Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Outer forearc high“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Machen Sie sich mit den Listen der aktuellen Artikel, Bücher, Dissertationen, Berichten und anderer wissenschaftlichen Quellen zum Thema "Outer forearc high" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Outer forearc high":
1
Genge, Marie Catherine, César Witt, Frank Chanier, Jean-Yves Reynaud und Ysabel Calderon. „Outer forearc high control in an erosional subduction regime: The case of the central Peruvian forearc (6–10°S)“. Tectonophysics 789 (August 2020): 228546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2020.228546.
2
Tréhu, Anne M., Bridget Hass, Alexander de Moor, Andrei Maksymowicz, Eduardo Contreras-Reyes, Emilio Vera und Michael D. Tryon. „Geologic controls on up-dip and along-strike propagation of slip during subduction zone earthquakes from a high-resolution seismic reflection survey across the northern limit of slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake, offshore Chile“. Geosphere 15, Nr. 6 (07.11.2019): 1751–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02099.1.
Annotation:
Abstract A grid of closely spaced, high-resolution multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection profiles was acquired in May 2012 over the outer accretionary prism up dip from the patch of greatest slip during the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake (offshore Chile) to complement a natural-source seismic experiment designed to monitor the post-earthquake response of the outer accretionary prism. We describe the MCS data and discuss the implications for the response of the accretionary prism during the earthquake and for the long-term evolution of the margin. The most notable observation from the seismic reflection survey is a rapid north-to-south shift over a short distance from nearly total frontal accretion of the trench sediments to nearly total underthrusting of undeformed trench sediments that occurs near the northern edge of slip in the 2010 earthquake. Integrating our structural observations with other geological and geophysical observations, we conclude that sediment subduction beneath a shallow décollement is associated with propagation of slip to the trench during great earthquakes in this region. The lack of resolvable compressive deformation in the trench sediment along this segment of the margin indicates that the plate boundary here is very weak, which allowed the outer prism to shift seaward during the earthquake, driven by large slip down dip. The abrupt shift from sediment subduction to frontal accretion indicates a stepdown in the plate boundary fault, similar to the stepovers that commonly arrest slip propagation in strike-slip faults. We do not detect any variation along strike in the thickness or reflective character of the trench sediments adjacent to the change in deformation front structure. This change, however, is correlated with variations in the morphology and structure of the accretionary prism that extend as far as 40 km landward of the deformation front. We speculate that forearc structural heterogeneity is the result of subduction of an anomalously shallow or rough portion of plate that interacted with and deformed the overlying plate and is now deeply buried. This study highlights need for three-dimensional structural images to understand the interaction between geology and slip during subduction zone earthquakes.
3
Zhu, Gaohua, Hongfeng Yang, Jian Lin, Zhiyuan Zhou, Min Xu, Jinlong Sun und Kuiyuan Wan. „Along-strike variation in slab geometry at the southern Mariana subduction zone revealed by seismicity through ocean bottom seismic experiments“. Geophysical Journal International 218, Nr. 3 (10.06.2019): 2122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz272.
Annotation:
SUMMARYWe have conducted the first passive Ocean Bottom Seismograph (OBS) experiment near the Challenger Deep at the southernmost Mariana subduction zone by deploying and recovering an array of 6 broad-band OBSs during December 2016–June 2017. The obtained passive-source seismic records provide the first-ever near-field seismic observations in the southernmost Mariana subduction zone. We first correct clock errors of the OBS recordings based on both teleseismic waveforms and ambient noise cross-correlation. We then perform matched filter earthquake detection using 53 template events in the catalogue of the US Geological Survey and find >7000 local earthquakes during the 6-month OBS deployment period. Results of the two independent approaches show that the maximum clock drifting was ∼2 s on one instrument (OBS PA01), while the rest of OBS waveforms had negligible time drifting. After timing correction, we locate the detected earthquakes using a newly refined local velocity model that was derived from a companion active source experiment in the same region. In total, 2004 earthquakes are located with relatively high resolution. Furthermore, we calibrate the magnitudes of the detected earthquakes by measuring the relative amplitudes to their nearest relocated templates on all OBSs and acquire a high-resolution local earthquake catalogue. The magnitudes of earthquakes in our new catalogue range from 1.1 to 5.6. The earthquakes span over the Southwest Mariana rift, the megathrust interface, forearc and outer-rise regions. While most earthquakes are shallow, depths of the slab earthquakes increase from ∼100 to ∼240 km from west to east towards Guam. We also delineate the subducting interface from seismicity distribution and find an increasing trend in dip angles from west to east. The observed along-strike variation in slab dip angles and its downdip extents provide new constraints on geodynamic processes of the southernmost Mariana subduction zone.
4
BouDagher-Fadel, Marcelle K., G. David Price, Xiumian Hu und Juan Li. „Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene foraminiferal biozones in the Tibetan Himalayas, and a pan-Tethyan foraminiferal correlation scheme“. Stratigraphy 12, Nr. 1 (2015): 67–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.12.1.05.
Annotation:
This investigation of Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene sediments from the Tibetan Himalayas, based on three stratigraphic sections from the southern margin of Asian Plate and nine sections from the northern Indian Plate margin, provides the first high resolution biostratigraphic description of the region. The sedimentary successions from these two plate margins evolved during the following depositional stages, which we here divide into eleven new biozones (TLK2-3 and TP1-9); (i) an outer neritic stage from the Coniacian to the Maastrichtian, dominated by keeled planktonic foraminifera (PF), such as Globotruncana (TLK2); (ii) a latest Maastrichtian forereef assemblage dominated by Lepidorbitoides, Omphalocyclus and Orbitoides (TLK3); (iii) an early Paleocene, intermittently occurring backreef/shallow reefal warm environment with benthic assemblages dominated by small miliolids and rotaliids, such as Daviesina and Lockhartia (TP1-2); (iv) a late Paleocene-early Eocene, shallow reefal environment dominated by warm water forms, such as Alveolina, Assilina and Nummulites (TP3-7); (v) a depositional stage showing a slight deepening of the reef, with forereef assemblages, lasting until the end of the Ypresian (TP8); (vi) a final, early Lutetian depositional stage characterised by the complete disappearance of the larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) and their reefal environment, which was replaced by PF assemblages with intense reworking of pelagic facies triggered by the tectonics of the India-Asia collision (TP9). During the course of this study two unnamed species have been identified and described, Lepidorbitoides sp. A and Discocyclina sp. A, from the Xigaze forearc basin. The high resolution depositional and biostratigraphic scheme defined here for the southern Himalayan region gives greater insight into the general evolution of this globally important tectonic region.We have confirmed earlier observations that many LBF forms appear about 1Ma later in the eastern part of Tethys than they do in the west, reflecting their previously inferred gradual eastern paleogeographic migration. Additionally, this study has allowed us to refine the biostratigraphic ranges of some LBF of the Eastern Tethys, and for the first time to exactly correlate these Eastern Tethyan zones with the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZs) of the Western Tethys.
5
Ayadh, Meriem, Amaury Guillermin, Marie-Angèle Abellan, Sara Figueiredo, Mélanie Pedrazzani, Emmanuel Cohen, Armelle Bigouret und Hassan Zahouani. „Investigation of the link between the human skin relief and the dermal fibers network by coupling topographic analysis and LC-OCT imaging before and during folding tests“. 4open 6 (2023): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/fopen/2023005.
Annotation:
Knowing the evolution of the skin’s response to mechanical solicitations and understanding its origin is important in medicine, surgery, and cosmetics. Studies performed in vitro and ex vivo show that links exist between the topographic skin properties and the collagen and elastin fibers network in the dermis. But, to our knowledge, no in vivo study shows this link. In this study we propose a combination of experimental tests to demonstrate the link between the topographic skin properties and the fibers network in the dermis in vivo. The first method consists in analyzing the skin relief images. The second method uses a recently developed imaging technique of human skin in vivo with a high spatial resolution: Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). This technology provides two types of images modalities: vertical and horizontal section images. The skin relief images and its internal layers are carried out for the skin at rest and during a folding test. The latter is performed using a folding system developed in this study. From these images, we calculate the density of the skin lines printed on the skin surface and their orientations. Thanks to the two modalities of LC-OCT, we obtain the full 3D image of the skin volume. From these images we extract the fibers density and their orientation in the plans parallel and perpendicular to the outer skin surface. The study is carried out on 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 55 years-old. Skin relief analysis and LC-OCT images are performed on the skin of the forearm and thigh. The results show similar distributions of the skin lines on the surface and of its fibers in the volume. We could observe a correlation between the skin lines at the surface and the structure in depth of its layers in the volume (0.40 < rSpearman < 0.73).
6
Vilas Boas, Juliana, Teresa Pereira, César Magalhães und Celeste Brito. „Dermatite de Contato Alérgica Ocupacional a múltiplos agentes num Canalizador“. Revista Portuguesa de Saúde Ocupacional 16 (31.12.2023): esub0403. http://dx.doi.org/10.31252/rpso.08.07.2023.
Annotation:
Introduction Contact dermatitis can have an irritating or allergic background and are the most frequently encountered occupational dermatosis. Allergic Contact Dermatitis can be of occupational origin and most often affects the hands, wrists, and forearms. The occupational and clinical history is critical for its diagnosis. The relationship between the symptoms and work, identifying substances that may cause the dermatosis is important to perform epicutaneous tests. The initial stage of treatment consists of evicting the agent, which may include removing the worker from his workplace. Early and appropriate treatment is important to prevent further deterioration and persistence of skin lesions. Case Report 47-year-old man, a plumber for thirty years, and no relevant personal background. About seventeen years ago, he started erythematous, scaly, and fissured lesions on the dorsum of both hands and in the interdigital spaces, which he associated with his professional activity. Initially, he did not wear gloves when working with plastic pipes, glues, sealants, and other rubber and steel materials. With the appearance of the injuries, he began to use them, without improvement. However, he kept the injuries. Dermatology followed it, where it performed the first epicutaneous tests with positivity for the agent Isopropyl-N-Phenyl 4 Phenylenediamine, present in rubbers. Due to continued exposure to the agent present in his workplace, with consequent worsening of the skin lesions, he returned to the consultation. He carried out new epicutaneous tests that revealed new positivities: Paraphenylenediamine, Mixture of Thiurans and Colophony. These agents are present in his work, and the diagnosis of Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis was assumed. Discussion/ Conclusion Occupational Allergic Contact Dermatitis is associated with high personal and professional suffering, loss of earning capacity and decreased productivity. Given the multiplicity of sensitized agents, this case was a challenge for Occupational Health, as it was present in various work materials and protective equipment. In this case, it was not possible to leave the workplace, which was not the option accepted by the worker, so the management of the case involved minimizing contact, giving preference to other types of materials, by reducing the time and intensity of exposure, using safer individual protection material, as well as using inner cotton gloves and outer vinyl gloves, in addition to concomitant pharmacological treatment. This case is also positive for other agents due to cross-reactivity, as well as the multiplicity of reactions that was partly caused by the continuous injury to the skin. Keywords: Allergic Contact Dermatitis; Isopropyl-N-Phenyl 4 Phenylenediamine; Paraphenylenediamine; Tiurans; Colophony.
7
Vako, Ilia. „Modern video recording systems of motor techniques: practical aspect“. Pedagogy and Psychology of Sport 5, Nr. 1 (24.06.2019): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/pps.2019.05.01.008.
Annotation:
Topicality. The end of the XX and beginning of the XXI century has been marked by the introduction of information technology to didactic biomechanics. Software and hardware systems that allow real-time processing of data uploaded to the computer have become widespread. The task of the study is to analyse the technique of "elbow lever outward" drill, performed by cadets of the fourth year of study using the optoelectronic system "Qualisys". Research methods. To achieve the set tasks, we have applied such research methods as analysis of scientific and methodological literature as well as documentary materials, methods of registration and analysis of athlete's movements (system of video recording and analysis of athlete's movements, 3D recording of human movements "Qualisys Motion Capture"). The results obtained during the study have been processed with the help of mathematical statistics methods. Results of the research. The duration of actions when performing "elbow lever outward" drill by cadets with the first blow of the hand is an average of 3,150 s (S = 0,101). The first movement involves performing swing or propulsion with the right hand. This action, according to experimental data, involves the pelvis and torso (a counter-clockwise movement). In 0.406 s (S = 0.050) after the start of the action, the cadet strikes with the right hand on the imaginary offender’s torso (usually in the chest area). Capture of imaginary offender’s right hand by the cadet with their left hand occurs in 0,298 s (S = 0,048) after blow. In another 0.237 s (S = 0.034) the cadet of the fourth year of study additionally fixes the imaginary offender’s hand, performing its capture with their right hand. Thus, for complete fixation of the detainee's right hand (for the purpose of further performance of the drill) cadets spend more than 0,500 s. Further actions are related to the removal of the detainee's body from equilibrium, which is achieved by lateral twisting of their right hand and forearm, causing pain for imaginary offender and making them manageable, thus, allowing the cadet by further withdrawal of the imaginary offender's hand back (relative to the latter) lower the offender to the floor and make further rotational movement of their body already on the support area.
Conclusions. At present, one of the most important aspects of didactic biomechanics is the arrangement of learning process for studying laws and patterns of motor actions. A key element of the learning process regarding the patterns of motor actions, in our opinion, is the use of video recording systems and application packages for biomechanical analysis. Currently, in the sports practice, the analysis of sports technique is inconceivable without the use of high-precision measuring equipment, which allows the specialist to assess both the inner and outer sides of the movement. In experimental studies conducted in the laboratory, we have simulated the situation of the employee's capture of an imaginary offender during their walk with the help of performing "elbow lever outward" drill technique on detainee’s both right and left sides. The analysis of the obtained data shows the absence of statistically significant differences between the indicators of "elbow lever outward" drill, which was carried out both on the right and on the left sides of the detainee in the laboratory conditions (p> 0.05). The data of the pedagogical experiment allowed determining the quantitative indicators of "elbow lever outward" drill performed by cadets during 4 years of their study.
8
Johnston, Scott M., und Andrew R. C. Kylander-Clark. „Outer forearc uplift and exhumation during high-flux magmatism: Evidence from detrital zircon geochemistry of the Nacimiento forearc basin, California, USA“. Geology, 05.04.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48627.1.
Annotation:
We present new coupled detrital zircon trace-element and U–Pb age data from Valanginian–Santonian strata of the Nacimiento forearc basin (California, USA) to enhance provenance discrimination and investigate the evolution of the late Mesozoic California margin. Our data document at least five different Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous zircon populations with variable U/Yb ratios, and zircon that displays systematically increasing U/Yb from 130 to 80 Ma. Based on the presence of a distinctive population of geochemically primitive, 168–157 Ma low-U/Yb zircon that is found in Albian–Lower Cenomanian strata but not in older Valanginian strata, we infer a period of uplift and Albian–early Cenomanian erosion of forearc basement (the Coast Range ophiolite) that was coincident with increasing Cordilleran arc magmatic flux.
9
Watt, Janet T., und Daniel S. Brothers. „Systematic characterization of morphotectonic variability along the Cascadia convergent margin: Implications for shallow megathrust behavior and tsunami hazards“. Geosphere, 20.11.2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02178.1.
Annotation:
Studies of recent destructive megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis along subduction margins in Japan, Sumatra, and Chile have linked forearc morphology and structure to megathrust behavior. This connection is based on the idea that spatial variations in the frictional behavior of the megathrust influence the tectono-morphological evolution of the upper plate. Here we present a comprehensive examination of the tectonic geomorphology, outer wedge taper, and structural vergence along the marine forearc of the Cascadia subduction zone (offshore northwestern North America). The goal is to better understand geologic controls on outer wedge strength and segmentation at spatial scales equivalent to rupture lengths of large earthquakes (≥M 6.7), and to examine potential linkages with shallow megathrust behavior. We use cross-margin profiles, spaced 25 km apart, to characterize along-strike variation in outer wedge width, steepness, and structural vergence (measured between the toe and the outer arc high). The width of the outer wedge varies between 17 and 93 km, and the steepness ranges from 0.9° to 6.5°. Hierarchical cluster analysis of outer wedge width and steepness reveals four distinct regions that also display unique patterns of structural vergence and shape of the wedge: Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada (average width, linear wedge, seaward and mixed vergence); Washington, USA (higher width, concave wedge, landward and mixed vergence); northern and central Oregon, USA (average width, linear and convex wedge, mixed and seaward vergence); and southern Oregon and northern California, USA (lower width, convex wedge, seaward and mixed vergence). Variability in outer wedge morphology and structure is broadly associated with along-strike megathrust segmentation inferred from differences in oceanic asthenospheric velocities, patterns of episodic tremor and slow slip, GPS models of plate locking, and the distribution of seismicity near the plate interface. In more detail, our results appear to delineate the extent, geometry, and lithology of dynamic and static backstops along the margin. Varying backstop configurations along the Cascadia margin are interpreted to represent material-strength contrasts within the wedge that appear to regulate the along- and across-strike taper and structural vergence in the outer wedge. We argue that the morphotectonic variability in the outer wedge may reflect spatial variations in shallow megathrust behavior occurring over roughly the last few million years. Comparing outer wedge taper along the Cascadia margin to a global compilation suggests that observations in the global catalog are not accurately representing the range of heterogeneity within individual margins and highlights the need for detailed margin-wide morphotectonic analyses of subduction zones worldwide.
10
Wang, Zewei, Dapeng Zhao und Xiaofei Chen. „Fine Structure of the Subducting Slab and the 2022 M 7.4 Fukushima–Oki Intraslab Earthquake“. Seismological Research Letters, 30.09.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220220234.
Annotation:
Abstract The 16 March 2022 M 7.4 Fukushima–Oki earthquake is the largest one among forearc intraslab earthquakes in Japan since 2000. These subcoast events can cause severe damage to the local society because of their proximity to inhabited areas. However, their generating mechanism is still not clear. Here, we present 3D high-resolution seismic tomography of the source zone of four large intraslab events (M ≥7.0) during 2003–2022 in northeast Japan, which is obtained by inverting high-quality arrival-time data recorded at both onshore and offshore seismic stations. Aftershocks of the subcoast intraslab earthquakes are mainly distributed in gaps of high-velocity bodies with high Poisson’s ratio and at the upper ∼20 km depth of the subducting Pacific slab. Our results indicate that the four large intraslab events were caused by rupturing of buried hydrated faults that formed at the outer rise and dehydration embrittlement on the fault planes.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Outer forearc high":
1
Aizprua, Carlos. „Structure et développement du bassin d'avant-arc du sud-ouest des Andes du Nord“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUR001.
Annotation:
La région la plus méridionale des Andes du Nord a été sujette à la collision et à l'accrétion des terrains océaniques de la plaque Caraïbe au cours du Crétacé supérieur. Ces processus a conduit au piégeage d'un fragment de la croûte océanique, le soi-disant Bloc Nord-Andin, entre une fosse nouvellement formée et la marge sud-américaine. Cette étude examine les rémanents du processus collisionnel à l’aide d'une analyse intégrée de la gravité, du magnétisme, de la sismique et des observations à la surface.Le modèle crustal résultant de ce travail suggère l’existence d'un arc insulaire bissecté par un bassin marginal, ces deux éléments transférés (presque sans déformation) à la marge continentale lors du processus d’accrétion. L’analyse des anomalies magnétiques et gravimétriques met en évidence l’existence d’un coin mantellique serpentinisé très probablement lié à l’arc magmatique formé entre l’Eocène moyen et le Miocène inferieur.Le bord sud du bloc accrété et son interaction avec la marge continentale sont étudiés ici avec plus de détail, indiquant que le développement local du haut structural externe (outer wedge) de Santa Elena peut être en relation étroite avec un processus de subduction oblique le long d’une jonction triple des plaques. La configuration qui en a résulté a conduit au développement de deux types de bassins génétiquement liés 1) série d'avant-bras s.s. contrôlé par le développement d'un avant-bras externe haut, et 2) un bassin limite de transformation qui enregistre les périodes de transtension et d’échappement tectoniqueThe SW Ecuador‐NW Peru forearc region is the southernmost location, where the Caribbean large igneous province (CLIP) interacted with the South American margin since the Late Cretaceous. The accretion of the CLIP to the margin led to the entrapment of the North Andean crustal Sliver, conforming the underlying basement of the forearc region in Ecuador, whereas in NW Peru, forearc depocenters involve rocks of continental affinity. Many existing tectonic reconstructions have treated these two areas independently, largely based on their crustal affinities. In contrast, this study integrates previous studies into an analysis of unpublished seismic profiles, potential field data, outcrop stratigraphy, and recent studies dealing with the dynamics of allochthonous terrane accretion along continental margins. Our integrated approach shows that SW Ecuador was dominated by a Late Cretaceous deforming outer wedge, which may have constituted a remnant of a northeast or northwest dipping obliquely obducted oceanic block at the edge of the CLIP. This tectonic phase was governed by plate instability, affecting NW Peru and SW Ecuador, followed by reestablishment of the margin by early Eocene. The resulting margin configuration and the spatial distribution of the different tectonic elements seem to have played a key role in the further Cenozoic development of the forearc region. The model presented in this study proposes that the accretion of buoyant oceanic terranes may have had a profound impact on the early margin configuration of SW Ecuador and NW Peru and led to the development of localized but genetically related forearc depocenters
Buchteile zum Thema "Outer forearc high":
1
Unruh, Jeffrey. „Upper plate deformation during blueschist exhumation, ancestral western California forearc basin, from stratigraphic and structural relationships at Mount Diablo and in the Rio Vista Basin“. In Regional Geology of Mount Diablo, California: Its Tectonic Evolution on the North America Plate Boundary. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.1217(10).
Annotation:
ABSTRACT Late Cenozoic growth of the Mount Diablo anticline in the eastern San Francisco Bay area, California, USA, has produced unique 3D exposures of stratigraphic relationships and normal faults that record Late Cretaceous uplift and early Tertiary extension in the ancestral California forearc basin. Several early Tertiary normal faults on the northeast flank of Mount Diablo have been correlated with structures that accommodated Paleogene subsidence of the now-buried Rio Vista basin north of Mount Diablo. Stepwise restoration of deformation at Mount Diablo reveals that the normal faults probably root into the “Mount Diablo fault,” a structure that juxtaposes blueschist-facies rocks of the Franciscan accretionary complex with attenuated remnants of the ophiolitic forearc basement and relatively unmetamorphosed marine forearc sediments. This structure is the local equivalent of the Coast Range fault, which is the regional contact between high-pressure Franciscan rocks and structurally overlying forearc basement in the northern Coast Ranges and Diablo Range, and it is folded about the axis of the Mount Diablo anticline. Apatite fission-track analyses indicate that the Franciscan rocks at Mount Diablo were exhumed and cooled from depths of 20+ km in the subduction zone between ca. 70−50 Ma. Angular unconformities and growth relations in the Cretaceous and Paleogene stratigraphic sections on the northeast side of Mount Diablo, and in the Rio Vista basin to the north, indicate that wholesale uplift, eastward tilting, and extension of the western forearc basin were coeval with blueschist exhumation. Previous workers have interpreted the structural relief associated with this uplift and tilting, as well as the appearance of Franciscan blueschist detritus in Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary forearc strata, as evidence for an “ancestral Mount Diablo high,” an emergent Franciscan highland bordering the forearc basin to the west. This outer-arc high is here interpreted to be the uplifted footwall of Coast Range fault. The stratigraphic and structural relations exposed at Mount Diablo support models for exposure of Franciscan blueschists primarily through syn-subduction extension and attenuation of the overlying forearc crust in the hanging wall of the Coast Range fault, accompanied by (local?) uplift and erosion of the exhumed accretionary prism in the footwall.
2
Goldfinger, Eliot. „Miscellaneous Animals Skeleton“. In Animal Anatomy for Artists. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195142143.003.0014.
Annotation:
American bison characteristics: Has very long spinous processes on thoracic vertebrae (especially between the shoulders). Four digits with hoofs per limb. Two central toes are large and weight-bearing; vestigial inner and outer toes, with hoofs, are very small and located higher on side of foot and to the rear (they do not articulate with the skeleton and do not touch the ground). Walks on toes. Front half of body develops permanent long hair, especially on the top of the skull, the chin, and the forearms). Rear half looses thick fur cover in the summer, so difference between hair length of front and rear portions of body is very pronounced in warm months, with a clear line of demarcation. Both sexes have horns. African elephant characteristics: Middle of back profile concave/low (convex/high in Indian). Nose extends into long, flexible, muscular trunk with nostrils and one prehensile finger-like projection at tip (two in Indian). Large skull; short nasal bones located high on skull (for attachment of trunk). Brain surrounded by thick, airy bone. Single rounded prominences on top of head (double in Indian). Upper incisors elongated into continuously growing tusks, in both male and female. Very large ears (larger than Indian). Short neck—cervical vertebrae compressed front to back. Rib cage extends to pelvis. Thick, pillar-like columnar limbs (bones in almost vertical straight line) and shoulder and hip sockets face downward, all to support massive body weight. Short feet. All feet have five digits—some inner and outer toes may be reduced and without hoofs. Both front and rear feet have an extra small, elongated bone (prepollex in front and prehallux in rear) just to the inside of the first digit. Front foot has four or five hoofs (five in Indian). Hind foot usually has three, four, or five hoofs (four or five in Indian). Thick elastic pad on sole of foot. Foot in life somewhat cylindrical or conical. When the animal is lying on belly, knee touches ground (femur directed downward); lower leg continues straight back. Long tail has wispy tuft of coarse hair.