Dissertationen zum Thema „Ovocytes – Croissance – Aspect moléculaire“
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Crozet, Flora. „Somatic cells enhance the oocyte developmental potential through cytoplasmic protrusions“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS166.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn female mammals, somatic cells surrounding the oocyte, termed granulosa cells, coordinate the critical stages of post-partum oocyte development, i.e. oocyte growth and meiotic maturation, by dialoguing with the oocyte. This dialogue is primarily mediated by cell-cell contact carried out by granulosa cell protrusions termed transzonal projections (TZPs). TZPs are analogous to filopodia in their snake-like shape, but also in their structural composition. TZPs are located in the zona pellucida, the extracellular matrix surrounding the oocyte, and their extremities establish cellular junctions with the oocyte membrane, i.e. gap and adherens junctions. In my thesis, I investigated the role of TZP-mediated interaction between granulosa cells and the oocyte in oocyte development. By generating a total knockout of Myosin-X, a molecular motor contained in TZPs and participating in filopodia formation, we obtained mouse mutant oocytes with a reduced TZP density at the end of oocyte growth. This reduction does not impede the oocyte from reaching a canonical size. However, it impairs zona pellucida integrity, oocyte-matrix adhesion, and the oocyte transcriptome at the end of oocyte growth, with a subset of transcripts mostly up-deregulated. Importantly, TZP-deprived oocytes tend to cease their development at metaphase of the first meiotic division, despite a well-assembled division spindle and properly aligned chromosomes. We propose that somatic cells modulate the synthesis or stability of a subset of oocyte transcripts through their cellular protrusions. This modulation enhances the oocyte capacity to end meiotic maturation, and by extension, the chances of producing an embryo
Vallée, Maud. „Identification de gènes spécifiques à l'ovocyte conservés au cours de l'évolution“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24138/24138.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDelaunay, Rudy. „Croissance moléculaire dans des agrégats d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques induite par des collisions avec des ions“. Caen, 2016. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01640994.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCloutier, Marc. „Études des mécanismes biomoléculaires de la croissance pulmonaire induite par l'occlusion trachéale : importance du sentier Rho/ROCK“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27854/27854.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBereterbide, Agnès. „Caractérisation génétique et moléculaire des anomalies du développement floral chez une lignée alloplasmique mâle-stérile de tabac“. Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28833.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe alloplasmic tobacco line (Nta(rep) combines the nucleus of Nicotiana tabacum with the cytoplasm of Nicotiana repanda. This line exhibits a male-sterile phenotype and a defect in male reproductive organ (stamens) development. The stamens are feminised and some of them are fused to the female reproductive organ (carpel) indicating a perturbation of the boundary between whorls 3 and 4 corresponding to the stamens and the carpel, respectively. Cytological analyses showed that floral anomalies in the Nta(rep)S line are due to an impairment of the floral meristem. To verify that the cadastral-type anomalies are linked to a misregulation of the NtSUP gene, homolog to the Arabidopsis SUPERMAN (SUP) we have tried to complement this defect by ectopic expression of Arabidopsis SUPERMAN gene. SUP over-expression in the fertile line led us to precise the SUP functions. SUP controls negatively cell proliferation but also cell expansion and differentiation. In the Nta(rep)S line, SUP over-expression had restored (i) the boundary between whorls 3 and 4 (ii) stamen development and (iii) the male fertility. As the male sterility is maternally inherited, a NtSUP misregulation by methylation process appeared to be an interesting way to investigate. A fragment of the NtSUP gene has been cloned and used as a probe to show that this gene is down-regulated by methylation in the Nta(rep)S line. To confirm these results, we analysed the effect of a hypomethylating treatment in the Nta(rep)S line. This treatment had for consequence a reactivation of the NtSUP expression and a partial restoration of the floral phenotype
Daniel, Laurent. „Rôle des molécules d'adhésion et des glycoconjugués dans le processus cancéreux“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2001AIX20685.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleQuillet, Renaud. „Définition moléculaire de l'origine des alteractions morphologiques liées à la dysfonction de Twist“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13182.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMoulin, Julie-Alexandra. „Développement d'outils permettant l'évaluation quantitative de la maturité pulmonaire foetale à un temps gestationnel précis chez la souris“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24783/24783.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuillemette, Stéphanie. „La contribution de Mek2 dans le développement du placenta murin“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24208/24208.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRoumanie, Olivier. „Mise en évidence et caractérisation des relations fonctionnelles entre la protéine RhoGAP Rgd1 et la protéine Vrp1 chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae“. Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28770.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the first eucaryote whose genome was fully sequenced. The analysis of its genomic sequence has led to the discovery of 6293 ORF, which might correspond to genes allowing yeast autonomous life. 70 % of these ORF correspond to potential new genes. The functional analysis of the ORF YBR260c was initiated. It showed that this ORF corresponded to a S. Cerevisiae gene, which was named RGD1 for Related GAP Domain. The Rgd1 protein acts in vitro as a GTPase Activating Protein (GAP) for the yeast Rho3 and Rho4 small G proteins. Using a genetic screen, a synthetic lethal interaction between RGD1 and VRO1 genes was discovered. The VRP1 gene encodes a protein named verproline, which is homologous to human WIP protein. The verproline is an actin and myosins interacting protein involved in polarized growth. Characterization of RGD1-VRP1 genetic interaction revealed the implication of the Rho3 and Rho4 proteins, two members of the Ras superfamily. The results obtained using mutant forms of Rho3p and Rho4p are in favour of Rho3p and Rho4p being the targets of Rgd1p RhoGAP activity in vivo. Genetic and functional analyses made it possible to enlighten cellular relationships between VRP1, RGD1, RHO3 or RHO4 and cytoskeleton-linked genes, in particular the yeast counterpart of human WASP gene, LAS17. These results allow us to present a biological model. A proteic complex, including Vr1p, would act in concert with a signalling pathway defined by the Rho3 and Rho4 proteins to participate in polarized cell growth. Rgd1p, via its GAP activity, would act as a negative regulator of the Rho3/Rho4 pathway
Bissonauth, Vickram. „Rôle essentiel de Mek1 dans le développement des tissus extra embryonnaires de la souris“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23624/23624.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCôté, Caroline. „Caractérisation fonctionnelle et évolutive de régulateurs génétiques de croissance HD-Zip de classe III, chez le peuplier“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26721/26721.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDay, Arnaud. „La lignification des fibres périphloémiennes du lin (Linum usitatissimum L. ) : approches cytochimique, chimique et moléculaire“. Lille 1, 2004. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/591bb0bd-3841-4a7b-a571-f3cf36c2ba36.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEn outre, des lignines de type gai͏̈acyle-syTingyleont été identifiées en moindre quantité dans l'ensemble de la paroi secondaire. La quantification de ces lignines révèle une hypolignification marquée dans les fibres par rapport au bois. La caractérisation des lignines inscrustant les faisceaux fibreux du lin par thioacidolyse puis par oxydation alcaline par le nitrobenzène suggère la présence d'une lignine de type H-G-S possédant un très faible ratio S/G associé à un fort degré de condensation. Ces particularités des lignines des fibres de lin semblent s'accentuer au cours de leur maturation s'effectuant pendant quelques semaines après la floraison des plantes. La caféoyl-coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase, CCoAOMT, est une enzyme clé de la voie de biosynthèse des lignines contrôlant leur synthèse et leur composition. Son étude a mis en évidence une corrélation positive entre i. L'expression du gène, ii. La présence de la protéine et iii. Son activité enzymatique, suggérant une régulation transcriptionnelle de cette enzyme. Par ailleurs, l'activité de cette enzyme et l'expression de ses gènes coi͏̈ncident avec les variations spatio-temporelles du dépôt des lignines dans les tiges. La production d'nne CCoAOMT recombinante a permis de tester in vitro la spécificité de substrat de cette enzyme. Ces analyses ont révélé l'implcation de la CCoAOMT dans la synthèse des unités gai͏̈acyles et syringyles proposannt ainsi une nouvelle voie dans la biosynthèse des monolignols
Philips, Alexandre. „Interférences transcriptionnelles entre des facteurs de croissance et des ligands du récepteur aux oestrogènes dans des lignées cellulaires de cancer du sein humain“. Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBastelica, Delphine. „Etude de l'activation du plasminogène dans le tissu adipeux au cours de l'obésité“. Aix-Marseille 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX20681.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleReber, Laurent. „Implication des mastocytes et de la voieSCF/c-Kit dans l'inflammation et le remodelage dans l'asthme et la fibrose pulmonaire“. Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6158.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleStem cell factor (SCF) is one of the major mast cell growth factor. We found that SCF expression is controlled by the nuclear kinase MSK1. This kinase is activated by both the p38 and ERK MAP kinases in inflammatory conditions and phosphorylate the p65 subunit of NF-B. This phosphorylation occurs at Ser276 and regulates both the binding of NF-B to its coactivator CBP and to the first intron of the SCF gene. We next studied the implication of mast cells in murine models of chronic asthma and lung fibrosis. To do so, we compared the responses of wildtype mice to those of mast cell-deficient mice (KitWsh/Wsh mice), before and after adoptive transfert of bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells. We showed that mast cells play a key role in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, as well as in pulmonary fibrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells
Vagner, Stéphan. „Controle de l'initiation alternative de la traduction du retrovirus murin mo-mul v et du facteur de croissance fibroblastique 2 humain“. Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30095.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleChevron, Marie-Pierre. „Dystrophine et utrophine dans les dystrophies musculaires et au cours du développemnt des muscles squelettique, cardiaque et lisse humains“. Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLaugel, Nicolas. „Mécanismes de construction de films multicouches de polyélectrolytes : Relations entre les régimes linéaire et exponentiel et la perméabilité aux ions multivalents“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/LAUGEL_Nicolas_2007.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolyelectrolyte multilayer films are organic coatings with thicknesses ranging from nanometers to micrometers. The thickness of these films can increase either linearly or exponentially with the number of deposition steps. The aim of this thesis was to better the comprehension of the internal structure of these films, as well as the interactions that lead to their formation. The first part of this work allowed to establish a relation between the growth regime of a film built with a given polyelectrolyte pair and the complexation enthalpy of the same pair in solution. The second part was a study of the interactions between ferrocyanide and an exponential growing polyelectyrolyte multilayer film by cyclic voltammetry. The last part, taking advantage of the results yielded by the other parts, consisted in the build-up and characterization of organic-inorganic composite films, using a reactive deposition method
Merret, Rémy. „Contrôle moléculaire de la croissance sous déficit hydrique : analyse cinématique et régulation de l'expression des aquaporines TIP1 dans l'apex de la racine du peuplier“. Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10069/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study consideres the molecular control of cell expansion in poplar root apex. The study was focused on the regulation of the TIP1 aquaporins expression under two levels of water deficit. A conceptual framework combining transcript density analysis (quantitative PCR) at a high spatial resolution and a fluid mechanics formalism was established to describe the regulation of gene expression in time and space along the root apex. Two contrasting growth status were both studied: root growth rate is either restored (after three days of moderate stress, 80 mmol kg-1, 100 g L-1 polyethylene glycol PEG 3500 g mol-1) or root growth rate is reduced (after 3 days of high stress, 250 mosmol kg-1, 200 g L-1 PEG). Kinematic analysis revealed a differential sensitivity of the relative elemental growth rate (REGR) according to the stress level and to the coordinate along the apex. At the molecular level, we showed that growth reduction was associated with a shift of maximal densities of transcripts towards the first millimeters of the apex, where cell expansion was maintained. Meanwhile the induction/repression levels were never stronger than in the control condition underlying that a high transcript density does not mean a high transcriptional induction. Focused on the combination of two dynamic processes, cell expansion and gene expression, my thesis showed that the conclusions issued from the analyses of these processes are influenced by the way time, space and age are considered
Campeas, Arnaud. „Modélisation de l'hétérogénéité de croissance dans le système aquacole“. Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPL011N/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrowth heterogeneity is a recurrent problem in fish aquaculture. Its determinism is the result of complex interactions between numerous factors: feeding rate, social interactions, environmental conditions and genetics. We developed an individualized based model (multi-agent system) to reproduce in silico biological phenomena (Mo.B.I.Fish : Model of Behavioral Interaction of Fish). The first step of modelling consisted of choosing a model that could simulate growth knowing the food intake. Two models were compared (Scope For Growth and Dynamic Energy Budget) to experimental data of growing fish: we finally chose the SFG. This model was used in validation to evaluate the relative influence of the food intake (combined with other factors) on growth heterogeneity. The second step of modelling consisted of building a model which simulated social interactions between fish. These interactions were simulated with a multi-agent system that reproduced fights between two fish, in which the final result depended on the weight, experience of each fish, genetic and random effect. The result of the fight had direct influence on the individual intake. Two experiments were conducted on perch in recirculating system, which provided to us data to both calibrate and validate the model. The output of the model was the mean weight, the coefficient of variation of the weight and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient of fish weight. Hence we could estimate the relative importance of each factor in the determinism of the fights. We observed that size had little or no effect, and that the determinism could be considered as completely random. The experience effect also allowed simulating accurately the rank of the weight of fish between the beginning and the end of the experiments
Bergeron, Francis. „Caractérisation du promoteur du gène platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) de rat dans les cellules de leydig“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27165/27165.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMarie, Pauline. „De l'œuf à l'adulte : étude moléculaire et fonctionnelle de la répression des éléments transposables par les piARN au cours du développement chez drosophila melanogaster“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066426.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn metazoan germ cells, transposable element activity is repressed by small noncoding PIWI-associated RNAs (piRNAs). Numerous investigations in Drosophila have enlightened the mechanism of this repression in the adult germline. However, very little is known about piRNA-mediated repression during germline development. Nevertheless, to maintain the integrity of the genome, repression should occur throughout the lifespan of germ cells. During my PhD, I show that piRNA-mediated repression is active in the female germline, from late embryonic to pupal primordial germ cells, and that genes related to the adult piRNA pathway are required for repression during development. rhino-dependent piRNAs, exhibiting the molecular signature of the piRNA pathway "ping-pong" amplification step, are detected in larval gonads, arguing for de novo biogenesis of functional piRNAs during development. I also show that production of telomeric piRNAs depends on Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a). Furthermore, as in adult ovaries, I observe an incomplete, bimodal and stochastic repression resembling variegation at all developmental stages. Clonal analyzes of this incomplete silencing strongly suggest that a cellular memory of an early repression decision is initiated in embryonic germ cells and further maintained until the adult stage. Taken together, the data presented here show that piRNAs and their associated proteins are epigenetic components of a continuous repression system throughout germ cell development
Lethielleux-Juge, Christine. „Étude morphologique de l'architecture fine du mycélium de champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires du genre Glomus“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25342/25342.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuillemain, Isabelle. „Etude du rôle de la protéine Bcl-x dans le développement neuronal. Utilisation d'un modèle cellulaire, la lignée humaine Ntera2“. Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20067.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFintz, Anne-Claire. „Contribution à la caractérisation des facteurs de survie des cônes rétiniens“. Strasbourg 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13168.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe possibility that survival of cone photoreceptors depends on the presence of rod photoreceptors was previously demonstrated by transplantation of rod-enriched photoreceptor layers into the sub-retinal space of the retinal degeneration rd1 mouse, a model of Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP). In vitro experiments suggested that rod effects upon cones were mediated by soluble factors. Identification of these factors could enable us to design new therapies in the case of human RP, inherited diseases where loss of rods, the principal cellular sites of genetic mutations, trigger secondary cone degeneration leading to irremediable blindness. In order to characterise soluble factors involved in survival of rd1 mouse cones, we validated a functional assay for cone survival studies: chick embryonic retinal cell cultures. We aimed at determining the nature and the weight of these soluble factors by using both the enriched cone functional assay and rd1 mouse explants cultures. Dialyses and heating of conditioned medium promoting cone survival suggested thermolabile molecules of molecular weight superior to 25kDa. Similarly, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a 30 kDa protein exhibiting neuroprotective effects on a range of neural types, has been previously shown to protect photoreceptors in different experimental models. It was tested upon chick cone-enriched and rat rod-enriched retinal cell cultures, and show to have a direct effect upon rod but not cone photoreceptor survival. While awaiting systematic screening of soluble factors promoting cone survival, these results establish the foundations for further studies on candidate neurotrophic factor testing
Broquard, Coralie. „Le déterminisme sexuel de l'huître crassostrea gigas : du phénotype aux facteurs moléculaires sous-jacents“. Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC264.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKnowledge about the mode of reproduction and the sex determination of the cupped oyster Crassostrea gigas remains limited. As a sequential hermaphroditic species, sex determination takes place several times during its lifetime. As part of this thesis, the sexual phenotypes of the first 6 years of life of oysters were identified in two cohorts. Thus, the sex ratio was biased towards females from the first sexual maturity, as well as for all subsequent years. After six years of sexing, 42%, 32%, 19%, 5%, 1% and 0.1% of oysters showed 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4 and 5 sex changes. The frequency of sex changes also decreased with age (34% between years 1-2 to 9% between years 5-6). This thesis work has also sought to determine the influence of sex and sex change on the morphological parameters of individuals. Thus, a sexual dimorphism was identified for the total weight as well as the length, width and thickness of the shell, in favour of female oysters, including those that have changed sex in the male to female direction. Finally, a transcriptomic analysis of the gonad of individuals with contrasted phenotypes ("true" females and "true" males) was to provide further knowledge on the molecular factors of sex determination. Thus, this approach made it possible (i) to identify the expression patterns of homologs of sex-determining genes, over the entire period of this mechanism and (ii) to identify new molecular actors of interest, overexpressed specifically in one sex during sex determination. Each expression pattern obtained in "true" males or "true" females could thus be interpreted in the light of the most probable future phenotype of the sex, despite sequential hermaphroditism. This approach allowed to refine hypotheses about the role of various factors in determining the sex of this cupped oyster
Gamarra, Lazo Giselle del Carmen. „Modulation des taux plasmatiques d’insuline par l’apport de propylène glycol dans l’alimentation : effet sur la quantité, la qualité des ovocytes et des embryons produits in vitro chez des génisses laitières“. Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0083.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe ovum pick-up and in vitro embryo production method in heifers can accelerate the speed of genetic progress through the female line. However, to be effective it requires high numbers of usable oocytes to be collected and high numbers of transferable embryos and high embryo survival after cryopreservation to ensure the maintenance of pregnancy after transfer. The variability in the quality of oocytes and embryo development rates in vitro may be influenced by the dietary intake of donor cattle before oocyte recovery and may be related to the concentrations of metabolites and hormones involved in regulating energy metabolism: in particular, increased levels of insulin and IGF1 were associated with high energy intake in dairy heifers. Moreover, in heifers, it was shown that diets that increase insulin concentrations negatively influence the quality of oocytes. However an increase in insulin concentrations over a short lapse of time has a positive effect on the growth of small follicles prior to superovulatory treatment. These findings support the idea that it may be possible to modulate insulin concentrations transiently to improve reproductive success. The addition of propylene glycol (PG) to the diet increases the concentrations of insulin and IGF1 in plasma in cows during the post-partum period. Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) is an endocrine marker of the size of the pool of ovarian gonadotrophin-responsive follicles in the cow, and plasma AMH concentrations measured before stimulation of follicular growth with FSH hormone treatment can help predict the response of individuals. In this thesis, we investigated the effect of shortterm PG administration to modulate the levels of insulin, follicular growth, the superovulatory response and in vitro embryo production after OPU in heifers with different pre-experimental circulating AMH profiles (high, H vs. low, L). Firstly, the relationship between the dose of propylene glycol in dairy heifers and the insulin response was established. Secondly, the number and morphological quality of oocytes and embryos produced with and without a supplement of propylene glycol in feed-restricted heifers were determined. Thirdly, the gene expression patterns of the IGF system in oocytes and cumulus cells and the expression profile of selected candidate genes that are important for in vitro embryo development were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of some hormones and metabolites and their relationship with PG were also studied.Our data show that administration of PG increased plasma insulin, IGF1 and glucose concentrations and decreased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and urea concentrations in feed-restricted heifers. PG as an oral drench also increased IGF1 concentrations in follicular fluid. In addition, PG increased the number of small (2–3mm) follicles on Day 2 during the first follicle wave in both AMH groups (H and L) compared with the control treatment (water drench). PG only continued to have a positive effect on the number of medium (4–8mm) follicles on Day 5 after stimulation of follicular growth in the AMH H group. Additionally, there was a significant increase in Day 7 Grade 1 blastocysts (expressed as a percentage of fertilized oocytes) after PG compared with control treatment in both AMH groups of heifers. PG increased the number of expanded blastocysts at Day 7 compared with control but only in AMH H and not AMH L heifers. Additionally, PG modified the gene expression pattern of the IGF system in cumulus cells and produced changes in gene expression in blastocysts. Consequently, our data showed that PG administration is effective in improving in vitro embryo production probably due to the existence of epigenetic regulation induced by PG during follicular growth in the IGF1 system. This regulation system may modulate the follicular environment and level of gene expression up to the blastocyst stage more markedly in heifers with high compared to low AMH levels
Marie, Pauline. „De l'œuf à l'adulte : étude moléculaire et fonctionnelle de la répression des éléments transposables par les piARN au cours du développement chez drosophila melanogaster“. Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066426/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn metazoan germ cells, transposable element activity is repressed by small noncoding PIWI-associated RNAs (piRNAs). Numerous investigations in Drosophila have enlightened the mechanism of this repression in the adult germline. However, very little is known about piRNA-mediated repression during germline development. Nevertheless, to maintain the integrity of the genome, repression should occur throughout the lifespan of germ cells. During my PhD, I show that piRNA-mediated repression is active in the female germline, from late embryonic to pupal primordial germ cells, and that genes related to the adult piRNA pathway are required for repression during development. rhino-dependent piRNAs, exhibiting the molecular signature of the piRNA pathway "ping-pong" amplification step, are detected in larval gonads, arguing for de novo biogenesis of functional piRNAs during development. I also show that production of telomeric piRNAs depends on Heterochromatin Protein 1a (HP1a). Furthermore, as in adult ovaries, I observe an incomplete, bimodal and stochastic repression resembling variegation at all developmental stages. Clonal analyzes of this incomplete silencing strongly suggest that a cellular memory of an early repression decision is initiated in embryonic germ cells and further maintained until the adult stage. Taken together, the data presented here show that piRNAs and their associated proteins are epigenetic components of a continuous repression system throughout germ cell development
Benkouider, Abdelmalek. „Fabrication and characterization of sige-based core-shell nanostructures“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4345.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSiGe/Si core/shell nanowires (NWs) and nanodots (NDs) are promising candidates for the future generation of optoelectronic devices. It was demonstrated that the SiGe/Si heterostructure composition, interface geometry, size and aspect ratios can be used to tune the electronic properties of the nanowires. Compared to pure Si or Ge nanowires, the core-shell structures and exhibit extended number of potential configurations to modulate the band gap by the intrinsic strain. Moreover, the epitaxial strain and the band-offsets produce a better conductance and higher mobility of charge carriers. Recent calculations reported that by varying the core-shell aspect ratio could induce an indirect to direct band gap transition. One of the best configurations giving direct allowed transitions consists of a thin Si core embedded within wide Ge shell. The Germanium condensation technique is able to provide high Ge content (> 50%) shell with Si core whom thickness of core and shell can be accurately tuned. The aim of this work is to develop two types of synthesis processes: the first "top-down" will be based on direct nanoetching by focused ion beam (FIB) of 2D SiGe layer. This process allows the control of the size of NWs, and their precise location. The NWs achieved by this technique are not very dense and have a large diameter. The second processes called "bottom-up"; are based on the VLS growth of NWs from metal catalysts (AuSi). Grown NWs have been studied locally in order to measure the mean size and the strain and their effects on the quantum confinement and band structure of NWs
Masselot, Véronique. „Influence des stabilisants sur la cristallisation d'un semi-liquide alimentaire : Application à la congélation des sorbets“. Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB021.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA sorbet is a frozen and aerated dessert made from a mix of concentrated fruit juice, sugars and stabilizers. The most critical step in the manufacturing process of sorbets is the freezing-foaming step that takes place in a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE). During this step, ice crystals are generated and air bubbles are introduced while the unfrozen residual solution concentrates in sugars and stabilizers. The quality of the final product is strongly related to the quantity and size of ice crystals formed in the SSHE; they must be numerous and as small as possible. The scientific objective of this thesis is a better understanding of the influence of stabilizers on the microstructure (number and size of ice crystals and air bubbles) formed during the freezing process of a sorbet.The rheological properties of the sorbet mix before freezing and of the unfrozen residual solution were explored and quantified according to the stabilizer added (CMC, HPMC, or LBG). Studies of their surfactant properties and of the diffusion of water molecules were carried out and the thermal equilibrium properties of the mix were analyzed. The microstructure of sorbets was characterized in situ during the freezing process and ex situ at the end of freezing using high-performance characterization tools (FBRM, X-ray micro-computed tomography and Cryo-SEM).This study provides a better understanding of the influence of stabilizers on the establishment of the microstructure of a sorbet and in particular on the size and number of ice crystals and air bubbles. HPMC is the only stabilizer that influences the amount of air incorporated, and also the number and size of ice crystals. It appears that this stabilizer, by increasing the amount of air, decreases the growth of ice crystals. The air bubbles would act as physical barriers during freezing. The viscosities of the mix or the unfrozen residual solution, and water diffusion do not influence the crystallization in these systems
Genin, Anne. „Identification et caractérisation de CASC5 chez des patients atteints de microcéphalie primaire“. Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209461.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDans trois familles MCPH4 originaires de villages voisins du Maroc rural, nous avons affiné la zone de liaison à un segment de 3,7cM, contenant un haplotype commun sur une longueur de 2,7cM suggérant un déséquilibre de liaison autour d’une mutation ancestrale. Le LOD score combiné dans les trois familles était supérieur à 6. Parmi les gènes contenus dans cette région, nous avons sélectionné des candidats que nous avons ensuite analysés par séquençage direct de l’ADN de nos patients. Parmi ces gènes, CASC5 présentait un variant, homozygote chez nos patients, hétérozygote chez leurs parents sains et absent chez 150 contrôles non apparentés. Nous avons utilisé la technologie 454 de séquençage à haut débit de Roche pour séquencer les gènes de l’intervalle de 2.7Mb en une fois. Parmi les mutations identifiées, nous n’avons trouvé qu’une seule variation exonique inconnue qui correspondait à la variation faux-sens déjà identifiée dans le gène CASC5. CASC5 est une protéine centromérique requise pour l’alignement des chromosomes à la métaphase et pour le point de contrôle métaphasique de la progression mitotique. Il était donc potentiellement un très bon candidat causal de la microcéphalie primaire. CASC5 lie directement MIS12, BUB1, BUBR1 et Zwint-1, et fait partie du réseau KMN du kinétochore. Il est nécessaire à l’ancrage des centromères chromosomiques au fuseau mitotique, et est requis pour le contrôle du cycle cellulaire au niveau du Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint.
Nous avons ensuite confirmé que la mutation génère un défaut d’épissage chez nos patients consistant en la perte partielle de l’exon 18 dans l’ARNm. La perte de cet exon conduit à un déphasage du cadre de lecture provoquant l’apparition d’un codon STOP prématuré dans l’exon 19. Ceci prédit donc la formation d’une protéine tronquée, ou absente après dégradation par le mécanisme cellulaire de dégradation des ARNm non-sens. Par Western-Blotting nous avons pu révéler, en lignée lymphoblastoïdes, la protéine CASC5 endogène chez tous nos patients, y compris, à notre surprise, chez les sujets atteints.
Il est décrit dans la littérature qu’un knockdown de CASC5 provoque un mauvais alignement des chromosomes, une entrée prématurée en mitose et la formation de micronoyaux, conséquence d’un mauvais alignement des chromosomes pendant la métaphase. Les différentes études menées sur le phénotype cellulaire de nos patients en lignées lymphoblastoïdes n’ont pu révéler ces défauts. Notre hypothèse est que l’allèle muté est hypomorphe et que le phénotype cellulaire décrit en boites de culture ne s’observerait in vivo que dans certaines cellules du cerveau en cours de développement.
En parallèle de ces travaux, nous avons également contribué à l’identification de la cause d’une microcéphalie primaire syndromique, associée à un diabète insulino-requérant précoce, tansmis sur le mode récessif autosomique et identifié dans une famille d’origine marocaine. Notre laboratoire avait localisé la mutation dans une région de 3 cM du chromosome 4. Parmi les 39 gènes compris dans cette région, nous en avons sélectionné et séquencé plusieurs. Aucun n’a cependant montré de mutation. Un séquençage de l'exome complet de l’un de nos patients, a permis de mettre en évidence une mutation non-sens homozygote dans un gène de l’intervalle critique de liaison. La mutation ségrège avec le phénotype autosomique récessif chez les malades, leurs parents et leurs germains asymptomatiques. L’abondance du transcrit de ce gène a été mesurée en lignées lymphoblastoïdes de patients :il est présent en quantité similaire chez les patients et chez un contrôle non apparenté.
En conclusion, notre travail a permis l’identification d’un nouveau gène muté chez des patients atteints de microcéphalie primaire, CASC5, avec un haut degré de preuve de causalité de cette mutation, impliquant ainsi une protéine du réseau KMN du kinétochore dans le développement volumique du cerveau humain. Nous avons par ailleurs contribué à l’identification d’un nouveau gène causant microcéphalie primaire et diabète juvénile, dont le mécanisme biologique est en cours d’investigation.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ammar, Mohamed Raafet. „Rôle de la phospholipase D1 dans le trafic membranaire : implication dans le développement neuronal et l'exocytose régulée“. Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00998047.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleQureshi, Abdul Wahid. „Les microvésicules splénocytaires effecteurs de la sénescence endothéliale : impact de l'âge et protection par apport nutritionnel d'une formule optimisée d'acides gras poly-insaturés eicosapentaénoïque et docosahexaénoïque, EPA/DHA 6/1“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ077.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAgeing is associated with progressive endothelial senescence favoring endothelial and vascular dysfunction, often associated with cardiovascular diseases. We investigated in young, middle-aged and old rats (Y, MA, O) the impact of ageing on the shedding of spleen-derived leukocytes microvesicles (SMVs) and measured their pro-senescent effects in porcine primary coronary artery endothelial cells (ECs). Oxidative stress accumulates in spleen tissue and SMVs shedding increases with age. SMVs from MA, O but not Y rats induced premature endothelial senescence, with increased Senescence-Associated-β-galactosidase activity and up-regulated p53, p21, p16. SMVs shifted ECs towards a pro-inflammatory and pro-atherothrombotic phenotype with increased endothelial oxidative stress and down-regulated eNOS. Short-term intake of omega-3 EPA:DHA 6:1 but not EPA:DHA 1:1 reduced age-related oxidative stress and SMVs shedding in MA and O spleen tissues, and abolished SMVs-induced premature endothelial senescence in MA, most probably by reducing oxidative stress and preventing the activation of the local angiotensin system
Blandin, Anne-Florence. „Rôle de l'intégrine α5β1 dans la biologie du glioblastome et dans la résistance aux thérapies anti-EGFR“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ066/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor. Alteration of the EGFR pathway and high invasive potential are hallmarks of GBM. Unfortunately, trials using anti-EGFR therapies for the treatment of GBM reveal limited efficacy. We previously showed that overexpression of the fibronectin receptor, α5β1 integrin, is associated with a poor prognosis for patients and is responsible for chemoresistance to temodal. Integrins can cross-talk with growth factor receptors and amplified their oncogenic activity. Here, we sought to determine the potential role of α5 integrin in resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Using U87 GBM cell line, we first confirmed that fibronectin-mediated integrin activation potentiated EGFR signaling. Loss of α5 integrin expression sensitized U87 cells to anti-EGFR drugs (cetuximab, gefitinib) in soft agar clonogenic assay. α5 expression can trigger resistance to both drugs on cell migration. To go further, we developed a new assay based on the quantification of cell evasion from tumor spheroids. α5 depletion increased U87 cell sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib, 2 EGFR-selective reversible TKI, but had not effect on lapatinib efficacy, an irreversible TKI that target EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3 and ErbB4. Confocal microscopy revealed a strong impact of gefitinib on EGFR and integrin endocytosis. These results suggested that α5 expression may trigger resistance to TKI either by activating ErbB pathways or by controlling EGFR membrane trafficking. We also showed that to promote cell adhesion, α5 integrin stimulated fibronectin fibrillogenesis. As cells moved away from the spheroids, α5 became strictly engaged in cell-substratum adhesion sites where it recruited activated FAK. Our work highlights the pivotal role of fibronectin/α5β1 integrin in invasivity of GBM and resistance to anti-EGFR drugs
Obara, Tiphaine. „Modélisation de l’hétérogénéité tumorale par processus de branchement : cas du glioblastome“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0186/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe latest advances in cancer research are paving the way to better treatments. However, some tumors such as glioblastomas remain among the most aggressive and difficult to treat. The cause of this resistance could be due to a sub-population of cells with characteristics common to stem cells. Many mathematical and numerical models on tumor growth already exist but few take into account the tumor heterogeneity. It is now a real challenge. This thesis focuses on the dynamics of different cell subpopulations in glioblastoma. It involves the development of a mathematical model of tumor growth based on a multitype, age-dependent branching process. This model allows to integrate cellular heterogeneity. Numerical simulations reproduce the evolution of different types of cells and simulate the action of several therapeutic strategies. A method of parameters estimation based on the pseudo-maximum likelihood has been developed. This approach is an alternative to the maximum likelihood in the case where the sample distribution is unknown. Finally, we present the biological experiments that have been implemented in order to validate the numerical model
Bedon, Frank. „Structure génique et caractérisation fonctionnelle de facteurs de transcription MYB-R2R3 impliqués dans la formation du xylème chez les conifères“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24997/24997.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFeral-Martin, Cédric. „Influence de la morphologie d’oxydes à base de cérium sur les relations (micro)structures/propriétés“. Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14076/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRecent decades, numerous studies on cerium-based oxides have been realized and have revealed that cerium-based oxides were materials of choice in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. The aim now is therefore to increase the reactivity of these oxides, while expanding their range of optimal temperatures of Use. In this particular context, it seems possible to modulate the properties of cerium-based oxides by controlling the morphology of the crystallites. This thesis has been devoted to the identification, development and characterization of materials based on cerium oxides of controlled morphology. We first determined possible morphologies for the studied system, by hydrothermal synthesis by micro-wave assisted heating we have synthesized these morphologies and we characterized reactivity of these materials by infrared thermography and TGA. We have optimized these materials first, by extrinsic doping (deposition of precious metals) and then by intrinsic doping (Yttrium and Iron). New morphologies have been synthesized so we have studied the processes of nucleation-growth set in. The high reactivity of iron-doped materials has led us to a detailed characterization of the microstructure of these materials. Finally correlation reactivity/morphologies of crystallites have been achieved
Semenchenko, Kostyantyn. „Development of tumour therapies : from target validation of TTLL12 to tests of a small molecule XRP44X in pre-clinical models of cancer“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ107.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTubulin posttranslational modifications are an attractive target for cancer therapy. TTLL12 isinvolved in tubulin detyrosination, histone H4K20 trimethylation and prostate cancer. The thesis addresses the effects of TTLL12 overexpression on these tubulin and histone modifications at different stages of the cell cycle and on sensitivity to microtubule-targeting agents. The results show that TTLL12 over expression affects tubulin detyrosination and H4K20 trimethylation independently of cell cycle phase and reduces cell sensitivity totaxanes.XRP44X is a novel inhibitor of Ras-ERK1/2-Elk3 signalling and tubulin-binding agent. Itsantitumorigenic properties had been shown in vitro and in initial in vivo studies. The thesis project was a continuation of pre-clinical studies on XRP44X in mouse prostate cancer models. The results show that XRP44X is an effective inhibitor of tumorigenesis and metastasis in prostate cancer, which may be due to its effect on Elk3
Roignant, Jeanne. „Biologie de développement du bois en réponse à des sollicitations mécaniques environnementales“. Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC032/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTrees have the ability to perceive daily mechanical stresses related to wind and to acclimate their growth and development accordingly. Wind essentially results in organs bending, in particular in branches and stem. Previous studies have shown that growth diameter of poplar stem increased in response to bending; mimicking wind mechanical effect. This growth increment goes along with a change in the structure of the wood formed under bending stimulation. This type of reaction wood has been described for some conifers and angiosperms species, and was called "flexure wood". Until now, its anatomical characteristics have been poorly described, and the molecular actors of its formation have never been investigated. In addition, in most of these previous studies the mechanical stresses applied to the stem were bidirectional bendings with an uncontrolled intensity. Because mechanical strains constitute the physical variable perceived by the plant, it appeared necessary to carefully control the bending amplitude applied to the stem. Thanks to an original experimental setup, we applied unidirectional bendings on young poplar stems, while controlling its intensity. This study showed that the strains are perceived at a local scale and that the secondary growth response was also local, leading to stem ovalization. We also distinguished the wood formed under tension we named “Tensile Flexure Wood” from the wood formed under compression we named “Compressive Flexure Wood”. The anatomical and molecular analyzes show that the strain intensity in absolute value is not enough to explain all the answers and that the sign (tension or compression) of these strains also plays a role. In trees stimulated by more frequent unidirectional bendings, growth and cell differentiation are modulated even differently, especially in the area under compression, bringing to the stem an adaptive benefit to the following solicitations. The CLE12.2 gene, which belongs to the CLAVATA gene family involved in meristematic regulation, has been shown to be mechanosensitive. Functional analysis of the CLE12.2 gene in transgenic plants with under- or overexpression of the gene allowed us to hypothesize that the CLE12.2 peptide is involved in the regulation of the cell-wall biosynthesis pathways. This work highlighted the complexity of the molecular mechanisms involved in wood formation and brings new knowledge for further studies on trees acclimation to wind