Zeitschriftenartikel: „Parasit analyst“

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Permatasari, Silfiana Nisa, und Umarudin . „Determinasi dan Analisa Proksimat Daun Benalu pada Pohon Mangga Arum Manis di Ketintang Madya Surabaya“. Journal of Pharmacy and Science 4, Nr. 2 (17.08.2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v4i2.140.

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ABSTRAKTumbuhan benalu merupakan tumbuhan tingkat tinggi yang tergolong sebagai parasit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk determinasi dan analisa proksimat pada daun benalu pada pohon mangga arumanis di ketintang Madya Surabaya. Metode penelitian ini dilakukan secara true experimental. Penelitian ini meliputi determinasi tumbuhan benalu di LIPI Purwodadi dan analisa proksimat meliputi analisa kadar abu (Gravimetri), kadar air (Thermovolumetri), dan kadar karbohidrat total (Iodimetri). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil determinasi adalah tanaman Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq dan Macrosolen tetragonus BI. Hasil analisa proksimat daun benalu Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq diperoleh hasil rata-rata yaitu kadar abu 14,22%; kadar air 7,50%; kadar karbohidrat total 16,20%.Kata kunci: Determinasi, Analisa Proksimat, Benalu Mangga arum manis.ABSTRACTParasite plants are high-level plants classified as parasites. This research aims at determination and proximate analysis of parasite leaves on arum manis mango tree at Ketintang Madya No. 81, Surabaya. This study is true experimental research. It involves the determination of parasitic plants at LIPI Purwodadi and proximate analysis including analysis of ash content (Gravimetry), water content (Thermovolumetry), and total carbohydrate levels (Iodimetry). The result of determination is Macrosolen tetragonus (BI.) Miq and Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Meanwhile, the result of proximate analysis is Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq. Also, the average yield was 14.22% ash content; 7.50% moisture content; 16.20% total carbohydrate levels.Keywords: Determination; Proximate analysis; Parasite plants

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Pichon, G., V. Robert, T. Tchuinkam, B. Mulder und J. P. Verhave. „Analyse quantitative de la distribution des oocystes dePlasmodium falciparumchezAnopheles gambiae“. Parasite 3, Nr. 2 (Juni 1996): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1996032161.

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BESTEIRO, S., S. VO DUY, C. PERIGAUD, I. LEFEBVRE-TOURNIER und H. J. VIAL. „Exploring metabolomic approaches to analyse phospholipid biosynthetic pathways in Plasmodium“. Parasitology 137, Nr. 9 (29.01.2010): 1343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991934.

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SUMMARYPlasmodium falciparum, the agent responsible for malaria, is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite. For proliferation, differentiation and survival, it relies on its own protein-encoding genes, as well as its host cells for nutrient sources. Nutrients and subsequent metabolites are required by the parasites to support their high rate of growth and replication, particularly in the intra-erythrocytic stages of the parasite that are responsible for the clinical symptoms of the disease. Advances in mass spectrometry have improved the analysis of endogenous metabolites and enabled a global approach to identify the parasite's metabolites by the so-called metabolomic analyses. This level of analysis complements the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data already available and should allow the identification of novel metabolites, original pathways and networks of regulatory interactions within the parasite, and between the parasite and its hosts. The field of metabolomics is just in its infancy in P. falciparum, hence in this review, we concentrate on the available methodologies and their potential applications for deciphering important biochemical processes of the parasite, such as the astonishingly diverse phospholipid biosynthesis pathways. Elucidating the regulation of the biosynthesis of these crucial metabolites could help design of future anti-malarial drugs.

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Armijos, R. X., V. Thomas-Soccol, G. Lanotte, J. Racines, F. Pratlong und J. A. Rioux. „Analyse chimiotaxonomique de vingt-deux souches deLeishmaniaisolées au nord-ouest de l'Équateur“. Parasite 2, Nr. 3 (September 1995): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1995023301.

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Robert, V., V. Petrarca, P. Carnevale, L. Ovazza und M. Coluzzi. „Analyse cytogénétique du complexeAnopheles gambiaedans la région de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)“. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 64, Nr. 4 (1989): 290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1989644290.

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Petit, G. „Ingestion des Hématozoaires par le vecteur. Analyse de quatre Filaires parasites d’un saïmiri“. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 60, Nr. 4 (1985): 455–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1985604455.

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Gendre, P., J. Bailenger und B. De Fougieres. „Analyse microscopique de l’action des sels mercuriques sur la concentration parasitaire en coprologie“. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 62, Nr. 3 (1987): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1987623214.

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Karadimas, Dimitri. „Tlaloc, le dieu parasite“. Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 47, Nr. 2-3 (12.06.2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1048594ar.

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Travaillant à partir de sources variées et composites, l’auteur livre une analyse iconographique originale sur Tlaloc, le dieu parasite des Mayas, figure centrale de leur panthéon, souvent qualifié par les spécialistes des sociétés mésoaméricaines comme le « dieu de la pluie », mais aussi des tornades, des séismes et autres éléments météorologiques. À travers une démarche archéologique et anthropologique, l’auteur propose de mettre en lumière une « pensée analogique », traversant différentes sociétés précolombiennes, qui, pour créer les êtres imaginaires, trouve son inspiration dans les formes significatives apparaissant au sein du monde vivant, notamment dans certaines espèces d’insectes.

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Eliyani, Yuke. „Identifikasi Infeksi Ektoparasit pada Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio L.) di Perairan Waduk Darma, Kabupaten Kuningan Provinsi Jawa Barat“. Jurnal Penyuluhan Perikanan dan Kelautan 11, Nr. 2 (31.08.2017): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33378/jppik.v11i2.86.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serangan infeksi ektoparasit pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) yang perairan Waduk Darma Kabupaten Kuningan, Provinsi Jawa Barat, pada bulan Agustus 2017. Identifikasi dan analisa ektoparasit dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kesehatan Ikan, Departemen Akuakultur, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat tiga jenis parasit yang memiliki nilai prevalensi yang sama yaitu sebesar 66,67: Trichodina sp., Epistylis sp., serta Gyrodactylus sp.Nilai prevalensi tertinggi dicapai oleh parasit Dactylogyrus sp, namun dominansi parasit (7,53) ini tidak mencapai nilai tertinggi. Adapun nilai dominansi dan intensitas tertinggi diperoleh parasit Epistylis sp. dengan nilai sebesar 69,49 dan 715,40. Terdapat hasil yang menarik dari penelitian ini, dimana lima jenis parasit dari total 10 parasit yang ditemukan adalah dari golongan Monogenea (Cichlidogyrus sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Heterobothrium sp., Diplozoon sp., serta Dactylogyrus sp.).

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Payment, Pierre, Aminata Berte und Carole Fleury. „Sources of variation in isolation rate of Giardia lamblia cysts and their homogeneous distribution in river water entering a water treatment plant“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 43, Nr. 7 (01.07.1997): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m97-098.

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The objective of this work was to determine if differences in the number of Giardia cysts measured in river water were due to the method itself, the analyst, or real differences in the distribution of these cysts in water. To minimize the methodological differences, centrifugation only was used as the primary concentration method. Differences were observed between results from different analysts and they were identified as technical errors. Once the method had been well established, cysts were found to be distributed homogeneously in the river water tested. Small differences were observed among samples collected sequentially at the same time, as well as for samples collected on different days or at different times on the same day. The differences reported in the literature in the number of Giardia cysts detected in water samples from the same site could be an artifact of the methods more than true differences in the counts.Key words: water, Giardia, parasite, methods.

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Khan, Aisha, Haroon Ahmed, Ayesha Sohail, Fatima Alam und Sami Simsek. „A mathematical modelling approach for treatment and control of Echinococcus multilocularis“. Parasitology 147, Nr. 3 (08.01.2020): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182019001720.

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AbstractAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by a cestode parasite known as Echinococcus multilocularis. The parasite has a wildlife cycle with definitive hosts (foxes) and small mammals as intermediate hosts (rodents) while humans are the accidental hosts. Parasite infection pressure relation to time of the year and age dependent infection pressure for parasite abundance also depend on the urbanization. The aim of current work is forecasting the thresholds via the computational analysis of the disease spread which is a useful approach since it can help to design the experimental settings with better planning and efficiency. Network analysis when interlinked with the computational techniques provides better insight into the spatial and temporal heterogeneities. In the present study, a mathematical framework that describes the transmission dynamics and control measures of E. multilocularis in foxes is documented. We used treatment of foxes with baits for the prevention of the E. multilocularis infection. A novel approach of networking, called Petri net (PN), based on density dependent differential equations, is utilized during this research. The accurate description of the transmission of the parasite and the effect of drug on it is provided to the readers in this article. The transitions, which are difficult to analyse theoretically, are presented with the aid of the discrete approach of networking. A discrete mathematical framework can prove to be an accurate and robust tool to analyse and control the parasite dynamics.

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Karadjian, Grégory, Aurélie Heckmann, Giuseppe La Rosa, Edoardo Pozio, Pascal Boireau und Isabelle Vallée. „Molecular identification of Trichinella species by multiplex PCR: new insight for Trichinella murrelli“. Parasite 24 (2017): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017053.

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In order to identify Trichinella at the species level, the commonly used test is a multiplex PCR, allowing the discrimination of nine out of the twelve taxa described so far. This test is based on five primer pairs amplifying fragments of the large subunit rDNA. Each taxon produces one or two bands of different sizes, resulting in a specific band pattern. By multiplex PCR, Trichinella murrelli shows two bands of 127 bp and 316 bp. However, a third band of 256 bp can occur. This band can lead to misidentification, since it is similar to the 253 bp band displayed by Trichinella britovi. BLAST analysis confirmed that the 256 bp band is from T. murrelli. The aim of this short note is to inform analysts that T. murrelli larvae may display either two- or three-band patterns.

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SASAL, P., N. NIQUIL und P. BARTOLI. „Community structure of digenean parasites of sparid and labrid fishes of the Mediterranean sea: a new approach“. Parasitology 119, Nr. 6 (Dezember 1999): 635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099005077.

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The aim of this work was to study the structure of the parasite communities of Digeneans of 2 families of Teleost fishes (Sparidae and Labridae) of the Mediterranean sea. We tried to quantify the importance of both the microhabitat requirements of the parasite species and the effect of host biological factors on the parasite communities. We applied, for the first time in parasite community studies, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to analyse (i) the spatial distribution of parasite species within the digestive tract of the hosts; (ii) the host's biological factors (such as diet, host length, gregariousness and abundance) that may influence this spatial distribution of parasite species. Our results showed that potential microhabitats were vacant in the 2 host families studied revealing a lack of niche saturation because either there was little inter- and/or intraspecific competition or there were enough available space and resources within the host. Our results also indicated that the position of the parasite in the digestive tract is much more important than host biological factors for the structure of parasite community. Finally, we highlight the potential use of the CCA method for controlling for phylogenetic constraints in multi-species analyses.

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Lacombe, Sylvie. „« Les enfants gâtés d’une province parasite. »“. Recherche 54, Nr. 3 (12.12.2013): 553–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1021004ar.

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Notre contribution analyse des articles d’opinion – éditoriaux et chroniques – dans leToronto Star, leGlobe and Mailet leNational Postdurant les mois de mars à septembre 2012. La perception du Printemps québécois y est, dans l’ensemble, plutôt négative, les revendications des étudiants grévistes restant largement incomprises des éditorialistes et chroniqueurs, qui y voient une défense insensée d’intérêts étroits, un caprice d’enfants déjà choyés du fait de leur situation. Mais commenter les événements qui agitent le Québec au printemps 2012 conduit surtout les commentateurs à juger le « modèle québécois » et à se prononcer sur la différence québécoise dans l’ensemble canadien. Plusieurs chroniqueurs rattachent aussi cette agitation aux désordres que connaissent certains pays européens, notamment la Grèce, pour leur trouver des similitudes. Dans tous les cas, la différence québécoise n’inspire aucune bienveillance : au mieux, elle témoigne de l’inconscience et de l’irrationalité qui imprègnent les politiques publiques dans cette province ; au pire, elle est artificiellement maintenue au détriment de tous les contribuables canadiens. C’est ainsi que les étudiants grévistes apparaissent comme les enfants gâtés d’une province parasite.

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Kravtchenko, J., und L. Santon. „THE PARASITE PHENOMENON IN A TCAVE CANAL“. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, Nr. 5 (29.01.2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v5.6.

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A detailed study of wave profiles undertaken by our laboratory and making use of a wave recording apparatus, which is the subject of another paper, has drawn our attention to a parasite phenomenon. In certain conditions this phenomenon has a period twice that of the principal movement. The phenomenon appears only over a certain range of periods and has been shown to be the result of a transversal clapotis. The appearance of a transversal clapotis in wave canals is not rare and in practice it is eliminated by placing vertical guides parallel to the longitudinal axis of the canal. We have succeeded in eliminating the transversal clapotis reasonably well, by the use of wave filters. But a progressive phenomenon, with the period of the clapotis, has remained and it has been possible to analyse it.

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HAYWARD, A. D., J. G. PILKINGTON, J. M. PEMBERTON und L. E. B. KRUUK. „Maternal effects and early-life performance are associated with parasite resistance across life in free-living Soay sheep“. Parasitology 137, Nr. 8 (17.03.2010): 1261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000193.

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SUMMARYMaternal effects occur when the maternal phenotype influences that of the offspring in addition to the effects of maternal genes, and may have a considerable influence on offspring parasite resistance. These effects, and the effects of early levels of reproduction and parasite resistance, may persist into later life and even influence ageing rates. Here we analyse a 20-year longitudinal data set collected on a free-living population of Soay sheep, to investigate the associations between a suite of maternal phenotypic traits and early-life performance on measures of parasite resistance across life. Our results show that maternal effects are important in determining offspring parasite resistance, since lambs born as twins and those born to the youngest and oldest mothers show higher parasite burdens. We show that the association between parasite resistance and natal litter size persists into adulthood. We also show that age-specific changes in parasite resistance in males are associated with natal litter size, and that age-specific changes in females are influenced by early-life levels of reproduction and parasite infection. These results add to the growing evidence that conditions experienced by individuals during development can have a profound influence on immediate and late-life performance and may even influence ageing.

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N’GUESSAN, Yao Alexis, Valérie WOGNIN, Aoua COULIBALY, Sylvain MONDE, Ted Edgard WANGO und Kouamé AKA. „Analyse granulométrique et environnement de dépôts des sables superficiels de la lagune Adjin (Côte d’Ivoire)“. Revue Paralia 4 (2011): 6.1–6.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/revue-paralia.2011.006.

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Durofil, Andrea, Matteo Radice, José Blanco-Salas und Trinidad Ruiz-Téllez. „Piper aduncum essential oil: a promising insecticide, acaricide and antiparasitic. A review“. Parasite 28 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2021040.

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Several studies have assessed the potential of essential oils as substitutes for synthetic pesticides, in order to counter insect resistance to commercial pesticides. Piper aduncum L. is a very common shrub in the Amazon Rainforest and in other subtropical areas. The objective of this review was to analyse the existing information on P. aduncum essential oil as a raw material for new bioproducts for sustainable pest disease management. With this review, we collected and critically analysed 59 papers, representing all the studies that aimed to evaluate the essential oil properties of this species as an insecticide, acaricide and antiparasitic. The chemical composition differs depending on the origin, although phenylpropanoid dillapiole is the most cited component, followed by myristicin, 1,8-cineole and β-ocimene. Between the acaricidal, antiparasitic and synergistic activities, the insecticidal effects are highly promising, with optimal results against the malaria vector Aedes aegypti, with an LC50 that ranges between 57 and 200μg/mL. Acaricidal activity has mainly been reported against Tetranychus urticae, showing an LC50 that ranges between 5.83 and 7.17μg/mL. Antiparasitic activity has predominately been found on Leishmania amazonensis, and antipromastigote activity has been found to be between 23.8 and 25.9μg/mL. Concerning the synergistic effect between dillapiole and synthetic insecticides, four studies on Spodoptera frugiperda found promising results with cypermethrin. In this review, we highlighted the potential of P. aduncum essential oil as a biopesticide, also focusing on the lack of information about applied research. We also provide suggestions for future investigations.

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Teitelbaum, Claire S., Shan Huang, Richard J. Hall und Sonia Altizer. „Migratory behaviour predicts greater parasite diversity in ungulates“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, Nr. 1875 (21.03.2018): 20180089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0089.

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Long-distance animal movements can increase exposure to diverse parasites, but can also reduce infection risk through escape from contaminated habitats or culling of infected individuals. These mechanisms have been demonstrated within and between populations in single-host/single-parasite interactions, but how long-distance movement behaviours shape parasite diversity and prevalence across host taxa is largely unknown. Using a comparative approach, we analyse the parasite communities of 93 migratory, nomadic and resident ungulate species. We find that migrants have higher parasite species richness than residents or nomads, even after considering other factors known to influence parasite diversity, such as body size and host geographical range area. Further analyses support a novel ‘environmental tracking' hypothesis, whereby migration allows parasites to experience environments favourable to transmission year-round. In addition, the social aggregation and large group sizes that facilitate migration might increase infection risk for migrants. By contrast, we find little support for previously proposed hypotheses, including migratory escape and culling, in explaining the relationship between host movement and parasitism in mammals at this cross-species scale. Our findings, which support mechanistic links between long-distance movement and increased parasite richness at the species level, could help predict the effects of future environmental change on parasitism in migratory animals.

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BENOIT-BONNEMASON, Christelle, Fabienne SEBY, Jean-Christophe TURLOT, Mickael JOURDAN, Claude ALZIEU, Jean-Luc AQUA, Laurent SANNIER und Olivier F. X. DONARD. „Analyse statistique des données obtenues sur les sédiments traités sur le site pilote de SEDI.MAR.D 83“. Revue Paralia 5 (2012): 3.1–3.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/revue-paralia.2012.003.

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Buckee, Caroline O., Peter C. Bull und Sunetra Gupta. „Inferring malaria parasite population structure from serological networks“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, Nr. 1656 (30.09.2008): 477–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1122.

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The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is characterized by high levels of genetic diversity at antigenic loci involved in virulence and immune evasion. Knowledge of the population structure and dynamics of these genes is important for designing control programmes and understanding the acquisition of immunity to malaria; however, high rates of homologous and non-homologous recombination as well as complex patterns of expression within hosts have hindered attempts to elucidate these structures experimentally. Here, we analyse serological data from Kenya using a novel network technique to deconstruct the relationships between patients' immune responses to different parasite isolates. We show that particular population structures and expression patterns produce distinctive signatures within serological networks of parasite recognition, which can be used to discriminate between competing hypotheses regarding the organization of these genes. Our analysis suggests that different levels of immune selection occur within different groups of the same multigene family leading to mixed population structures.

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ETCHEGOIN, J. A., M. J. MERLO und M. PARIETTI. „The role of the invasive polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) (Serpulidae) as facilitator of parasite transmission in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina)“. Parasitology 139, Nr. 11 (19.07.2012): 1506–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000820.

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SUMMARYIn Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Argentina), the reefs of the invasive polychaete Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Serpulidae) serve as concentration areas for invertebrates and vertebrates and as potential foci of parasite transmission (mainly digeneans). To analyse the role of F. enigmaticus as facilitator of parasite transmission, and to evaluate the influence of the habitats selected by 2 species of cochliopid snails (Heleobia conexa and Heleobia australis), on the richness and on the prevalence of the digenean assemblages that parasitize them, 1945 snails were collected from 2 sampling sites. The comparisons between larval digenean communities parasitizing both snail hosts revealed significant differences related to the overall prevalence and the prevalence contributed by birds in the snails collected from reefs. These results support the idea that the reefs may increase the number of links between intermediate and definitive hosts of digeneans, facilitating parasite transmission only when the aggregates of F. enigmaticus become the unique habitat of the snail host. This first report of an exotic species acting as facilitator of parasite transmission in an estuarine area highlights the importance of analysing the effects of the assimilation process of exotic species by recently colonized environments (including the possible effects on parasite transmission).

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Rodríguez, Sara M., und Nelson Valdivia. „Mesoscale spatiotemporal variability in a complex host-parasite system influenced by intermediate host body size“. PeerJ 5 (17.08.2017): e3675. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3675.

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Background Parasites are essential components of natural communities, but the factors that generate skewed distributions of parasite occurrences and abundances across host populations are not well understood. Methods Here, we analyse at a seascape scale the spatiotemporal relationships of parasite exposure and host body-size with the proportion of infected hosts (i.e., prevalence) and aggregation of parasite burden across ca. 150 km of the coast and over 22 months. We predicted that the effects of parasite exposure on prevalence and aggregation are dependent on host body-sizes. We used an indirect host-parasite interaction in which migratory seagulls, sandy-shore molecrabs, and an acanthocephalan worm constitute the definitive hosts, intermediate hosts, and endoparasite, respectively. In such complex systems, increments in the abundance of definitive hosts imply increments in intermediate hosts’ exposure to the parasite’s dispersive stages. Results Linear mixed-effects models showed a significant, albeit highly variable, positive relationship between seagull density and prevalence. This relationship was stronger for small (cephalothorax length >15 mm) than large molecrabs (<15 mm). Independently of seagull density, large molecrabs carried significantly more parasites than small molecrabs. The analysis of the variance-to-mean ratio of per capita parasite burden showed no relationship between seagull density and mean parasite aggregation across host populations. However, the amount of unexplained variability in aggregation was strikingly higher in larger than smaller intermediate hosts. This unexplained variability was driven by a decrease in the mean-variance scaling in heavily infected large molecrabs. Conclusions These results show complex interdependencies between extrinsic and intrinsic population attributes on the structure of host-parasite interactions. We suggest that parasite accumulation—a characteristic of indirect host-parasite interactions—and subsequent increasing mortality rates over ontogeny underpin size-dependent host-parasite dynamics.

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KERGADALLAN, Xavier, und Nathalie METZLER. „Analyse des niveaux d’eau avec l’action des vagues au droit d’une plage de Méditerranée“. Revue Paralia 10 (30.06.2017): n01.1—n01.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/revue-paralia.2017.n01.

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Fraile, Laurent, Yves Escoufier und Andre Raibaut. „Analyse des Correspondances de Donnees Planifiees: Etude de la Chemotaxie de la Larve Infestante d'un Parasite“. Biometrics 49, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1993): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2532256.

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Cowman, Alan F., Deborah L. Baldi, Manoj Duraisingh, Julie Healer, Kerry E. Mills, Rebecca A. O'Donnell, Jennifer Thompson, Tony Triglia, Mark E. Wickham und Brendan S. Crabb. „Functional analysis of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite antigens: implications for erythrocyte invasion and vaccine development“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, Nr. 1417 (29.01.2002): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.1010.

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Malaria is a major human health problem and is responsible for over 2 million deaths per year. It is caused by a number of species of the genus Plasmodium , and Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of the most lethal form. Consequently, the development of a vaccine against this parasite is a priority. There are a number of stages of the parasite life cycle that are being targeted for the development of vaccines. Important candidate antigens include proteins on the surface of the asexual merozoite stage, the form that invades the host erythrocyte. The development of methods to manipulate the genome of Plasmodium species has enabled the construction of gain–of–function and loss–of–function mutants and provided new strategies to analyse the role of parasite proteins. This has provided new information on the role of merozoite antigens in erythrocyte invasion and also allows new approaches to address their potential as vaccine candidates.

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Grenfell, B. T., K. Wilson, V. S. Isham, H. E. G. Boyd und K. Dietz. „Modelling patterns of parasite aggregation in natural populations: trichostrongylid nematode–ruminant interactions as a case study“. Parasitology 111, S1 (Januar 1995): S135—S151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000075867.

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SUMMARYThe characteristically aggregated frequency distribution of macroparasites in their hosts is a key feature of host–parasite population biology. We begin with a brief review of the theoretical literature concerning parasite aggregation. Though this work has illustrated much about both the sources and impact of parasite aggregation, there is still no definitive analysis of both these aspects. We then go on to illustrate the use of one approach to this problem – the construction of Moment Closure Equations (MCEs), which can be used to represent both the mean and second moments (variances and covariances) of the distribution of different parasite stages and phenomenological measures of host immunity. We apply these models to one of the best documented interactions involving free-living animal hosts – the interaction between trichostrongylid nematodes and ruminants. The analysis compares patterns of variability in experimental infections of Teladorsagia circumcincta in sheep with the equivalent wildlife situation – the epidemiology of T. circumcincta in a feral population of Soay sheep on St Kilda, Outer Hebrides. We focus on the relationship between mean parasite load and aggregation (inversely measured by the negative binomial parameter, k) for cohorts of hosts. The analysis and empirical data indicate that k tracks the increase and subsequent decline in the mean burden with host age. We discuss this result in terms of the degree of heterogeneity in the impact of host immunity or parasite-induced mortality required to shorten the tail of the parasite distribution (and therefore increase k) in older animals. The model is also used to analyse the relationship between estimated worm and egg counts (since only the latter are often available for wildlife hosts). Finally, we use these results to review directions for future work on the nature and impact of parasite aggregation.

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Alizon, Samuel, und Sébastien Lion. „Within-host parasite cooperation and the evolution of virulence“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, Nr. 1725 (11.05.2011): 3738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0471.

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Infections by multiple genotypes are common in nature and are known to select for higher levels of virulence for some parasites. When parasites produce public goods (PGs) within the host, such co-infections have been predicted to select for lower levels of virulence. However, this prediction is based on simplifying assumptions regarding epidemiological feedbacks on the multiplicity of infections (MOI). Here, we analyse the case of parasites producing a PG (for example, siderophore-producing bacteria) using a nested model that ties together within-host and epidemiological processes. We find that the prediction that co-infection should select for less virulent strains for PG-producing parasites is only valid if both parasite transmission and virulence are linear functions of parasite density. If there is a trade-off relationship such that virulence increases more rapidly than transmission, or if virulence also depends on the total amount of PGs produced, then more complex relationships between virulence and the MOI are predicted. Our results reveal that explicitly taking into account the distribution of parasite strains among hosts could help better understand the selective pressures faced by parasites at the population level.

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Syarif, Rul Afiyah, Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih, Mustofa Mustofa und Ngatidjan Ngatidjan. „Penurunan Laktat Dehidrogenase Plasmodium falciparum strain D10 pada pemberian Fraksi Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley)“. Majalah Farmaseutik 17, Nr. 1 (07.01.2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/farmaseutik.v17i1.57817.

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Penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa fraksi ke-6 (F6) merupakan fraksi aktif (F-akt) daun Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A.Gray yang menghambat pertumbuhan Plasmodium. Pertumbuhan parasit ini memerlukan energi yang diperoleh dari aktivitas laktat dehidrogenase (LDH). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji aktivitas antiplasmodium fraksi aktif T. diversifolia terhadap kadar LDH kultur P. falciparum. Kultur Plasmodium falciparum strain D10 stadium cincin dibagi menjadi kelompok eritrosit tidak terinfeksi (KTI), eritrosit terinfeksi (KI), dan eritrosit terinfeksi Plasmodium yang diberi F6 (F-akt) T. diversifolia (KI+F-akt) konsentrasi 9,38-150 µg/mL. Kultur diinkubasi 48 jam. Media kultur diukur kadar LDH-nya secara enzimatik. Adanya perbedaan LDH antar kelompok dianalisa dengan Anova. Penghambatan aktivitas LDH (IC50) ditetapkan dengan analisa probit. Kadar LDH kelompok KI (362,33 ± 133,18 U/L) lebih tinggi daripada KTI (270,33 ± 65,85 U/L) (p>0,05). Pemberian F-akt pada KI menyebabkan kadar LDH parasit lebih rendah daripada KI. Kadar LDH parasit yang diberi F-akt konsentrasi 9,38; 18,75; 37,50; dan 150 µg/mL secara berturut-turut adalah 365,5 ± 129,5; 210,5 ± 1,5; 195,5 ± 81,5; dan 111,5 ± 53,5 U/L. Tidak ada perbedaan kadar LDH antar kelompok penelitian (p>0,05). F-akt T. diversifolia mampu menghambat LDH P. falciparum strain D10 dengan nilai IC50 = 39,22 µg/mL.Kata kunci: Tithonia diversifolia, laktat dehidrogenase, Plasmodium falciparum

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Gras, Simon, Allison Jackson, Stuart Woods, Gurman Pall, Jamie Whitelaw, Jacqueline M. Leung, Gary E. Ward, Craig W. Roberts und Markus Meissner. „Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo“. Wellcome Open Research 2 (19.05.2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.1.

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Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and in vivo virulence. Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of mic2 causes delayed host cell egress in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways. Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.

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Gras, Simon, Allison Jackson, Stuart Woods, Gurman Pall, Jamie Whitelaw, Jacqueline M. Leung, Gary E. Ward, Craig W. Roberts und Markus Meissner. „Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo“. Wellcome Open Research 2 (24.07.2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.2.

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Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and in vivo virulence. Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of mic2 causes delayed host cell egress in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways. Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.

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Rama, Martin. „Détermination des salaires au paradis : une analyse du marché du travail à l'île Maurice“. Revue d'économie du développement 3, Nr. 2 (1995): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/recod.1995.921.

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Fonderie, Pamela, Maxime Willems, Wim Bert, Wouter Houthoofd, Hanne Steel, Myriam Claeys und Gaëtan Borgonie. „Intestine ultrastructure of the facultative parasite Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Panagrolaimidae)“. Nematology 11, Nr. 6 (2009): 859–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854109x428025.

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Abstract Halicephalobus gingivalis, classified as a free-living nematode, is a known facultative parasite of horses, zebras and humans. However, detailed information concerning its internal morphology is lacking, especially in relation to possible adaptations to its lifestyle as a facultative parasite. The research presented here uses TEM and PI staining to analyse the morphology of the intestine of H. gingivalis. Specimens cultured under different conditions were included to determine if differences in ultrastructure are induced by culturing method. TEM analysis revealed that the intestinal tract comprises a single layer of cells in which nine pairs of nuclei can be distinguished. Further, unusual dichotomously and trichotomously branched microvilli were observed next to finger-like cylindrical microvilli, the latter being the most commonly described form in nematodes. Finally, three different types of secretion vesicles, i.e., spherical (type I), thread-like (type II) and enlarged globular (type III), occurred independently from each other along the intestinal tract. The relationship of morphological adaptations of the microvilli to parasitism in nematodes is discussed.

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Syadian, Triadi, und Evi Oktiana. „ANALISIS MISE EN SCENE PADA FILM PARASITE“. PROPORSI : Jurnal Desain, Multimedia dan Industri Kreatif 6, Nr. 2 (07.05.2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.22303/proporsi.6.2.2021.155-166.

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Film memiliki dua unsur pokok pembentuk seperti unsur sinematik dan naratif. Aspek sinematik meliputi mise-en-scene atau berbagai hal di depan kamera, aspek editing, aspek sinematografis dan sound, sedangkan aspek naratif meliputi plot dan cerita. Penelitian ini berjudul Analisis Mise En Scene pada Film Parasite. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap mise en scene yang terdapat pada film Parasite. Parasite merupakan sebuah film yang berhasil memenangkan banyak penghargaan oscar di tahun 2020. Pada penelitian ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan teori Mise En Scene beserta teori pendukung Semiotika dari Ferdinand de saussure. Sementara objek penelitan pada film Parasite Mise-en-scène mengacu pada segala sesuatu yang muncul sebelum kamera dan yang arrangement komposisi ,alat, set, actor, peraga, pencahayaan dan kostum. "Mise-en-scène", bersama dengan sinematografi dan penyuntingan film. Berdasarkan hasil Analisa terhadap data yang diperoleh, yakni dapat disimpulkan penerapan mise en scene pada film ini mampu mempengaruhi kebenaran atau kepercayaan di mata penonton. Ekspresi visi film tersampaikan dengan sangat baik, seperti kesan ruang dan waktu, suasana hati, serta menyarankan keadaan pikiran karakter.

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Li, Guihua, Wendi Wang, Kaifa Wang und Zhen Jin. „Dynamic behavior of a parasite–host model with general incidence“. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 331, Nr. 1 (Juli 2007): 631–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.09.015.

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Wierzbicka, Jadwiga. „An analysis of parasitic fauna of greenland halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) in different age groups“. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 21, Nr. 1 (30.06.1991): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1991.21.1.03.

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Gould, Karen L. „La nostalgie postmoderne : Marie-Claire Blais, Dante et la relecture littéraire dans Soifs“. Études littéraires 31, Nr. 2 (12.04.2005): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/501235ar.

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Cette étude vise à une analyse de Soifs (1995) de Marie-Claire Blais et à la représentation et déconstruction d'éléments nostalgiques évoqués par des référents intertextuels et surtout par des références à l'œuvre de Dante, au paradis perdu et au jugement des damnés.

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SANTIAGO-ALARCON, D., R. BLOCH, G. ROLSHAUSEN, H. M. SCHAEFER und G. SEGELBACHER. „Prevalence, diversity, and interaction patterns of avian haemosporidians in a four-year study of blackcaps in a migratory divide“. Parasitology 138, Nr. 7 (26.04.2011): 824–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000515.

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SUMMARYMigratory birds contribute to the movement of avian parasites between distant locations, thereby influencing parasite distribution and ecology. Here we analyse the prevalence, diversity and interaction patterns of Haemosporida parasites infecting Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) populations in a recently established migratory divide of southwestern Germany across 4 years. We hypothesize that the temporal and spatial isolation provided by 2 sympatric Blackcap breeding populations (migratory divide) might modify ecological interactions and thus create differences in the structure of the parasite community according to migratory route. We used a fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochromebgene to determine haemosporidian haplotypes. We detected an overall infection prevalence of 70·3% (348 out of 495 blackcaps sampled from 2006 to 2009), and prevalence rates were significantly different among years and seasons. We observed a total of 27 parasite haplotypes infecting blackcaps, from them 6 new rareHaemoproteushaplotypes were found in 2 mixed infections.H. parabelopolskyihaplotypes SYAT01 (35·7%) and SYAT02 (20·8%) comprised most of the infections. An association analysis suggests that SYAT01 and SYAT02 are interacting negatively, implying that they are either competing directly for host resources, or indirectly by eliciting a cross-immune response. Molecular data show no clear difference between the parasite communities infecting blackcaps with different migratory routes, despite some temporal and spatial isolation between the two sympatric blackcap populations.

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BALMER, P., J. ALEXANDER und R. S. PHILLIPS. „Protective immunity to erythrocytic Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection involves IFNγ-mediated responses and a cellular infiltrate to the liver“. Parasitology 121, Nr. 5 (November 2000): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099006757.

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IFNγ receptor (IFNγR) deficient mice and IL-4 deficient mice were infected with blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi AS in order to analyse the role of Th1 (IFNγ) and Th2 (IL-4)-associated cytokines in the development of protective immunity to the parasite. A high mortality rate and failure to reduce the primary parasitaemia to subpatent levels was observed in the IFNγR deficient mice. IL-4 deficient mice controlled a primary P. chabaudi AS infection in a similar manner to control mice and no mortality was observed. IFNγR deficient mice had a reduction in parasite-specific IgG and a significantly increased level of total IgE compared to control mice. There was no reduction in the level of parasite-specific IgG in IL-4 deficient mice. Cytological analysis of the cells present in the spleen and liver during the primary parasitaemia revealed a reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes, monocytes and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells in the liver at the peak of parasitaemia in both IFNγR deficient mice and IL-4 deficient mice compared to control mice. Adoptive transfer studies demonstrated that cells isolated from the liver at day 11 post-infection could confer some protective immunity to P. chabaudi AS infection.

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Rogers, M. V., und Diane J. McLaren. „Analysis and comparison of immune reactivity in guinea-pigs immunized with equivalent numbers of normal or radiation-attenuated cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoni“. Parasitology 95, Nr. 1 (August 1987): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118200005753x.

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SUMMARYGuinea-pigs immunized with equivalent numbers of normal or radiation-attenuated cercariaeof Schistosomamansoniare known todevelop close to complete resistance to reinfection at weeks 12 and 4·5 respectively. We here analyse and compare the immune responses induced by the two populations of cercariae. Both radiation-attenuated and normal parasites ofS. mansonielicited an extensive germinal centre response in guinea-pigs by week 4·5 post-immunization. The anti-parasite antibody titre and cytotoxic activity of serum from 4·5-week-vaccinated, or 4·5-week-infected guinea-pigs were approximately equal, but sera from 12-week-infected individuals had high titres of anti-parasite antibody, which promoted significant larvicidal activityin vitro.In all cases, larvicidal activity was mediated by the IgG2 fraction of the immune serum. Lymphocyte transformation tests conducted on splenic lymphocytes from 4–5-week vaccinated guinea-pigs revealed maximal stimulation against cercarial, 2-week and 3-week worm antigens, whereas spleen cells from 4–5-week-infected guinea-pigs were maximally stimulated by cercarial and 6-week worm antigens. The splenic lymphocyte responses of 12-week infected animals were dramatic against antigens prepared from all life-stages of the parasite.

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AOULAD MANSOUR, Mohammed Reda, Abdel-Ilah MIHRAJE und Jamal Eddine STITOU MESSARI. „Port Tanger Méditerranée : étude géologique et géotechnique, et analyse du risque de liquéfaction à partir des essais in situ“. Revue Paralia 7 (2014): n01.1—n01.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5150/revue-paralia.2014.n01.

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Achukwu, N. O., I. B. Enweani, C. C. Aniobi, P. O. Isiofia und U. S. A. Ogbonna. „Prevalence of Concomitant Infection of Intestinal Helminthiasis with Malaria Parasitaemia in a typical Nigeria Suburban Areas.“ Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, Nr. 1 (14.04.2021): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i1.21.

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Helminthic infestation and malaria parasitaemia, separately or co- joined, can be present, in a host and still be asymptomatic. It is, therefore, crucial to assess the extent of co-infestation among individuals, particularly children who are most prone to parasitic infestations. Blood and Stool samples were collected from 557 pupils who were examined for intestinal helminths, malaria parasitaemia and anaemia. Formal acetate concentration method was used to analyse the stool specimens after which positive ones were further processed using Stolls method of counting helminths egg to determine the number of parasite per gram of stool. Thick film was used for malaria parasite test and malaria parasite density was calculated for the positive samples while anaemia was screened using cyanmethaemoglobin method. There were 235(42.2%) pupils co-infested with intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia Co-infestation of Ascaris lumbricoides and malaria parasitaemia 91(16.3%), and co-infection with hookworm and malaria parasitaemia 72(13.0%) had the highest prevalence. The percentage of pupils co-infested and anaemic were 130(23.3%) and is statistically significant (p > 0.05) across the communities. There was a negative correlation between haemoglobin concentrations (the indicator of anaemia), helminthic count with malaria parasite density count. This study revealed that intestinal helminths and malaria parasitaemia have a resurgence and concomitant infestation which constitutes a public menace. Co-infection increased the risk associated with anaemia and intensify the burden in Nigerian children. Keywords: Co-infestation, malaria parasitaemia, intestinal helminthiasis, anaemia, pupils

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McArdle, David, und Orlando Merino. „Global dynamics of a Leslie host-parasite model“. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 24, Nr. 1 (02.11.2017): 82–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236198.2017.1397139.

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Scafi, Alessandro. „The African Paradise of Cardinal Carvajal: New Light on the "Kunstmann II Map," 1502-1506“. Renaissance and Reformation 31, Nr. 2 (01.01.2008): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v31i2.9181.

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Le symbole du paradis que l’on voit sur la carte géographique du monde «Kunstmann II» (1502–1506) offre à l’historien un point de départ remarquable pour l’exploration des idées européennes sur un paradis terrestre en Afrique et des perceptions européennes de l’Afrique aux environs de 1500. Une analyse attentive de l’iconographie de cette carte met en lumière son contexte et ses objectifs. Les armoiries présentes sur le grand arbre du paradis appartiennent au cardinal espagnol Bernardino López de Carvajal (1456–1523), ambassadeur de l’Espagne auprès du pape. Carvajal, qui a joué un rôle important dans le cadre du traité de Tordesillas, était un partisan convaincu d’une nouvelle croisade contre l’Islam en Afrique et au Moyen Orient qui visait la reconquête de Jérusalem et l’expansion de la foi chrétienne dans le monde.

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Bahi-Jaber, Narges, David Fouchet und Dominique Pontier. „Stochastic extinction and the selection of the transmission mode in microparasites“. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 5, Nr. 26 (30.01.2008): 1031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1326.

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Stochastic fluctuations in the transmission process of microparasites generate a risk of parasite extinction that cannot be assessed by deterministic models, especially in host populations of small size. While this risk of extinction represents a strong selection pressure for microparasites, it is usually not clearly separated from the deterministic ones. We suggest here that this stochastic selection pressure can affect the selection of the transmission mode of microparasites. To avoid extinction, parasites should maximize their inter-population transmission to ensure frequent reintroductions. Since the types of contacts may differ if congeners belong to the same or distinct populations, strains that are mainly transmitted through inter-population contacts might be selected. To examine this assumption, we analyse the issue of the competition between two strains differing in their transmission mode using a stochastic metapopulation model in which hosts may display different behaviours inside and outside their populations. We show that stochastic selection pressures may drive parasite evolution towards a transmission mode that maximizes the persistence of the parasite. We study the conditions under which stochastic selection pressures may surpass the deterministic ones. Our results are illustrated by the cases of feline immunodeficiency virus in cats and of sexually transmitted diseases in mammals.

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Kurtz, Joachim, K. Mathias Wegner, Martin Kalbe, Thorsten B. H. Reusch, Helmut Schaschl, Dennis Hasselquist und Manfred Milinski. „MHC genes and oxidative stress in sticklebacks: an immuno-ecological approach“. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, Nr. 1592 (28.02.2006): 1407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3450.

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Individual variation in the susceptibility to infection may result from the varying ability of hosts to specifically recognize different parasite strains. Alternatively, there could be individual host differences in fitness costs of immune defence. Although, these two explanations are not mutually exclusive, they have so far been treated in separate experimental approaches. To analyse potential relationships, we studied body condition and oxidative stress, which may reflect costs of immunity, in three-spined sticklebacks that had been experimentally exposed to three species of naturally occurring parasite. These sticklebacks differed in a trait, which is crucial to specific parasite defence, i.e. individual genetic diversity at major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB loci. Oxidative stress was quantified as tissue acrolein, a technique that has been applied to questions of immuno-ecology for the first time. We measured gene expression at the MHC and other estimates of immune activation. We found that fish with high levels of MHC expression had poor condition and elevated oxidative stress. These results indicate that MHC-based specific immunity is connected with oxidative stress. They could, thus, also be relevant in the broader context of the evolution of sexually selected signals that are based on carotenoids and are, thus supposed to reflect oxidative stress resistance.

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L'Estoile, Benoît de. „Images des paradis perdus: mythe des « peuples premiers », photographie et anthropologie“. Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 9, Nr. 2 (Dezember 2012): 361–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412012000200014.

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Cet article, s'appuyant notamment sur un vaste ensemble d'expositions en France et au Brésil, analyse les façons dont le mythe des « peuples premiers », fournissant aux classes moyennes urbaines l'image romantique de peuples indigènes hors de l'histoire, trouve une incarnation privilégiée dans les photographies des groupes indigènes d'Amazonie, souvent représentés de façon stéréotypée. Ces représentations romantiques présentes dans les médias, les univers artistiques, structurent aussi les catégories de perception et d'interprétation des visiteurs d'expositions, des spectateurs ou des lecteurs, constituant une composante essentielle du succès populaire de l'anthropologie.

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Długosz, Ewa, Małgorzata Milewska und Piotr Bąska. „Identification of Toxocara canis Antigen-Interacting Partners by Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay and a Putative Mechanism of These Host–Parasite Interactions“. Pathogens 10, Nr. 8 (28.07.2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080949.

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Toxocara canis is a zoonotic roundworm that infects humans and dogs all over the world. Upon infection, larvae migrate to various tissues leading to different clinical syndromes. The host–parasite interactions underlying the process of infection remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the application of a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a human cDNA library and analyse the interactome of T. canis larval molecules. Our data identifies 16 human proteins that putatively interact with the parasite. These molecules were associated with major biological processes, such as protein processing, transport, cellular component organisation, immune response and cell signalling. Some of these identified interactions are associated with the development of a Th2 response, neutrophil activity and signalling in immune cells. Other interactions may be linked to neurodegenerative processes observed during neurotoxocariasis, and some are associated with lung pathology found in infected hosts. Our results should open new areas of research and provide further data to enable a better understanding of this complex and underestimated disease.

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Born, E., und K. Dietz. „Parasite population dynamics within a dynamic host population“. Probability Theory and Related Fields 83, Nr. 1-2 (September 1989): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00333144.

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Nunez-Iglesias, Juan, Adam J. Blanch, Oliver Looker, Matthew W. Dixon und Leann Tilley. „A new Python library to analyse skeleton images confirms malaria parasite remodelling of the red blood cell membrane skeleton“. PeerJ 6 (15.02.2018): e4312. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4312.

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We present Skan (Skeleton analysis), a Python library for the analysis of the skeleton structures of objects. It was inspired by the “analyse skeletons” plugin for the Fiji image analysis software, but its extensive Application Programming Interface (API) allows users to examine and manipulate any intermediate data structures produced during the analysis. Further, its use of common Python data structures such as SciPy sparse matrices and pandas data frames opens the results to analysis within the extensive ecosystem of scientific libraries available in Python. We demonstrate the validity of Skan’s measurements by comparing its output to the established Analyze Skeletons Fiji plugin, and, with a new scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based method, we confirm that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum remodels the host red blood cell cytoskeleton, increasing the average distance between spectrin-actin junctions.

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