Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Parasitoids“
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Propp, Gary D., und Philip B. Morgan. „EFFECT OF HOST DISTRIBUTION ON PARASITOIDISM OF HOUSE-FLY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) PUPAE BY SPALANGIA SPP. AND MUSCIDIFURAX RAPTOR (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 117, Nr. 5 (Mai 1985): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117515-5.
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AbstractThe solitary, pupal parasitoids Spalangia spp. Muscidifurax raptor oviposited supernumerary eggs on house-fly pupae exposed at 3 poultry farms in north central Florida. The percentage total parasitoidism at the 3 sites was 23.7%, 33.6%, and 77.5%, while the percentage of the hosts containing supernumerary parasitoids was 6.2%, 10.7%, and 55.8%, respectively. The average number of parasitoids found per parasitoidized pupa ranged from 1.45 to 2.96. The parasitoids did not show a density-dependent response to spatial variation in host density. Among aggregates of hosts that contained at least 1 parasitoid, percentage total parasitoidism either decreased as host density increased or was unrelated to host density. When total parasitoidism was low, females tended to avoid already parasitoidized hosts. When total parasitoidism was high, more of the hosts contained multiple parasitoids than a single parasitoid.
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Granadillo-Cuello, Jose Arnoldo, Alfonso Villalobos-Moreno und Jorge Villamizar-Cobos. „Parasitoides de Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) en cultivos de fríjol en García Rovira, Santander“. Respuestas 19, Nr. 2 (01.07.2014): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.433.
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Antecedentes: El complejo mosca blanca es uno de los principales problemas entomológicos del país, ya sea por el gran número de hospederos como por su amplia distribución. Dos especies de este complejo son Bemisia tabaci y Trialeurodes vaporariorum; esta última, ha sido identificada como plaga de tomate, fríjol y tabaco en la zona de muestreo. Objetivo: Determinar las especies de parasitoides asociadas a Trialeurodes vaporariorum sobre cultivos de frijol en cuatro municipios de la Provincia de García Rovira, en el departamento de Santander. Métodos: La presente investigación se realizó en los municipios de Enciso, Málaga, Concepción y El Cerrito. Se desarrolló un muestreo aleatorio por etapas con un tamaño de muestra de 50 foliolos por cultivo. Los parasitoides se colectaron a través de cámaras de recuperación. Las variables medidas fueron, ninfas totales, ninfas parasitadas, parasitoides emergidos, parasitoides no emergidos, ninfas emergidas. Resultados: Se recuperaron dos especies del orden Hymenoptera, identificadas como Encarsia pergandiella y Amitus fuscipennis. Los resultados indican que los niveles de parasitoidismo oscilan entre el 3% y el 20%, y que Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) se encuentra en el 96,48% de las muestras. Conclusiones: Amitus fuscipennis es el parasitoide más abundante de Trialeurodes vaporariorum en condiciones naturales en la Provincia de García Rovira, Encarcia pergandiella es menos abundante debido a su esasa adaptación a las condiciones de la zona de estudio.Palabras clave: Mosca blanca, Ninfas, Plaga, Parasitoidismo. Abstract Background: The whitefly complex is one of the main entomological problems of this country, due to the large number of hosts and for their wide distribution. Two species of this complex are Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum; the latter has been identified as a pest of tomatoes, beans and snuff in the sampling area. Objective: Determine the species of parasitoids associated with Trialeurodes vaporariorum bean crop in four municipalities of the Province of Garcia Rovira, in the department of Santander. Methods: This investigation was conducted in the municipalities of Enciso, Málaga, Concepción and El Cerrito. Stages random sampling with a sample size of 50 leaflets per culture was grown. The parasitoids were collected through cameras recovery. The measures were, Total nymphs parasitized nymphs emerged parasitoids emerged parasitoids no, emerged nymphs. Results: Two species of the order Hymenoptera, identified as Encarsia pergandiella and Amitus fuscipennis recovered. The results indicate that parasitism levels range from 3% to 20% Amitus fuscipennis (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was present in 96.48% of the samples. Conclusions. Amitus fuscipennis is the most abundant parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum in natural conditions in the Province of Garcia Rovira Encarcia pergandiella is less abundant due to its little adaptation to the conditions of the study area.Keywords: Nymphs, Parasitoidism, Pest, Whitefly
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. „First occurrences of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru: Bibliographic summary“. Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 1, Nr. 2 (30.09.2021): 015–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.1.2.0119.
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It is common for parasitoidism to modify the behavior of the host species, facilitating the development and propagation of the parasitoid and establishing a highly specific relationship. In this case, herbivores such as cattle, sheep, deer, and rabbits are the definitive host of the parasitoid. The objective of this review is to describe the first occurrence of the host/parasitoid relationship in Brazil and Peru. The mini review consists of a bibliographic summary of parasitoids of the Order Hymenoptera parasitoids collected in Brazil and Peru. The research was carried out in studies related to the theme with emphasis on the quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Subfamilies, Genera, and Species (taxonomic groups). A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 2000 to 2021. The mini review was prepared in Goiânia, Goiás, from July to September 2021, using the Electronic Scientific Library Online (Scielo) and internet. Since the relationship between parasitoids and their hosts is very specific, it is common for agricultural pests to be naturally controlled through parasitoidism. Wasps of the Ichneumonoidea and Braconidae family respectively parasitize caterpillars of butterflies and moths, and even aphids.
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Carlos Henrique Marchiori. „Intraspecific ecological relationships harmonious and inharmonious of parasitoids Class Insect Order Hymenoptera and a review“. Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, Nr. 1 (30.10.2021): 013–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjms.2021.2.1.0048.
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The aim of this study was to perform a bibliographic summary on the harmonic and disharmonious intraspecific ecological relationships of parasitoids (Insect: Hymenoptera). The mini review consists of bibliographical research on the parasitoids of the Hymenoptera Parasitic group. The research was conducted in studies related to quantitative aspects of the Superfamily, Family, Genus and Species (taxonomic groups) and in conceptual aspects such as: parasitism, parasitoidism, mutualism, spider parasitoids, "cockroaches karate kick parasitoid wasps to avoid becoming zombies", kicking defense by the cockroach, Wasp 'walking' a roach and ant parasitoids. A literature search was carried out containing articles published from 1982 to 2021. The mini review was carried out in Goiânia, Goiás, from August to September 2021, through the Online Scientific Library (Scielo) and internet.
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Sagarra, L. A., C. Vincent und R. K. Stewart. „Body size as an indicator of parasitoid quality in male and female Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 91, Nr. 5 (Oktober 2001): 363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2001121.
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AbstractThe parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi was recently introduced into the Caribbean as a biological control agent against the hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green. In the laboratory, parasitoid size, as measured by left hind tibia length, was positively correlated several indicators of the parasitoid‘s fitness: longevity, mating preference, fecundity, reproductive longevity, progeny emergence and sex-ratio. When fed ad libidum with honey drops, large male parasitoids lived significantly longer (29.1 ± 6.5 days) than small ones ± 5.7 days). Large females also lived significantly longer (35.4 ± 10 days) than small females (27.9 ± 9.6 days). Females showed no significant mating preference between large and small males. Lifetime fecundity was positively correlated with the size of adult females ranged from 37 ± 21 eggs for small females to 96 ± 43 eggs for large ones. The reproductive longevity, daily oviposition rate, and number of progeny were also higher among large parasitoids. The sex ratio of progeny from small female parasitoids was higher (0.76 ± than that of large individuals (0.47 ± 0.18).
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Gillespie, David R., und Susanna Acheampong. „Dropping behaviour in Aulacorthum solani (Hemiptera: Aphididae) following attack by Aphidus ervi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): are sticky stem bands a useful integrated pest management method?“ Canadian Entomologist 144, Nr. 4 (10.07.2012): 589–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2012.52.
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AbstractWe studied the dropping behaviour of the foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in response to disturbance by the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). We banded plant stems with sticky tape to prevent aphids from returning to the plants to determine if these would serve as an integrated pest management strategy for A. solani. Stem banding prevented A. solani that had dropped from returning to the plant; but the mortality associated with banding was not necessarily complementary to biological control by A. ervi. Up to 80% of aphids dropped in response to foraging by A. ervi, and thus could be killed on sticky stem bands. The fraction of aphids that dropped to the ground also contained as much as 90% of the parasitoid's offspring. Overall, mortality of aphids on sticky stem bands was not compatible with parasitoids. Although numbers of aphids declined more rapidly in the first 2 weeks of the trial in the presence of stem bands and parasitoids than in the presence of parasitoids alone, the numbers of aphids were identical in the two treatments from the 3rd week onward. Mortality on the stem bands replaced mortality from parasitoids, and reduced recruitment of parasitoids.
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Ruberson, John R., Maurice J. Tauber, Catherine A. Tauber und Ward M. Tingey. „INTERACTIONS AT THREE TROPHIC LEVELS: EDOVUM PUTTLERI GRISSELL (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, AND INSECT-RESISTANT POTATOES“. Canadian Entomologist 121, Nr. 10 (Oktober 1989): 841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121841-10.
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AbstractResistant potato plants influenced the parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell directly, as well as indirectly through eggs of the parasitoid’s host, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). In the field, E. puttleri parasitized more egg masses on plants with no glandular trichomes or with glandular trichomes bearing only enclosed droplets of exudate than on plants with two types of glandular trichomes (one with exposed droplets and the other bearing enclosed droplets). Trichomes with exposed droplets entrapped numerous parasitoids. Although rearing L. decemlineata on resistant plants influenced many of the beetle’s life-history traits, it did not affect the suitability of their eggs for development and survival of preimaginal E. puttleri. However, eggs from L. decemlineata that were reared on resistant potato plants reduced the longevity of the parasitoids and also reduced the number of hosts (eggs) killed by parasitoids.
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Feltrin-Campos, Elidiane, Priscila Laranjeira Rôdas, Daniele Fabiana Glaeser, Fabrício Fagundes Pereira und Harley Nonato de Oliveira. „Teste de Voo como Critério de Avaliação da Qualidade de Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)“. EntomoBrasilis 9, Nr. 2 (31.08.2016): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v9i2.571.
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Resumo. A produção de inimigos naturais com qualidade comparável àqueles encontrados na natureza é primordial para os sistemas de criação de insetos em condições de laboratório, que vise atender a programas de controle biológico. Dentre os indicadores de qualidade de parasitoides, a capacidade de voo é uma característica importante a ser avaliada em laboratório, pois está relacionada à dispersão e alcance de abrigo, alimentos e hospedeiros em condições de campo. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle é um endoparasitoide gregário, polífago, idiobionte que parasita pupas, principalmente da ordem Lepidoptera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da população do parasitoide P. elaeisis, criada em pupas Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) em laboratório pelo teste de voo. Pupas de D. saccharalis com 24 horas de idade foram expostas ao parasitismo por fêmeas de P. elaeisis. Os adultos emergidos foram classificados de acordo com suas posições no interior da Unidade de teste em: voadores, caminhadores e não voadores. A porcentagem dos parasitoides encontrados na tampa (voadores) foi de 51,23%, no anel (caminhadores) de 23,49% e no fundo (não voadores) de 25,26%. Em razão aos percentuais de não voadores observado para outras espécies de parasitoides, o valor constatado para P. elaeisis pode significar uma queda na qualidade desse parasitoide, o que levaria a necessidade de introdução de novos indivíduos coletados em campo para recompor essa qualidade de voo.Flight Test as Evaluation Criteria of the Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) QualityAbstract. The production of natural enemies of comparable quality to those found in nature is essential to the creation of systems of insect in laboratory conditions, which object to meet biological control programs. Among the indicators of quality of parasitoids, flight capacity is an important factor to be evaluated in the laboratory feature, because it is related to the dispersion and range of shelter, food and hosts under field conditions. Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle is a gregarious endoparasitoid, polyphagous, idiobionte and parasite pupae, especially the Lepidoptera order. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of the parasitoid P. elaeisis population, created in pupae of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius) laboratory for the flight test. Pupae D. saccharalis with 24 hours of age were exposed to parasitism by females of P. elaeisis. The emerged adults were classified according to their positions within the unit test, flyers, running and not flying. The percentage of parasitoids found on the cover (flying) was 51.23%, the ring (running) of 23.49% and the bottom (non-flying) of 25.26%. Because the percentage of non-flying observed for other species of parasitoids, the value found for P. elaeisis could mean a drop in quality of the parasitoid, which would lead to the need to introduce new individuals collected in the field to restore this quality of flight.
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Heyerdahl, Rod H., und James D. Dutcher. „HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF PECAN LEAFMINERS1,2“. Journal of Entomological Science 20, Nr. 4 (01.10.1985): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.4.411.
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Thirty-seven hymenopterous parasitoids, representing the families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, and Eupelmidae were reared from the larvae and pupae of each of the pecan leafminers Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae), and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Six of the parasitoids were secondary or hyperparasitoids, 10 were gregarious parasitoids and 4 were multiple parasitoids. Parasitoid exuviae and meconium in the host mine were useful diagnostic characteristics for distinguishing parasitoid species.
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Tondini, Elena, Daniele Sommaggio, Gaia Monteforti und Ruggero Petacchi. „Shedding Light on Dasineura oleae Parasitoids: Local and Landscape Effects“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 3 (24.02.2023): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030667.
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Dasineura oleae was considered a minor pest in olive orchards. However, in the last decade, outbreaks have been reported all over its distribution area. Little is known about D. oleae biological control strategies; therefore, investigations into the biology and ecology of D. oleae parasitoids are urgently needed. In this scenario, the present field study reported the flight period of D. oleae parasitoids, evaluating their relative abundance over other parasitoids living in olive orchards. Furthermore, it estimated the effect of local and landscape features on D. oleae parasitoids within the frame of the overall parasitoid community. Lastly, we aimed to provide useful insights into the effectiveness of parasitoids for D. oleae population management. Hymenopteran parasitoids were sampled using Malaise traps in six sampling sites in central Italy. Results showed that Platygaster demades was the most abundant D. oleae parasitoid. Its presence was associated with high rates of D. oleae parasitism. The abundance of this parasitoid was influenced by the abundance of seminatural habitats.
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Henry, Lee M., Bernard D. Roitberg und David R. Gillespie. „Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, Nr. 1603 (15.08.2006): 2893–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3672.
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Flexibility in adult body size allows generalist parasitoids to use many host species at a cost of producing a range of adult sizes. Consequently, host selection behaviour must also maintain a level of flexibility as adult size is related to capture efficiency. In the present study, we investigated covariance of two plastic traits—size at pupation and host size selection behaviour—using Aphidius ervi reared on either Acyrthosiphon pisum or Aulacorthum solani , generating females of disparate sizes. Natal host was shown to change the ranking of perceived host quality with relation to host size. Parasitoids preferentially attacked hosts that corresponded to the size of the second instar of their natal host species. This resulted in optimal host selection behaviour when parasitoids were exposed to the same host species from which they emerged. Parasitoid size was positively correlated with host size preference, indicating that females use relative measurements when selecting suitable hosts. These coadapted gene complexes allow generalist parasitoids to effectively use multiple host species over several generations. However, the fixed nature of the behavioural response, within a parasitoid's lifetime, suggests that these traits may have evolved in a patchy host species environment.
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Laws, A. N., und A. Joern. „Variable effects of dipteran parasitoids and management treatment on grasshopper fecundity in a tallgrass prairie“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, Nr. 2 (27.09.2011): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000472.
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AbstractGrasshoppers host a number of parasitoids, but little is known about their impact on grasshopper life history attributes or how those impacts may vary with land use. Here, we report on a three-year survey of nine grasshopper species in a tallgrass prairie managed with fire and bison grazing treatments. We measured parasitoid prevalence and the impact of parasitoid infection on grasshopper fecundity to determine if grasshopper-parasitoid interactions varied with management treatment. Adult female grasshoppers were collected every three weeks from eight watersheds managed with different prescribed burning and grazing treatments. Grasshopper fecundity with and without parasitoids was estimated through dissections of reproductive tracts. Dipteran parasitoids from two families (Nemestrinidae and Tachinidae) were observed infecting grasshoppers. We found significant effects of grazing treatment, but not burn interval, on grasshopper-parasitoid interactions. Parasitoids were three times more abundant in watersheds with bison grazing than in ungrazed watersheds, and the relative abundance of nemestrinid and tachinid flies varied with grazing treatment. Parasitoid prevalence varied among grasshopper species from <0.01% infected (Mermiria bivittata) to 17% infected (Hypochlora alba). Parasitoid infection reduced individual grasshopper fecundity, with stronger effects on current reproduction than on past reproduction. Furthermore, current fecundity in parasitized grasshoppers was lower in grazed watersheds compared to ungrazed watersheds. Nemestrinid parasitoids generally had stronger impacts on grasshopper fecundity than tachinid parasitoids, the effects of which were more variable.
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Kraaijeveld, A. R., J. J. M. Van Alphen und H. C. J. Godfray. „The coevolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence“. Parasitology 116, S1 (1998): S29—S45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000084924.
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SummaryHost-parasitoid interactions are abundant in nature and offer great scope for the study of coevolution. A particularly fertile area is the interaction between internal feeding parasitoids and their hosts. Hosts have evolved a variety of means of combating parasitoids, in particular cellular encapsulation, while parasitoids have evolved a wide range of countermeasures. Studies of the evolution of host resistance and parasitoid virulence are reviewed, with an emphasis on work involvingDrosophilaand its parasitoids. Genetic variation in both traits has been demonstrated using isofemale line and artificial selection techniques. Recent studies have investigated the fitness costs of maintaining the ability to resist parasitoids, the comparative fitness of flies that have successfully defended themselves against parasitoids, and the degree to which resistance and virulence act against one or more species of host or parasitoid. A number of studies have examined geographical patterns, and sought to look for local adaptation; or have compared the traits across a range of species. Finally, the physiological and genetic basis of change in resistance and virulence is being investigated. While concentrating onDrosophila, the limited amount of work on different systems is reviewed, and other possible areas of coevolution in host-parasitoid interactions are briefly discussed.
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Tawakkal, Muhammad Iqbal, Damayanti Buchori, Akhmad Rizali, Adha Sari und Pudjianto Pudjianto. „Parasitoid Diversity and Host-Parasitoid Interaction in Oil Palm Plantations with Different Management System“. Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 23, Nr. 1 (03.07.2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.31232.
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Parasitoids play an important role in controlling pests, including pests of oil palm. To maximize biological control technique using parasitoids, interactions between pests and parasitoids need to be studied. This research aimed to study parasitoid diversity and host-parasitoid interaction in oil palm plantation with the different management system. The field research was conducted in oil palm plantation own by smallholder and company (PT Humusindo) in Jambi. Sampling insects was conducted by collecting pests (parasitoid host) on oil palm trees with age of four years old. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of the pests were taken directly by hand then reared in the laboratory to know their parasitoids. Pests and parasitoids emerged were identified up to morphospecies or species level. A total of 176 lepidopteran pests consisting of 15 morphospecies and 6 families, and 650 parasitoids consisting of 21 morphospecies and 12 families have been collected. Nine morphospecies of pests from 25 individuals were found in smallholder plantation and 14 morphospecies of pests from 151 individuals in company plantation. Eight morphospecies of 26 parasitoids were found in smallholder plantations and 8 morphospecies of 624 parasitoids in the company plantation. The interaction structure between pests and parasitoids is more complex in the company plantation than in smallholder plantations. Family Braconidae and Ichneumonidae are the most parasitoids found and associated with nettle caterpillars. The different of the management system of oil palm plantation did not affect the diversity and abundance of pests as well as their parasitoids in oil palm plantations.
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Zhou, Jincheng, Ling Meng und Baoping Li. „Defensive behaviors of the Oriental armywormMythimna separatain response to different parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)“. PeerJ 5 (23.08.2017): e3690. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3690.
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This study examined defensive behaviors ofMythimna separata(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae varying in body size in response to two parasitoids varying in oviposition behavior;Microplitis mediatorfemales sting the host with the ovipositor after climbing onto it whileMeteorus pulchricornisfemales make the sting by standing at a close distance from the host.Mythimna separatalarvae exhibited evasive (escaping and dropping) and aggressive (thrashing) behaviors to defend themselves against parasitoidsM. mediatorandM. pulchricornis. Escaping and dropping did not change in probability with host body size or parasitoid species. Thrashing did not vary in frequency with host body size, yet performed more frequently in response toM. mediatorthan toM. pulchricornis. Parasitoid handling time and stinging likelihood varied depending not only on host body size but also on parasitoid species. Parasitoid handling time increased with host thrashing frequency, similar in slope for both parasitoids yet on a higher intercept forM. mediatorthan forM. pulchricornis. Handling time decreased with host size forM. pulchricornisbut not forM. mediator. The likelihood of realizing an ovipositor sting decreased with thrashing frequency of both small and large hosts forM. pulchricornis, while this was true only for large hosts forM. mediator. Our results suggest that the thrashing behavior ofM. separatalarvae has a defensive effect on parasitism, depending on host body size and parasitoid species with different oviposition behaviors.
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Herzog, Jenny, Christine B. Müller und Christoph Vorburger. „Strong parasitoid-mediated selection in experimental populations of aphids“. Biology Letters 3, Nr. 6 (04.09.2007): 667–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0362.
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Clonal diversity in asexual populations may be maintained if different clones are favoured under different environmental conditions. For aphids, parasitoids are an important variable of the biotic environment. To test whether parasitoids can mediate selection among host clones, we used experimental populations consisting of 10 clones of the peach–potato aphid, Myzus persicae , and allowed them to evolve for several generations either without parasitoids or in the presence of two species of parasitoid wasps. In the absence of parasitoids, strong shifts in clonal frequencies occurred, mostly in favour of clones with high rates of increase. The parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae hardly affected aphid densities but changed the outcome of competition by favouring one entirely resistant clone and disfavouring a highly susceptible clone. Aphidius colemani , the more infective parasitoid, strongly reduced aphid densities and dramatically changed host clonal frequencies. The most resistant clone, not a successful clone without parasitoids, became totally dominant. These results highlight the potential of temporal or spatial variation in parasitoid densities to maintain clonal diversity in their aphid hosts.
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Dicke, Marcel, Antonino Cusumano und Erik H. Poelman. „Microbial Symbionts of Parasitoids“. Annual Review of Entomology 65, Nr. 1 (07.01.2020): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024939.
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Parasitoids depend on other insects for the development of their offspring. Their eggs are laid in or on a host insect that is consumed during juvenile development. Parasitoids harbor a diversity of microbial symbionts including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In contrast to symbionts of herbivorous and hematophagous insects, parasitoid symbionts do not provide nutrients. Instead, they are involved in parasitoid reproduction, suppression of host immune responses, and manipulation of the behavior of herbivorous hosts. Moreover, recent research has shown that parasitoid symbionts such as polydnaviruses may also influence plant-mediated interactions among members of plant-associated communities at different trophic levels, such as herbivores, parasitoids, and hyperparasitoids. This implies that these symbionts have a much more extended phenotype than previously thought. This review focuses on the effects of parasitoid symbionts on direct and indirect species interactions and the consequences for community ecology.
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Gençer, Lütfiye, und Selma Seven. „Chalcidoid parasitoids of Micrurapteryx sophorivora [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae] in Kuluncak, Turkey“. Communication brève 86, Nr. 2 (09.03.2006): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012513ar.
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This study deals with the parasitoids of Micrurapteryx sophorivora. Parasitoids of M. sophorivora were investigated on Robinia pseudoacacia in 2004 in the Kuluncak district, Turkey. Seven parasitoid species, Baryscapus nigroviolaceus, Cirrospilus pictus, Necremnus croton, Neochrysocharis arvensis, Neochrysocharis formosa, Pnigalio sp. and Pteromalus sp., were reared. Necremnus croton was found to be the most common parasitoid. All the parasitoids reared were recorded for the first time from Micrurapteryx sophorivora.
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Käse, Laura, Katja Metfies, Stefan Neuhaus, Maarten Boersma, Karen Helen Wiltshire und Alexandra Claudia Kraberg. „Host-parasitoid associations in marine planktonic time series: Can metabarcoding help reveal them?“ PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 1 (07.01.2021): e0244817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244817.
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In this study, we created a dataset of a continuous three-year 18S metabarcoding survey to identify eukaryotic parasitoids, and potential connections to hosts at the Long-Term Ecological Research station Helgoland Roads. The importance of parasites and parasitoids for food web dynamics has previously been recognized mostly in terrestrial and freshwater systems, while marine planktonic parasitoids have been understudied in comparison to those. Therefore, the occurrence and role of parasites and parasitoids remains mostly unconsidered in the marine environment. We observed high abundances and diversity of parasitoid operational taxonomic units in our dataset all year round. While some parasitoid groups were present throughout the year and merely fluctuated in abundances, we also detected a succession of parasitoid groups with peaks of individual species only during certain seasons. Using co-occurrence and patterns of seasonal occurrence, we were able to identify known host-parasitoid dynamics, however identification of new potential host-parasitoid interactions was not possible due to their high dynamics and variability in the dataset.
20
Irsan, Chandra. „Studi keberadaan hiperparasitoid dalam mempengaruhi perilaku imago parasitoid pada kutudaun, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)“. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 5, Nr. 1 (23.02.2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.5.1.17.
Annotation:
Study Hyperparasitoid Existing Affected to Adul Parasitoid Behavior on Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In general, hyperparasitoid is needed for establishing food and chain webs, but in contrary, it could become a limiting factor in existing biological control program. An observation to aim positive impact of hyperparasitoid existence has been carried out. Chili plant, Capsicum annuum, Aphis gossypii, Trioxys sinensis parasitoid and Aphidencyrtus sp. were used in this observation. Results showed that hyperparasitoid existence assisted parasitoid distribution. Parasitoids were placed with hyperparasitoids enhanced parasitoid distribution or dispersion two times farther compare to without hyperparasitoids. It was concluded that dispersal behaviour of hyperparasitoid adult was a parasitoid adult’s response to avoid its suppression by the hyperparasitoid and also increase parasitoid’s searching ability.
21
Maltais, J., J. Régnière, C. Cloutier, C. Hébert und D. F. Perry. „SEASONAL BIOLOGY OF METEORUS TRACHYNOTUS VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) AND OF ITS OVERWINTERING HOST CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)“. Canadian Entomologist 121, Nr. 9 (September 1989): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121745-9.
Annotation:
AbstractThe braconid parasitoid Meteorus trachynotus Vier. was found in overwintered larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harr.), on foliage of a variety of deciduous species, well before the parasitoid’s attack on the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). In the spring, percentage parasitism of C. rosaceana by M. trachynotus was 8.0 and 18.8% in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Maximum parasitism on C. fumiferana (35 and 4% in 1986 and 1987, respectively) was reached in late June, at a time when over 50% of M. trachynotus cocoons found on deciduous vegetation had emerged. Twenty days later, parasitoids produced on C. fumiferana reached 50% adult emergence. The catches of adult parasitoids on sticky traps placed on deciduous trees and on conifers showed two periods of adult activity. Based on the sex ratio of captured parasitoids, male M. trachynotus were active at emergence sites, whereas females were found mostly in the habitats of available hosts. The phenology of C. rosaceana was observed in 1987. As indicated by light-trap captures, males fly sooner than females. Eggs were laid in July, and so the early larval stages were available to female M. trachynotus as overwintering hosts. Several parasitoids common to C. rosaceana and C. fumiferana were identified.
22
Segoli, Michal, Miriam Kishinevsky, Tamir Rozenberg und Ishai Hoffmann. „Parasitoid Abundance and Community Composition in Desert Vineyards and Their Adjacent Natural Habitats“. Insects 11, Nr. 9 (01.09.2020): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11090580.
Annotation:
Parasitoids are important natural enemies of many agricultural pests. Preserving natural habitats around agricultural fields may support parasitoid populations. However, the success of such an approach depends on the ability of parasitoids to utilize both crop and natural habitats. While these aspects have been studied extensively in temperate regions, very little is known about parasitoid communities in desert agroecosystems. We took one step in this direction by sampling parasitoids in six vineyards and their surrounding natural desert habitat in a hyper-arid region of the Negev Desert Highlands, Israel. We predicted that due to the high contrast in environmental conditions, parasitoid abundance and community composition would differ greatly between the crop and the natural desert habitats. We found that parasitoid abundance differed between the habitats; however, the exact distribution pattern depended on the time of year—with higher numbers of parasitoids in the natural habitat at the beginning of the vine growth season and higher numbers in the vineyard at the middle and end of the season. Although parasitoid community composition significantly differed between the vineyard and desert habitats, this only accounted for ~4% of the total variation. Overall, our results do not strongly support the notion of distinct parasitoid communities in the crop vs. the desert environment, suggesting that despite environmental contrasts, parasitoids may move between and utilize resources in both habitats.
23
Mehmood, Shahid, Kamran Sohail, Muhammad Qasim, Shupeng Xu, Haiyang Geng, Muhammad Usman und Zelle Huma. „Host-age effects and the efficiency of the pupal parasitoid Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri, 1913) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) against the melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett, 1849) (Diptera: Tephritidae)“. Polish Journal of Entomology 87, Nr. 2 (01.06.2018): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjen-2018-0013.
Annotation:
Abstract Dirhinus giffardii is an efficient and aggressive pupal parasitoid of tephritid flies, including Bactrocera cucurbitae. Here we report on the various biological aspects of Dirhinus giffardii, mainly host-age preference, potential as well as the survival of this parasitoid from the pupae of different ages and its in vivo release against Bactrocera cucurbitae. The emergence rate of parasitoids was higher in old pupae than in fresh pupae. Similarly, the lifespan and potential of parasitoids emerged from older pupae were higher than those emerged from younger ones. The parasitoids reared on older pupae significantly controlled melon fly infestation in vivo. These findings suggest that parasitoids reared on older pupae of B. cucurbitae have a greater potential regarding fecundity, parasitism performance and survival, as these parasitoids effectively suppressed populations of B. cucurbitae under greenhouse conditions.
24
Carlos Henrique Marchiori. „Tachinobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasitoid of Peckia Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)“. Open Access Research Journal of Life Sciences 2, Nr. 1 (30.10.2021): 023–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53022/oarjls.2021.2.1.0133.
Annotation:
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. This work reports the first occurrence of parasitoid Tachinobia sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as parasitoid Peckia (Sarcodexia) lambens (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). The pupae were obtained by the flotation method. They were individually placed in gelatin capsules until the emergence of flies or their parasitoids. In November 2013, six pupae were obtained from P. (S) lambens, of which two pupae twelve specimens emerged Tachinobia sp. The percentage of parasitism was 33.3%. Most insect parasitoids only attack a particular life stage of one or several related species. The immature parasitoid develops on or within a pest, feeding on body fluids and organs, eventually leaving the host to pupate or emerging as an adult.
25
Ueno, Takatoshi, und Dang Hoa Tran. „Neochrysocharis okazakii(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as a Major Parasitoid Wasp of Stone Leek Leaf MinerLiriomyza chinensis(Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Central Vietnam“. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/179560.
Annotation:
Liriomyza chinensisis a major pest of Welsh onionAllium fistulosumin Asia but little is known about the abundance of its natural enemies. A field survey was made to explore the major parasitoids ofL. chinensisleaf miner in central Vietnam. An eulophid parasitoid,Neochrysocharis okazakii,comprised more than 95% of parasitoids reared from leaf miner larvae collected in the onion field and 98.3% of leaf miner parasitoids found during searches of onion plants. The mean number of femaleN. okazakiion plants was greater in onion fields with a higher density ofL. chinensis, and, during searches, a greater proportion ofN. okazakiiwas found on onion with moreL. chinensismines, suggesting density-dependent parasitoid aggregation. Melanized dead larvae ofL. chinensiswere more frequently found in onion fields with more parasitoids, demonstrating that melanized leaf miners are a good indicator of parasitoid activity. Mean instant rate of host encounter byN. okazakiiin the field was estimated at 0.077, and the likelihood of a parasitoid finding a host increased with host density. Taken together, these results show thatN. okazakiiis the major parasitoid ofL. chinensis. Usefulness of this parasitoid in stone leek leaf miner management is discussed.
26
Barratt, B. I. P., A. A. Evans und P. D. Johnstone. „Effect of the ratios ofListronotus bonariensisandSitona discoideus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to their respective parasitoidsMicroctonus hyperodaeandM. aethiopoides(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on parasitism, host oviposition and feeding in the laboratory“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, Nr. 2 (April 1996): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300052329.
Annotation:
AbstractThe parasitoidsMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan andM. aethiopoidesLoan have been introduced into New Zealand to control the forage pestsListronotus bonariensis(Kuschel) andSitona discoideusGyllenhal, respectively. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of host–parasitoid ratio, and exposure time on host survival, parasitism, oviposition and feeding. Cages of 20 field collected weevils were exposed to 0, 1, 3 or 6 parasitoids for 0, 1, 12 or 48 hours, maintained until parasitoid pupal emergence, and surviving weevils dissected. Over the ranges studied, increasing parasite number, and to a greater extent, period of exposure of parasitoids to their hosts increased parasitism levels.Microctonus aethiopoidesachieved higher levels of parasitism inS. discoideusat the lower parasitoid contact treatments than didM. hyperodaeinL. bonariensis. Fecundity in unparasitized weevils was progressively reduced in bothL. bonariensisandS. discoideusin relation to increasing exposure to parasitoids. Feeding was reduced by about 40% inL. bonariensisfor at least four days after parasitoids were removed, and inS. discoideusfor the duration of the experiment, averaging 15%. Results were discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of indirect effects of parasitoids on unparasitized hosts.
27
Gasmi, Laila, Edyta Sieminska, Shohei Okuno, Rie Ohta, Cathy Coutu, Mohammad Vatanparast, Stephanie Harris et al. „Horizontally transmitted parasitoid killing factor shapes insect defense to parasitoids“. Science 373, Nr. 6554 (29.07.2021): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb6396.
Annotation:
Interkingdom competition occurs between hymenopteran parasitoids and insect viruses sharing the same insect hosts. It has been assumed that parasitoid larvae die with the death of the infected host or as result of competition for host resources. Here we describe a gene family, parasitoid killing factor (pkf), that encodes proteins toxic to parasitoids of the Microgastrinae group and determines parasitism success. Pkfs are found in several entomopathogenic DNA virus families and in some lepidopteran genomes. We provide evidence of equivalent and specific toxicity against endoparasites for PKFs found in entomopoxvirus, ascovirus, baculovirus, and Lepidoptera through a mechanism that elicits apoptosis in the cells of susceptible parasitoids. This highlights the evolutionary arms race between parasitoids, viruses, and their insect hosts.
28
Trivellone, Valeria, Michela Meier, Corrado Cara, Lucia Pollini Paltrinieri, Felix Gugerli, Marco Moretti, Sarah Wolf und Jana Collatz. „Multiscale Determinants Drive Parasitization of Drosophilidae by Hymenopteran Parasitoids in Agricultural Landscapes“. Insects 11, Nr. 6 (30.05.2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11060334.
Annotation:
(1) The management of agricultural landscapes for pest suppression requires a thorough understanding of multiple determinants controlling their presence. We investigated the ecological preferences of indigenous parasitoids and their drosophilid hosts to understand the role of native parasitoids as biological control agents of the invasive frugivorous Drosophila suzukii. (2) Using data from an extensive field survey across different habitat types we analyzed the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on parasitoid and drosophilid communities at multiscale levels. (3) Eight parasitoid and 27 drosophilid species were identified. Thirty-four percent variation in drosophilid communities was explained by factors at the landscape scale, and 52% of significant variation of parasitoids by local distribution of three drosophilid species, mainly collected in woodland. Parasitoid communities were significantly influenced by microhabitat type (ground versus canopy) rather than habitat type. All parasitoids except Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae preferred the ground microhabitat. All parasitoids, with the exception of Trichopria drosophilae and Spalangia erythromera, displayed significant preferences among the drosophilid species used in the baited traps. (4) Since they can tolerate a broad range of habitat factors, altogether pupal parasitoids investigated in this study could play a role in biological control programs to suppress D. suzukii, but non-target effects have to be regarded.
29
Lachaud, Jean-Paul, und Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud. „Diversity of Species and Behavior of Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Ants: A Review“. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/134746.
Annotation:
Reports of hymenopterans associated with ants involve more than 500 species, but only a fraction unambiguously pertain to actual parasitoids. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview of both the diversity of these parasitoid wasps and the diversity of the types of interactions they have formed with their ant hosts. The reliable list of parasitoid wasps using ants as primary hosts includes at least 138 species, reported between 1852 and 2011, distributed among 9 families from 3 superfamilies. These parasitoids exhibit a wide array of biologies and developmental strategies: ecto- or endoparasitism, solitary or gregarious, and idio- or koinobiosis. All castes of ants and all developmental stages, excepting eggs, are possible targets. Some species parasitize adult worker ants while foraging or performing other activities outside the nest; however, in most cases, parasitoids attack ant larvae either inside or outside their nests. Based on their abundance and success in attacking ants, some parasitoid wasps like diapriids and eucharitids seem excellent potential models to explore how parasitoids impact ant colony demography, population biology, and ant community structure. Despite a significant increase in our knowledge of hymenopteran parasitoids of ants, most of them remain to be discovered.
30
Traugott, M., J. R. Bell, L. Raso, D. Sint und W. O. C. Symondson. „Generalist predators disrupt parasitoid aphid control by direct and coincidental intraguild predation“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, Nr. 2 (10.10.2011): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485311000551.
Annotation:
AbstractGeneralist predators and parasitoids are considered to be important regulators of aphids. The former not only feed on these pests, but might also consume parasitoids at all stages of development. This direct or coincidental interference affects the natural control of aphids, the scale of which is largely unknown, and it has rarely been examined under natural conditions. Here, molecular diagnostics were used to track trophic interactions in an aphid-parasitoid-generalist predator community during the build-up of a cereal aphid population. We found that generalist predators, principally carabid and staphylinid beetles as well as linyphiid spiders, had strong trophic links to both parasitoids and aphids. Remarkably, more than 50% of the parasitoid DNA detected in predators stems from direct predation on adult parasitoids. The data also suggest that coincidental intraguild predation is common too. Generalist predators, hence, disrupt parasitoid aphid control, although the levels at which the predators feed on pests and parasitoids seem to vary significantly between predator taxa. Our results suggest that taxon-specific trophic interactions between natural enemies need to be considered to obtain a more complete understanding of the route to effective conservation biological control.
31
Mohamad, Fater, Mohammed Mansour und Ali Ramadan. „Effects of biological and environmental factors on sex ratio in Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. (Torticidae)“. Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, Nr. 2 (01.04.2015): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0019.
Annotation:
Abstract The sex ratio in the natural population of most Hymenopteran parasitoids is 1 : 1. Females of these parasitoids, however, can regulate the sex of their offspring in response to environmental and biological factors. Under certain circumstances, this may lead to an overproduction of males, which can result in a very negative impact on any control program using these parasitoids. For these reasons, understanding the effect of these factors is very important. In this study, five biological and environmental factors known to affect sex ratio in parasitic Hymenoptera were investigated for Ascogaster quadridentata Wesmael, a parasitoid of Cydia pomonella L. Results showed that food, ambient temperature, and parasitoid age had significant effects on the sex ratio of the offspring of Hymenopteran parasitoids. The percentage of females decreased with lack of food, parasitoid age (when it became 10-days-old or older), and at low (15°C) and high (35°C) temperatures. The effect of host age and density, however, was not significant.
32
Stenberg, J. A., und P. A. Hambäck. „Host species critical for offspring fitness and sex ratio for an oligophagous parasitoid: implications for host coexistence“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, Nr. 6 (14.07.2010): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000143.
Annotation:
AbstractIn theory, inferior apparent competitors sharing a natural enemy with superior apparent competitors should be excluded in the absence of stabilising factors. Nevertheless, plentiful examples of coexisting apparent competitors exist. In this paper, we show that parasitoid resource competition within hosts affects both parasitoid sex ratio and female body size, with implication for population growth and apparent competition between the two closely related hosts experiencing a strong asymmetry in their interaction. While the superior competitor delivers parasitoids with higher fitness to the shared parasitoid pool, the inferior competitor delivers a higher proportion of female parasitoids. Hence, the inferior host experience an inflow of fit parasitoids from the superior competitor, which should increase the risk of exclusion, but also an outflow of parasitoid females, which should reduce the risk of exclusion and increase stability. We conclude that differential outcomes of parasitoid resource competition in different host species may have profound effects on shared parasitoid populations and should be included in future studies of apparent competition between hosts.
33
Agboyi, Lakpo Koku, Georg Goergen, Patrick Beseh, Samuel Adjei Mensah, Victor Attuquaye Clottey, Raymond Glikpo, Alan Buddie et al. „Parasitoid Complex of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Ghana and Benin“. Insects 11, Nr. 2 (21.01.2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020068.
Annotation:
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a moth originating from the American continent, has recently invaded most African countries, where it is seriously threatening food security as a pest of cereals. The current management methods rely heavily on the use of synthetic insecticides but there is a need for more sustainable control methods, including biological control. Surveys were conducted in two West African countries, Ghana and Benin, to determine the native parasitoid complex and assess parasitism rates of S. frugiperda. Samples of S. frugiperda eggs and larvae were collected in maize fields located in 56 and 90 localities of Ghana and Benin, respectively, from July 2018 to July 2019. Ten species were found parasitizing the pest, including two egg parasitoids, one egg–larval, five larval and two larval–pupal parasitoids. The two most abundant parasitoids in both countries were two Braconidae: the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus bifoveolatus and the larval parasitoid Coccygidum luteum. Parasitism rates were determined in three Ghanaian regions and averages varied from 0% to 75% between sites and from 5% to 38% between regions. These data provide an important baseline for the development of various biological control options. The two egg parasitoids, Telenomus remus and Trichogramma sp. can be used in augmentative biological control and investigations should be conducted to assess how cultural practices can enhance the action of the main parasitoids, C. luteum and Ch. bifoveolatus, in the field. Understanding the parasitoid complex of S. frugiperda in Africa is also necessary before any development of classical biological controls involving the introduction of parasitoids from the Americas.
34
McKay, Tanja, und Terry D. Galloway. „SURVEY AND RELEASE OF PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA) ATTACKING HOUSE AND STABLE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) IN DAIRY OPERATIONS“. Canadian Entomologist 131, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1999): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent131743-6.
Annotation:
AbstractIn 1995, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a commercially available pupal parasitoid of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), was purchased to examine the status of wasps being sold to Manitoba producers. Percentage of pupae parasitized, numbers of parasitoids per pupa, total parasitoids, and parasitoid sex ratio were determined for each shipment of parasitoids received. To determine the extent to which these wasps could successfully parasitize house flies and stable flies, parasitoids were released weekly in four Manitoba dairy barns and levels of parasitism estimated. In 10 622 freeze-killed sentinel house fly pupae, 2.2% were parasitized throughout the season by N. vitripennis, and 5.8% were parasitized by eight other species of parasitoids. Of 11 897 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae, 0.6% were parasitized by N. vitripennis, and 3.4% by eight other species of parasitoids. In four barns where there were no releases of N. vitripennis, 1.1% of 11 779 sentinel pupae were parasitized by four species of parasitoids and 3.8% of 8384 naturally occurring house fly and stable fly pupae were parasitized by nine species. The release of an estimated 3 648 093 N. vitripennis did not result in substantial parasitism in either sentinel pupae or naturally occurring pupae. In 1996, live sentinel house fly pupae (n = 50 842) and house fly and stable fly pupae occurring naturally (n = 4691) were collected in two of the nonrelease barns from the 1995 study to examine the activity of endemic parasitoids. Of the sentinel and naturally occurring pupae sampled, 4.0% and 9.4% were parasitized, respectively. Phygadeuon fumator Gravenhörst (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant parasitoid, accounting for 97.4% and 79.9% of parasitoids collected from sentinel pupae and naturally occurring pupae, respectively. Other parasitoids included Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead), Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders, Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner, Spalangia subpunctata Först, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia nigra Latreille, and a species of Trichomalopsis Crawford (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
35
Wibowo, Lestari, Indriyati . und Purnomo . „KEMELIMPAHAN DAN KERAGAMAN JENIS PARASITOID HAMA PENGGULUNG DAUN PISANG ERIONOTA THRAX L. DI KABUPATEN LAMPUNG SELATAN“. JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 15, Nr. 1 (02.03.2015): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11526-32.
Annotation:
The abundance and diversity of the parasitoid of banana leaf skipper pest (Erionota thrax L.) in South Lampung Regency. This research was conducted to determine the abundance, diversity, and parasitation ability of several parasitoids of the banana skipper or banana leafroller (Erionota thrax) in South Lampung Regency. This research was carried out with a survey method by taking out samples of larvae and pupae of E. thrax in the District of Natar, Jati Agung, and Tanjung Bintang, South Lampung. Results of the survey showed that there were 8 types of parasitoids recovered from larvae or pupae of E. thrax, i.e. Brachymeria lasus (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), B. thracis (Chalcididae: Hymenoptera), Charops sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Casinaria sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Xanthopimpla sp. (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera), Cotesia erionotae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), and two parasitoids Diptera (Tachinidae and Sarcophagidae). The highest abundance of parasitoid was found in Tanjung Bintang with 171 parasitoids (index of diversity (H’) = 1.0256 and index of evenness (E) = 0.5724). In Natar District, the abundance of parasitoid was 63 parasitoids, but it had a greater H’ value (1.4396) and E-value (0.7398). Meanwhile, in Jati Agung District, the abundance of parasitoid was 56 individuals but the value of H’ was also high, which was 1.012 with the value of E of 0.6064. The percentages of parasitation to the larvae and pupae E. thrax were 55.01% (Tanjung Bintang District), 31.68% (Natar District) and 33.34% (Jati Agung District).
36
Özbek, Rabia, Krishnendu Mukherjee, Fevzi Uçkan und Andreas Vilcinskas. „Reprograming of epigenetic mechanisms controlling host insect immunity and development in response to egg-laying by a parasitoid wasp“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, Nr. 1928 (10.06.2020): 20200704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0704.
Annotation:
Parasitoids are insects that use other insects as hosts. They sabotage host cellular and humoral defences to promote the survival of their offspring by injecting viruses and venoms along with their eggs. Many pathogens and parasites disrupt host epigenetic mechanisms to overcome immune system defences, and we hypothesized that parasitoids may use the same strategy. We used the ichneumon wasp Pimpla turionellae as a model idiobiont parasitoid to test this hypothesis, with pupae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella as the host. We found that parasitoid infestation involves the suppression of host immunity-related effector genes and the modulation of host genes involved in developmental hormone signalling. The transcriptional reprogramming of host genes following the injection of parasitoid eggs was associated with changes in host epigenetic mechanisms. The introduction of parasitoids resulted in a transient decrease in host global DNA methylation and the modulation of acetylation ratios for specific histones. Genes encoding regulators of histone acetylation and deacetylation were mostly downregulated in the parasitized pupae, suggesting that parasitoids can suppress host transcription. We also detected a strong parasitoid-specific effect on host microRNAs regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that parasitoids may favour the survival of their offspring by interfering with host epigenetic mechanisms to suppress the immune system and disrupt development.
37
Pramudi, M. Indar, und Lyswiana Aphrodyanti. „Parasitoid fruit flies Bactrocera mcgregori (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Tanah Laut Regency and Banjarbaru South Kalimantan“. TROPICAL WETLAND JOURNAL 5, Nr. 1 (21.11.2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/twj.v5i1.71.
Annotation:
This study aims to identify and determine the parasitic level of Bactrocera mcgregori parasitoid from melinjo fruit (Gnetum gnemon) from Tanah Laut district and Banjarbaru Kalimatan Selatan City. The identification results of the three parasitoids showed the characteristics of the Hymenoptera order, the family Braconidae. The three parasitoids are Psytallia flecheri habitus (Silvestri) parasitoid, Psytallia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Cameron).
38
Roitberg, Bernard D. „From parasitoid behavior to biological control: applied behavioral ecology“. Canadian Entomologist 136, Nr. 2 (April 2004): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-072.
Annotation:
AbstractA hypothetical parasitoid mass rearing facility is used to unite principles from behavioral ecology and biological control. The key to the problem is variation in the tendency of solitary parasitoids to superparasitize. Superparasitism affects individual and population parasitoid productivity, though not necessarily to the same degree. Herein, the interest is in determining conditions that will maximize parasitoid population productivity when superparasitism varies. To accomplish this, a combination of graphical marginal analysis (to provide an economic context), dynamic optimization models (to determine individual parasitoid superparasitism tendency), and functional response models (to determine parasitoid population productivity) has been used. Marginal analysis shows that marginal returns decrease with an increase in the number of parasitoids released but that the slope of the marginal returns curve depends upon the sensitivity of superparasitism to environmental conditions. In addition, results show that parasitoid responses can be highly nonlinear and, as such, can greatly affect optimal numbers of parasitoids released in a nonintuitive manner. This behavioral ecology approach greatly increases efficiency and predictability of parasitoid production.
39
Supeno, Bambang. „Parasitoid telur Lalatjala (Chrysopa sp.) pada ekosistem jambu mete di lombok“. Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 4, Nr. 1 (23.02.2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.4.1.19.
Annotation:
The objective of this research was to identify parasitoids associated with eggs of Chrysopa in Lombok cashew ecosytem. Parasitoids were surveyed by collecting eggs of Chrysopa from cashew plantations. Total of 5900 individual parasitoids from a single species were collected from eggs of Chrysopa with parasitization level was approximately 47.0%-85.50%. The parasitoid was identified as Telenomus cyrus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).
40
Schöller, Matthias, und Sabine Prozell. „Biological control of cultural heritage pest Coleoptera and Lepidoptera with the help of parasitoid Hymenoptera“. Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 43, Nr. 2 (20.08.2011): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2011.157.
Annotation:
Natural enemies are known from many cultural heritage pests, but their potential for biological control has been marginally exploited only. In this publication, examples of practical and commercial application of parasitoids of beetles and moths are compiled as well as laboratory research that contributes to the development of guidelines for parasitoid releases. One the one hand there are parasitoids found to occur simultaneously with the pests in buildings, on the other hand there are parasitoids that were never found to be associated with the respective pests but accept them if brought into the cultural heritage environments. An example for the latter is the egg parasitoid <em>Trichogramma evanescens euproctidis</em>, a parasitoid of moth eggs including those of the cloth moth <em>Tineola bisselliella</em>. In semi-field trials it was shown that inundative releases of the egg parasitoids are necessary and that effectiveness is reduced on thick cloth with long strand. <em>Trichogramma </em>release units have to be placed directly on the cloth to be protected. A naturally occuring parasitoid of Anobiid beetles is the pteromalid larval parasitoid <em>Lariophagus distinguendus</em>. This parasitoid was applied against the drugstore beetle <em>Stegobium paniceum </em>in historic libraries and against spider beetles (Ptininae) in historic buildings. A simulation model for the population-dynamics of <em>L. distinguendus </em>and the golden spider beetle <em>Niptus hololeucus </em>is presented. Finally, monitoring of the Braconid larval parasitoid <em>Spathius exarator </em>used for indirect monitoring of the common furniture beetle <em>Anobium punctatum </em>is described. The future potential of parasitoids to control cultural heritage pests is discussed.
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Marques, Kulian Basil Santa Cecília, Lêda Gonçalves Fernandes, Ludmila Caproni Morais, Khalid Haddi und Luís Cláudio Paterno Silveira. „Diversity of Hymenopteran Parasitoids in Coffee Plantations under Agroecological Transition and Its Impact on Coffee Leaf Miner (Leucoptera coffeella) Infestations“. Diversity 15, Nr. 1 (20.12.2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010002.
Annotation:
The biodiversity of natural competitors is vital to key ecosystem services and agroecosystems’ benefits to society. The abundance and richness of hymenopteran parasitoid communities, and subsequently their services, are dependent on the variety of habitats in the different agroecological landscapes. Here, we monitored the fluctuation of predatory wasps and hymenopteran parasitoid populations and their impacts on coffee leaf miner infestations under different coffee plantation landscapes. Thus, 24 sampling plots were arranged in four cultivation systems: conventional (CONV), in transition to organic shaded (T.OSH), in transition to organic full-sun (T.OFS), and without pesticide (T.WOP). In each plot, leaves with intact mines were collected randomly once a month over a period of 23 months. Parasitoid species, coffee leaf miner infestation, predation, and parasitism were assessed based on the emerged parasitoids and wasps’ activity signs in the mines. The data on parasitoids revealed the presence of 621 hymenopteran parasitoids, of which, 420 were Braconids and 201 were Eulophids. Overall, the abundance of braconid specimens (67.6%) was greater, but the species richness was higher in Eulophids. The highest species richness of L. coffeella parasitoids was in T.OSH and T.OFS. Furthermore, in the coffee plants evaluated, the coffee leaf miner population is well established and does not cause economic damage, as the spontaneous action of predatory wasps and parasitoids, in addition to climatic factors, contributes to regulating these pest infestations. Of these parasitoids, the braconid Orgilus niger and Stiropius reticulatus were found to be promising and well-adapted control provider species.
42
Schmidt, Jason M., Tyler S. Whitehouse, Subin Neupane, Sarah Miranda Rezende, Ashfaq Sial und Tara D. Gariepy. „Parasitoid Communities in the Variable Agricultural Environments of Blueberry Production in the Southeastern United States“. Journal of Economic Entomology 114, Nr. 4 (14.07.2021): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab134.
Annotation:
Abstract In blueberry crops, there are multiple pest species, and some of those can be suppressed by natural enemies including parasitoid wasps and predators. Parasitoid wasps occur within the environment often tracking pest species for food resources to complete their lifecycle. These small wasps are also sensitive to agricultural environments including agrichemicals, habitat availability, and climate. We investigated how the structure of parasitoid communities varied between organic and conventional blueberry systems, and how the communities of these parasitoids varied within field spatial scales (forested border vs edge vs interior). With the lower intensity of agricultural interventions occurring in organic systems and forested borders, we predicted more stable parasitoid numbers that would be insulated from predicted climate variability. In our study, parasitoids were observed in low abundance in each cropping system, with community structure dependent on both management practice and field position. Unmanaged blueberry fields and forested field borders contained more parasitoid families, and in conventional systems, we saw fewer families present in the field interior as compared to field borders. In this first study to characterize Southern parasitoid communities in blueberry production systems, we observed over 50 genera of parasitoids, with a few dominant families (Braconidae and Ichneumonidae) that would contribute to biological control in blueberry systems. Overall, we captured few parasitoids, which indicates a potential vulnerability in biological control, and the need for further research using other sampling techniques to better understand these parasitoid communities.
43
Gwokyalya, Rehemah, Christopher W. Weldon, Jeremy Keith Herren, Joseph Gichuhi, Edward Edmond Makhulu, Shepard Ndlela und Samira Abuelgasim Mohamed. „Friend or Foe: Symbiotic Bacteria in Bactrocera dorsalis–Parasitoid Associations“. Biology 12, Nr. 2 (09.02.2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12020274.
Annotation:
Parasitoids are promising biocontrol agents of the devastating fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. However, parasitoid performance is a function of several factors, including host-associated symbiotic bacteria. Providencia alcalifaciens, Citrobacter freundii, and Lactococcus lactis are among the symbiotic bacteria commonly associated with B. dorsalis, and they influence the eco-physiological functioning of this pest. However, whether these bacteria influence the interaction between this pest and its parasitoids is unknown. This study sought to elucidate the nature of the interaction of the parasitoids, Fopius arisanus, Diachasmimorpha longicaudata, and Psyttlia cosyrae with B. dorsalis as mediated by symbiotic bacteria. Three types of fly lines were used: axenic, symbiotic, and bacteria-mono-associated (Lactococcus lactis, Providencia alcalifaciens, and Citrobacter freundii). The suitable stages of each fly line were exposed to the respective parasitoid species and reared until the emergence of adult flies/parasitoids. Thereafter, data on the emergence and parasitoid fitness traits were recorded. No wasps emerged from the fly lines exposed to P. cosyrae. The highest emergence of F. arisanus and D. longicaudata was recorded in the L. lactis fly lines. The parasitoid progeny from the L. lactis and P. alcalifaciens fly lines had the longest developmental time and the largest body size. Conversely, parasitoid fecundity was significantly lower in the L. lactis lines, whereas the P. alcalifaciens lines significantly improved fecundity. These results elucidate some effects of bacterial symbionts on host–parasitoid interactions and their potential in enhancing parasitoid-oriented management strategies against B. dorsalis.
44
Kant, R., und W. R. M. Sandanayaka. „Diel asynchrony in reproductive behaviour of Diaeretiella rapae (MIntosh) (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae)“. New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (01.08.2009): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4772.
Annotation:
Diaeretiella rapae is an important parasitoid of cabbage aphid Diel variation in emergence mating and oviposition of D rapae was studied in the laboratory to understand the biology and behaviour of the parasitoid The emergence of the parasitoid was recorded hourly in two bioassay rooms set up at 22 2C with 16 h photoperiod from 08002400 hours or from 18001000 hours Greatest emergence was found during the early photophase The parasitoids that emerged during the scotophase did not mate until the following photophase Unmated females that emerged during the scotophase had a lower incidence of host attack and oviposition during the dark However the parasitoids became active and had a greater incidence of mating and oviposition when they were brought into the light even during the scotophase This research suggests that light triggers parasitoid activity and that the parasitoids lose their reproductive fitness if they emerge in the scotophase
45
Choi, Won Il, Mun-Jang Jeon und Young-Seuk Park. „Structural dynamics in the host-parasitoid system of the pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) during invasion“. PeerJ 5 (22.08.2017): e3610. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3610.
Annotation:
The structural dynamics of host–parasitoid populations play a key role in the mechanism of natural community development with invasive species. Species invading new habitats experience coevolution with their newly acquired natural enemies, and their population dynamics are driven by a complex interaction between biological and environmental factors. We examined the biological and environmental factors which potentially influence a community of parasitoids throughout the 25-year invasion history of the pine needle gall midge (PNGM), Thecodiplosis japonensis, an important pest of pines in eastern Asia. We found that differences in establishment sequence and competitive ability among the parasitoids attacking this species determined the parasitoid community’s structure and dynamics. In particular, the timing for the initial establishment of the host–parasitoid association, incomplete superiority in competition among parasitoids, and indirect competition by a combination of the parasitoids were important factors for determining community’s structure and dynamics. Finally, the history of change in the community composition could be explained by the phenology differences in its member species, mediated by environmental factors.
46
Delpuech, J. M., F. Frey und Y. Carton. „Genetic and epigenetic variation in suitability of a Drosophila host to three parasitoid species“. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, Nr. 11 (01.11.1994): 1940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-263.
Annotation:
The genetic and epigenetic variability in suitability of a host, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, for the development of three parasitoid species (Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton, and Kelmer-Pillault), Leptopilina heterotoma (Thompson), and Pachycrepoideus dubius Ashmead) was analyzed. The Drosophila population came from an oasis in central Tunisia, where it is infested by the three wasp species. The genetic variability of the host was analyzed by the technique of using isofemale lines. The host population exhibited no genetic variability in the degree of infestation except in the case of L. heterotoma. It did, however, show a high level of genetic variability concerning its suitability for development of the three parasitoids. The experimental conditions had a significant effect on infestation by two of the parasitoids (L. boulardi, L. heterotoma). The rates of successful parasitism were correlated only in the case of the two eucoilid parasitoids. Therefore, a single host genotype was not suitable for all three parasitoid species concomitantly. Under pressure from the three parasitoids, the host population maintained genetic variability of its response to parasitoid development.
47
Dindo, Maria Luisa, und Satoshi Nakamura. „Oviposition Strategies of Tachinid Parasitoids: Two Exorista Species as Case Studies“. International Journal of Insect Science 10 (01.01.2018): 117954331875749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179543318757491.
Annotation:
Oviposition strategies and mechanisms of host selection in parasitoids may be crucial for the success of parasitization and parasitoid production. These aspects are far less known in tachinid parasitoids than in hymenopteran parasitoids. Depending on the species, parasitoid flies may adopt direct or indirect oviposition strategies. The ‘direct type’ females lay eggs on or, in relatively a few species, inside the host body. This review describes cues involved in host selection by tachinid parasitoids and their oviposition strategies and presents 2 case studies in more detail, focusing on Exorista larvarum and Exorista japonica. These 2 polyphagous parasitoids of Lepidoptera lay macrotype eggs directly on the host cuticle. Both species have been used as biological control agents in inoculative release against the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar in the Northern United States. Improved knowledge of the mechanisms involved in host selection and oviposition strategies may increase the possibility of eliciting oviposition by these tachinids on target lepidopterous hosts (and even artificial substrates), thus facilitating their rearing and ultimately making their exploitation as regulators of target insect pests more feasible and efficient.
48
Feng, Y., S. Wratten, H. Sandhu und M. Keller. „Interspecific competition between two generalist parasitoids that attack the leafrollerEpiphyas postvittana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)“. Bulletin of Entomological Research 105, Nr. 4 (09.01.2015): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485314000923.
Annotation:
AbstractTwo generalist parasitoids,Dolichogenidea tasmanica(Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) andTherophilus unimaculatus(Turner) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) attack early instars of tortricid moths, including the light brown apple moth,Epiphyas postvittana(Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The two parasitoids co-exist in natural habitats, whileD. tasmanicais dominant in vineyards, whereasT. unimaculatusoccurs mainly in adjacent native vegetation. This difference suggests possible competition between the two species, mediated by habitat. Here, we report on the extent of interspecific differences in host discrimination and the outcome of interspecific competition between the two parasitoids. The parasitoids did not show different behavioural responses to un-parasitized hosts or those that were parasitized by the other species. Larvae ofD. tasmanicaout-competed those ofT. unimaculatus, irrespective of the order or interval between attacks by the two species. The host larvae that were attacked by two parasitoids died more frequently before a parasitoid completed its larval development than those that were attacked by a single parasitoid. Dissection of host larvae parasitized by both species indicated that first instars ofD. tasmanicaattacked and killed larvalT. unimaculatus.
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Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen und Ary A. Hoffmann. „Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes“. Insects 12, Nr. 1 (08.01.2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.
Annotation:
In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.
50
Ward, Samantha E., Paul A. Umina, Sarina Macfadyen und Ary A. Hoffmann. „Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphid Pests within Australian Grain Production Landscapes“. Insects 12, Nr. 1 (08.01.2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12010044.
Annotation:
In grain crops, aphids are important pests, but they can be suppressed by hymenopteran parasitoids. A challenge in incorporating parasitoids into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, however, is that parasitoid numbers can be low during periods within the season when aphids are most damaging. Understanding the population dynamics of key aphid species and their parasitoids is central to ameliorating this problem. To examine the composition and seasonal trends of both aphid and parasitoid populations in south-eastern Australia, samples were taken throughout the winter growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 in 28 fields of wheat and canola. Myzus persicae (Sulzer) was the most abundant aphid species, particularly within canola crops. Across all fields, aphid populations remained relatively low during the early stages of crop growth and increased as the season progressed. Seasonal patterns were consistent across sites, due to climate, crop growth stage, and interactions between these factors. For canola, field edges did not appear to act as reservoirs for either aphids or parasitoids, as there was little overlap in the community composition of either, but for wheat there was much similarity. This is likely due to the presence of similar host plants within field edges and the neighbouring crop, enabling the same aphid species to persist within both areas. Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh) was the most common parasitoid across our study, particularly in canola, yet was present only in low abundance at field edges. The most common parasitoid in wheat fields was Aphidius matricariae (Haliday), with field edges likely acting as a reservoir for this species. Secondary parasitoid numbers were consistently low across our study. Differences in parasitoid species composition are discussed in relation to crop type, inter-field variation, and aphid host. The results highlight potential focal management areas and parasitoids that could help control aphid pests within grain crops.