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Thematische Bibliographien / Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone / Zeitschriftenartikel

Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Pakistan Telegraph and Telephone“

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Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 27. Juli 2024

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 29. Juli 2024

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1

Trofimov, A. A. „Scientific Views of Russian Civilists of the Late XIX – Early XX Century on the Conclusion of Contracts Using the Telephone and Telegraph“. Proceedings of Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 13, Nr. 2 (15.05.2023): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2023-13-2-65-82.

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Relevance. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, Russia was undergoing a transition to the third technological order based on the use of electricity, which led to the use of the telephone and telegraph for the conclusion of civil law contracts. The use of technical means for the remote (remote) conclusion of contracts in civil circulation required a scientific understanding of the theoretical and practical problems arising in connection with this. Currently, the world is undergoing a transition to a new technological order based on the digitalization of social relations. Contracts are concluded remotely through the use of the digital environment, which requires a doctrinal understanding of the issues of using digital means of communication in civil law relations. Scientific concepts about the remote conclusion of contracts using technical means, formulated by Russian pre-revolutionary civilists, can be used in the science of civil law at the present time. Their application is possible for the development of theoretical provisions regarding the conclusion of contracts using digital communication tools.The purpose of the study is a comprehensive review of the scientific views of Russian civilists of the late XIX - early XX century on the conclusion of contracts using the telephone and telegraph.Objectives: analysis of scientific concepts on the genesis of the development of theoretical ideas about the conclusion of civil law contracts using telephone and telegraph in the works of pre-revolutionary Russian civilists: on the legal nature of actions when concluding contracts using telephone and telegraph; about the features of the conclusion, content, subject composition, form of contracts concluded using the telephone and telegraph; on solving the problems of legal liability associated with telegraph errors in pre-revolutionary civil law.Methodology. In the process of working on the study, methods of synthesis, analysis, induction, deduction, historical and legal, comparative legal, and logical were used. Results. In the course of the study, the scientific views of Russian pre-revolutionary civilists of the late XIX - early XX centuries on the problem of concluding contracts using the telephone and telegraph were revealed.Conclusin. The issue of concluding contracts using the telephone and telegraph in the late 19th - early 20th century was debatable and was the subject of a comprehensive study in Russian pre-revolutionary civil law.

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2

Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki. „Divestiture of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone“. Management Science 42, Nr. 9 (September 1996): 1326–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.42.9.1326.

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3

Bâtă, Ovidiu. „Dezvoltarea sistemului de comunicații în Bucovina - poștă, telegraf, telefon“. Analele Bucovinei 60, Nr. 2 (01.09.2023): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56308/ab.2023.2.03.

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The study presents the great progress made by the institution of post, telegraph and telephone in Bukovina, especially in the 19th century, when, established on solid foundations, these institutions reached the level of organizations abroad and became important factors of modernization of society. Postal services emerged from the need for long-distance communication, which involved finding quick solutions for transporting or transmitting messages. Since the time of the military administration, a mail service on horseback was organized in Bukovina for military-administrative purposes. The first regular civil post office, with regular postal connections to Galicia and Transylvania, was opened in Chernivtsi on January 1, 1783, by the Viennese Johann Paul Vogel. The postal service has developed at a sustained pace in relation to population growth and ever-expanding business relations. In 1908, 213 post offices were operating. Relative to the area and number of inhabitants, a postal service covered 49 km2 and served 3 428 inhabitants. The steady, thoughtful and consistent development of the postal system over the decades was supplemented very early on by the introduction of the telegraph and, somewhat later, the telephone service. The first telegraph office that included Bukovina in the European telegraph network was established in Chernivtsi in 1855. At the end of 1896, the telegraph network had a total length of 764,34 km and 45 stations. In 1908, there were 104 post offices with telegraph service and 44 authorized railway telegraph stations. The first telephone exchange in Bukovina was built in 1883, in Chernivtsi, and then a fixed telephone network was extended in and between the cities and towns of Bukovina.

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Strekalova, Natalya V., und Sergey V. Shcherbakov. „Employees of communications institutions of the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: number, staff, professional mobility“. Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, Nr. 188 (2020): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-188-164-175.

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The role and importance of information and communication infrastructure in the modern world is growing, which increases the relevance of studying the history of the formation and development of postal, telegraph and telephone communications in Russia, primarily regional features of the social component of this process. Based on interdisciplinary approaches, involving a wide range of historical sources, the work explores the problems of the postal, telegraph and telephone service in the Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. The issues of the number and staff of employees in communication institutions (post office, telegraph, telephone) of the Tambov Governorate are studied. We reveal the peculiarities and problems of the development of institutions staff of the postal and telegraph department. The problems of professional mobility of postal and telegraph employees are analyzed; the requirements for them, their official duties are described. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the social and economic life of the Russian province, the information and communication component began to play a prominent role, which was reflected in the increase in the number of communica-tion institutions in the Tambov Governorate and employees in them. There were acute issues of human resourcing, first of all, qualified specialists. At the beginning of the 20th century the pro-portion of women who served in the institutions of the postal and telegraph department of the go-vernorate increased.

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5

Chunjuan, ZHU, GUO Ying, LIANG Yiqi und JIAO Feng. „Dynamic Distribution for Inactive Genes in Telephone Model“. Journal of Chinese Statistical Sciences 1, Nr. 1 (28.06.2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48014/fcpm.20221110001.

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Gene transcription is the central part of life process and has been a hot topic in life science research for many years. In this work, we discuss the dynamics of inactive genes in two conditions for telegraph model. We obtain the decaying dynamical distribution for the inactive genes. Furthermore, we find that the dynamical distribution is almost horizontal in the beginning region, if the synthesis rate is appropriately large. And we give some simulations to instruct the results. Keywords: Telegraph model; generating function; inactive gene; distribution.

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6

Moorhead, Simon. „Telegraphy and the downfall of the Kelly Gang“. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 2, Nr. 3 (26.05.2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v2n3.292.

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Four historical vignettes are provided from the period 1875 to 1880 from the Proceedings of the Telegraph Electrical Society of Victoria ─ the lineal antecedent of today’s TelSoc (Australian Telecommunications Society). The extracts cover Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone, Telegraphy at the downfall of the Kelly Gang, the speed of the Morse system, and the curious phenomenon of ‘Fighting by Telegraph’.

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7

Campanella, Angelo J. „Antonio Meucci, The Speaking Telegraph, and The First Telephone“. Acoustics Today 3, Nr. 2 (2007): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2961150.

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8

Segal, Howard P. „Rewiring the History of the Telegraph and the Telephone“. Reviews in American History 42, Nr. 3 (2014): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2014.0063.

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9

Tanaka, Eiichi. „The status of Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT)“. Telecommunications Policy 21, Nr. 2 (März 1997): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-5961(96)00071-7.

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10

Stapleford, Thomas A. „Engineering the “Statistical Control of Business”“. History of Political Economy 52, S1 (01.12.2020): 59–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-8717924.

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Malcolm Rorty is best known to historians of economics as the primary organizer and founder of the National Bureau of Economic Research. This article situates Rorty’s interest in economics against the backdrop of his early career in telephone engineering at American Telephone & Telegraph. I argue that distinct structural features of telephone engineering in general, and AT&T in particular, created overlaps between the practices of engineering and economics, and also opened space for Rorty to craft a broader vision for the “statistical control of business” through quantitatively informed management.

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11

De Percy, Michael Alexander. „Policy Legacies from Early Australian Telecommunications“. Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 9, Nr. 3 (11.09.2021): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v9n3.431.

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The purpose of this article on the policy legacies from Australia’s early telecommunications history is not to present a counterfactual to Australia’s choice of public monopoly provision of early telecommunications services, but rather to indicate the extent that politics limited the private sector’s role in deploying early telegraph and telephone infrastructure in Australia. The article begins by outlining a theoretical framework for analysing government’s role in deploying new telecommunications technologies, before investigating some of the less familiar literature on the historical impact of government intervention on the private sector in the early Australian telegraph and telephone industries. It then discusses some of the political issues relating to the subsequent liberalisation of the telecommunications industry in Australia and concludes with a discussion of the historical legacies of government intervention on the private sector in the Australian telecommunications industry.

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12

Hochfelder, David. „A Comparison of the Postal Telegraph Movement in Great Britain and the United States, 1866–1900“. Enterprise & Society 1, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2000): 739–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/es/1.4.739.

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This article places the British and American postal telegraph movements in the broader context of a transatlantic reform tradition. More specifically, British nationalization in 1870 gave American reformers both a rallying point and a rationale for postalizing the telegraphs. The legacies of both movements were mixed. In Britain, the postal telegraph provided inexpensive and accessible service, but it soon ran a large deficit and retarded the development of the telephone industry. In the United States, reformers failed to nationalize the telegraph or to secure a place in historical memory, but they succeeded in pressuring Western Union to provide better service, and they provided the impetus for the municipal ownership movement of the Progressive Era.

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Hussain, Tanveer, Muhammad Naeem Javed und Deeba Shahwar. „The Reflection of River Warfare in Pakistani and Indian Press: Dispute, Management and Strategies“. Global Regional Review V, Nr. II (30.06.2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2020(v-ii).01.

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This study provides an overview of Pak-India River warfare over the sharing of water and management failure which led to serious water crises and disaster especially in Pakistan. Water resources are diminishing day by day water is become a scarce commodity in the world with every passing day. It is rapidly emerging a source of tension and dispute between two nations (Pakistan and India), which is a destabilizing factor of international peace and regional harmony. The content analysis used as research methodology while data collected from editorials and articles published in The News and The Telegraph. This research covers the period between 2018 and 2019. The results showed that The News gives more coverage and large space related to the Pak-India River Warfare as compared to The Telegraph. Furthermore, The News has a clear stance for the solution of Pak-India River Warfare rather than Indian newspaper The Telegraph.

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14

John, Richard R. „Telecommunications“. Enterprise and Society 9, Nr. 03 (September 2008): 507–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700007308.

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The half-century following the Civil War witnessed an epochal transformation in American telecommunications. In the 1870s, the telegraph network became a spawning ground for a remarkable spate of inventions that included the phonograph and the telephone, and around 1900 the telephone network became the first electrical communications medium that network providers intended to be accessible to the entire population. This transformation was a centerpiece of the still unprecedented burst of inventive activity that economic historians call the Second Industrial Revolution.

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15

Pestrikov, Viktor. „Michael Pupin and Pupinization of Telephone Lines“. Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 5, Nr. 2 (07.10.2022): 260–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2022.05.2.20.

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The scientific ways that led the American radio engineer Michael Pupin to the development of telephone technologies aimed at improving the quality of an audio signal when it is transmitted over long distances are considered. Pupin’s important inventions in the field of long-distance telephony are investigated. His theories of using inductors to reduce the attenuation of the transmitted telegraph and telephone signal over the cable by artificially increasing its inductance are described. Attention is paid to the dispute between Pupin and Campbell in the primacy of the invention of load coils and its most significant consequences.

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16

Anderson, Donald N. „“Reconstructing the Jehus”: How the Telegraph Tamed “the Hack Nuisance” in San Francisco“. Journal of Urban History 45, Nr. 2 (30.03.2018): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218766017.

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In the late 1870s, the American District Telegraph (ADT) in San Francisco introduced an intra-urban telegraph network, marketed to businesses and upper-class homes. Subscribers, needing no knowledge of telegraphy, used dial-to-order preset services, such as messengers, police, and coal delivery. One of the service’s most noted innovations was the ability to summon hired carriages through the call box. To provide hack service through its network, the ADT bought up many of the city’s carriages and consolidated them into the United Carriage Company (UCC), one of the first dispatch-oriented cab fleets anywhere. By controlling cab dispatch, the UCC also promised to reform the unruly occupation of hackdrivers. Although the telegraph box was soon supplanted by the telephone, it had put in motion a reorganization of the city’s cab industry, which quickly became intricated with the politics of class and control in public space.

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Ian Baldwin, M. A. „How the Telegraph and the Telephone Formed a Worldwide Wired Electromagnetic Environment“. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, Nr. 1 (13.01.2022): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.91.11570.

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The principle of electromagnetic induction was independently discovered by Michael Faraday (England) and Joseph Henry (USA) in 1831–32. The momentous discovery gave birth to numerous inventions that made civilization “modern,” beginning with the telegraph. First the telegraph and then the telephone required the installation of millions of miles of electric wire to cross continents and oceans in order to function as a global telecommunications system. These wires created a wholly new, anthropogenic electromagnetic environment, whose frequencies were orders of magnitude greater than those occurring naturally. Its effects on human beings, particularly inside cities, and the biosphere generally were unknown. Even now, more than a century later, the medical and environmental effects of this worldwide wired infrastructure are at best but partially understood. The telecommunications revolutions of the mid- and late 19th century were eagerly anticipated and implemented swiftly on an unprecedented scale, creating the technological basis for worldwide instantaneous communication. This paper describes the key discoveries that created the scientific and technical breakthroughs that allowed the first telecommunications revolutions to take place.

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Lauer, Josh. „Visualizing Black Telephone Users: Technological Whiteness and Racial Exclusion in Bell System Advertising“. Technology and Culture 65, Nr. 3 (Juli 2024): 899–931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2024.a933099.

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abstract: This study considers the broad implications of white technological modernity as a mode of symbolic and systemic exclusion. The visual absence of Black telephone users in mass-market advertising—and the struggle to make them visible—underscores the exclusionary power of technological whiteness and its lasting effects on conceptions of Black technology users, communities, and innovation. In the first half of the twentieth century, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) tirelessly promoted its national telephone network as a model of technological progress and universal service, but this vision did not include African Americans. This article examines the historical exclusion of African Americans in Bell System advertising and the emergence of Black telephone users in advertising imagery during the 1950s and 1960s, drawing attention to the civil rights work of Ramon S. Scruggs, the first African American to rise to Bell System upper management.

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Вовк, Наталья. „Основные направления документно-информационного обеспечения Украинской Галицкой армии в годы украинско-польской войны“. Studia Orientalne 5, Nr. 1 (2014): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2014111.

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The author of the article considers the main way sand methods of document-information provision of Ukrainian Galician Army. Analyzed the basicorders and instructions of higher authorities of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic,presented a brief description of the main pressing edition „Ukrajnskij golos”, „Republika”, „Ukrainskij prapor”, „Zolochivske slovo”, „Pokutskyj vistnyk”, „Vistnyk DSVS”. The article presents the main directions of development of telephone, telegraph and radio.

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Sawhney, Harmeet, und Xiaofei Wang. „Battle of Systems: Learning from Erstwhile Gas–Electricity and Telegraph–Telephone Battles“. Prometheus 24, Nr. 3 (September 2006): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08109020600877477.

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21

Newton, G. O. „Long distance telephone and telegraph installations in Australia during the war [1946]“. Telecommunications Journal of Australia 60, Nr. 3 (August 2010): 36.1–36.19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/tja10036.

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22

Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki. „Privatization of nippon telegraph and telephone: Was it a good policy decision?“ European Journal of Operational Research 107, Nr. 1 (Mai 1998): 45–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(96)00366-9.

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23

PUHACH, Dmytro. „THE STATE OF COMMUNICATIONS IN THE RUDKIV DISTRICT OF WUPR (NOVEMBER 1918 – MAY 1919)“. From the history of Western Ukraine 18 (2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/zuz.2022-18-31-41.

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The article analyzes the state of communications in the Rudkiv District of the West Ukrainian People's Republic during November 1918 – May 1919. It highlights the importance of the means of communication for the functioning of the state and society; pays attention to crisis phenomena; and investigates the reasons for their occurrence. It is demonstrated that, for a number of reasons, it was not possible to establish an effective railway connection in the county immediately. On the one hand, the article notices such problems of a state scale as personnel, fuel and material hunger, abuse of power by civil servants, and disorganization of the movement. On the other hand, it is indicated that the functioning of the local railway had its own peculiarities: as a result of the loss of Lviv, the duration and length of travel significantly increased; there was no record of theft of railway property in the district; but there were cases of sabotage among railway workers. The measures taken by the government to resolve the crisis are revealed. It is demonstrated that other means of transportation, primarily ordinary roads, despite the repair work of the military authorities and the civilians, were in an unsatisfactory condition due to natural disasters, negligence, or abuse of local residents. The example of the functioning of local post, telegraph and telephone networks shows the reflection of such national trends as the protection and restoration of telegraph lines, the slow creation of post offices and governments, and difficulties with the Ukrainization of state emblems on a regional scale. Keywords: Western Ukrainian People's Republic, Rudkiv District, means of communication, railway, postal service, telegraph and telephone networks.

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Sobień, Karol. „Państwowe przedsiębiorstwo pocztowe, telegraficzne i telefoniczne w II Rzeczypospolitej“. Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, Nr. 3 (26.11.2017): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2017.3.7.

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The article presents an analysis of one of the main companies in pre-war Poland. The author describes how the activities of postal, telegraph and telephone services were organized and the importance of state telecommunications company for organizing social and economic life, particularly through monolithic approach to distribution of information in Poland. This is followed by description of commercialization of the company and its further development, particularly during the Great Depression.

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Iwata, Ruth Y., Kent Fleming und Scott Campbell. „COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION TRANSFER FOR AGRICULTURE IN HAWAII“. HortScience 27, Nr. 6 (Juni 1992): 674c—674. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.674c.

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AgNet-Hawaii is a computer-based information transfer system (CBIS) established at the Beaumont Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawaii to improve communication among research, extension and farmers on the island of Hawaii and with the island of Oahu. AgNet-Hawaii is one node of a Pacific-wide network of CBIS nodes, whose hub is the Coconut Telegraph CBIS on the Manoa Campus of the University of Hawaii on Oahu. AgNet-Hawaii has file and conference areas, the capability of uploading and downloading files, issuing bulletins, and sending files attached to messages. Access is by computer and modem with the following modem protocols: Telephone (808) 969-3025 (AgNet-Hawaii), (808) 956-2626 (Coconut Telegraph), Data Bits: 8, Parity: N, Stop Bits: 1, Speed: 300/1200/2400/9600/14.4K bps.

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Oliinyk, Olena, Vasyl Farynyk, Andrii Vozniuk, Olena Volobuieva und Oksana Beryslavska. „The principles of criminal law in the aspect of protection of constitutional rights of citizens“. Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, Nr. 27 (21.03.2020): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.27.03.49.

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Description. The purpose of the article is to identify the subject of crimes related to the violation of confidentiality of telephone conversations transmitted by means of communication or through a computer, to qualify the criminal activity properly and to distinguish them from other crimes and misdemeanors. The purpose of the article also covers the issues of the principles of criminal law, which can solve the problems of formulating certain rules of the law on criminal liability, designed to protect the constitutional rights and freedoms of an individual. Methodology. In the course of the study general and special methods of the legal science were used: comparative and legal method; formal and dogmatic method; dialectical method; statistical method. The results of the study made it possible to identify the areas for improving the principles of criminal law for breach of confidentiality of correspondence, telephone, telegraph or other kinds of correspondence transmitted by means of communication or through the computer, and the areas of international cooperation in this area. Practical implications. According to the results of the research, some proposals were made for a more precise formulation of the characteristics of the object as well as the elements of the objective element of the crime under consideration. Value / originality. Based on the authors’ approach to identifying the subject matter of a crime, which involves liability for violation of confidentiality of correspondence, telephone conversations, telegraph or other correspondence transmitted by means of communication or through a computer, it was determined what features of the subject matter of the crime in question should be recorded in laws and what principles of criminal law can solve the task set by the study.

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Zernetska, O. „On the History of Communication Development: the First Intercontinental Connection“. Problems of World History, Nr. 1 (24.03.2016): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2016-1-11.

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The first intercontinental links in the history of communication development that encompass the period between 1850’s and the end of World War I have been systematically detected for the first time in historical and political sciences. Special attention has been given to the global usage of telegraph by the British Empire which was the first country in the world to lay transatlantic and transpacific cables. The USA was the second in this competition. This means that these countries overcame the last barrier to world communications at the very beginning of the XXth century. Political, diplomatic, economic, commercial aspects of this dominance by the British Empire and the USA before and during World War I have been observed. A complex analysis of these communications usage (telegraph, telephone, radio) by the countries – main participants of this war for tactical, strategic, international and political purposes has been conducted.

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MacDougall, Robert. „Long Lines: AT&T's Long-Distance Network as an Organizational and Political Strategy“. Business History Review 80, Nr. 2 (2006): 297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680500035509.

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The primary importance of long-distance telephone service to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company in the first two decades of the twentieth century was not commercial but organizational and political. The so-called Bell System was not a single firm before 1910 but was, rather, an association of regional companies with considerable autonomy. As AT&T's leaders worked both to overcome independent competitors and to curtail the autonomy of their own local affiliates, long-distance service offered them a powerful technological justification for the consolidation of control. Outside the Bell System, long distance also served as a vivid symbol of interconnection and integration. Long distance proved central to AT&T's campaign to convince Americans of its own legitimacy and that of nation-spanning corporations in general.

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Turk, Katherine. „“Our Militancy is in Our Openness”: Gay Employment Rights Activism in California and the Question of Sexual Orientation in Sex Equality Law“. Law and History Review 31, Nr. 2 (Mai 2013): 423–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248013000072.

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On Good Friday of 1973, members of San Francisco's homosexual community staged a public demonstration amidst the skyscrapers in the business district. Shen Hayes, described as a “frail nineteen-year-old,” claimed to embody the suffering of the city's gay population. Hayes dragged a telephone pole “cross” on his back while throngs of protesters cheered and chanted. The local minister leading the action likened gays’ lack of rights to murder, and the caption accompanying Hayes’ photo in the newspaper claimed that he and other gay Californians had been “crucified.” Despite, despite the protest's religious intensity, its objective was secular. Activists had convened to oppose discrimination against those workers whom Pacific Telephone & Telegraph (PT&T) had labeled “manifest homosexuals”: employees and job applicants who either claimed or seemed to be gay.

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Perekrestova, S. V. „NEW MEANS OF COMMUNICATION AND THE OLD SYSTEM (INTEGRATION OF THE TELEPHONE ACTIVITY INTO THE SYSTEM OF STATE REGULATION OF COMMUNICATIONS IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)“. Вестник Пермского университета. История, Nr. 2(53) (2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-38-47.

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The paper analyzes the process of formulating the main principles of the state regulation of the telephone activities in Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Even though the emergence of the telephone in Russia matched the process of the whole unified postal and telegraph service’s organizing, crucial necessity of including the telephone into the system of the state management of communications did not become just a step in these reforms’ development. It caused the discussion on another matter, namely on the main principle of the system’s functioning, i.e. perception of the communications as the subject of the state monopoly. Thus, the Russian government’s attempts to adopt the telephone to a broadly settled system of the state regulation happened to be followed by the debates on neither administrative no technical, but on the legal and economic matters. Lately, they moved to the principle of the state monopoly in the communications sphere as a whole and to perception of the latter as a source of the state income. Nevertheless, during the analyzed period, the focus of all the disputes was made on responding to the private capital’s threat to the monopoly status of the government. However, its main concern was not the monopoly itself, but one of its aspects, i.e. the most commercially profitable way to build and use the telephone communications.

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Galambos, Louis. „Theodore N. Vail and the Role of Innovation in the Modern Bell System“. Business History Review 66, Nr. 1 (1992): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3117054.

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The record of long–term innovation at the American Telegraph and Telephone Company seems to defy conventional economic and social theories of the firm. The following essay, based on extensive research in the AT&T Archives, argues that CEO Theodore Vail made this possible by transforming the Bell System's orientation to innovation, its structure, and its culture. He also gave the System a cadre of leaders who sustained over the long term Vail's strategy of blending adaptive and formative innovations to promote network efficiency.

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Enis, Ben M., und E. Thomas Sullivan. „The AT&T Settlement: Legal Summary, Economic Analysis, and Marketing Implications“. Journal of Marketing 49, Nr. 1 (Januar 1985): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224298504900112.

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A review of one of the most significant events in modern economic history, the restructuring of American Telephone and Telegraph Company, this article gives a concise summary of the legal issues, from first allegations in 1974 through the final order in 1983. It offers a six-category product-market framework for considering the economic and marketing implications of the settlement, and provides a foundation for continued study of the many opportunities and threats implicit in greatly increasing the scope and diversity of telecommunications marketing.

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Baskar, S., und S. Palaniammal. „M/M(a, b)/(2,1) queueing system with servers repeated and delayed vacation“. Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 07, Nr. 02 (Juni 2014): 1450032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557114500326.

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In queueing systems with multi-server models, every server goes on vacation irrespective of the availability of the server in the system. This creates inconvenience to the customers in places like computer network, communication network, hospitals, telegraph offices and telephone booths, etc., where at least one server must be available in the system for service. In this paper, an analysis has been carried out on a bulk service queueing system with two servers in which at least one server is available for service in the system always.

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Hochfelder, David. „Constructing an Industrial Divide: Western Union, AT&T, and the Federal Government, 1876–1971“. Business History Review 76, Nr. 4 (2002): 705–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4127707.

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An 1879 contract between Western Union and Bell partitioned the electrical communications industry between the telegraph and telephone markets. Historians typically view this contract as the start of both Western Union's decline and Bell's rise, and they have treated these as largely separate processes. This article argues instead that these processes were linked by a porous and shifting boundary between the two industries. Legal, technical, and regulatory factors interacted to shape this boundary over the next century. The 1879 contract failed to keep Bell out of long-distance communications, as Bell used its market power, geographic reach, and technological superiority to penetrate this boundary. Throughout much of the twentieth century, federal regulators and Western Union executives attempted to strengthen this divide through regulatory means. The attempt failed because AT&T controlled key telegraph technologies and had considerable market power. While regulators propped up Western Union as the only competitor to AT&T, by the 1960s it was offering only token competition.

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Zakharova, Larissa. „Access to Communication Tools in Stalin’s Soviet Union“. Annales (English ed.) 68, Nr. 02 (Juni 2013): 357–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398568200000261.

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This article examines the status and the place of such means of interpersonal communication as mail, the telegraph, and the telephone in Soviet society under Stalin. Access to tools of communication created a certain hierarchy in the Soviet Union: the telephone was only accessible in large cities, whereas postal services remained limited across the countryside. As it was being implemented, the Soviet project of a communicating society proved to be full of disparities, ultimately centered on the city-dwelling elite. While the radial scheme of communications networks favored contact between the capital and the provinces, the geographical proximity of the regions did not facilitate communications between their inhabitants. The construction of long-distance networks of sociability was affected by the territorial dimensions of the country, varying access to tools of communication, weak technological development, and bureaucratic malfunctioning.

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Dubois, Marc. „Gaston Eysselinck and his Masterpiece. The Post Office Building in Ostend (1945-1953)“. Designing Modern Life, Nr. 46 (2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/46.a.e80sy5ct.

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The city of Ostend became severely damaged during World War II. Practically all the main public buildings were destroyed: the City Hall, the Casino, the Horse Race–Track, the main Post Office building, etc. The city decided to rebuild a new Post Office on the location of the first construction. In 1945, architect Gaston Eysselinck (1907–1953) from Ghent was assigned to design the new main Post Office (PTT), including the telephone and telegraph offices (RTT) and the technical infrastructure. The project in Ostend was his first big assignment.

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Strong, Robert A., und Dosoung Choi. „THE PRICING OF WHEN-ISSUED COMMON STOCK: THE CASE OF AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH“. Financial Review 20, Nr. 3 (August 1985): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.1985.tb00288.x.

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38

Abdur Rehman, Nabeel, Shankar Kalyanaraman, Talal Ahmad, Fahad Pervaiz, Umar Saif und Lakshminarayanan Subramanian. „Fine-grained dengue forecasting using telephone triage services“. Science Advances 2, Nr. 7 (Juli 2016): e1501215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501215.

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Thousands of lives are lost every year in developing countries for failing to detect epidemics early because of the lack of real-time disease surveillance data. We present results from a large-scale deployment of a telephone triage service as a basis for dengue forecasting in Pakistan. Our system uses statistical analysis of dengue-related phone calls to accurately forecast suspected dengue cases 2 to 3 weeks ahead of time at a subcity level (correlation of up to 0.93). Our system has been operational at scale in Pakistan for the past 3 years and has received more than 300,000 phone calls. The predictions from our system are widely disseminated to public health officials and form a critical part of active government strategies for dengue containment. Our work is the first to demonstrate, with significant empirical evidence, that an accurate, location-specific disease forecasting system can be built using analysis of call volume data from a public health hotline.

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FERDERER, J. PETER. „Advances in Communication Technology and Growth of the American Over-the-Counter Markets, 1876–1929“. Journal of Economic History 68, Nr. 2 (Juni 2008): 501–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050708000387.

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The rapid development of the nationwide telephone network following the expiration of the Bell patents in 1894, along with expansion of private wire telegraph networks, created the “nerve center” necessary for rapid growth in the decentralized, dealer-intermediated, over-the-counter security markets. Using membership roles from the National Quotation Bureau—the predecessor of the NASDAQ—I link growth in the number of dealers to the expansion of these communication networks prior to World War I. Moreover, trading activity on the organized stock exchanges fell during this period, suggesting that these technologies provided a competitive advantage to the over-the-counter markets.

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Hirschfeld-Kroen, Leana. „Weavers of Film“. Feminist Media Histories 7, Nr. 3 (2021): 104–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fmh.2021.7.3.104.

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This article uses AT&T’s 1910s–30s “Weavers of Speech” campaign to read on-screen telegraph and telephone operators as vernacular translators of cinematic syntax and hypervisible avatars for the invisible cutter girls who “knitted the pieces of film together” on studio lots. While operators largely played peripheral roles in classical films, two transitional periods saw them rise to the surface of story en masse, as if temporarily hired to sew over a rupture. A comparative analysis of telephone girls’ enlistment as temp techno-pedagogues during US film’s introduction of crosscutting and European film’s polyglot transition to sound suggests women’s film-weaving labor as an alternative to the surgical rhetoric (suture) and auteur models that dominate theories of film editing. More broadly, the article suggests that the culturally conspicuous feminization of low-level information labor offers feminist film historians a crucial “mediatrix” for uncovering woman workers hidden in the cut of film.

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Sana, Rabia, und Professor Dr Shahzad Ali. „Mapping of Pakistani Media, Society and Culture in the Mainstream Print Media of the United Kingdom and the United States“. Journal of Law & Social Studies 4, Nr. 2 (30.06.2022): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52279/jlss.04.02.361372.

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This paper interrogated the Western media perception regarding Pakistani society, culture, image and media. It was the developing concern of Western electronic and print media to discuss the various issues related to Pakistan and mainly politics, international relations, society and culture were stressed upon. The present study explored the coverage of American and British press (the Telegraph, the Guardian, the New York Times & the Washington Post) regarding Pakistan. For this reason, the data got from the following newspapers the Telegraph, the Guardian, the New York Times & the Washington Post for the three specific months. The findings revealed that overall negative impression was found in American and British newspapers regarding Pakistani society, culture and media. Pakistani culture was attributed with patriarchal, male chauvinistic with blend of conservative’s tribal norms; extremism, rigidity, violent behavior and religious fanaticism. Women were shown as living in shabby conditions and they were deprived of their fundamental rights. The issues of crime against women, especially in the countryside about domestic violence, acid burning, and abused rape were highlighted. However, softer tone was depicted for pro-Western, liberals’ individuals, NGOs and other elements as compared to the right-wing groups which received more negative frames. Overall the negative issues related to natural disasters, over population, corruption, mismanagement, poor human rights, pervasiveness of conservative’s rightwing groups, and insecurity for journalists dominated the coverage.

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Anchordoguy, Marie. „Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company (NTT) and the Building of a Telecommunications Industry in Japan“. Business History Review 75, Nr. 3 (2001): 507–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116385.

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The state's role in building Japan's telecommunications industry is illustrated by the history of the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company (NTT) in the post–World War II period. Several factors explain the state's success in developing one of the world's most reliable and technologically advanced industries: a strong desire for technological self-sufficiency; a favorable international environment; an ability to legally reverse-engineer foreign products; and the existence of a business sector that was willing and able to invest heavily in the human resources and facilities necessary to become global players. Japan also benefited from a consensus among its state and business elite on how to use NTT for the purpose of national development.

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Ploeckl, Florian. „Uniform Service, Uniform Productivity? Regional Efficiency of the Imperial German Postal, Telegraph, and Telephone Service“. Australian Economic History Review 56, Nr. 2 (20.06.2016): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12099.

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PARFITT, STEVEN. „Whither Industrial Democracy? The Federal Government and Organized Labour in the Telegraph Industry during the First World War“. Journal of American Studies 48, Nr. 2 (14.02.2014): 517–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875813001515.

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The recent historiography of American labour in the First World War pays special attention to the idea of industrial democracy. The federal government, historians argue in various ways, played a major role in defining that term and affecting how trade unionists, employers and all kinds of industrial and political reformers fought over and applied their own definitions of industrial democracy. In this article I look at one case study of wartime federal intervention in labour relations, between the Commercial Telegraphers' Union of America (CTUA) and the Western Union Telegraph Company. During the war both parties were subject to intervention from the National War Labor Board, the main federal arbitration agency, and then, after nationalization of the telegraphs, the federal Telegraph and Telephone Administration. The experience of the CTUA is more or less at odds with recent general accounts of First World War labour. In this article I argue that this experience points towards a change of emphasis regarding federal-style industrial democracy, placing greater stress on its role in leading directly to the non and antiunion industrial policies practised by many employers in the 1920s, in addition to its encouragement of trade union growth in wartime.

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Koh, Kuan Wei, Zubaidah V. P. Hamzah und Azlizan Mat Enh. „Perkembangan Teknologi Komunikasi dan Sumbangannya kepada Pentadbiran British dan Masyarakat di Negeri-Negeri Selat 1902-1938“. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication 37, Nr. 1 (31.03.2021): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkmjc-2021-3701-07.

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The Development of the Communication Technology and Its Contributions to the British Administration and Society in Straits Settlements 1902-1938 ABSTRACT A communication system is an important element in facilitating the administration as well as providing communication facilities to the local community. The economic development and changes in the British administration system in the Straits Settlements led the British administration to introduce a modern communication system in the Straits Settlements to facilitate the transmission of information. Most of the previous research on communication is focusing on the development of the transportation system as compared to the communication system. Hence, the objective of this study is to identify the efforts taken by the British in developing communication technology in the Straits Settlements dan its contributions to the administration and the local community. The methodology used for this study is qualitative. The analysis is based on the historical method by making primary sources the main source of analysis. Among the files that were referred to are colonial files CO273 Colonial Office: Straits Settlements Original Correspondence and CO275 Colonial Office: Straits Settlements Sessional Papers. This research shows that there are various efforts taken by the British in the Straits Settlements to develop a perfect and efficient communication system. This includes efforts to improvise the telephone and telegraph facilities by upgrading existing cables of communication. The telephone and telegraph cables were added all over the Straits Settlements which subsequently widened the network of communication to the other Malay States. Wireless technology was also introduced in Singapore and Penang to provide communication that is modern and sophisticated during that era. The transformation in the communication system in the Straits Settlements has contributed to the smooth running of the administration as well as bringing social and economic benefits. Keywords: Communication technology, British administration, Straits Settlements, social service, disseminating information.

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Ali, Shahzad, Ahmer Safwan und Muhammad Makkey Bhutta. „Portrayal of civil and military leadership of Pakistan: Content analysis of Newspapers of UK and USA during PPP regimes“. Journal of Humanities, Social and Management Sciences (JHSMS) 2, Nr. 1 (28.09.2021): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.jhsms/2.1.13.

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Civil and military leadership of Pakistan have always played tremendous role and formulating and executing different policies regarding every issue of state. The significance of mainstream print media cannot be neglected as it forms public option regarding civil and military institutions in all countries. There, the research has been designed to analyse portrayal of Pakistani civil and military leadership by four newspapers of UK and USA (Telegraph, Guardian, New York Times & Washington Post) during tenures of PPP (1995-1996 & 2008-2013). Quantitative content analysis has been adapted as research methodology to analyse features/articles, editorials and news stories in 9 major categories and 13 sub-categories with total 4053 published items in domain of civil & military leadership of Pakistan regarding different issues of the tenures of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). Findings have divulged that British and American newspapers covered news stories against of military leadership of Pakistan especially in category of terrorism while greater pro-civilian coverage has been found in comparison of pro- military coverage in tenures PPP. Mr. Asif Ali Zardari has been covered with more negative representation before in power as compared to his regime as President of Pakistan. On the basis of cumulative representation in all categories, overall impression of Pakistan has been reflected negative and unfavourable in British and American Print Media.

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Lüthje, Boy. „Regulierungskrise im Telekommunikationssektor in der BRD“. PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 16, Nr. 64 (01.09.1986): 64–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v16i64.1368.

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Im Folgenden soll von jenen Tendenzen zu einer umfassenden »Entstaatlichung« des Telekommunikationswesens die Rede sein, die in anderen kapitalistischen Industrieländern unter dem Etikett »Deregulierung« für Schlagzeilen sorgen - so die Entflechtung der Fernmeldemonopolgesellschaft AT & Tin den USA, die Privatisierung der britischen Fernmeldebehörde »British Telecom« oder die Teilprivatisierung von »Nippon Telephone and Telegraph« in Japan. Besonders in den USA und Großbritannien sind hier unter den Vorzeichen neo-konservativer Marktideologie Veränderungen in den ökonomisch-politischen Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung der Telekommunikation geschaffen worden, die nicht nur zu enormen Arbeitsplatzverlusten in den traditionell gesicherten Beschäftigungsverhältnissen der »communication workers« geführt haben, sondern auch gewerkschaftliche Einflußmöglichkeiten auf die übergreifende Technikentwicklung im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikations-(IUK-)Netze nahezu gänzlich beseitigen...

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Charness, Neil H. „THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA NETWORKS FOR AGING ADULTS: PANACEA, PLAGUE, OR BEEN THERE, DONE THAT?“ Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S210—S211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.767.

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Abstract Billions of people around the world rely on (or are addicted to) technology-based social networks such as Facebook. At first glance, particularly for aging adults with mobility challenges, internet-based networking seems like a panacea. At second glance, navigating through the thicket of ‘bots’, fraudsters and “fake friends” may turn out to be a plague. At third glance, technology-based interaction platforms are not that new (telegraph, telephone) and not that unusual. I examine the population-level trends in social network use by aging adults and discuss a recent CREATE intervention study, PRISM, that used a computer-based platform to try to reduce social isolation and loneliness in older adults at risk for social isolation.

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Williams, Benton. „AT&T and the Private-Sector Origins of Private-Sector Affirmative Action“. Journal of Policy History 20, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2008): 542–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.0.0027.

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In January 1973, American Telephone & Telegraph, then the world's largest private-sector employer, entered into a Consent Decree with the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. In this decree, following a fourteen-month dispute before the Federal Communications Commission,at&tagreed to implement specific goals and timetables for hiring women in traditionally male jobs, men in traditionally female jobs, and minorities in jobs in which they had been traditionally underrepresented.at&t's adoption of affirmative action immediately preceded the routine application of affirmative action hiring and promotion policies in large, private-sector U.S. firms regardless of federal contractor status. Nonetheless, the importance ofat&t's action remains misunderstood by critics and supporters of affirmative action alike.

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Sueyoshi, Toshiyuki. „Measuring Efficiencies and Returns to Scale of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone in Production and Cost Analyses“. Management Science 43, Nr. 6 (Juni 1997): 779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.43.6.779.

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