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Wedley, William C., Eng U. Choo und Diederik J. D. Wijnmalen. „Efficacy Analysis of Ratios from Pairwise Comparisons“. Fundamenta Informaticae 146, Nr. 3 (30.09.2016): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2016-1389.
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HAMENSTÄDT, URSULA. „Cocycles, Hausdorff measures and cross ratios“. Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 17, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1997): 1061–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385797086379.
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Let $f$ be a flip-invariant Hölder continuous function on the unit tangent bundle $T^1 M$ of a closed negatively curved Riemannian manifold $M$. We show that conditionals on strong unstable manifolds of the Gibbs equilibrium state defined by $f$ can be realized as Hausdorff measures. Moreover, cohomology classes of flip invariant cocycles are in one-to-one correspondence to cross ratios on the space of four pairwise distinct points of the ideal boundary of the universal covering $\tilde M$ of $M$.
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Kazibudzki, Paul Thaddeus. „The Quality of Ranking during Simulated Pairwise Judgments for Examined Approximation Procedures“. Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2019 (03.02.2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1683143.
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An overview of current debates and contemporary research devoted to the modeling of decision-making processes and their facilitation directs attention to the quality of priority ratios estimation through pairwise comparisons. At the core of the process are various approximation procedures for a pairwise comparison matrix which, in a sense, reflects preferences of decision-makers. Certainly, when judgments regarding these preferences are perfectly consistent (cardinally transitive), all approximation procedures coincide and the quality of the prioritization process is exemplary. However, human judgments are very rarely consistent, and thus the quality of priority ratios estimation may significantly vary. Obviously, the range of these variations depends on the applied approximation procedure for a pairwise comparison matrix. Although there are many approximation procedures which can be applied in the prioritization process, it has been promoted for many decades that only one should be applied and no others qualify. This paper suggests this opinion is a fallacy. Research results argue that a genuine, commonly applied approximation procedure for a pairwise comparison matrix may deteriorate the quality of priority ratios estimation. Thus, a number of solutions are also proposed which can improve the process of priority ratios estimation. In order to provide credible and high quality results, the problem is studied via a properly designed and coded seminal simulation algorithm, executed in Wolfram Mathematica 8.0.
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Angelis, K., M. dos Reis und Z. Yang. „Bayesian Estimation of Nonsynonymous/Synonymous Rate Ratios for Pairwise Sequence Comparisons“. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31, Nr. 7 (18.04.2014): 1902–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu142.
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Walach, Jan, Peter Filzmoser, Karel Hron, Beata Walczak und Lukáš Najdekr. „Robust biomarker identification in a two-class problem based on pairwise log-ratios“. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 171 (Dezember 2017): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2017.09.003.
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Cogger, K. O., und P. L. Yu. „Eigenweight vectors and least-distance approximation for revealed preference in pairwise weight ratios“. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 46, Nr. 4 (August 1985): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00939153.
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Curis, Emmanuel, Cindie Courtin, Pierre Alexis Geoffroy, Jean-Louis Laplanche, Bruno Saubaméa und Cynthia Marie-Claire. „Determination of sets of covariating gene expression using graph analysis on pairwise expression ratios“. Bioinformatics 35, Nr. 2 (13.07.2018): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty629.
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Parker, John R., und Ioannis D. Platis. „Global Geometrical Coordinates on Falbel's Cross-Ratio Variety“. Canadian Mathematical Bulletin 52, Nr. 2 (01.06.2009): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4153/cmb-2009-031-3.
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AbstractFalbel has shown that four pairwise distinct points on the boundary of a complex hyperbolic 2-space are completely determined, up to conjugation in PU(2, 1), by three complex cross-ratios satisfying two real equations. We give global geometrical coordinates on the resulting variety.
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Loewenberg, Michael, und Robert H. Davis. „Near-contact thermocapillary motion of two non-conducting drops“. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 256 (November 1993): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093002733.
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The axisymmetric, thermocapillary-driven motion of a pair of non-conducting, spherical drops in near contact is analysed for conditions of small Reynolds and Marangoni numbers. The pairwise motion and an associated contact force are computed by considering touching drops in point contact. Relative motion for nearly touching drops results from the contact force balanced by a lubrication resistance. A new, analytical solution is obtained for the axisymmetric temperature field around an unequal pair of non-conducting, tangent spheres embedded in an ambient temperature gradient. Numerical results for the pairwise migration velocity, contact force, and the relative and individual drop velocities are presented for all size ratios and a wide range of viscosity ratios, and asymptotic formulae are derived for small size ratios. For nearly equisized drops, the ratio of the relative velocity for two drops in near contact to that for widely separated drops is similar for thermocapillary-driven and gravity-driven motion. For small and moderate size ratios, however, this ratio is much larger for thermocapillary-driven relative motion than for gravity-driven relative motion, indicating that the former represents a more efficient coalescence mechanism. An explanation for this finding is provided in terms of the thermocapillary motion of the interface of the larger drop aiding the withdrawal of continuous phase from between the two drops.
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dos Reis, Mario, und Ziheng Yang. „Why Do More Divergent Sequences Produce Smaller Nonsynonymous/Synonymous Rate Ratios in Pairwise Sequence Comparisons?“ Genetics 195, Nr. 1 (21.06.2013): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.113.152025.
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Chia, Teck Wah R., Vu Tuan Nguyen, Thomas McMeekin, Narelle Fegan und Gary A. Dykes. „Stochasticity of Bacterial Attachment and Its Predictability by the Extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek Theory“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, Nr. 11 (08.04.2011): 3757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01415-10.
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ABSTRACTBacterial attachment onto materials has been suggested to be stochastic by some authors but nonstochastic and based on surface properties by others. We investigated this by attaching pairwise combinations of twoSalmonella entericaserovar Sofia (S. Sofia) strains (with different physicochemical and attachment properties) with one strain each ofS. entericaserovar Typhimurium,S. entericaserovar Infantis, orS. entericaserovar Virchow (all with similar physicochemical and attachment abilities) in ratios of 0.428, 1, and 2.333 onto glass, stainless steel, Teflon, and polysulfone. Attached bacterial cells were recovered and counted. If the ratio of attached cells of eachSalmonellaserovar pair recovered was the same as the initial inoculum ratio, the attachment process was deemed stochastic. Experimental outcomes from the study were compared to those predicted by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory. Significant differences (P< 0.05) between the initial and the attached ratios for serovar pairs containingS. Sofia S1296a for all different ratios were apparent for all materials. ForS. Sofia S1635-containing pairs, 7 out of 12 combinations of serovar pairs and materials had attachment ratios not significantly different (P> 0.05) from the initial ratio of 0.428. Five out of 12 and 10 out of 12 samples had attachment ratios not significantly different (P> 0.05) from the initial ratios of 1 and 2.333, respectively. These results demonstrate that bacterial attachment to different materials is likely to be nonstochastic only when the key physicochemical properties of the bacteria were significantly different (P< 0.05) from each other. XDLVO theory could successfully predict the attachment of some individual isolates to particular materials but could not be used to predict the likelihood of stochasticity in pairwise attachment experiments.
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Farago, Adam, und Erik Hjalmarsson. „Stock Price Co-Movement and the Foundations of Pairs Trading“. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 54, Nr. 2 (24.08.2018): 629–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109018000789.
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We study the theoretical implications of cointegrated stock prices on the profitability of pairs-trading strategies. If stock returns are fairly weakly correlated across time, cointegration implies very high Sharpe ratios. To the extent that the theoretical Sharpe ratios are “too large,” our results suggest that either i) cointegration does not exist pairwise among stocks, and pairs-trading profits are a result of a weaker or less stable dependency structure among stock pairs, or ii) the serial correlation in stock returns stretches over considerably longer horizons than is usually assumed. Empirically, there is little evidence of cointegration, favoring the first explanation.
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Eastwood, Annette, Will G. Hopkins, Pitre C. Bourdon, Robert T. Withers und Christopher J. Gore. „Stability of hemoglobin mass over 100 days in active men“. Journal of Applied Physiology 104, Nr. 4 (April 2008): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00719.2007.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the suggestion in a recent meta-analysis that variability in hemoglobin mass increases when time between measurements increases from days to months. Hemoglobin mass of six active men was measured with the carbon monoxide method every 1–6 days for 100–114 days (42 ± 3 measurements, mean ± SD). Measurement error for each individual's series was estimated from the standard deviation of consecutive pairwise changes and compared with his total error (standard deviation of all values). Linear trends and periodicities in each series were quantified by regression and spectral analysis. Series with known random error and periodicity were also simulated and analyzed. There were clear differences in the pairwise error of measurement between subjects (range 1.4–2.7%). For five men, there was little difference between the total and pairwise errors; their mean ratio (1.06, 90% confidence limits 0.96–1.17) was less than ratios for simulated sinusoidal series with random error of 2%, amplitude of 2%, and periods of 20–100 days (ratios 1.13–1.21). Spectral analysis clearly revealed such periodicities in the simulated series but not in the series of these subjects. The sixth man, who had donated blood 12 days before commencing measurements, showed errors, trend, and periodicity consistent with gradual restoration of hemoglobin mass. Measurement error of hemoglobin mass does not increase over 100 days. Consequently, hemoglobin mass may be suitable for long-term monitoring of small changes that might occur with training or erythropoietin abuse, taking into consideration the small differences between athletes in errors and trends.
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Galpert, Deborah, Sara del Río, Francisco Herrera, Evys Ancede-Gallardo, Agostinho Antunes und Guillermin Agüero-Chapin. „An Effective Big Data Supervised Imbalanced Classification Approach for Ortholog Detection in Related Yeast Species“. BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/748681.
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Orthology detection requires more effective scaling algorithms. In this paper, a set of gene pair features based on similarity measures (alignment scores, sequence length, gene membership to conserved regions, and physicochemical profiles) are combined in a supervised pairwise ortholog detection approach to improve effectiveness considering low ortholog ratios in relation to the possible pairwise comparison between two genomes. In this scenario, big data supervised classifiers managing imbalance between ortholog and nonortholog pair classes allow for an effective scaling solution built from two genomes and extended to other genome pairs. The supervised approach was compared with RBH, RSD, and OMA algorithms by using the following yeast genome pairs:Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Kluyveromyces lactis,Saccharomyces cerevisiae-Candida glabrata, andSaccharomyces cerevisiae-Schizosaccharomyces pombeas benchmark datasets. Because of the large amount of imbalanced data, the building and testing of the supervised model were only possible by using big data supervised classifiers managing imbalance. Evaluation metrics taking low ortholog ratios into account were applied. From the effectiveness perspective, MapReduce Random Oversampling combined with Spark SVM outperformed RBH, RSD, and OMA, probably because of the consideration of gene pair features beyond alignment similarities combined with the advances in big data supervised classification.
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Lee, Eun-Young, und Asaduzzaman Khan. „Prevalence and Clustering Patterns of Pro-Environmental Behaviors among Canadian Households in the Era of Climate Change“. Sustainability 12, Nr. 19 (06.10.2020): 8218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198218.
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This study examined the prevalence and clustering patterns of pro-environmental behaviors that are conducive to socially and environmentally sustainable living among Canadians. Cross-sectional data from the 2015 Households and the Environment Survey (HES) were used. Prevalence was calculated by province and each pro-environmental behavior. Observed/expected prevalence ratios were computed to assess clustering patterns and logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the pairwise associations. Among 8816 Canadian households, prevalence of engaging in pro-environmental behaviors ranked as the following: engaging in green consumer behavior (88%), composting food/yard waste (84%), being active outdoors (82%), gardening (72%), and recycling electronics (45%). While only 14% engaged in ≤2 pro-environmental behaviors, 25.1% of Canadians engaged in all pro-environmental behaviors. By province, British Columbia was the greenest province (81%), followed by Ontario (77%) and Nova Scotia (76.9%) while the least green provinces were Newfoundland and Labrador (62.9%), Saskatchewan (69.2%), and New Brunswick (68%). The most apparent clustering of behaviors was found between recycling electronics and gardening (Observed/Expected: 3.65, 95% CI: 1.98–5.32). Pairwise associations between any two pro-environmental behaviors were statistically significant for all possible combinations (Odds ratios ranged 1.23–2.24). Prevalence of engaging in different sets of pro-environmental behaviors varied greatly by province. Sub-optimal clustering of pro-environmental behaviors and varying pairwise synergetic associations were observed in Canadian households. To promote more holistic, sustainable lifestyles and create sociocultural environments that are conducive to the environment in the era of climate change, future work should investigate barriers and opportunities in adopting more pro-environmental behaviors in Canadian households.
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Carreras Simó, Miquel, und Germà Coenders. „Principal component analysis of financial statements. A compositional approach“. Revista de Métodos Cuantitativos para la Economía y la Empresa 29 (23.01.2020): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46661/revmetodoscuanteconempresa.3580.
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Financial ratios are often used in principal component analysis and related techniques for the purposes of data reduction and visualization. Besides the dependence of results on ratio choice, ratios themselves pose a number of problems when subjected to a principal component analysis, such as skewed distributions. In this work, we put forward an alternative method drawn from compositional data analysis (CoDa), a standard statistical toolbox for use when data convey information about relative magnitudes, as financial ratios do. The method, referred to as the CoDa biplot, does not rely on any particular choice of financial ratio but allows researchers to visually order firms along the pairwise financial ratios for any two accounts. Non-financial magnitudes and time evolution can be added to the visualization as desired. We show an example of its application to the top chains in the Spanish grocery retail sector and show how the technique can be used to depict strategic management differences in financial structure or performance, and their evolution over time.
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Amster, Guy, und Guy Sella. „Life History Effects on Neutral Diversity Levels of Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes“. Genetics 215, Nr. 4 (18.06.2020): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303119.
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Understanding the determinants of neutral diversity patterns on autosomes and sex chromosomes provides a bedrock for the interpretation of population genetic data; in particular, differences between the two informs our understanding of sex-specific demographic and mutation processes. While sex-specific age-structure and variation in reproductive success have long been known to affect neutral diversity, theoretical descriptions of these effects were complicated and lacking in generality, stymying attempts to relate diversity patterns of species with their life history. Here, we derive general yet simple expressions for these effects. In particular, we show that life history effects on X-to-autosome ratios of pairwise diversity levels (X:A diversity ratios) depend only on the male-to-female ratios of mutation rates, generation times, and reproductive variances. Our results reveal that changing the male-to-female ratio of generation times has opposite effects on X:A ratios of diversity and divergence. They also explain how sex-specific life histories modulate the response of X:A diversity ratios to changes in population size. More generally, they clarify that sex-specific life history—generation times in particular—should have marked effects on X:A diversity ratios in many taxa and enable further investigation of these effects.
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Gregorčič, Staša Hamzić, Nives Ogrinc, Russell Frew, Marijan Nečemer, Lidija Strojnik und Tea Zuliani. „The Provenance of Slovenian Milk Using 87Sr/86Sr Isotope Ratios“. Foods 10, Nr. 8 (27.07.2021): 1729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081729.
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This work presents the first use of Sr isotope ratios for determining the provenance of bovine milk from different regions of Slovenia. The analytical protocol for the determination of 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio was optimised and applied to authentic milk samples. Considerable variability of 87Sr/86Sr ratios found in Slovenian milk reflects the substantial heterogeneity of the geological background of its origin. The results, although promising, cannot discount possible inter-annual or annual variation of the Sr isotopic composition of milk. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of groundwater and surface waters are in good correlation with milk, indicating that the Sr isotopic fingerprint in milk is reflective of cow drinking water. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio has the potential to distinguish between different milk production areas as long as these areas are characterised by geo-lithology. Discriminant analysis (DA) incorporating the elemental composition and stable isotopes of light elements showed that 87Sr/86Sr ratio together with δ13Ccas and δ15Ncas values have the main discrimination power to distinguish the Quaternary group (group 6) from the others. Group 1 (Cretaceous: Carbonate Rocks and Flysch) is associated with Br content, 1/Sr and δ18Ow values. The overall prediction ability was found to be 63.5%. Pairwise comparisons using OPLS-DA confirmed that diet and geologic parameters are important for the separation.
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Adams, Fred C. „Pairwise tidal equilibrium states and the architecture of extrasolar planetary systems“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488, Nr. 1 (03.07.2019): 1446–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1832.
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ABSTRACT Current observations indicate that the planet formation process often produces multiple planet systems with nearly circular orbits, regular spacing, a narrow range of inclination angles, and similar planetary masses of order mp ∼ 10 M⊕. Motivated by the observational sample, this paper determines the tidal equilibrium states for this class of extrasolar planetary systems. We start by considering two-planet systems with fixed orbital spacing and variable mass ratios. The basic conjecture explored in this paper is that the planet formation process will act to distribute planetary masses in order to achieve a minimum energy state. The resulting minimum energy configuration – subject to the constraint of constant angular momentum – corresponds to circular orbits confined to a plane, with nearly equal planetary masses (as observed). We then generalize the treatment to include multiple planet systems, where each adjacent pair of planets attains its (local) tidal equilibrium state. The properties of observed planetary systems are close to those expected from this pairwise equilibrium configuration. In contrast, observed systems do not reside in a global minimum energy state. Both the equilibrium states of this paper and observed multiplanet systems, with planets of nearly equal mass on regularly spaced orbits, have an effective surface density of the form σ ∝ r−2, much steeper than most disc models.
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Kristbaum, Joseph P., und Frank W. Ciarallo. „Strategic Decision Facilitation: Supporting Critical Assumptions of the Human in Empirical Modeling of Pairwise Value Comparisons“. Systems 8, Nr. 3 (09.09.2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8030030.
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Modeling human decision-making is difficult. Decision-makers are typically primed with unique biases that widen the confidence interval of judgment. Therefore, it is important that the human process in the system being modeled is designed to alleviate damaging biases and assumptions in an effort to increase process consistency between decision-makers. In this experiment, it is hypothesized that coupling specific decision-facilitation methods with a specific scale range will affect the consistency between decision-makers. This article presents a multiphase experiment that examines a varying presentation mode as well as scale range to determine how value is determined in subsequent pairwise comparisons of alternatives against specific requirements. When considering subject value ratings of the expected rank order of alternative subgroups (indicating strong criteria independence), results show that subjects used consistent comparison ratios regardless of the scale range. Furthermore, when comparing the subgroups of expected rank order responses to the subgroups of biased responses, although ratios were different, the same general trend of comparison existed within subgroups. Providing evidence that careful selection of the presentation mode can facilitate more consistent value comparisons between compatible decision-makers allows for the identification of and adjustment of disparities due to bias and potential lack of incremental scaling detail. Furthermore, by creating decision processes that render more consistent cognitive behavior between decision-makers, tighter confidence intervals can be obtained, and critical assumptions can be validated.
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Turner, Nichole, Kristen Ferguson, Britney W. Mobley, Bryan Riemann und George Davies. „Establishing Normative Data on Scapulothoracic Musculature Using Handheld Dynamometry“. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 18, Nr. 4 (November 2009): 502–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.18.4.502.
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Context:Scapular strength deficits have been linked to shoulder dysfunction.Objective:To establish normative data on the scapulothoracic musculature in normal subjects using a handheld dynamometer.Design:Descriptive normative data study.Setting:Field research.Subjects:172 subjects with varying levels of overhead activity.Methods:A handheld dynamometer was used to test the upper, middle, and lower trapezius; rhomboids; and serratus anterior.Main Outcome Measures:A 2-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level and unilateral ratio by activity-level analyses. Post hoc analysis included multiple pairwise comparisons, using the Dunn-Bonferroni correction method.Results:Activity level did not significantly affect the unilateral ratios: Elevation:depression was 2.5:1, upward:downward rotation was 1.5:1, and protraction:retraction was 1.25:1. A rank order from strongest to weakest was established through significant comparisons.Conclusion:The unilateral ratios along with the rank order should be considered when discussing scapular rehabilitation protocols.
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Zvonarev, V. V., V. F. Pimenov und A. S. Popov. „Methodology for estimating reception efficiency of mutually correlated or in- phase signals at diversity transmission“. Issues of radio electronics, Nr. 12 (03.02.2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2020-12-38-43.
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The article describes and theoretically substantiates the potential technical capabilities of spatially separated earth stations (ES). When several ESs emit in-phase or mutually pairwise correlated signals in the direction of one received antenna of the object, the total level of the sum of emissions at its output (at the input of the receiving path) may be several times higher than the sum of the powers of these signals. In this regard, the article investigates the influence of the phase difference of the transmitted signals on the value of their total average power at the input of the receiving path. In the case of addition of common-mode signals, a formula is used to calculate in which the power of harmonic radiation is proportional to the square of the sum of the amplitude of the common-mode signals. This paradox is also valid for pairwise cross-correlated signals. The presented technique for evaluatingтthe effectivenessтallows one to establish not only the dependence of the energy ratios on the nonтenergy parameter, but also to determine the number of low-power ESs required to ensureтthe required signal level at the input of the receiving device. The use of the presented technique makes it possible to evaluate the efficiency of receiving a combined high-power signal for a differentтnumber of emitters that form in-phase or pairwise mutual correlation of signals at the receiving point.
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SAATY, THOMAS L., und MUJGAN OZDEMIR. „PRIORITY AS DOMINANCE IN DERIVED MEASUREMENT: INVARIANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL EIGENVECTOR“. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 02, Nr. 02 (Juni 2003): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622003000586.
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Ranking is a process of prioritization. Priorities, as measurement rather than pure guessing, can be derived from paired comparison judgments that generalize on ratios of actual measurements. Paired comparisons involve the selection of the smaller of the two objects being compared as the unit and estimating how many multiples of that unit the larger object is with respect to an attribute they share. In this paper, it is shown how priorities are derived as the principal right eigenvector of a pairwise comparison matrix and several examples are given to illustrate how the process works.
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Giuricin, G., F. Mardirossian, M. Mezzetti, A. Pisani und M. Ramella. „Galaxy Groups: Morphological Segregation Between Spirals“. Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900136599.
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We have considered the sample of groups of galaxies identified by M. J. Geller and J. P. Huchra (1983, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 52, 61), omitting the groups which are part of well-known clusters or those which are probably affected by the presence of interlopers. We have searched for possible morphological segregation among spirals in galaxy groups considering the mean-pairwise distance of the members of the galaxy system and the mean distance of the members from the center of the system. All the distances are normalized to the mean-pairwise distance (MPD) and to the mean distance from the center (CD), respectively, of all the members of the groups considered. We divided the family of the spirals (plus irregulars) into two subfamilies (S′ and S″); we included in S′ the early-type spirals (with morphological type code 0≤T≤2) and in S″ the galaxies of the late morphological types (with T ≥ 3). The median values of the ratios MPD(S′)/MPD, MPD(S″)/MPD, CD(S′)/CD, CD(S″)/CD are 0.86, 1.17, 0.95, 1.08, respectively.
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Bionaz, Massimo, und Juan J. Loor. „Identification of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in the bovine mammary gland during the lactation cycle“. Physiological Genomics 29, Nr. 3 (Mai 2007): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00223.2006.
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Achieving greater understanding of the genomic influence on milk synthesis in dairy cows represents a daunting challenge. Bovine-specific microarrays have allowed for high-throughput gene expression analysis of the mammary transcriptome. However, real-time PCR (qPCR) still represents the method of choice for accurate expression profiling of small numbers of genes and verification of key microarray relationships. This method is extremely sensitive but requires data normalization to account for analytical errors. Ideally, expression of genes used as internal controls should not be affected by specific treatments or physiological state. Mammary biopsies were collected from five cows each at −15, 1, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 days relative to parturition for gene expression profiling. We evaluated expression of nine genes ( RPS9, ACTB, GAPD, GTP, ITGB4BP, MRPL39, RPS23, RPS15, and UXT) that could serve as internal controls in mammary tissue using qPCR. Due to gradual increases in mammary RNA concentration (μg/mg tissue) over lactation, all genes investigated experienced a dilution effect. We used pairwise comparison of expression ratios to analyze the reliability of these genes as internal controls. UXT, RPS9, and RPS15 had the most stable expression ratios across cow and time. We also assessed co-regulation among genes through network analysis. Network analysis suggested co-regulation among most of the genes examined, with MYC playing a central role. Pairwise comparison was suitable for finding appropriate internal controls in mammary gland tissue. Results showed that the geometrical average of UXT, RPS9, and RPS15 expression could be used as internal control for longitudinal mammary gene expression profiling.
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HE, GUANGHUI, ZHAOWEI SHANG und HENGXIN CHEN. „DISTANCE-RATIO LEARNING FOR DATA VISUALIZATION“. International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution and Information Processing 10, Nr. 06 (November 2012): 1250055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219691312500555.
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Most dimensionality reduction methods depend significantly on the distance measure used to compute distances between different examples. Therefore, a good distance metric is essential to many dimensionality reduction algorithms. In this paper, we present a new dimensionality reduction method for data visualization, called Distance-ratio Preserving Embedding (DrPE), which preserves the ratio between the pairwise distances. It is achieved by minimizing the mismatch between the distance ratios derived from input and output space. The proposed method can preserve the relational structures among points of the input space. Extensive visualization experiments compared with existing dimensionality reduction algorithms demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
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Norén, G. Niklas, Johan Hopstadius und Andrew Bate. „Shrinkage observed-to-expected ratios for robust and transparent large-scale pattern discovery“. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 22, Nr. 1 (24.06.2011): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280211403604.
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Large observational data sets are a great asset to better understand the effects of medicines in clinical practice and, ultimately, improve patient care. For an empirical pattern in observational data to be of practical relevance, it should represent a substantial deviation from the null model. For the purpose of identifying such deviations, statistical significance tests are inadequate, as they do not on their own distinguish the magnitude of an effect from its data support. The observed-to-expected (OE) ratio on the other hand directly measures strength of association and is an intuitive basis to identify a range of patterns related to event rates, including pairwise associations, higher order interactions and temporal associations between events over time. It is sensitive to random fluctuations for rare events with low expected counts but statistical shrinkage can protect against spurious associations. Shrinkage OE ratios provide a simple but powerful framework for large-scale pattern discovery. In this article, we outline a range of patterns that are naturally viewed in terms of OE ratios and propose a straightforward and effective statistical shrinkage transformation that can be applied to any such ratio. The proposed approach retains emphasis on the practical relevance and transparency of highlighted patterns, while protecting against spurious associations.
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Biswas, Atanu, Rahul Bhattacharya und Soumyadeep Das. „A multi-treatment response adaptive design for ordinal categorical responses“. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, Nr. 3 (10.05.2019): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280219846152.
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A multi-treatment response adaptive procedure is developed considering “comparison with the best” philosophy of multiple comparison procedures for clinical trials with ordinal categorical responses, when there is no shared control. For each response category, we arbitrarily create two outcome groups; one by combining the categories more favorable to it and the other by merging the categories at most as favorable to it and hence define the odds (i.e. cumulative odds). Pairwise ratios of such odds (i.e. cumulative odds ratios) based on pairs of treatments are combined conveniently to derive a measure of relative superiority and hence the allocation probability functions. For practical implementation, we suggest response-adaptive randomization (RAR), that is, update the allocation probabilities dynamically using the available allocation and response information to favor the treatment doing better. Empirical as well as large sample properties following the randomization are investigated in detail. Moreover, a real clinical trial with trauma patients is redesigned using the proposed RAR to envisage practical applicability.
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Vaudo, Anthony D., Harland M. Patch, David A. Mortensen, John F. Tooker und Christina M. Grozinger. „Macronutrient ratios in pollen shape bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) foraging strategies and floral preferences“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 28 (28.06.2016): E4035—E4042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606101113.
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To fuel their activities and rear their offspring, foraging bees must obtain a sufficient quality and quantity of nutritional resources from a diverse plant community. Pollen is the primary source of proteins and lipids for bees, and the concentrations of these nutrients in pollen can vary widely among host-plant species. Therefore we hypothesized that foraging decisions of bumble bees are driven by both the protein and lipid content of pollen. By successively reducing environmental and floral cues, we analyzed pollen-foraging preferences of Bombus impatiens in (i) host-plant species, (ii) pollen isolated from these host-plant species, and (iii) nutritionally modified single-source pollen diets encompassing a range of protein and lipid concentrations. In our semifield experiments, B. impatiens foragers exponentially increased their foraging rates of pollen from plant species with high protein:lipid (P:L) ratios; the most preferred plant species had the highest ratio (∼4.6:1). These preferences were confirmed in cage studies where, in pairwise comparisons in the absence of other floral cues, B. impatiens workers still preferred pollen with higher P:L ratios. Finally, when presented with nutritionally modified pollen, workers were most attracted to pollen with P:L ratios of 5:1 and 10:1, but increasing the protein or lipid concentration (while leaving ratios intact) reduced attraction. Thus, macronutritional ratios appear to be a primary factor driving bee pollen-foraging behavior and may explain observed patterns of host-plant visitation across the landscape. The nutritional quality of pollen resources should be taken into consideration when designing conservation habitats supporting bee populations.
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Soe, Minn, Allan Nkwata, Jonathan R. Edwards, Margaret Dudeck und Daniel Pollock. „Assessing The Impact of The National Healthcare Safety Network’s (NHSN’s) New Baseline on Acute Care Hospital Standardized Infection Ratios (SIRs)“. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4, suppl_1 (2017): S49—S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx162.117.
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Abstract Background To more accurately measure the progress of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention efforts, the CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance system updated risk-adjustment models for computation of updated Standardized Infection Ratios (SIRs), the primary HAI summary measure by NHSN. This study sought to examine how the updated SIRs varied from the previous SIRs calculated using older baselines for acute care hospital HAIs. Methods We analyzed NHSN data for healthcare facility-onset laboratory-identified Clostridium difficile [CDI] and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] bacteremia reported in accordance with the CMS’ inpatient quality reporting program requirement. The unit of analysis was CMS certification number (CCN) facility reporting in 2015. We compared overall distributions of CCN-level SIRs (CCN-SIRs) between new risk-adjustment models using a 2015 baseline (SIR_NEW) and old models using a 2011 baseline (SIR_OLD) and tested location shift (median away from null) of pairwise differences. We also examined the magnitude of shift in SIR from old to new baseline. Results For each HAI, the national pooled mean SIR of the new baseline was ~1.0. For CDI, the overall distributions of CCN SIR_NEW and CCN-SIR_OLD were different, and the median of pairwise difference was away from null with CCN-SIR_NEW slightly higher. For MRSA, the SIR differences were not significant. Most CCN-SIRs (83% for CDI, 93% for MRSA) remained in the same significance category across the old and new baselines (“worse,” “better, ‘not different from national benchmark’), and few CCN-SIRs were reclassified to a less favorable category. For 75% of CCN-SIRs, their relative position in the quartile distributions of SIR_NEW and SIR_OLD remained the same. The discrepancies between SIR_NEW and SIR_OLD tended to be larger among CCNs with high SIRs. Conclusion The updated national pooled mean SIRs were close to 1.0, validating the potential use of new risk adjustment models and baseline as updated benchmarks for tracking CDI and MRSA prevention progress. The shifts in CCN-level SIRs between old and new baselines were not large, indicating a modest impact of new baselines at the CCN level, except among hospitals with high SIRs. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Li, Yong, Peggy Sekula, Matthias Wuttke, Judith Wahrheit, Birgit Hausknecht, Ulla T. Schultheiss, Wolfram Gronwald et al. „Genome-Wide Association Studies of Metabolites in Patients with CKD Identify Multiple Loci and Illuminate Tubular Transport Mechanisms“. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 29, Nr. 5 (15.03.2018): 1513–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2017101099.
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Background The kidneys have a central role in the generation, turnover, transport, and excretion of metabolites, and these functions can be altered in CKD. Genetic studies of metabolite concentrations can identify proteins performing these functions.Methods We conducted genome-wide association studies and aggregate rare variant tests of the concentrations of 139 serum metabolites and 41 urine metabolites, as well as their pairwise ratios and fractional excretions in up to 1168 patients with CKD.Results After correction for multiple testing, genome-wide significant associations were detected for 25 serum metabolites, two urine metabolites, and 259 serum and 14 urinary metabolite ratios. These included associations already known from population-based studies. Additional findings included an association for the uremic toxin putrescine and variants upstream of an enzyme catalyzing the oxidative deamination of polyamines (AOC1, P-min=2.4×10−12), a relatively high carrier frequency (2%) for rare deleterious missense variants in ACADM that are collectively associated with serum ratios of medium-chain acylcarnitines (P-burden=6.6×10−16), and associations of a common variant in SLC7A9 with several ratios of lysine to neutral amino acids in urine, including the lysine/glutamine ratio (P=2.2×10−23). The associations of this SLC7A9 variant with ratios of lysine to specific neutral amino acids were much stronger than the association with lysine concentration alone. This finding is consistent with SLC7A9 functioning as an exchanger of urinary cationic amino acids against specific intracellular neutral amino acids at the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells.Conclusions Metabolomic indices of specific kidney functions in genetic studies may provide insight into human renal physiology.
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Bell, Daniel J., Lisa J. Rowland, John Stommel und Frank A. Drummond. „Yield Variation among Clones of Lowbush Blueberry as a Function of Genetic Similarity and Self-compatibility“. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, Nr. 3 (Mai 2010): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.3.259.
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Two types of field hand crosses (pairwise touching-neighbor and a full 5 × 5 diallel, Griffing's Model 2, Method 3) were performed in combination with genetic similarity estimations of mating partners using expressed sequence tag–polymerase chain reaction molecular markers to elucidate genetic factors underlying yield variations among clones (genotypes) of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) in two managed fields in Maine. Genetic similarity values for touching pairs ranged from 0.308 to 0.765. Based on pairwise touching-neighbor crosses, no evidence was found for yield being affected by genetic similarity. However, self-fertility of clones was a significant positive predictor of outcross yields. The calculation of lethal equivalents, derived from selfing to outcross ratios, showed a large range in genetic load among clones and a higher average load than that previously reported in the related highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum). The diallel experiment revealed significant general and specific combining ability for all three post-pollination yield traits measured (proportion fruit set, mean mature seed per pollination, and mean berry weight per pollination). Narrow-sense heritability estimates for all three yield traits were moderately high (h2 = 0.58, 0.46, and 0.56, respectively). It is concluded that phenotypically screening for self-compatible clone yield attributes could be useful in identifying germplasm candidates for breeding and propagation.
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Hu, Yi-Bing, En-De Hu und Rong-Quan Fu. „Statin Use and Cancer Incidence in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Network Meta-Analysis“. Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2018 (04.09.2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8620682.
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Background. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are involved closely with cancer. This work aims to conduct a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) to examine the effect of different types of statins on cancer incidence in patients with T2DM. Methods. We systematically searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases from January 1999 to March 2017. We performed a pairwise meta-analysis to estimate the pooled ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A NMA was performed to compare different types of statins. Results. Seven publications were included. In pairwise meta-analysis, the incidence of cancer in T2DM patients was reduced when simvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, rosuvastatin, and pitavastatin were used. In the result of NMA, the usage of simvastatin (RR 0.30 and 95% CI 0.16–0.56), atorvastatin (RR 0.29 and 95% CI 0.09–0.88), pravastatin (RR 0.34 and 95% CI 0.12–0.93), fluvastatin (RR 0.27 and 95% CI 0.09–0.83), rosuvastatin (RR 0.22 and 95% CI 0.10–0.49), and pitavastatin (RR 0.33 and 95% CI 0.20–0.57) was superior to the nonstatin groups. When compared with six other statins, rosuvastatin appeared to be the best one. Conclusions. Different statins can reduce the risk of cancer in patients with T2DM. Our analyses suggest that rosuvastatin may be more effective than others.
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Houde, Aimee Lee S., Dylan J. Fraser und Jeffrey A. Hutchings. „Fitness-related consequences of competitive interactions between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon at different proportional representations of wild–farmed hybrids“. ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, Nr. 4 (10.12.2009): 657–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp272.
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Abstract Houde, A. S., Fraser, D. J., and Hutchings, J. A. 2010. Fitness-related consequences of competitive interactions between farmed and wild Atlantic salmon at different proportional representations of wild–farmed hybrids. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 657–667. Escaped farmed fish possess heritable characteristics that may give them and their wild–farmed hybrid offspring a competitive advantage over wild fish. Limited research has examined whether the results of wild vs. farmed pairwise behavioural contests can predict the change in fitness-related traits of wild fish when exposed to wild–farmed hybrids, or to different proportions of such hybrids, within stream environments. Pairwise aggression tests on North American Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) revealed that regional farmed salmon and wild–farmed hybrids (F1, F2, and wild backcrosses) were more competitive than wild fish from two divergent populations. The ranking by which hybrids differed in competitive ability from wild fish also depended on the wild population. However, the magnitude of change in fitness-related traits of wild fish, such as mortality, size, and condition, from the same two populations could not be predicted from pairwise test results when replicate groups of wild fish were exposed to different proportions of hybrids (wild:hybrid ratios of 50:50, 70:30, and 85:15) in semi-natural stream environments. Notably, there was greater mortality of both wild and hybrid fish in treatments containing 30% hybrids for both populations; at a composition of 50% hybrids, the mortality of wild fish in one population increased more than it did in the other. The results suggest that for the life stage examined and provided the rate of farmed intrusion and wild–farmed interbreeding remains low (i.e. ≤15% hybrids), the effects of competitive interaction with their farmed counterparts may have comparatively little effect on the mortality of wild populations.
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Chen, Li, James Reeve, Lujun Zhang, Shengbing Huang, Xuefeng Wang und Jun Chen. „GMPR: A robust normalization method for zero-inflated count data with application to microbiome sequencing data“. PeerJ 6 (02.04.2018): e4600. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4600.
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Normalization is the first critical step in microbiome sequencing data analysis used to account for variable library sizes. Current RNA-Seq based normalization methods that have been adapted for microbiome data fail to consider the unique characteristics of microbiome data, which contain a vast number of zeros due to the physical absence or under-sampling of the microbes. Normalization methods that specifically address the zero-inflation remain largely undeveloped. Here we propose geometric mean of pairwise ratios—a simple but effective normalization method—for zero-inflated sequencing data such as microbiome data. Simulation studies and real datasets analyses demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust than competing methods, leading to more powerful detection of differentially abundant taxa and higher reproducibility of the relative abundances of taxa.
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Joko Syahputra und Alex Rikki. „Penerapan Metode Analitycal Hierarchy Process (AHP) dalam Menentukan Judul Skripsi“. JUKI : Jurnal Komputer dan Informatika 2, Nr. 2 (07.05.2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53842/juki.v2i2.34.
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Thesis is a requirement to obtain undergraduate status (S1) in every university in Indonesia. The term thesis as an undergraduate final project is only used in Indonesia. To complete the thesis, students are required to apply what they learn into an application or application in certain fields, both learning and in the form of computer applications. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) is a general theory of measurement used for scale ratios, both from discrete and continuous pairwise comparisons. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) can simplify complex and unstructured, strategic and dynamic problems into its parts, and make variables in a hierarchy (level) the Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method has the ability to solve multi-objective problems based on comparisons preferences of each element and hierarchy.
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Machado, Vanessa, João Botelho, Paulo Mascarenhas, José João Mendes und Ana Delgado. „A systematic review and meta-analysis on Bolton’s ratios: Normal occlusion and malocclusion“. Journal of Orthodontics 47, Nr. 1 (13.11.2019): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465312519886322.
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Introduction: The purpose of this study was to seek and summarise the Bolton overall index (OI) and anterior index (AI) regarding normal occlusion and Angle’s malocclusion according to gender, and to assess if these indices support Bolton’s standards as general references. Methods: PubMed, LILACS, Embase, CENTRAL and Google Scholar databases were searched up to June 2019 (CRD42018088438). Non-randomised clinical studies, published in English and assessing Bolton’s OI and/or AI in normal occlusion and Angle’s malocclusion groups, were included. OI and AI means, sample size and SDs were collected. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to assess the risk of bias. Pairwise random-effects and multilevel Bayesian network meta-analyses were used to synthesise available data. Results: Fifty-three observational studies were included (11,411 participants; 3746 men, 4430 women; 15 studies lacked gender information). For normal occlusion, pooled estimates for OI and AI means were 91.78% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 91.42–92.14; I2 = 92.87%) and 78.25% (95% CI = 77.87–78.62; I2 = 90.67%), respectively. We could identify in Angle’s Class III patients meaningful OI and AI mean deviations from normal occlusion (0.76, 95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.55–0.98 and 0.61, 95% CrI = 0.35–0.87, respectively), while in Class II patients we found a meaningful mean deviation from normal occlusion only for OI (−0.28, 95% CrI = −0.52–−0.05). Concerning gender impact, male patients presented higher OI (0.30, 95% CI = 0.00–0.59) and AI (0.41, 95% CI = 0.00–0.83) mean values than female patients in Class I. Conclusion: Normal occlusion OI and AI mean values differ from Bolton’s original values. Class II division 2, for OI mean values, and Class III, for both OI and AI, are proportionally larger than normal occlusion patients. Gender had almost no impact on teeth mesiodistal proportion.
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Forghani Ozrudi, M. „Survey of isometric scapulothoracic muscles strength in Mazandaran University of Science and Technology athlete’s student“. Physical education of students 23, Nr. 3 (24.05.2019): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0302.
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Purpose: Shoulder girdle muscles are important for stabilizing the scapula and orienting the glenoid for upper-extremity motion in student athletes. Scapular strength deficits have been linked to shoulder dysfunction. Material: study the data of scapulothoracic musculature in student athletes using a handheld dynamometer. Cohort study. 66 subjects with varying levels of overhead activity. A handheld dynamometer was used to test the upper, middle, and lower trapezius, rhomboids, and serratus anterior. A one way-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level analyses. 2-factor ANOVA was performed for each of the muscles by activity level and unilateral ratio by activity-level analyses. Post hoc analysis included multiple pairwise comparisons, using the Dunn-Bonferroni correction method. Results: Activity level did not significantly affect the unilateral ratios: Elevation: depression was 2.47:1, upward: downward rotation was 1.23:1, and protraction: retraction was 2.35:1. A rank order from strongest to weakest was established through significant comparisons. Conclusions: The unilateral ratios along with the rank order should be considered when discussing scapula rehabilitation protocols. Assessment of the upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles and should be part of any shoulder examination.
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Guo, Xian-Lin, Hong-Yi Zheng, Megan Price, Song-Dong Zhou und Xing-Jin He. „Phylogeny and Comparative Analysis of Chinese Chamaesium Species Revealed by the Complete Plastid Genome“. Plants 9, Nr. 8 (30.07.2020): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080965.
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Chamaesium H. Wolff (Apiaceae, Apioideae) is a small genus mainly distributed in the Hengduan Mountains and the Himalayas. Ten species of Chamaesium have been described and nine species are distributed in China. Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics have revolutionized our understanding of Chinese Chamaesium taxonomy and evolution. However, an accurate phylogenetic relationship in Chamaesium based on the second-generation sequencing technology remains poorly understood. Here, we newly assembled nine plastid genomes from the nine Chinese Chamaesium species and combined these genomes with eight other species from five genera to perform a phylogenic analysis by maximum likelihood (ML) using the complete plastid genome and analyzed genome structure, GC content, species pairwise Ka/Ks ratios and the simple sequence repeat (SSR) component. We found that the nine species’ plastid genomes ranged from 152,703 bp (C. thalictrifolium) to 155,712 bp (C. mallaeanum), and contained 133 genes, 34 SSR types and 585 SSR loci. We also found 20,953–21,115 codons from 53 coding sequence (CDS) regions, 38.4–38.7% GC content of the total genome and low Ka/Ks (0.27–0.43) ratios of 53 aligned CDS. These results will facilitate our further understanding of the evolution of the genus Chamaesium.
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Xie, Fu-Min, Deng-Feng Xie, Chuan Xie, Yan Yu, Song-Dong Zhou und Xing-Jin He. „Adaptation Evolution and Phylogenetic Analyses of Species in Chinese Allium Section Pallasia and Related Species Based on Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences“. BioMed Research International 2020 (12.06.2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8542797.
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The section Pallasia is one of the components of the genus Allium subgenus Allium (Amaryllidaceae), and species relationship in this section is still not resolved very well, which hinders further evolutionary and adaptive studies. Here, the complete chloroplast genomes of five sect. Pallasia species were reported, and a comparative analysis was performed with other three related Allium species. The genome size of the eight species ranged from 151,672 bp to 153,339 bp in length, GC content changed from 36.7% to 36.8%, and 130 genes (except Allium pallasii), 37 tRNA, and 8 rRNA were identified in each genome. By analyzing the IR/LSC and IR/SSC boundary, A. pallasii exhibited differences compared with other seven species. Phylogenetic analysis achieved high supports in each branch, seven of the eight Allium species cluster into a group, and A. pallasii exhibit a close relationship with A. obliquum. Higher pairwise Ka/Ks ratios were found in A. schoenoprasoides compared to A. caeruleum and A. macrostemon while a lower value of Ka/Ks ratios was detected between A. caeruleum and A. macrostemon. This study will be a great contribution to the future phylogenetic and adaptive research in Allium.
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Ma, Li-Ching. „Partnership Selection Involving Mixed Types of Uncertain Preferences“. Advances in Operations Research 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/323468.
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Partnership selection is an important issue in management science. This study proposes a general model based on mixed integer programming and goal-programming analytic hierarchy process (GP-AHP) to solve partnership selection problems involving mixed types of uncertain or inconsistent preferences. The proposed approach is designed to deal with crisp, interval, step, fuzzy, or mixed comparison preferences, derive crisp priorities, and improve multiple solution problems. The degree of fulfillment of a decision maker’s preferences is also taken into account. The results show that the proposed approach keeps more solution ratios within the given preferred intervals and yields less deviation. In addition, the proposed approach can treat incomplete preference matrices with flexibility in reducing the number of pairwise comparisons required and can also be conveniently developed into a decision support system.
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Wakhidah, Nur, und Bayu Adi Santoso. „Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Karyawan Berprestasi Menggunakan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Pada PT. Intisel Prodaktifakom Semarang“. Jurnal Pengembangan Rekayasa dan Teknologi 16, Nr. 1 (02.07.2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26623/jprt.v16i1.2416.
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<span>Analitical Hierarchy Process method is a relative measurement method that can use subjective and intangible criteria. AHP also has a consistency measurement mechanism. Therefore the research developed software with AHP method that can be used by PT. Intisel Prodaktifakom to assist the decision-making process in determining employee achievement. AHP stages such as determining criteria, determining alternatives, making pairwise comparisons, calculating consistency index values, calculating consistency ratios calculating criteria values, calculating alternative values, determining alternative ranking, and producing reports / decisions included as software features. Software development using prototype process models, system modeling is done using UML, and implementation / coding is done using the PHP programming language. It is hoped that the results of this research software can make it easier for PT. Intisel Prodaktifakom in determining employee achievement</span>
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Syed-Abdul, Shabbir, Max Moldovan, Phung-Anh Nguyen, Ruslan Enikeev, Wen-Shan Jian, Usman Iqbal, Min-Huei Hsu und Yu-Chuan Li. „Profiling phenome-wide associations: a population-based observational study“. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 22, Nr. 4 (05.02.2015): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu019.
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Abstract Objectives To objectively characterize phenome-wide associations observed in the entire Taiwanese population and represent them in a meaningful, interpretable way. Study Design In this population-based observational study, we analyzed 782 million outpatient visits and 15 394 unique phenotypes that were observed in the entire Taiwanese population of over 22 million individuals. Our data was obtained from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database. Results We stratified the population into 20 gender-age groups and generated 28.8 million and 31.8 million pairwise odds ratios from male and female subpopulations, respectively. These associations can be accessed online at http://associations.phr.tmu.edu.tw. To demonstrate the database and validate the association estimates obtained, we used correlation analysis to analyze 100 phenotypes that were observed to have the strongest positive association estimates with respect to essential hypertension. The results indicated that association patterns tended to have a strong positive correlation between adjacent age groups, while correlation estimates tended to decline as groups became more distant in age, and they diverged when assessed across gender groups. Conclusions The correlation analysis of pairwise disease association patterns across different age and gender groups led to outcomes that were broadly predicted before the analysis, thus confirming the validity of the information contained in the presented database. More diverse individual disease-specific analyses would lead to a better understanding of phenome-wide associations and empower physicians to provide personalized care in terms of predicting, preventing, or initiating an early management of concomitant diseases.
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Smith, Bruce R., Christophe M. Herbinger und Heather R. Merry. „Accurate Partition of Individuals Into Full-Sib Families From Genetic Data Without Parental Information“. Genetics 158, Nr. 3 (01.07.2001): 1329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/158.3.1329.
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Abstract Two Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms are proposed that allow the partitioning of individuals into full-sib groups using single-locus genetic marker data when no parental information is available. These algorithms present a method of moving through the sibship configuration space and locating the configuration that maximizes an overall score on the basis of pairwise likelihood ratios of being full-sib or unrelated or maximizes the full joint likelihood of the proposed family structure. Using these methods, up to 757 out of 759 Atlantic salmon were correctly classified into 12 full-sib families of unequal size using four microsatellite markers. Large-scale simulations were performed to assess the sensitivity of the procedures to the number of loci and number of alleles per locus, the allelic distribution type, the distribution of families, and the independent knowledge of population allelic frequencies. The number of loci and the number of alleles per locus had the most impact on accuracy. Very good accuracy can be obtained with as few as four loci when they have at least eight alleles. Accuracy decreases when using allelic frequencies estimated in small target samples with skewed family distributions with the pairwise likelihood approach. We present an iterative approach that partly corrects that problem. The full likelihood approach is less sensitive to the precision of allelic frequencies estimates but did not perform as well with the large data set or when little information was available (e.g., four loci with four alleles).
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Hearn, Cherie, Adam Govier und Adam Ivan Semciw. „Clinical care ratios: quantifying clinical versus non-clinical care for allied health professionals“. Australian Health Review 41, Nr. 3 (2017): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16017.
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Objective Clinical care ratios (CCRs) are a useful tool that can be used to quantify and benchmark the clinical and non-clinical workloads of allied health professionals. The purpose of this study was to determine if CCRs are influenced by level of seniority, type of role or profession. This will provide meaningful information for allied health service managers to better manage service demand and capacity. Method Data was collected from 2036 allied health professionals from five professions across 11 Australian tertiary hospitals. Mean (95% confidence intervals) CCRs were calculated according to profession, seniority and role type. A two-way ANOVA was performed to assess the association of CCRs (dependent variable) with seniority level and profession (independent variables). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons identified where significant main or interaction effects occurred (α = 0.05). Results Significant main effects for seniority level and profession were identified (P < 0.05), but there was no interaction effect. Post-hoc comparisons revealed significant differences between all tier combinations (P < 0.05) with more senior staff having the lowest CCRs. Conclusion The direct and non-direct clinical components of the allied health professional’s workload can be quantified and benchmarked with like roles and according to seniority. The benchmarked CCRs for predominantly clinical roles will enable managers to compare and evaluate like roles and modify non-direct clinical components according to seniority and discipline. What is known about the topic? CCRs are a useful tool to quantify, monitor and compare workloads of allied health professionals. They are thought to change with increased seniority of roles. The CCRs for different allied health professional roles has yet to be defined in the literature. What does this paper add? CCRs decrease as level of seniority increases, indicating higher seniority increases non-clinical time. CCRs differ across professions, suggesting that benchmarking with CCRs must be profession specific. What are the implications for practitioners? The direct and non-direct clinical components of a workload can be quantified, defined and benchmarked with like roles to ensure cost-effective and optimal service delivery and patient outcomes.
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Nguyen, Thi Dieu Linh, und Brent Bleys. „Applying Analytic Hierarchy Process to Adaptation to Saltwater Intrusion in Vietnam“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 4 (20.02.2021): 2311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042311.
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Given the multidimensional nature of climate change issues, decision-making in climate change adaptation is a complex process, and suitable decision support methods are needed. The aim of this paper was to rank saltwater intrusion adaptation options for farmers in two provinces in the central coastal region of Vietnam using the analytical hierarchy process method. Data for the analysis were obtained through a literature review, field observations, and face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions with key informants. We combined two ways of weighting to arrive at final scores for each of the identified adaptation options: prioritizing criteria and subcriteria by pairwise comparison and rating the different alternatives with respect to the lowest level subcriteria. In doing so, we also investigated differences in the priority sets and final rankings of the analytical hierarchy process applications in both provinces. In our study, we worked with group consensus scores on both the criteria weights and the ratings for the different adaptation options for each of the criteria. Our results revealed that “sustainability and equity” was the most important criteria, while coherence ranked lowest. The final ranking of adaptation options differed between both provinces due to differences in the geographical and socioeconomic characteristics of the study areas. The consistency ratios for all pairwise matrices were less than 0.1, indicating that judgments from the focus group discussions with respect to the different criteria were highly consistent. A sensitivity analysis of our results confirmed the robustness of the rankings in our research.
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Du, Dan, Qiong Tang, Qiong Han, Jin Zhang, Xuemei Liang, Youguo Tan, Kezhi Liu und Bo Xiang. „Association between genetic polymorphism and antidepressants in major depression: a network meta-analysis“. Pharmacogenomics 21, Nr. 13 (August 2020): 963–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2020-0037.
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This network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the predictive value of eight SNPs on the efficacy of antidepressants in major depressive disorder (MDD), including 5-HTTLPR, 5HTR2A (rs6311, rs6314, rs7997012 and rs6313), 5HTR2A (rs6295), BDNF (rs6265) and 5HTTSTin2. Databases were searched for related studies published up to December 2019. A total of 16 studies were included in this study. The predictive value were evaluated by the use of the odd ratios (OR) and drawing surface under the cumulative ranking curves (SUCRA). The pairwise meta-analysis indicated that in terms of overall response ratio, the SNPs were not associated with the efficacy of antidepressants in MDD. The result of this network meta-analysis suggested that there was no significant difference in predictive value of eight SNPs on the efficacy of antidepressants in MDD. More research is needed to explore the relationship between SNPs and antidepressant response.
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Mikšová, Dominika, Christopher Rieser, Peter Filzmoser, Simon Mose Thaarup und Jeremie Melleton. „A Method to Identify Geochemical Mineralization on Linear Transects“. Austrian Journal of Statistics 49, Nr. 4 (13.04.2020): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v49i4.1133.
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Mineral exploration in biogeochemistry is related to the detection of anomalies in soil, which is driven by many factors and thus a complex problem. Mikšová, Rieser, and Filzmoser (2019b) have introduced a method for the identification of spatial patterns with increased element concentrations in samples along a linear sampling transect. This procedure is based on fitting Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) to the concentration data, and computing a curvature measure from the pairwise log-ratios of these fits. The higher the curvature, the more likely one or both elements of the pair indicate local mineralization. This method is applied on two geochemical data sets which have been collected specifically for the purpose of mineral exploration. The aim is to test the technique for its ability to identify pathfinder elements to detect mineralized zones, and to verify whether the method can indicate which sampling material is best suited for this purpose.
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ESKANDARI, HAMIDREZA, und LUIS RABELO. „HANDLING UNCERTAINTY IN THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS: A STOCHASTIC APPROACH“. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 06, Nr. 01 (März 2007): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622007002356.
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This paper describes a methodology for handling the propagation of uncertainty in the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). In real applications, the pairwise comparisons are usually subject to judgmental errors and are inconsistent and conflicting with each other. Therefore, the weight point estimates provided by the eigenvector method are necessarily approximate. This uncertainty associated with subjective judgmental errors may affect the rank order of decision alternatives. A new stochastic approach is presented to capture the uncertain behavior of the global AHP weights. This approach could help decision makers gain insight into how the imprecision in judgment ratios may affect their choice toward the best solution and how the best alternative(s) may be identified with certain confidence. The proposed approach is applied to the example problem introduced by Saaty for the best high school selection to illustrate the concepts introduced in this paper and to prove its usefulness and practicality.
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Man, Irene, Kari Auranen, Jacco Wallinga und Johannes A. Bogaards. „Capturing multiple-type interactions into practical predictors of type replacement following human papillomavirus vaccination“. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, Nr. 1773 (08.04.2019): 20180298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0298.
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Current HPV vaccines target a subset of the oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types. If HPV types compete during infection, vaccination may trigger replacement by the non-targeted types. Existing approaches to assess the risk of type replacement have focused on detecting competitive interactions between pairs of vaccine and non-vaccine types. However, methods to translate any inferred pairwise interactions into predictors of replacement have been lacking. In this paper, we develop practical predictors of type replacement in a multi-type setting, readily estimable from pre-vaccination longitudinal or cross-sectional prevalence data. The predictors we propose for replacement by individual non-targeted types take the form of weighted cross-hazard ratios of acquisition versus clearance, or aggregate odds ratios of coinfection with the vaccine types. We elucidate how the hazard-based predictors incorporate potentially heterogeneous direct and indirect type interactions by appropriately weighting type-specific hazards and show when they are equivalent to the odds-based predictors. Additionally, pooling type-specific predictors proves to be useful for predicting increase in the overall non-vaccine-type prevalence. Using simulations, we demonstrate good performance of the predictors under different interaction structures. We discuss potential applications and limitations of the proposed methodology in predicting type replacement, as compared to existing approaches. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.