligious (Secular) parents and moderately religious (Traditional) parents had earlier maturity expectations than religiously strict (Orthodox) parents. A reverse pattern could be observed for Biosocial Maturity: lower educated parents had earlier expectations than higher educated parents, Orthodox parents had earlier expectations than Traditional or Secular parents and parents of Asian or North African origin had earlier maturity expectations than parents of European or American origin. On Social Autonomy mothers had earlier maturity expectations than fathers and Secular and Orthodox parents had earlier expectations than Traditional parents. The results suggest that parental expectations of maturity form a multidimensional construct in which sex and social background of the parent are related to early expectations in some areas and late expectations in others, depending on the values of their societal subgroup.
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McGinnis, Ellen W., Julia Halvorson-Phelan, Lilly Shanahan, Tong Guangyu und William Copeland. „Parental supervision positively impacts children’s economic prospects two decades later: A prospective longitudinal study“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 5 (24.05.2023): e0286218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286218.
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Importance Upward income mobility is associated with better health outcomes and reduced stress. However, opportunities are unequally distributed, particularly so for those in rural communities and whose family have lower educational attainment. Objective To test the impact of parental supervision on their children’s income two decades later adjusting for parental economic and educational status. Design This study is a longitudinal, representative cohort study. From 1993–2000, annual assessments of 1,420 children were completed until age 16, then followed up at age 35, 2018–2021, for further assessment. Models tested direct effects of parental supervision on child income, and indirect effects via child educational attainment. Setting This study is an ongoing longitudinal population-based study of families in 11 predominately rural counties of the Southeastern U.S. Participants About 8% of the residents and sample are African American and fewer than 1% are Hispanic. American Indians make up 4% of the population in study but were oversampled to make up 25% of the sample. 49% of the 1,420 participants are female. Main outcomes and measures 1258 children and parents were assessed for sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent educational attainment, family structure, child behavioral problems, and parental supervision. The children were followed up at age 35 to assess their household income and educational attainment. Results Parental educational attainment, income, and family structure were strongly associated with their children’s household income at age 35 (e.g., r = .392, p < .05). Parental supervision of the child was associated with increased household income for the child at age 35, adjusting for SES of the family of origin. Children of parents who did not engage in adequate supervision earned approximately $14,000 less/year (i.e., ~13% of the sample’s median household income) than those who did. The association of parental supervision and child income at 35 was mediated by the child’s educational attainment. Conclusion and relevance This study suggests adequate parental supervision during early adolescence is associated with children’s economic prospects two decades later, in part by improving their educational prospects. This is particularly important in areas such as rural Southeast U.S.
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Mathenge, C. W., P. Holford, J. H. Hoffmann, H. G. Zimmermann, R. N. Spooner-Hart und G. A. C. Beattie. „Hybridization between Dactylopius tomentosus (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) biotypes and its effects on host specificity“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, Nr. 3 (15.01.2010): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990344.
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AbstractDactylopius tomentosus is composed of biotypes adapted to different Cylindropuntia species. One biotype is an important biological control agent of C. imbricata in South Africa while another has the potential for the control of C. fulgida var. fulgida. These two weed species occur in sympatry in some areas of South Africa, so the introduction of the second biotype could result in hybridization, which, in turn, could impact on the biological control programs through altered host specificity and fitness of the hybrids. To anticipate what might happen, reciprocal crosses were made between the two biotypes, and the biological performance of the resultant hybrids was compared with that of each parental lineage on C. imbricata and C. f. var. fulgida. The biotypes interbred freely and reciprocally in the laboratory. Comparisons of crawler and adult female traits showed differences in performance that were dependent on the origin of the maternal and paternal genomes. However, when all traits were combined into a ‘fitness index’, both hybrids clearly outperformed the parental lineages. The increase in fitness shown by the hybrids over their maternal lineage was greater on the alternative host of the maternal parent than on the natural host of the maternal parent. Therefore, in areas where the two cacti occur in sympatry, hybridization between the biotypes is not expected to be detrimental to the biological control of either weed.
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Cui, Ming. „Understanding Parenting Influence on Chinese University Students’ Well-Being“. Asian Journal of Social Science 45, Nr. 4-5 (2017): 465–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04504005.
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Because emotional and behavioural problems among young adults are an evolving public health concern, it is critical to identify parenting behaviour in family of origin that prevents or exacerbates such problems. Further, it is particularly important to focus on university students in China, a country with rapid growth in university student population and changing dynamics of parenting. In this study, I proposed and tested the impact of multiple dimensions of parenting behaviour (parental warmth, hostility and overprotection) during childhood and adolescent years on behavioural and emotional problems (anxiety, depression and drinking behaviour) among Chinese university students who were entering university and starting their independent living. Using a sample of 545 university students attending a large university in China, results from logistic and multiple linear regression analyses suggested that: (1) fathers’ hostility was associated with university students’ report of drinking and anxiety, and (2) mothers’ overprotection was associated with anxiety and depression. Lack of findings on the effects of parental warmth may suggest cultural variation in expression of parental warmth. Further, the findings revealed some gender differences in parenting behaviour. Other demographics were also included. Implications for cross-cultural comparisons and parenting and university student health interventions were discussed.
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Gansbacher, B., K. Zier, B. Daniels, K. Cronin, R. Bannerji und E. Gilboa. „Interleukin 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity.“ Journal of Experimental Medicine 172, Nr. 4 (01.10.1990): 1217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.172.4.1217.
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To study the effects of localized secretion of cytokines on tumor progression, the gene for human interleukin 2 (IL-2) was introduced via retroviral vectors into CMS-5 cells, a weakly immunogenic mouse fibrosarcoma cell line of BALB/c origin. Secretion of low levels of IL-2 from the tumor cells abrogated their tumorigenicity and induced a long-lasting protective immune response against a challenge with a tumorigenic dose of parental CMS-5 cells. Co-injection of IL-2-producing CMS-5 cells with unmodified tumor cells inhibited tumor formation even when highly tumorigenic doses of CMS-5 cells were used. Cytolytic activity in mice injected with parental CMS-5 cells was transient and was greatly diminished 3 wk after injection, as commonly observed in tumor-bearing animals. However, in mice injected with IL-2-producing cells, tumor-specific cytolytic activity persisted at high levels for the duration of the observation period (at least 75 d). High levels of tumor-specific cytolytic activity could also be detected in parental CMS-5 tumor-bearing animals 18 d after inoculation with tumor cells, if IL-2-producing CMS-5 cells but not unmodified parental tumor cells were used as targets. These studies highlight the potential advantages of localized secretion of cytokines mediated via gene transfer to induce potent anti-tumor immune responses.
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KHALISHARANI, HANIN, MOHAMAD FAZLI SABRI, IRNI RAHMAYANI JOHAN, NIK AHMAD SUFIAN BURHAN und AHMAD NASIR MOHD. YUSOF. „The Influence of Parental Financial Socialisation and Financial Literacy on University Student's Financial Behaviour“. International Journal of Economics and Management 16, Nr. 3 (27.12.2022): 351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/ijeam.16.3.06.
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Children away from their parents while pursuing higher education at universities face new challenges in managing their finances and preparing to be financially independent. This study analysed and compared the effects of parental financial socialisation and financial literacy on Indonesian and Malaysian university students' financial behaviour. In total, 204 students from the Faculty of Human Ecology at IPB University and Universiti Putra Malaysia participated in the study. Data were gathered using a self-reporting questionnaire using the convenience sampling method. The independent sample t-test and multiple regression analysis were performed on the data. The results of the t-test showed that Malaysian students scored significantly higher in parental financial socialisation and financial behaviour but lower in financial literacy than Indonesian students. Moreover, the regression analyses revealed that parental financial socialisation and students' financial literacy were highly significant in influencing the sampled students' financial behaviour. However, by splitting the sample based on the student's country of origin, this study demonstrated that Malaysian students' financial behaviour was only significantly influenced by parental financial socialisation, while Indonesian students' financial behaviour was only significantly determined by financial literacy. These findings implied that Malaysian parents were more involved in shaping their children's financial behaviour or decisions. In contrast, Indonesian students were more independent from their parents, and their financial literacy level predominantly influenced their financial behaviour.
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Gajshi, Goran, Josip Madunić, Ivana Vrhovac Madunić, Tamara Čimbora-Zovko, Sanjica Rak, Davorka Breljak, Maja Osmak und Vera Garaj-Vrhovac. „ID: 1040 Anticancer effects of natural products from animal and plant origin“. Biomedical Research and Therapy 4, S (05.09.2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4is.316.
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For last couple of decades, natural products have served us well in combating different types of cancer. The main sources of these useful compounds are from both animal and plant origin. Here we will present anticancer ability of bee venom (BV) and apigenin (API) towards different types of cancer cells in vitro. BV from honey bees is a complex mixture of a variety of different active peptides while API is a natural flavonoid found in several dietary plant foods. Anticancer effect of whole BV was tested in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and their drug-resistant HeLa CK subline while anticancer effect of API was tested in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cells. Cytotoxicity of both compounds towards cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay whereas type of cell death was analysed by differential staining using acridine orange/ethidium bromide and was further verified by Western blot analysis. BV displayed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against both cell lines tested with drug-resistant HeLa CK cells being more sensitive to BV than their parental cell lines. Similarly, API inhibited the growth of both cell lines in a dose-dependent manner with MCF-7 cells being more sensitive. Treatment with BV induced a necrotic type of cell death, as shown by characteristic morphological features, fast staining with ethidium bromide and a lack of cleavage of apoptotic marker poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) on Western blot. On the contrary, cell treated with API showed apoptosis as a dominant type of cell death in both cell lines which was further verified by Western blot analysis detecting cleaved PARP. In view of accumulating evidence on anti-proliferative and pro-cell death activity, both tested compounds could be used in the development of future anticancer drugs. Undoubtedly, therapeutic applications of BV and API are promising, however further in vitro and in vivo studies are warranted to resolve precise mechanisms responsible for their anticancer properties