Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Pacific Northwest District“
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Bull, Evelyn L., Jack Ward Thomas und Kirk Horn. „Snag Management on National Forests in the Pacific Northwest—1984“. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1, Nr. 2 (01.04.1986): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/1.2.41.
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Abstract A questionnaire was sent to each Ranger District in the Pacific North-west Region of the USDA Forest Service to get information on present snag-management programs. Ninety-five percent of the responding Ranger Districts left snags at levels that ranged from 0.15 snags/ha (0 06/ac) to 12-15 snags/ha (5-6/ac) on all forested lands. Live trees were intentionally left as future snags on 93% of the Ranger Districts. Live trees were killed to create snags on 41% of the Ranger Districts. Management recommendations are made as to the kind of snags to leave and methods of maintaining them. West. J. Appl. For. 1:41-43, April 1986
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KULIĆ, VLADIMIR. „The Builders of Socialism: Eastern Europe's Cities in Recent Historiography“. Contemporary European History 26, Nr. 3 (21.11.2016): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777316000497.
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When the angry homeowners of a popular Seattle neighbourhood recently decided to rise in protest against the impending changes in the urban development code, they claimed that their chief goal was to protect the district from turning into an ‘Eastern Bloc city’. If the City Council allowed the new legislation to pass, reportedThe Seattle Times, Seattle was ‘in danger of becoming the Soviet Warsaw or East Berlin of the Pacific Northwest’. ‘I've been to Poland’, one protester said, ‘I know what they [Polish cities] look like. They're bleak. They're dead.’
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Jiang, Wei, Wenyan Li, Qianqian Li, Aiqin Liu, Wenyu Huang, Qian Hao und Huihong Zhai. „Validation of Asia-Pacific Colorectal Screening Score for Asymptomatic Participants and Outpatients in Northwest District of China“. Digestion 101, Nr. 4 (14.06.2019): 484–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000501073.
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Lü, Qingtian, Zhendong Liu, Jiayong Yan, Jingtian Tang, Mingan Wu und Xiao Xiao. „Crustal-scale structure and deformation of Lu-Zong ore district: Joint interpretation from integrated geophysical data“. Interpretation 3, Nr. 2 (01.05.2015): SL39—SL61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0211.1.
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We have studied five intersecting integrated geophysical profiles for the 3D crustal structure of the Lu (Lujiang)-Zong (Zongyang) ore district to obtain a better understanding of the metallogenesis and provide in-depth information for deep mineral targeting. The profiles, totaling more than 300 km, have reflection seismics and magnetotelluric sounding. Regional gravity surveys were also integrated into this study. New discoveries were obtained regarding the upper crustal structure and deformation based on the integrated analysis of these data. The Lu-Zong ore district consists of four major crustal blocks. They are the Shaxi uplift, Qianshan-Kongcheng Depression (QKD) in the west, Lu-Zong volcanic basin, and the Along-River uplift in the east. The north–south crustal elements show the northward “step-type” uplift, juxtaposed by two steplike faults, the west–northwest/east–southeast-trending Tangjiayuan-Zhuanqiao Fault and the Lujiang-Huangguzha-Tongling Detachment (LHTD) Fault. The Lu-Zong volcanic basin presents a nonsymmetrical shape with four inward-dipping boundary faults. The northern and eastern boundary faults (BF2 and LHTD) are deep faults, which control the development and evolution of the Lu-Zong volcanic basin. There are three west–northwest/east–southeast-trending faults and six northeast–southwest-trending faults cutting over the ore district. From north to south, they are the LHTD Fault, Tangjiayuan-Zhuanqiao Fault, and Yijing-Taojiaxiang Fault (BF3); from west to east, the six faults are the Tan-Lu, Chuhe, Luohe-Quekou, Zongyang-Huangtun, Taojiawan-Shijiawan, and Changjiang Thrust Fault (CTF). The formation and evolution of the ore-district are mainly affected by the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny, and they experience the Middle to Late Jurassic compression and subsequent Cretaceous extension, possibly due to the paleo-Pacific northwest-trending subduction. Our studies determined that the CTF is a thrust system in nature and the LHTD is a southwest-dipping detachment. Two Jurassic basins were found, surrounding the northeast and southeast of Lu-Zong volcanics, which may be due to the product of postcollision extension of Indosinian orogeny during the middle and early Late Triassic.
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Rodela, Katherine C., und Claudia Rodriguez-Mojica. „Equity Leadership Informed by Community Cultural Wealth: Counterstories of Latinx School Administrators“. Educational Administration Quarterly 56, Nr. 2 (06.05.2019): 289–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x19847513.
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Purpose: The purpose of this article is (a) to analyze how Latinx school administrators draw on their Community Cultural Wealth to inform their leadership for educational equity and (b) to examine how they navigate varying equity initiatives and beliefs in rapidly diversifying districts. Research Method: This study employs Latina/o Critical Race Theory counterstorytelling methodology to explore four Latinx school administrators’ experiences across three districts in the Pacific Northwest. Data sources include semistructured interviews, observations, and local demographic data. Findings: Latinx administrators’ counterstories revealed complex ways their childhoods, educational histories, and current equity leadership were informed by their Community Cultural Wealth as bilingual people of color. They also faced White dominant administrative spaces, where their equity visions often conflicted with district equity initiatives. Sometimes these differences led to tensions with district officials or constrained their advocacy. Conclusion and Implications: Our findings affirm existing research on the potential equity and culturally responsive leadership contributions of Latinx educational leaders. Our article also raises questions to the field about how we understand social justice leadership, and support current and aspiring leaders of color who seek to promote equity in their work. Our analysis brought forth a particular geographical region as a key in influencing our research participants’ experiences. More research is needed to understand how to support and sustain leaders of color in diverse regional contexts, as they seek to combat educational inequities for children and young adults facing similar injustices they faced themselves as students of color.
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Crook, Stephen ES, Arielle Levine und David Lopez-Carr. „Perceptions and Application of the Ecosystem Services Approach among Pacific Northwest National Forest Managers“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 3 (26.01.2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031259.
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The ecosystem services concept has emerged as a guiding principle in natural resource management over the past two decades, and an ecosystem services approach to management is currently mandated as a core element of United States National Forest planning. However, the concept of ecosystem services has been interpreted and operationalized in a variety of ways, leaving a pronounced knowledge gap regarding how it is understood and implemented in different contexts. To better understand the conceptualization and implementation of the concept within United States National Forests, semi-structured interviews with planners and managers of the Pacific Northwest Region were conducted at the region, forest, and ranger district levels, addressing the following topics: (1) how has the ecosystem services concept been perceived by managers and planners?; (2) what are the perceived key ecosystem services offered by National Forest lands?; (3) how has the concept been applied at multiple spatial scales?; and (4) what are perceived challenges or opportunities related to applying the concept in the National Forest context? Results indicate that although participants had a high level of understanding of the ecosystem services concept, there was not a clear, widely adopted approach to considering ecosystem services in management. Through qualitative analysis, three general perspectives arose: one employed the concept to fulfill regulatory requirements at the National Forest scale, a second engaged with ecosystem services to improve participatory planning at the project scale, and a third, business as usual perspective, considered ecosystem services as new language for describing longstanding National Forest priorities. These results draw attention to the challenges of implementing an ecosystem services-based approach in the United States National Forest context and the continued need for the development of management-relevant methods for describing and quantifying ecosystem services.
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Manalo, Pearlyn C., Akira Imai, Leo L. Subang, Mervin C. de los Santos, Kyoka Yanagi, Ryohei Takahashi und Nigel J. F. Blamey. „Mineralization of the Northwest Quartz-Pyrite-Gold Veins: Implications for Multiple Mineralization Events at Lepanto, Mankayan Mineral District, Northern Luzon, Philippines“. Economic Geology 113, Nr. 7 (01.11.2018): 1609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2018.4606.
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Abstract The Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold veins are situated 500 m east of the Lepanto fault in Mankayan, Luzon, Philippines. Most vein mineralization is hosted by the Lepanto metavolcanic basement rocks at an elevation between 700 and 1,050 m. The earliest stage, stage 1, is characterized by sphalerite + chalcopyrite + pyrite ± magnetite veins cutting the host rocks that were altered to chlorite + illite + epidote. Precious metal deposition started in stage 2 as electrum, native gold, and gold-silver tellurides deposited with pyrite, quartz, and carbonate. Deposition of gold and silver tellurides continued in stage 3a with abundant pyrite and tennantite-tetrahedrite solid solution intergrown with chalcopyrite, bornite, and minor sphalerite. The stage 3a veins and host-rock alteration are characterized by abundant muscovite and quartz, while the stage 3b veins and alteration consist of quartz, pyrophyllite, alunite, and dickite. Enargite and luzonite are the dominant sulfide minerals in stage 4, which are either disseminated in silicified host rock or within wide quartz veins. Lesser amounts of quartz and abundant pyrite with inclusions of enargite and luzonite were precipitated in stage 5. Microthermometry on fluid inclusions in quartz of stages 2, 3a, and 4 indicates boiling of the hydrothermal fluids. Bulk gas analysis on fluid inclusions in quartz shows that the stage 2 and 4 fluids had components derived from basaltic and andesitic magma, respectively. Fluids that formed stage 4 quartz were more diluted by meteoric water than the fluids that formed the stage 2 veins. Radiometric 40Ar/39Ar dating on alunite separated from the stage 3b advanced argillic alteration zone yielded 2.2 ± 0.1 Ma. Sulfur isotope compositions of the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit reveal a bulk δ34S of approximately 5‰, similar to the calculated value for the adjacent Far Southeast porphyry deposit. Calculated oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of the fluids of the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit stage 3b dickites are similar to those that formed the illite alteration in the Far Southeast porphyry deposit but are higher in δ18O when compared to the fluids that formed the kandites in the Lepanto enargite deposit. The northward cooling of mineralizing fluids previously reported in the Lepanto enargite deposit is not consistent with the mineralogic indications in the Northwest quartz-pyrite-gold deposit. These data indicate multiple mineralization events in the Mankayan district, which is one of the largest mineral districts in the western Pacific.
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Sun, Changyou, Jean M. Daniels und Kate C. Marcille. „Common integrating factor in softwood log exports from the United States“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, Nr. 5 (Mai 2020): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0321.
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Softwood logs comprise a large portion of forest product exports from the United States. Most of these exports have occurred between the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and several Asian countries. In this study, the extent and degree of market integration of softwood log exports from 1996 to 2018 are examined by co-integration analyses and permanent–transitory decomposition. Softwood log exports to Japan and South Korea appear to be in the same economic market and show a high degree of integration, while trade between the United States and China has evolved more independently. A detailed analysis is conducted on five prices related to Japan and South Korea with full-time coverage, and one common integrating factor is found and estimated. The price of export from the Columbia-Snake Customs District to Japan is identified as the driving force. Price responses to market shocks usually occur within four months. These findings have implications for government agencies and participants in the market of softwood log trade.
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Wolf, Kathleen L. „Community Context and Strip Mall Retail“. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2060, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2060-11.
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Strip malls (or mini-malls) are a common land use, historically promoted by U.S. zoning practices that concentrate retail and commercial development in a narrow band along urban arterials and major streets. They are an entry-level retail niche offering opportunity for independent, start-up businesses that serve a limited market. Communities have begun to question land uses that enable efficient ingress and egress of vehicles in retail and commercial districts but give little attention to multimodal motility. Some communities are redeveloping small mall zones on the basis of “complete street” principles, expanding landscape plantings, and redeveloping the character of a business district. This study assessed public response to one element of small mall (re)development: landscape and vegetation. Prior studies indicated that consumer behavior is positively associated with city trees (urban forest) on multiple cognitive and behavioral dimensions. In mail surveys depicting varied roadside treatments, residents of three major cities in the Pacific Northwest were asked to indicate preferences and perceptions about proposed changes. Survey stimulus materials addressed visual quality, retail perceptions, patronage behavior, wayfinding, and willingness to pay for goods and services. Combined econometrics and psychometrics indicated that respondents prefer landscaped roadsides and report positive retail behavior, such as willingness to pay 8.8% more for goods and services in well-landscaped malls. Redevelopment and roadside management guidelines are proposed based on the research results, with implications for the economics of local communities.
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McDougall, A. K., und Lisa Phillips. „The Antecedents to Cascadia as a Cross Border Region“. Canadian Political Science Review 2, Nr. 2 (18.07.2008): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24124/c677/200856.
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For the short period from 1834 to 1863, the Pacific Northwest, centered in Cascadia, was an entity in the global economy. The region became a coherent economic unit under the management of the Columbia District of the Hudson’s Bay Company, which developed an economic hinterland, a coherent economic and trade strategy, an aggressive marketing agenda and control of marketable resources in the region. It strategically built a resource base to meet market needs and played an extensive entrepreneurial function, for example selling Finish boots in California in 1840 and Puget Sound grain in western Siberia by 1843. This paper traces the broad outline of the rise and fall of this economic empire and draws attention to the role of state power, manifested at the levels of identity and legal construction, in ending the coherence of that regional entity. In a time when the logic of Cascadia on environmental and regional grounds is apparent to many, this paper highlights how the border and the attendant identities of political actors divided and ended its coherence. Its demise may offer insight into the forces which bolster the border which divides it today.
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Rosas, Juan Carlos, Aracely Castro, James S. Beaver, Carlos A. Pérez, Adrián Morales und Rogelio Lépiz. „Mejoramiento genético para tolerancia a altas temperaturas y resistencia a mosaico dorado en frijol común.“ Agronomía Mesoamericana 11, Nr. 1 (01.01.2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v11i1.17327.
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In 1994-95, sources of heat tolerance were identified in common beans after screened several germplasm and advanced lines nurseries in Choluteca and Nacaome (≤ 50 masl), in the southern region of Honduras. The best heat tolerant genotypes were validated under greenhouse controlled conditions (35/27 °C day/night) in Geneva, New York. Afterward, crosses were made to develop small-red bean lines with heat tolerance and resistance to BGMV and other limiting factors. The F2- F5 segregant populations were evaluated for multiple traits including BGMV, common bacterial blight, angular leaf spot, rust, low fertility conditions, and selected for agronomic performance and commercial value. In 1998, 217 F6 and F7 advanced lines were evaluated in the irrigation district Lempa-Acahuapa (20 masl), in the Pacific region of El Salvador for heat tolerance and BGMV. The same nurseries were evaluated in Liberia, in the Northwest region of Costa Rica, for tolerance to high temperatures; and at Zamorano, Honduras for resistance to common bacterial blight, angular leaf spot and rust. A group of lines were identified having superior yield and adaptation than commercial checks, under high temperature conditions in El Salvador and Costa Rica. Some of these lines were also resistant to BGMV in El Salvador, and moderate resistant to web blight in Costa Rica, and they had excellent agronomic performance and good commercial value.
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Verzuh, Ron. „A Crusading Voice for the Mining West“. Labour / Le Travail 92 (10.11.2023): 229–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52975/llt.2023v92.009.
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The Rossland Evening World, a four-page daily dedicated to the mineworkers of British Columbia’s bustling West Kootenay mining town of Rossland, first appeared on May Day 1901 – just in time to do battle with local mine owners in the historic 1900–01 miners’ strike. The World may have owed its existence in part to William “Big Bill” Haywood, a founder of the militant Western Federation of Miners (wfm) and the Industrial Workers of the World. On visiting the town and the prospectors’ camp in the 1890s, Haywood saw that Rossland would soon grow into a thriving Pacific Northwest mountain community with a steady increase in wfm membership. He encouraged the miners to form wfm Local 38, possibly the first wfm local in Canada, and soon a dozen Kootenay locals formed wfm District Association 6. A wfm grant followed to help launch the local and the new daily. Amid growing frustration with bad working conditions and mine owners’ refusal to recognize the wfm, the World became a welcome sister to the wfm’s Miners’ Magazine, dedicating itself to “the Interests of Organized Labor.” By the fall of 1900, the strike of 1,400 miners was on, and the World published news and analysis throughout the region. Ultimately the strike was lost, but the World carried on until 1904. As its legacy, it showed how a daily newspaper could help build community support and provide a defence for the local unionized workforce.
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Tian, Xin, Pinhua Xie, Jin Xu, Yang Wang, Ang Li, Fengcheng Wu, Zhaokun Hu, Cheng Liu und Qiong Zhang. „Ground-based MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric formaldehyde VCDs and comparisons with the CAMS model at a rural site near Beijing during APEC 2014“. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, Nr. 5 (15.03.2019): 3375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-3375-2019.
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Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO), a key aerosol precursor, plays a significant role in atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways. In this study, HCHO column densities were measured using a Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument at the University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS) in Huairou District, Beijing, which is about 50 km away from the city center. Measurements were taken during the period of 1 October 2014 to 31 December 2014, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit was organized on 5–11 November. Peak values of HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) around noon and a good correlation coefficient R2 of 0.73 between HCHO VCDs and surface O3 concentration during noontime indicated that the secondary sources of HCHO through photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dominated the HCHO values in the area around UCAS. Dependences of HCHO VCDs on wind fields and backward trajectories were identified and indicated that the HCHO values in the area around UCAS were considerably affected by the transport of pollutants (VOCs) from polluted areas in the south. The effects of control measures on HCHO VCDs during the APEC period were evaluated. During the period of the APEC conference, the average HCHO VCDs were ∼38%±20% and ∼30%±24% lower than that during the pre-APEC and post-APEC periods calculated at the 95 % confidence limit, respectively. This phenomenon could be attributed to both the effects of prevailing northwest wind fields during APEC and strict control measures. We also compared the MAX-DOAS results with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model. The HCHO VCDs of the CAMS model and MAX-DOAS were generally consistent with a correlation coefficient R2 greater than 0.68. The peak values were consistently captured by both data datasets, but the low values were systematically underestimated by the CAMS model. This finding may indicate that the CAMS model can adequately simulate the effects of the transport and the secondary sources of HCHO but underestimates the local primary sources.
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Isava, V., M. Grove, J. B. Mahoney und J. W. Haggart. „Testing local and extraregional sediment sources for the Late Cretaceous northern Nanaimo basin, British Columbia, using 40Ar/39Ar detrital K-feldspar thermochronology“. Geosphere 17, Nr. 6 (08.11.2021): 2234–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02395.1.
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Abstract Detrital K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology was conducted on clastic sedimentary rock samples collected from northern exposures of the Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group on Vancouver Island and adjacent Gulf Islands of British Columbia to constrain the denudation history of the local Coast Mountains batholith source region and determine the origin of extraregional sediment supplied to the basin. Strata of the northern Nanaimo Group deposited between 86 and 83 Ma (Comox and Extension formations) exhibit a 130–85 Ma age distribution of detrital K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar ages that lack age maxima. These are interpreted to have been sourced from the southwestern Coast Mountains batholith. Younger strata deposited between 83 and 72 Ma (Cedar District and De Courcy formations) yield a broader age range (150–85 Ma) with an age maximum near the depositional age. These results indicate focused denudation of deeper-seated rocks east of the Harrison Lake fault. The youngest units deposited after 72 Ma (Geoffrey, Spray, and Gabriola formations) primarily yield younger than 75 Ma detrital K-feldspar ages with pronounced age maxima near the depositional age. This sediment was sourced extraregionally relative to the Coast Mountains batholith. We sought to constrain the origin of the extraregional sediment by measuring the thermal histories of 74 samples of basement rocks from throughout the Pacific Northwest, and by compiling a database of over 2400 biotite 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar cooling ages from predominantly Cretaceous batholiths along the western North American margin. This analysis focused upon two previously proposed source regions: the Idaho batholith and the Mojave-Salina margin of southern California. The Nanaimo detrital K-feldspar 40Ar/39Ar age distributions favor the peraluminous Late Cretaceous Idaho batholith and its Proterozoic Belt-Purcell Supergroup sedimentary wall rock as the more likely source of the extraregional sediment and disfavor the Baja–British Columbia hypothesis for 2000–4000-km-scale translation of rocks along the margin during the Late Cretaceous.
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Margolis, Jason. „What Will Keep Today's Teachers Teaching? Looking for a Hook as a New Career Cycle Emerges“. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 110, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 160–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000107.
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Context Drawing from Ingersoll's (2001) study of teacher attrition, Huberman's (1989) study of the professional life cycle of teachers, and recent retention/attrition literature across the professions, this study seeks to make sense of the complexities of cotemporary teachers’ careers in light of changes in social and economic forces, the relationships between political and educational institutions, and the work of teaching over the past 20 years. Study Purpose and Focus The empirical part of this study explores how teachers with 4–6 years’ experience conceive of their career path in education, as well as ways that universities and schools can better partner to increase teacher job satisfaction. It also provides professional development and opportunities for growth as teacher educators, examining any potential benefits to these teachers, their schools, and the interns they work with. Participants and Setting Seven teachers with 4–6 years’ experience in one school district in the Pacific Northwest were selected as participants and mentor teachers. The main research questions were: How do teachers with 4–6 years of teaching conceive of their career path? Does taking on a teacher educator role via hosting an intern impact their long-term career plans? Throughout the 2004–2005 school year, led by the principal investigator (PI), the seven teachers participated in a variety of activities designed to support (and simultaneously study) their development as teachers and teacher educators, including workshops and seminars. Additionally, the PI created a website discussion board so that the teachers could share ideas, experiences, concerns, and questions in between the group meetings. Teachers also participated in two 45-minute individual interviews—once at the beginning, and once at the end of the school year. Research Design and Data Analysis With the retention/attrition literature inside and outside education as a framework, this was an exploratory qualitative study. Data included field notes, website and e-mail artifacts, and interview transcripts. Data analysis began with a list of initial descriptive codes, and then moved toward refining and developing new codes outside the initial list, ultimately linking codes into categories and themes. Analytical memos fostered the development of categories related to teachers’ perceived professional need for greater stimulation in the classroom and beyond. Findings Findings include that teachers with 4-6 years’ experience are searching for roles/activities that are regenerative (keeping them learning and excited about their teaching); and also generative (widening their sphere of influence, sharing their gifts with others in the profession). Further, the mentor teacher role may be uniquely suited to synergistically provide both regenerative and generative opportunities. Conclusions The paper concludes with three potential areas of exploration for both educational practice and research concerned with keeping “good teachers” teaching—merit pay, differentiated jobs, and university-school partnerships.
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Murayama, Yuzo. „Information and Emigrants: Interprefectural Differences of Japanese Emigration to the Pacific Northwest, 1880–1915“. Journal of Economic History 51, Nr. 1 (März 1991): 125–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700038390.
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This article examines the determinants of interprefectural patterns of Japanese emigration to the U.S. Pacific Northwest, using a multiple regression analysis. In estimating the regression equations, new proxies are introduced for the “family- and-friends” effect that are free of the statistical problems common in previous studies on long-distance migration. The result shows that the information networks that developed between pioneer immigrants and their home districts played a central role in shaping emigration patterns. The lack of an alternative means of obtaining reliable information about conditions in the United States appears to be responsible.
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Spotts, Robert A., Keith A. Seifert, Kelly M. Wallis, David Sugar, Chang Lin Xiao, Maryna Serdani und Jose L. Henriquez. „Description of Cryptosporiopsis kienholzii and species profiles of Neofabraea in major pome fruit growing districts in the Pacific Northwest USA“. Mycological Research 113, Nr. 11 (November 2009): 1301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2009.08.013.
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Chappell, Kelly K., und Catherine S. Taylor. „Evidence for the Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Computer Game Attitude Scale“. Journal of Educational Computing Research 17, Nr. 1 (Juli 1997): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gble-cevt-ywtl-qebg.
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The Computer Game Attitude Scale (CGAS) evaluates student attitudes toward educational computer games. This study provides evidence for the reliability and factorial validity of the scores of the CGAS and its two subscales. Study participants were 186 middle school students from two large school districts in the Pacific Northwest, one urban and one suburban. The CGAS produced scores with a total test alpha coefficient of 88 for the sample. A principal components factor analysis with a two factor solution and a varimax rotation was conducted on the items of the CGAS. Two factors explained 44 percent of the total variance. The pattern of loadings in the principal components factor analysis supports the grouping implied by the two subscales, indicating that the two subscales were sufficiently stable to be used as separate scores. Data indicate that the CGAS produced reliable test scores that may aid researchers, computer game designers, and teachers in the evaluation of educational software games.
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Davenport, Joan R. „645 Using Site-specific Approaches to Advance Potato Management in Irrigated Systems“. HortScience 34, Nr. 3 (Juni 1999): 559A—559. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.559a.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is grown extensively throughout the Pacific Northwest as a high-value crop in irrigated rotations with other row crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.)—both field and sweet. Center pivots are predominant irrigation systems. Soil texture ranges from coarse sands to finer textured silt loams and silts and can vary within one field, often with very hilly topography. Site-specific management is being evaluated as an approach to help to optimize inputs (water, seed, agricultural chemicals) to maintain or enhance yield and reduce the potential of negative environmental impacts in these farming systems. Currently variable rate fertilizer application technology and harvest yield monitoring equipment are commercially available for these systems. Variable rate seeding and variable rate irrigation water application technologies are developed but not fully commercialized and variable rate pesticide application equipment is in development. At the Irrigated Agr. Res. and Ext. Ctr. in Prosser, Wash., we have a team of research scientists (both university and USDA/ARS), interested individuals from local industry, and other key organizations (e.g., local conservation districts) who are working together to evaluate different site specific technologies, improve the ability to use available tools, and to improve decision-making ability by conducting research both on farm and in research plots.
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Jennings, Michael D., und John P. Reganold. „A Theoretical Basis for Managing Environmentally Sensitive Areas“. Environmental Conservation 18, Nr. 3 (1991): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900022128.
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While there has been considerable research and development in management of specific natural resources and public lands containing multiple resources, relatively little progress has been made concerning management of privately-owned resources through land-use planning at the local level of government. This paper examines the issue of local government policies and capabilities in land-use planning for privately-owned, environmentally-sensitive areas (ESAs) in the Pacific Northwest of North America. ESAs are defined as landscape elements that are vital to long-term maintenance of biological diversity, soil, water, and other natural resources—especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on-site and in a regional context.A three-steps' approach of different geographical scales (i.e. watershed, state, and region) was used in a series of studies to facilitate examination of the relationship between political structure and ecological theory. When viewed collectively these studies showed that, while there is a political basis for regulating ESAs, attempts at regulation lack a theoretical and applied basis in systems-thinking and ecological science. To begin forging a stronger linkage between the political and scientific basis for ESA planning, two major ecological theories relevant to ESA management—hierarchy and subsidy–stress—were reviewed. These theories, when used in concert, were shown to be applicable in making objective choices concerning privately-held ESAs in the Pacific North-west. They can be used as a theoretical scientific basis for ESA planning, providing both qualitative and quantitative models. Hierarchy theory can provide guidelines for ESA planning by linking biophysical processes and patterns directly to appropriate scales of political jurisdiction. Subsidy–stress theory can be used to set specific performance standards that are needed in regulation of ESAs.As a result of our three-steps' approach at different geographical scales, four requisites for improving ESA planning were found: (1) definitions for natural resources should be standardized between regional districts, countries, states, and provinces; (2) replicative methods for ESA inventories, including natural communities and ecosystem processes, should be used; (3) a common environmental information system should be available to land-use planners; and (4) the expertise to apply such information should be available. The basis for these four items is found in the ecological systems theories of hierarchy and subsidy–stress.
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Siddiqui, I., R. Bajwa und A. Javaid. „First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Rumex dentatus in Pakistan“. Plant Disease 93, Nr. 4 (April 2009): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-4-0431c.
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Rumex dentatus L., commonly known as toothed dock, is an annual and biennial weed in the Polygonaceae. It is reported to be native to southern and eastern Asia and is now established in North America (southern Arizona and Sonora and Baja California) and Europe (Russia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania) (1,3). In Pakistan, R. dentatus is one of the most common and problematic weeds in wheat fields (2). In surveys of wheat-growing areas in Punjab Province conducted from 1999 to 2002, leaf spots were found to be very common on R. dentatus. The disease led to 10 to 70% mortality of R. dentatus in various fields in Lahore and Kasur districts. Symptoms initially were small, light brown, circular spots with most becoming irregular, dark brown lesions, while a few remained circular with concentric rings. On severely diseased leaves, several spots coalesced to form large necrotic areas. Leaf spots varied from 2 to 24 mm in diameter. The disease first appeared in mid-February, was widespread from the end of February through March when temperatures ranged from 25 to 30°C, and ended in April. Diseased leaves were cut into small fragments, surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed thrice with sterile water, and cultured on potato dextrose agar in a growth incubator at 25 ± 1°C. The isolated fungal species was transferred to agar slants to maintain pure cultures. The fungal colony surface was grayish white, and then darkened, becoming greenish black or olive-brown with a light border. The fungus produced abundant, branched, septate, brownish hyphae with simple, olive-brown, septate conidiophores that were variable in length. Conidia were terminal, solitary, or in short chains, mostly ovoid with a short conical or cylindrical apical beaks not exceeding one-third of the conidial length, and smooth walled or vemuculose. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata by the Fungal Culture Bank of Pakistan (FCBP). A specimen of the fungal culture was deposited in FCBP. For the pathogenicity test, R. dentatus plants grown outdoors from seed to three- to four-leaf stages were transplanted into 12-cm-diameter plastic pots, two plants per pot. Plants were sprayed with a suspension of the putative pathogen containing 1 × 107 conidia per ml. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Each treatment was replicated three times. Plants were covered for 24 h with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity. The bags were removed and plants returned outdoors. All of the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as observed on diseased plants in the field. The lesions first appeared after 7 days. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from the lesions. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. Given the effects of A. alternaria on R. dentatus observed in the field, there is potential for using the fungus as a biological control of the weed. References: (1) C. L. Hitchcock et al. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 2, University of Washington Press, Seattle. 1964. (2) I. Siddiqui and R. Bajwa. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 4:492, 2001. (3). USDA. Rumex dentatus L. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Online publication, 2008.
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Hilland, April. „The Salmon Twins by C. Simpson“. Deakin Review of Children's Literature 2, Nr. 3 (24.12.2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.20361/g2h883.
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Simpson, Caroll. The Salmon Twins. Heritage House Publishing Co. Ltd., 2012. E-book and print. The Salmon Twins tells of the birth of twins in one Pacific Northwestern clan. Since the birth of twins is a rare and celebrated occurrence the children were bestowed the crest of the Salmon. This tale follows the twins as they grow and become selfish and greedy. Thunderbird sees this and, angered at the twins selfishness, changes the twins into a mythical sea serpent. The twins must then follow their own quest to learn to work together to find their way back home. Their quest becomes urgent when the salmon do not follow the villagers’ fishing run and it is up to the twins to lead the salmon home to feed their family and friends. The Salmon Twins, written and illustrated by British Columbian author Caroll Simpson, is an original tale steeped in Pacific First Nations tradition and inspired by well-known First Nations mythology and art sources such as Hilary Stewart, Bill Reid, Franz Boas, Cheryl Shearar, and Pat Kramer. Simpson’s own knowledge of Northwest Coast flora and fauna, culture, and mythology, is woven throughout this tale and provides many opportunities to extend student learning beyond the pages of this tale. Simpson’s illustrations are rich in depth and colour and show a definite respect for and understanding of First Nations culture, art, and people. Although this book title is in available in e-book and hardcover format, I would recommend purchasing the hardcover edition as the e-book edition has minor glitches with merging the text with the illustrations resulting in blank pages with single lines of text that take away from the beauty of the text/illustration interaction. Recommended with Reservations: 2 out of 4 stars (ebook) Recommended: 3 out of 4 stars (hardcover) Reviewer: April Hilland April Hilland is a teacher-librarian currently on educational leave from her role as District Teacher Librarian in Maple Ridge, BC to finish her MEd in teacher-librarianship at the University of Alberta. Currently hailing from the small northern town of Fort St. James, BC, April is bringing her passion for literature to her new community and thoroughly enjoying the experiences of the Great White North!
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Beneke, Margaret R., Molly Baustien Siuty und Tamara Handy. „Emotional Geographies of Exclusion: Whiteness and Ability in Teacher Education Research“. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 06.07.2022, 016146812211114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681221111431.
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Context: Geographies of exclusion (e.g., segregated special education classrooms, school district zoning) are constituted through intersecting oppressive ideologies (e.g., ableism, racism, classism) that co-naturalize notions of “normalcy” and deviance and yield harmful consequences for disabled children of Color. Geographies of exclusion dynamically contribute to and constitute teacher candidates’ feelings about themselves and their social worlds. White teacher candidates’ investment in dominant racial ideologies is well-documented, and recent scholarship has interrogated the role of white emotionality in these processes. However, the extent to which white teacher candidates emotionally ascribe to oppressive constructions of ability have been underexamined. Focus of Study: We sought to uncover how white teacher candidates (TCs) used emotional practices to position themselves in relation to ability within geographies of exclusion as they narrated their educational journeys. Such an examination is necessary to upend ongoing constructions of racial-ability hierarchies in and through teacher education. Using disability critical race theory and emotional geographies, our study was guided by the following question: How do white, nondisabled TCs engage in emotional practices in relation to geographies of exclusion? Research Design: This critical narrative study took place in two teacher education programs in the Pacific Northwest with 42 white, nondisabled teacher candidates. We drew on qualitative mapping as a method for participants to tell stories about themselves and their relationships to places and people over time. All participants generated narratives through written reflections after creating their maps, clarifying aspects of their maps and providing details not captured in their visual representations. Data sources included 42 written narratives and 36 qualitative maps. We analyzed emotional dimensions of TCs’ written narratives and qualitative maps through multiple rounds of both deductive and inductive coding. Conclusions/Recommendations: Our analysis revealed ways white TCs weaponized emotionality to uphold racial-ability hierarchies through emotional geographies of gratitude, ambivalence, and claims to care. By sentimentalizing multiply-marginalized children’s suffering, TCs preserved a façade of being committed to educational justice. We conclude with suggestions for educational researchers, emphasizing that research with white teachers cannot ignore emotional practices that perpetuate harm for multiply-marginalized children. Instead, researchers must surface these engagements head-on, using DisCrit as a driver in teacher education research toward intersectional justice.
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Minter, D. W. „Trametes versicolor. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].“ IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Nr. 231 (01.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20220008174.
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Abstract A description is provided for Trametes versicolor. Some information on morphological characteristics, its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission, conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe.), Antarctica, Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Anhui, Gansu, Guangdong, Guanxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Cyprus, Georgia, India, Assam, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty), Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Atlantic Ocean (Bermuda), Australasia (Australia, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand), Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama), Europe (Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), Indian Ocean (Réunion), North America (Canada, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Mexico, USA, Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming), Pacific Ocean (USA, Hawaii), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Acre, Amazonas, Bahia, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina São Paulo, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela))).
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Minter, D. W. „Tremella mesenterica. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].“ IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Nr. 231 (01.01.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20220008175.
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Abstract A description is provided for Tremella mesenterica, a parasite on mycelium of (perhaps exclusively) Peniophora spp. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Benin, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia), Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Hong Kong, Sichuan, Yunnan), Georgia, India (Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim), Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty, East Kazakhstan), Lebanon, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Amur Oblast, Irkutsk Oblast, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Omsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), Australasia (Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand), Caribbean (Jamaica, Puerto Rico), Central America (Costa Rica, Honduras, Panama), Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Jersey, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Komi Republic, Kostroma Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Mari El Republic, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Perm Krai, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Adygea, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of Tatarstan, Tula Oblast, Tver Oblast, Udmurt Republic, Vladimir Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), Indian Ocean (Réunion), North America (Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), Pacific Ocean (USA (Hawaii)), South America (Argentina, Brazil (Bahia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Venezuela)).
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Minter, D. W. „Ganoderma applanatum. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].“ IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Nr. 230 (01.12.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20210499499.
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Abstract A description is provided for Ganoderma applanatum. Sporophores of this fungus are found on both living and dead trees, where the fungus causes a decay of heartwood resulting in a white soft spongy heart and butt rot. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Angola, Benin, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mozambique, São Tomé and Principe, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo), Asia (Azerbaijan, Brunei Darussalam, China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hong Kong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Christmas Island, Cyprus, Georgia, India (Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty, East Kazakhstan, Kostanay, South Kazakhstan), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia (Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Irkutsk Oblast, Kamchatka Krai, Kemerovo Oblast, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha Republic, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast, YamaloNenets Autonomous Okrug), Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Vietnam), Australasia (Australia (Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia), New Zealand), Caribbean (American Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago), Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Russia (Arkhangelsk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Chuvash Republic, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kostroma Oblast, Krasnodar Krai, Kursk Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Mari El Republic, Moscow Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Oryol Oblast, Penza Oblast, Perm Krai, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast, Smolensk Oblast, Tula Oblast, Tver Oblast, Udmurt Republic, Vladimir Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Yaroslavl Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), Indian Ocean (Seychelles. North America: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming)), Pacific Ocean (American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Marshall Islands, Samoa, Tuvalu, USA (Hawaii)), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela)).