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1
Lewhíska, G., K. Dyndal, J. Sanetra und K. W. Marszalek. „Micromorph and polymorphous solar panel in a warm temperature transitional climate - comparison of outdoor performance and simulations“. Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.299.
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The publication contains polymorphic and micromorphic photovoltaic module outdoor tests performed during autumn, winter, spring and summer day. Simulations of an installation consisting of panels both types have been made. Both performances were compared for the location in the KrakówCzęstochowa Upland, continental climate
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Dehra, Himanshu. „Cooling load and noise characterization modeling for photovoltaic driven building integrated thermoelectric cooling devices“. E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912801019.
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Photovoltaic driven thermoelectric cooling devices are investigated for installation in a modular outdoor test-room. Because of Peltier effect in a thermoelectric cooling (TEC), heating and cooling is achieved by applying a voltage difference across the thermoelectric module. Theoretical design modeling of cooling load and noise characterization of building integrated Thermoelectric (TEC) Devices is analyzed. System design of photovoltaic driven TEC devices is investigated with varying fresh outdoor ventilation rates. Building integrated design of TEC devices inside ceiling suspended duct along with TEC devices mounted on wall driven by rooftop and active façade photovoltaic devices is considered in the analysis. In this way, two-stage dehumidification is achieved by two different sets of TEC devices. The investigation is conducted for effect of voltage, air flow rate and height of fin heat transfer surface. Expressions along with results for noise characterization in photovoltaic driven building integrated TEC devices are also provided.
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Dolara, Alberto, Sonia Leva, Giampaolo Manzolini, Riccardo Simonetti und Iacopo Trattenero. „Outdoor Performance of Organic Photovoltaics: Comparative Analysis“. Energies 15, Nr. 5 (22.02.2022): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051620.
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Organic photovoltaic (OPV) solar cells represent an emerging and promising solution for low-cost clean energy production. Being flexible and semi-transparent and having significant advantages over conventional PV technologies, OPV modules represent an innovative solution even in applications that cannot be based on traditional PV systems. However, relatively low efficiencies, poor long-term stability, and thermal issues have so far prevented the commercialization of this technology. This paper describes two outdoor experimental campaigns that compared the operation of OPV modules with traditional PV modules—in particular crystalline silicon and copper–indium–selenium (CIS)—and assessed the OPV modules’ power generation potential in vertical installation and facing towards the cardinal directions.
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Ocana-Miguel, Antonio, Jose R. Andres-Diaz, Enrique Navarrete-de Galvez und Alfonso Gago-Calderon. „Adaptation of an Insulated Centralized Photovoltaic Outdoor Lighting Installation with Electronic Control System to Improve Service Guarantee in Tropical Latitudes“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 4 (11.02.2021): 1925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041925.
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Sustainability and energy prices make the energy production from renewable sources necessary and photovoltaic energy is ideal on an urban scale and on isolated facilities. However, when the demand for energy is at night, as in lighting installation, the use of accumulative systems is necessary. The use of batteries can account for more than 70% of the budget of these systems and have a critical impact in the project. This problem increases when the installation’s location moves away from the equator, as the variation between the duration of days and nights increases. This implies that the system must be oversized to almost triple its generation and storage capacity to guarantee operation. This paper proposes the use of a robust and affordable electronic centralized management system that can regulate the consumption based on the energy available in the batteries. To test this system, a real case of outdoor lighting nanogrid has been used. The facility has been powered by a grouped photovoltaic battery system dimensioned for the average year solar conditions with and without consumption management. When used without regulation, in winter or cloudy days, there have been repetitive crashes of the system. On the other hand, with the use of the electronic control proposed, the shutdowns have been avoided, regulating the lighting level when necessary. Thus, more efficient and economically affordable systems can be designed which can help to spread the installation of isolated photovoltaic lighting.
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Martínez-Deusa, Sammy J., Carlos A. Gómez-García und Jaime Velasco-Medina. „A Platform for Outdoor Real-Time Characterization of Photovoltaic Technologies“. Energies 16, Nr. 6 (22.03.2023): 2907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062907.
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In recent years, thin-film and organic photovoltaic (OPV) technologies have been increasingly used as alternatives to conventional technologies due to their low weight, portability, and ease of installation. Outdoor characterization studies allow knowing the real performances of these photovoltaic (PV) technologies in different environmental conditions. Therefore, to address the above, this article presents the hardware–software design and implementation of an integrated and scalable platform for performing the outdoor real-time characterization of modern PV/OPV technologies located at different altitudes. The platform allows knowing the outdoor performance of PV/OPV technologies in real environmental conditions by acquiring data from different monitoring stations located at different altitudes. The proposed platform allows characterizing solar panels and mini-modules and acquiring relevant information to analyze power generation capacity and efficiency. Furthermore, other devices for new PV technologies characterization can be easily added, achieving a scale-up of the platform. A preliminary study of the outdoor performance of emerging PV/OPV technologies was carried out at three different altitudes in a tropical climate region. From the results, the copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) technology presents the best outdoor performance with an average PCE of 9.64%; the OPV technology has the best behavior at high temperatures with a voltage loss rate of 0.0206 V/°C; and the cadmium telluride (CdTe) technology is the most affected by temperature, with a voltage loss rate of 0.0803 V/°C.
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Luboń, Wojciech, Grzegorz Pełka, Konstanty Marszałek und Anna Małek. „Performance Analysis of Crystalline Silicon and CIGS Photovoltaic Modules in Outdoor Measurement“. Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, Nr. 4 (01.12.2017): 539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0035.
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Abstract The outdoor measurements (during two months experiment) of photovoltaic silicon and CIGS modules as well as simulation of energy production during the period experiment are presented in this paper. This paper offer comparison of construction and electrical characteristics of multicrystalline silicon based modules and CIGS based modules. The measuring system for PV modules efficiency research is shown. The nominal power of installed modules is 250 W for m-Si and 280 W for CIGS modules. The energy production in outdoor conditions at direct current side and alternating current side of each photovoltaic panel was measured. Each PV panel was also equipped with temperature sensor for screening panel temperature. The photovoltaic panels were connected to the electrical network with micro inverters. To determine the influence of irradiance at sunshine on power conversion efficiency of PV panels, the pyranometer was installed in the plane of the modules. Measurement of the instantaneous power and irradiance gave the information about the efficiency of a particular photovoltaic panels. In the paper all data from research installation were analysed to present the influence of solar cell technology on the power conversion efficiency. The results of energy production show that m-Si module produced more energy from square meter (30.9 kWh/m2) than CIGS module (28.0 kWh/m2). Thin film module shows the higher production per kWp than multicrystalline module: 217.3 kWh/kWp for CIGS and 201.9 kWh/kWp for m-Si. The energy production simulation (made by PV SOL software and outdoor measurements test are in the good agreement. Temperature power coefficient for the CIGS module is twice lower than for the multicrystalline silicon module: 0.56%/°C and 0.35%/°C for m-Si and CIGS modules, respectively. The obtained results revealed strong influence of irradiance and temperature on energy production by PV panels. Performed studies have a large field of potential application and could improve designing process of PV installation.
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Katsaprakakis, Dimitris A., Nikos Papadakis, Efi Giannopoulou, Yiannis Yiannakoudakis, George Zidianakis, Michalis Kalogerakis, George Katzagiannakis, Eirini Dakanali, George M. Stavrakakis und Avraam Kartalidis. „Rational Use of Energy in Sports Centres to Achieve Net Zero: The SAVE Project (Part A)“. Energies 16, Nr. 10 (11.05.2023): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16104040.
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Sports centres constitute major energy consumers. This article presents the proposed energy performance upgrade process and the achieved results for the municipal sports centre in Arkalochori, Greece. The facility consists of a swimming pool centre, an outdoor 8 × 8 football court, and two tennis and basketball courts. It operates with considerably high energy consumption due to the lack of any measure towards its energy efficiency improvement since its initial construction in 2002. Due to the significantly high heating cost, the swimming pool centre remains operative only during the summer period. The energy performance upgrade of the facility was holistically approached through all possibly applicable passive and active measures: insulation of opaque surfaces and replacement of openings, construction of a new, bioclimatic enclosure for the swimming pool’s centre and conversion of the current outdoor facility to an indoor one, installation of heat pumps for indoor space conditioning and swimming pool heating, installation of a solar–combi system for domestic hot water production, upgrade of all indoor and outdoor lighting equipment and installation of a photovoltaic plant on the new enclosure’s roof for the compensation of the remaining electricity consumption. With the proposed measures, the municipal sports centre is upgraded to a zero energy facility. The payback period of the investment was calculated at 14 years on the basis of the avoided energy procurement cost. The swimming pool’s centre operation is prolonged during the entire annual period. This work has been funded by the Horizon 2020 project with the acronym “NESOI” and was awarded the public award of the “Islands Gamechanger” competition of the NESOI project and the Clean Energy for EU Islands initiative.
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Ocana-Miguel, Antonio, Alfonso Gago-Calderon und Jose Ramon Andres-Diaz. „Experimental Outdoor Public Lighting Installation Powered by a Hydraulic Turbine Installed in the Municipal Water Supply Network“. Water 14, Nr. 5 (23.02.2022): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050710.
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Sustainability and energy prices make the use of energy obtained from renewable sources on an urban scale and for isolated local facilities necessary for municipal authorities. Moreover, when the demand of energy is at night, as for street lighting installations, the use of accumulative systems is necessary, which means a major drawback due to a short lifetime expectancy and high cost. The use of batteries can require more than 70% of the budget of these lighting systems and has a critical impact in the project. The problem to solve is finding different renewable energy sources that can produce energy throughout the day, especially during the night, at the same time at which it is consumed. As one of the competences of municipal authorities is water supply networks, this paper analyzes the use of energy recovery turbines within these installations as an alternative to photovoltaic generators. To study the viability and effectiveness of this alternative, the water flows available in the network of a medium-size municipality were monitored and analyzed in depth to assess the amount of recoverable energy. In addition, an energy recovery turbine (ERT) station was set up, installing a bypass around one of the pressure-reducing valves (PRV) of the installation where energy is dissipated without practical use. The results obtained imply that the system proposed has economical and technical viability, is reliable and guarantees full service in all the seasons’ conditions. Moreover, the needs of the energy storage capacity are much lower (~8%) than with solar panels.
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Guenounou, Abderrezak, Ali Malek, Michel Aillerie und Achour Mahrane. „LabVIEW Interface for Controlling a Test Bench for Photovoltaic Modules and Extraction of Various Parameters“. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, Nr. 3 (01.09.2015): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i3.pp498-508.
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Numerical simulation using mathematical models that take into account physical phenomena governing the operation of solar cells is a powerful tool to predict the energy production of photovoltaic modules prior to installation in a given site. These models require some parameters that manufacturers do not generally give. In addition, the availability of a tool for the control and the monitoring of performances of PV modules is of great importance for researchers, manufacturers and distributors of PV solutions. In this paper, a test and characterization protocol of PV modules is presented. It consists of an outdoor computer controlled test bench using a LabVIEW graphical interface. In addition to the measuring of the IV characteristics, it provides all the parameters of PV modules with the possibility to display and print a detailed report for each test. After the presentation of the test bench and the developed graphical interface, the obtained results based on an experimental example are presented.
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Grigore, Lucian Ștefăniță, Anton Soloi, Ovidiu Tiron und Ciprianiulian Răcuciu. „Fundamentals of Autonomous Robot Classes with a System of Stabilization of the Gripping Mechanism“. Advanced Materials Research 646 (Januar 2013): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.646.164.
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The development of a family of autonomous robots with tracked propeller activated by electrical engines and equipped with very precise „human hand-likeˮgripping will allow their use in various fields. The precision is also ensured by the introduction into the driving system, more precisely into the basis of the driving system, of a stabilizing system of the operational platform. Providing a photovoltaic-type power supply will increase the autonomy of the robot. Finally, the installation of a GoPro Be a HERO s outdoor edition professional camera enables the viewing of an extended field and the transmission of the information to the user through Wi_FiBacPac + Remote compatible. There are many remote areas or whose medium is improper to a direct human intervention. That is why the development of such a family of autonomous robots is extremely useful.
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Klugmann-Radziemska, Ewa, und Małgorzata Rudnicka. „The Analysis of Working Parameters Decrease in Photovoltaic Modules as a Result of Dust Deposition“. Energies 13, Nr. 16 (10.08.2020): 4138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164138.
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The aspect of dust accumulation on the surface of photovoltaic (PV) modules should be thoroughly understood in order to minimize possible obstacles affecting energy generation. Several elements affect the amount of pollutant gathered on the surface of a solar device, mainly its localization, which is irreversibly linked to factors such as annual rainfall, occasional snow coverage, or, in a dry climate, increased blow of dust during sandstorms and higher concentration of soil particles in desert areas. Other than weather conditions in the region, PV installation type also plays an important role as a more horizontal position is favorable for the accumulation of soil. The research carried out and presented in this paper was done for dust accumulated naturally on PV modules kept in outdoor conditions and dust artificially sieved onto the front glass cover of modules. The experiment performed by the authors, including artificially deposited dust, defined the linear relationship between surface dust density of different types of contaminants and efficiency decline up to 10% for two different PV modules. The additional field study carried out in external conditions for a coastal region in Northern Poland concluded that, after one year, exposition photovoltaic conversion efficiency can be over 10% lower, with a slight performance improvement for the autumn season characterized by heavy rainfall.
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Glas, Jason. „ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO SMALL SCALE PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER AND ENERGY STORAGE“. Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection 2022, Nr. 1/2022 (20.04.2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2022.1.2234.
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Photovoltaic solar panels remain one of the most commonly available avenues for acquiring renewable energy for small-scale end users but despite their promising potential their implementation continues to remain outside the realm of possibility for most. The combination of high upfront costs, long payback periods, and complex installation requirements results in a disincentive to purchase the technology and relies on significant appeals to morality as a driving force as opposed to purely economic incentives. An alternative implementation of photovoltaic arrays for small scale use combined with grid power supplement is herein proposed that better matches energy consumption profiles in the household and seeks to reduce cost and complexity. The system comprises a hydronic thermal storage system acting as hot water supply, furnace, and air conditioning for power regulation and distribution in combination with electrical distribution to home appliances using minor modification to the power supply. Currently used batteries, charge controllers, and inverters are eliminated and replaced with a single specialized outdoor central air-conditioning condenser unit that distributes electrical and thermal energy but would not supply electricity onto the grid. Examination of minor electronic modifications on common switched mode power supply topologies has found that regulation of a wide range of variable voltage solar electricity input is currently possible and does not cause overheat or other harm to the power supply. The proposal provides a workable solution to alleviate financial and technical burden on the individual and promotes the vision of a 100% renewable energy society while working within economic constraints.
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Khyani, Harish Kumar, Jayashri Vajpai, Rajendra Karwa und Mahendra Bhadu. „Thermal Modeling of Photovoltaic Panel for Cell Temperature and Power Output Predictions under Outdoor Climatic Conditions of Jodhpur“. Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2023 (16.12.2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5973076.
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The rise in the temperature severely affects photovoltaic cell efficiency and hence its power output. Moreover, it also causes the development of thermal stresses that may reduce their life span. Thus, there is a need for an accurate estimation of the cell’s working temperature. In this paper, a detailed thermal model based on various heat transfer modes involved and their governing equations has been presented to estimate the cell temperature of a PV module using MATLAB software under different climatic and solar insolation conditions. In order to validate the presented model, an experimental setup has been built and operated under actual outdoor conditions of Jodhpur, a city in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. For the peak summer month of June, the predicted glass cover outer surface temperature has been found to be within 0.2–4.5°C of experimentally measured values and the back sheet temperature is found to be within 0.5–5.5°C. The predicted and measured power outputs have been found to be within 0.85–1.2 W while the efficiency values are within 0.17–0.38%. For the early summer month of April, the variations are 0.13–4.1°C, 0.2–4.1°C, 0.44–1.65 W, and 0.1–0.5% for glass cover temperature, back sheet temperature, power output, and efficiency, respectively. Thus, the predictions of the developed thermal model have exhibited a good agreement with the experimental results. The maximum glass cover temperatures recorded were 60°C and 65.5°C when the ambient temperatures were 35°C and 42°C near the noon for the early summer and peak summer day experiments, respectively. The presented model can be used to generate a year-round cell temperature data for the known environmental data of a location, which can help in the selection or development of appropriate cooling technology at the planning stage of the installation of a solar PV plant.
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Borah, Pankaj, Leonardo Micheli und Nabin Sarmah. „Analysis of Soiling Loss in Photovoltaic Modules: A Review of the Impact of Atmospheric Parameters, Soil Properties, and Mitigation Approaches“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 24 (08.12.2023): 16669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152416669.
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Soil accumulated on a photovoltaic (PV) module can significantly reduce the transmittance of the cover glass, resulting in power losses and consequent economic losses. Natural atmospheric parameters influence the accumulation of soil at various geographic locations. In this paper, the approaches and outcomes of the research studies on either indoor (simulator-based) or outdoor (field-based) PV soiling have been thoroughly reviewed. It has been noted that conducting an indoor study is necessary in order to estimate future power losses prior to the installation of a solar PV power plant. Different parameters depicted for the power loss due to the soiling of PV modules are analyzed individually and presented. Moreover, this study delves into a detailed examination of the key factors influencing dust depositions on PV modules in various geographical regions, with a particular focus on their relationship with climatic conditions. This study demonstrates that the soiling effect on PV modules is site-specific, necessitating the investigation of optimal cleaning procedures to suit a certain climate while considering cost effectiveness. This way, probable future research directions to quantify soiling losses are identified. In addition, different loss prevention and mitigation techniques are also reviewed. This makes it possible to highlight effective strategies and pinpoint potential future research lines in these areas.
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Elshazly, Engy, Ahmed Α. Abd El-Rehim, Amr Abdel Kader und Iman El-Mahallawi. „Effect of Dust and High Temperature on Photovoltaics Performance in the New Capital Area“. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (15.04.2021): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.36.
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The trend for integrating solar Photovoltaic Panels as an alternative renewable and sustainable energy source is growing in Egypt, North Africa and the Middle East. However, these efforts are not widely accepted by the society due to their lower efficiencies. The efficiency of the photovoltaic panels is affected by many environmental parameters, which have a negative impact on system efficiency and cost of energy, dust and increased panel temperatures being the most serious. This work presents the results of a case study conducted at The British University in Egypt at El-Sherouk city to study the effect of different parameters such as dust accumulation, water cooling and coating on their performance of both mono- and poly-crystalline panels at El-Sherouk City. The effects of high temperature and dust accumulation on different solar panels placed in natural outdoor conditions at El-Sherouk City were studied and the electrical performance of dusted, cleaned, and cooled PV panels is presented. The variation in the efficiency of mono-crystalline panels installed at different tilt angles, resulting from the accumulation of dust on their surface, was also studied. The results showed that the accumulation of dust on the surface of different types of solar panels can reduce the efficiency by 30%. While the high temperature can reduce the efficiency by up to 10 %. The results showed that the power reduction percentage was 17%, 20%, 25%, 27% and 30% for tilt angles 60°,45°,30°,15° and 0°; respectively. Tilt angles 15° and 30° showed to be optimal for the installation of the PV solar system, as they resulted the highest amount of output power
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Matsuki, Nobuyuki. „The Next Frontier of Solar Energy: Transparent Photovoltaics“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, Nr. 44 (22.12.2023): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02442170mtgabs.
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The development of "Transparent Photovoltaics" (TPVs[1]), i.e., solar cells that are transparent to visible light, has become more and more popular in recent years due to their contribution to low CO2 emissions through "window power generation" in fully glazed buildings (building-integrated photovoltaics: BIPV) and the growing demand for development in the promotion of farm-based solar power; Agrivoltaics [2, 3]. So far, selective light-transmission photovoltaics (SLTPVs), in which conventional bulk and thin-film solar cells are fabricated into long and thin strips and arranged like a window shade at intervals or by reducing the film thickness, have already been put into practical use [3, 4], allowing part of the incident light to escape to the rear. However, the installation applications of SLTPVs are limited since blocking the line of sight outside the window and preventing a sufficient amount of light from reaching the interior or farmland surface. If TPVs that are uniformly transparent or tinted-transparent like window glasses can be commercialized, the range of applications is expected to expand significantly. TPVs are perceived by humans as being "nearly colorless" if they have a visible light transmittance of 80% or more, including the substrate material. Depending on the application, it is possible to produce red, and dark colors by adjusting the material characteristics so that only the short wavelength side of the visible light wavelength range, the long wavelength side, or the entire wavelength range is uniformly absorbed [2, 3]. These visible light-transmissive solar cells with visible light transmittance of 80% or less are referred to as semitransparent photovoltaics (STPVs). It is crucial to consider the theoretical limiting efficiency (TLE) for the practical application of TPVs. Recent reports have simulated TLs for single-junction and multi-junction cells with optical absorption in the UV and NIR regions, yet not in the visible region [5]. The results demonstrate that practical conversion efficiencies of 11% and 21% can be obtained for single-junction and 16-junction cells respectively, with 80% visible transmission. The optimal band gap for cells with 100% Vis-EQE (an external quantum efficiency in the visible light range of 435 to 670 nm) is around 1.5 eV, while for cells with 0% Vis-EQE and full transmission in the visible region, the optimal Eg shifts to the lower energy side of 1.1 to 1.2 eV. To use only the UV region without using the NIR region, 2.8 to 3.0 eV or higher can be easily approached with existing technology. Transparent photovoltaic cells (TPVs) and semi-transparent photovoltaic cells (STPVs) developed to date can be broadly classified into the following four types of power generation methods: TPVs (1) Heterojunction and homojunction with 3.0 eV and more wide-gap semiconductors as generating layers [6-8]. (2) Glass plate (+ wavelength conversion material) with Si solar cells installed on the end face of the glass plate to form a module [9]. STPVs (3) Increased visible light transmittance by wider-gap semiconductor materials (colored transparent type) [3]. (4) SLTPVs [4]. If TPV can be made more cost-effective, it can be applied to various applications such as low CO2 emissions in buildings, photovoltaic power generation for agriculture, no external power source required for electric bulletin boards, auxiliary power source for electric vehicles, and so on. Research and development are categorized into the above areas (1) through (4), with (1) through (3) in particular requiring basic research and development from a materials perspective. The number of groups involved in research and requests for practical applications is increasing, and accelerated progress is expected. References [1] Also called transparent solar cells (TSCs). [2] A. Husain et al., "A review of transparent solar photovoltaic technologies", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 779 (2018). [3] K. Lee et al., "The Development of Transparent Photovoltaics", Cell Rep. Phys.Sci. 1, 100143(2020). [4] D. S. Pillai et al., "A comprehensive review on building integrated photovoltaic systems: emphasis to technological advancements, outdoor testing, and predictive maintenance", Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 156, 111946 (2018). [5] R. Lunt, "Theoretical limits for visibly transparent photovoltaics," Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 043902 (2012). [6] K. Tonooka et al., "Photovoltaic effect observed in transparent p-n heterojunctions based on oxide semiconductors ", Thin Solid Films 445, 327 (2003). [7] N. Matsuki et al., "π-Conjugated polymer/GaN Schottky solar cells," Sol. Ener. Mater. Sol. Cells, 284 (2011). [8] X. He et al., "Fabrication of near-invisible solar cell with monolayer WS2 ", Sci. Rep. 12, 11315 (2022). [9] Y. Zhao et al., "Near-Infrared Harvesting Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators," Adv. Opt. Mater. 2, 606 (2014).
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Meyer, Edson L., Oliver O. Apeh und Ochuko K. Overen. „Electrical and Meteorological Data Acquisition System of a Commercial and Domestic Microgrid for Monitoring PV Parameters“. Applied Sciences 10, Nr. 24 (18.12.2020): 9092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249092.
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This paper centers on the design and installation of a robust photovoltaic (PV)-based microgrid data acquisition system (DAS) that can monitor different PV systems simultaneously. The PV-based microgrid consists of three solar systems: off-grid, hybrid and grid-assisted systems, each with 3.8 kWp located at SolarWatt park, Fort Hare Institute of Technology (FHIT), South Africa. The designed DAS is achieved by assembling and connecting a set of sensors to measure and log electrical and meteorological parameters from each of the three power plants. Meteorological parameters use a CR1000 datalogger while the electrical output parameters use a DT80 data logger. Calibration was done by voltage signal conditioning which helps to reduce errors initiated by analogue signals. The designed DAS mainly assist in assessing the potential of solar energy of the microgrid power plant considering the energy needed in the remote community. Besides, the simultaneous monitoring of the three systems ensures that the outdoor operating conditions are the same while comparing the logged data. A variable day and a week, data were used to verify the reliability of the system. The back of the array temperature was observed to be 42.7 °C when solar irradiance was 1246 W/m2. The ambient temperature and relative humidity were obtained at 21.3 °C and 63.3%, respectively. The PV current in all three systems increases with the solar irradiance and is highest around midday. The results obtained show that the designed DAS is of great interest in PV system developments.
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Liu, Ying, Depeng Chen, Jinxian Wang und Mingfeng Dai. „Energy-Saving and Ecological Renovation of Existing Urban Buildings in Severe Cold Areas: A Case Study“. Sustainability 15, Nr. 17 (29.08.2023): 12985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712985.
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High-rise buildings in cold regions have a requirement of ecological improvement due to the continuous response to climate change throughout the year. This study evaluates wind environment, light environment, thermal environment, and energy consumption environment using Phoenics, Ecotect, and DesignBuilder tools, utilizing a high-rise residential building in an intensely cold place as an example. With the goal of repairing the buildings, green energy-saving measures are applied from the perspectives of form, structure, system, and equipment strategy. The energy-saving rates and carbon dioxide emission reduction rates of the renovated buildings were predicted. The results reveal that, in the building performance diagnostic, the wind speed clearly rise at the building’s corner, particularly on the outdoor level and the top floor; meanwhile, the inside lighting is insufficient, and there is a glare hazard adjacent to the window. The performance of the target building has unquestionably increased following the repair of 12 measures, including the bay windows, exterior walls, and solar energy. The influence of strong winds in winter and tranquil winds in summer greatly decreased in terms of the wind environment. In the light environment, indoor lighting is more uniform; the range of (Universal Design index) UDI100–2000 increased from 9.2% to 32.7%; and UDI2000, which may cause glare, decreased by 28.4%. Energy savings and pollution reduction rates were as high as 19.8% and 38.8%, respectively, due to the installation of solar photovoltaic panels. Based on all the measures, the overall energy saving rate of the target building was 63.8%, and the CO2 emission reduction rate was 90.3%.
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Babin, Markus, Daniel Álvarez Mira, Yashaswa Surya Aryan, Marina García-Agúndez Blanco, Peter Behrensdorff Poulsen und Sune Thorsteinsson. „Optical Transmission Losses of a TiO2-based Anti-soiling Coating for Use in Outdoor Photovoltaic Applications“. Journal of Photocatalysis 2, Nr. 4 (November 2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665976x02666211022150845.
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Background: Soiling can be a major challenge for photovoltaic (PV) installations, depending on their location, as it reduces transmission and can lead to significant losses. Anti-soiling coatings have been demonstrated to reduce soiling losses and thereby increase PV power production. Objective: This article investigates the applicability of a titanium-dioxide-based anti-soiling coating developed by Photocat under the name “ShineOn” for use with PV installations. The main parameter examined is the optical transmission losses, as this directly translates to performance losses during non-soiled operations. Methods: Measurements of transmittance are carried out using both indoor laboratory setups as well as outdoor PV installations, including measurements of the short-circuit current (Isc), incidence angle modifier (IAM) and spectral transmittance. Investigated samples include both full-sized modules and custom-made mini-modules containing a single solar cell. Results: Both indoor and outdoor measurements show minor transmission losses in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 % and negligible effects on the IAM. Additionally, observations indicate that samples should be coated after lamination, as losses for samples coated before lamination are slightly higher. Conclusion: As the transmission losses due to the ShineOn coating are small and no additional angular- dependent losses were observed, the coating is deemed not to be detrimental for PV applications. Proper assessment of the usefulness requires investigations of the anti-soiling properties, for example, through test installations in regions with high soiling rates.
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Alquthami, Thamer, und Karim Menoufi. „Soiling of Photovoltaic Modules: Comparing between Two Distinct Locations within the Framework of Developing the Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI)“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 17 (29.08.2019): 4697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11174697.
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This article evaluates the impact of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules in two different locations inside Egypt, Cairo and Beni-Suef. Two identical PV modules were used for that purpose, where each module was exposed to the outdoor environment in order to collect dust naturally for a period of three weeks, each in its corresponding location. The approximate dust density on each of the two PV modules was estimated. Moreover, the electrical performance was evaluated and compared under the same indoor testing conditions. The results show a better electrical performance and less dust density for the PV module located in Cairo compared to that located in Beni-Suef. The results further provide an indication for the impact of soling in different locations within the same country through a clear and simple procedure. In addition, it paves the way for establishing a Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI) in terms of a Photovoltaic Dust Coefficient, as well as a Photovoltaic Dust Interactive Map. The product of such concepts could be used by the Photovoltaic systems designers everywhere in order to estimate the impact of dust on the future performance of PV modules in small and large installations in different regions around the globe, and during different times of the year as well.
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Powalla, Michael, und Dieter Bonnet. „Thin-Film Solar Cells Based on the Polycrystalline Compound Semiconductors CIS and CdTe“. Advances in OptoElectronics 2007 (17.09.2007): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/97545.
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Thin-film photovoltaic modules based on Cu-In-Ga-Se-S (CIS) and CdTe are already being produced with high-quality and solar conversion efficiencies of around 10%, with values up to 14% expected in the near future. The integrated interconnection of single cells into large-area modules of 0.6×1.2m2 enables low-cost mass production, so that thin-film modules will soon be able to compete with conventional silicon-wafer-based modules. This contribution provides an overview of the basic technologies for CdTe and CIS modules, the research and development (R&D) issues, production technology and capacities, the module performance in long-term outdoor testing, and their use in installations.
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Waller, Rebekah, Murat Kacira, Esther Magadley, Meir Teitel und Ibrahim Yehia. „Evaluating the Performance of Flexible, Semi-Transparent Large-Area Organic Photovoltaic Arrays Deployed on a Greenhouse“. AgriEngineering 4, Nr. 4 (19.10.2022): 969–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering4040062.
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Agricultural greenhouses have been identified as a niche application for organic photovoltaic (OPV) integration, leveraging key performance characteristics of OPV technology, including semi-transparency, light weight, and mechanical flexibility. For optimal electrical design and performance assessment of greenhouse-integrated OPV systems, knowledge of the solar irradiance incident on OPV module surfaces is essential. Many greenhouse designs feature roof curvature. For flexible OPV modules deployed on curved greenhouse roofs, this results in a non-homogenous distribution of solar radiation across the module surfaces, which affects electrical output. Conventional modeling methods for estimating solar irradiance on a PV surface assume planarity, and therefore they are insufficient to evaluate OPV (and other flexible PV) installations on curved greenhouse structures. In this study, practical methods to estimate incident solar irradiance on curved surfaces were developed and then applied in an outdoor performance evaluation of large-area, roll-to-roll printed OPV arrays (3.4 m2 active area) installed on a gothic-arch greenhouse roof in Tucson, Arizona between October–February. The outdoor performance of six OPV arrays was assessed using the curved-surface modeling tools primarily considering the effect of irradiance on electrical behavior. The OPV arrays had an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.82%, with lower PCE in the afternoon periods compared to morning and midday periods. The OPV arrays experienced an average 32.6% loss in normalized PCE over the course of the measurement period. Based on these results, we conclude that the higher performing OPV devices that are more robust in outdoor conditions coupled with accurate performance monitoring strategies are needed to prove the case for agrivoltaic OPV greenhouses.
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Sarikarin, Tachakun, Amnart Suksri und Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian. „Temperature Compensation of Photovoltaic cell using Phase Change Materials“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3.7 (04.07.2018): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16345.
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The performance of photovoltaic module (PV) situated outdoors suffers from high temperature. When the high temperature of surrounding atmosphere is increased, the generation of electricity power drops rapidly. This paper is concerned with the temperature compensation technique of the cooling PV cell by using the phase change materials (PCMs). PCM used in this research is palm wax with the melting point at 52 °C. We used a stainless steel container that is designed with three types of installation (fin type, groove type and tube type) to cover the surface area for heat exchanger purpose. The heat exchanger is installed at the back of PV cell. The test is conducted for all day (9AM-5PM) under the climatic condition of Khon Kaen, Thailand (latitude, 16° 26’ 20” N and longitude, 102° 49’ 43” E) during winter. It was found that the PV cell that is used PCMs installed container with fin type was able to produce more electric power to an order of 8.178 per cent than the controlled reference module.
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González-Moreno, Alejandro, Domenico Mazzeo, Alberto Dolara, Emanuele Ogliari und Sonia Leva. „Outdoor Performance Comparison of Bifacial and Monofacial Photovoltaic Modules in Temperate Climate and Industrial-like Rooftops“. Applied Sciences 14, Nr. 13 (29.06.2024): 5714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135714.
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To fully exploit the advantages of bifacial PV (bPV) modules and understand their performance under real-world conditions, a comprehensive investigation was conducted. It was focused on bPV installations with some mounting constraints, as in industrial rooftops, where the ideal high module-to-ground height for optimal bPV performances is not feasible due to structural reasons. The experimental setup involved measuring the I-V curves of conventional and bifacial modules under diverse atmospheric conditions, including different solar irradiance levels and ambient temperatures, as well as mounting configurations. The results show a proportional increment of power generation between 4.3% and 7.8% if compared with two different conventional modules and a bifacial power gain between 2 and 15% under identical conditions. Additionally, the negative potential influence of the mounting structure was observed. Small differences in the alignment between the module and structural beams can virtually eliminate the bifacial contribution, with an estimated reduction up to 8.5 W (a potential bifacial gain of 3.43%).
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Nikolaos D, Papadopoulos, Vourna Paraskevi, Xafakis S und Vourna Polyxeni. „Contemporary considerations of the utility of self-cleaning coatings for solar power installations-The SolarSkin system“. Applied Chemistry and Materials Science 1, Nr. 1 (13.09.2023): 001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/acms.000001.
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Soiling of conventional Photovoltaic (PV) modules and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) mirrors significantly affects the efficiency of the system. Although there are several soiling mitigation strategies, none of them has been widely adopted, since effectiveness in real field conditions is often disputed. Anti-soiling coatings are perhaps the most promising solution for solar power projects since they combine low cost and effectiveness. These are broadly categorized into hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic coatings perform better in arid climates, whereas hydrophobic coatings have a wider spectrum of functionality. Most of them however suffer from various drawbacks, such as poor durability and transmittance which restrict the extent of benefits. In addition, there are only a few reliable technologies that can be retrofitted to existing installations. Predicting the efficiency of a given anti-soiling coating in a specific plant is difficult, therefore, the objective of this work was to identify those parameters that are critical to their performance in real outdoor conditions. Focus was given to the drawbacks of current hydrophobic coating systems and the requirements that a modern anti-soiling coating should satisfy in order to be implemented as an effective after-market solution to degraded solar systems. A prominent example of cutting-edge, high-performing self-cleaning technology, i.e. the SolarSkin system developed by BFP Advanced Technologies, is additionally presented. The latter can renovate deteriorated solar collectors, increase the energy yield of the system, and protect it from weathering effects over its expected operational lifecycle. Potential increment of the system’s efficacy as well as maintenance savings are also briefly discussed.
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Carullo, Alessio, Antonella Castellana, Alberto Vallan, Alessandro Ciocia und Filippo Spertino. „In-field monitoring of eight photovoltaic plants: degradation rate along seven years of continuous operation“. ACTA IMEKO 7, Nr. 4 (09.01.2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i4.599.
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<p class="Abstract">The results of more than seven years (October 2010-December 2017) of continuous monitoring are presented in this paper. Eight outdoor photovoltaic (PV) plants were monitored. The monitored plants use different technologies: mono-crystalline silicon (m-Si), poli-crystalline silicon (p-Si), string ribbon silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), thin film, and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin film. The thin-film and m-Si modules are used both in fixed installations and on x-y tracking systems. The results are expressed in terms of the degradation rate of the efficiency of each PV plant, which is estimated using the measurements provided by a multi-channel data acquisition system that senses both electrical and environmental quantities. A comparison with the electrical characterization of each plant obtained by means of the transient charge of a capacitive load is also made. In addition, three of the monitored plants are characterized at module level, and the estimated degradation rates are compared to the values obtained with the monitoring system. The main outcome of this work can be summarized as the higher degradation rate of thin-film based PV modules with respect to silicon-based PV modules.</p>
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Benbaha, Noureddine, Fatiha Zidani, Abdelhak Bouchakour, Seif Eddine Boukebbous, Mohamed Said Nait-Said, Hachemi Ammar und Salah Bouhoun. „Optimal Configuration Investigation for Photovoltaic Water Pumping System, Case Study: In a Desert Environment at Ghardaia, Algeria“. Journal Européen des Systèmes Automatisés 54, Nr. 4 (31.08.2021): 216–558. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/jesa.540404.
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Since the first installations of solar systems, PV pumping systems have taken a large part in solar energy projects and nowadays they belong to the most significant applications of photovoltaic energy. With the increased use of the PV water pumping systems, sizing and selecting suitable design is essential in order to achieve the most reliable and economic operation for this type of systems. On a real well of 25 m head in desert and semi-arid climate in Sebseb site, Ghardaia, Algeria, a typical PV pumping system for irrigation purpose is installed in order to evaluate its performance under outdoor conditions. Therefore, three PV array configurations are considered to supply a novel version of centrifugal solar pump PS2 C-SJC 12 with a storage tank. The pumped water is used to irrigate 3 hectares of agricultural land. Oversized PV array increases its output power at weak solar irradiance. However, too much oversize will negatively affect the economic reliability. With respect to the wide normal operating range of centrifugal pump, three oversized PV configurations by 4%, 46% and 78% are examined. The experimental results show that PV pumping system can successfully start at low solar radiation 86.21 W/m2 and the optimum performances are obtained with the oversizing of 46%.
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Gulkowski, Slawomir, und Ewelina Krawczak. „Long-Term Energy Yield Analysis of the Rooftop PV System in Climate Conditions of Poland“. Sustainability 16, Nr. 8 (17.04.2024): 3348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083348.
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In the past four years, the number of prosumers utilizing photovoltaic (PV) installations in Poland has increased significantly, exceeding 1.3 million, reaching a total power capacity of 10.5 GW by the end of 2023. This paper presents a three-year energy yield analysis of the prosumer PV systems operating in Eastern Poland. The 9.6 kW system consists of high-efficiency monocrystalline photovoltaic modules in half-cut technology. Over the three years of operation, specific yields have been analyzed along with weather parameters, such as solar intensity, outdoor temperature, humidity, wind speed, rainfall, or snowfall. The average annual final yield was found to be relatively high, exceeding 1000 kWh·kW−1 in each of the analysed years. The highest monthly specific yields of the analysed period were noticed during the summer, reaching the maximum value of 164 kWh·kW−1 in 2022. The daily final yields varied from a minimum of 0.15 kWh·kW−1 in Winter 2021 to a maximum of 6.8 kWh·kW−1 in Spring 2022. Weather conditions increasing the energy yields, such as low average ambient temperatures together with high insolation periods, were noticed. Energy production in such favorable conditions reached a surprisingly high value of energy yield in April 2020, comparable to the summer months (151.0 kWh·kW−1). The occurrence of heavy rainfall in summer was also noted as a desirable effect that leads to the natural cleaning of the PV modules. The average performance ratio during the analyzed period was found to be 0.85. The energy production of the PV system allowed the reduction of about 21 tons of CO2 emission.
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Lee, Kyung-Woo, Hyo-Mun Lee, Ru-Da Lee, Dong-Su Kim und Jong-Ho Yoon. „The Impact of Cracks in BIPV Modules on Power Outputs: A Case Study Based on Measured and Simulated Data“. Energies 14, Nr. 4 (05.02.2021): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040836.
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Crack issues afflicting a building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) system are major concerns in terms of the system’s maintenance and power degradation. Although there may be many circumstances that bring about cracks in BIPV modules during the installation process, identifying the degradation of PV module efficiency resulting from the effects of cracks tends to be a very difficult task unless actual indoor or outdoor tests or detailed electroluminescence imaging tests are conducted. Many current studies have demonstrated that cracks may or may not impact the output performance of PV modules depending on the damage levels or where the damage is located. For BIPV applications such as replacement for building materials, there is still a lack of information and case studies addressing crack issues in a quantitative manner for evaluating BIPV output performance. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to investigate the effects of cracks in BIPV modules on power outputs and to identify detailed relationships between the cracks and power output based on experimental and simulated analysis. An experimental facility located in Daejeon, South Korea, was used to gather data from cracked and non-cracked BIPV modules. By using the field-measured data and facility’ information, a simulation model was developed using SolarPro software, and a simulated-based analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of cracks in BIPV modules on output values after proper validation of the model. The results from this study reveal that cracks in BIPV modules exhibit significant degradation in BIPV modules’ outputs of up to 43% reduction during the experimental period. From the annual comparative results, output degradations of 34.6–35.4% were estimated when the BIPV modules included cracks. As a result, the cracks in the BIPV modules could be carefully addressed as issues occurring in the BIPV installation process.
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Alimi, Oyeniyi A., Edson L. Meyer und Olufemi I. Olayiwola. „Solar Photovoltaic Modules’ Performance Reliability and Degradation Analysis—A Review“. Energies 15, Nr. 16 (17.08.2022): 5964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165964.
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The current geometric increase in the global deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, both at utility-scale and residential roof-top systems, is majorly attributed to its affordability, scalability, long-term warranty and, most importantly, the continuous reduction in the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of solar PV in numerous countries. In addition, PV deployment is expected to continue this growth trend as energy portfolio globally shifts towards cleaner energy technologies. However, irrespective of the PV module type/material and component technology, the modules are exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions during outdoor deployment. Oftentimes, these environmental conditions are extreme for the modules and subject them to harsh chemical, photo-chemical and thermo-mechanical stress. Asides from manufacturing defects, these conditions contribute immensely to PV module’s aging rate, defects and degradation. Therefore, in recent times, there has been various investigations into PV reliability and degradation mechanisms. These studies do not only provide insight on how PV module’s performance degrades over time, but more importantly, they serve as meaningful input information for future developments in PV technologies, as well as performance prediction for better financial modelling. In view of this, prompt and efficient detection and classification of degradation modes and mechanisms due to manufacturing imperfections and field conditions are of great importance towards minimizing potential failure and associated risks. In the literature, several methods, ranging from visual inspection, electrical parameter measurements (EPM), imaging methods, and most recently data-driven techniques have been proposed and utilized to measure or characterize PV module degradation signatures and mechanisms/pathways. In this paper, we present a critical review of recent studies whereby solar PV systems performance reliability and degradation were analyzed. The aim is to make cogent contributions to the state-of-the-art, identify various critical issues and propose thoughtful ideas for future studies particularly in the area of data-driven analytics. In contrast with statistical and visual inspection approaches that tend to be time consuming and require huge human expertise, data-driven analytic methods including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models have impressive computational capacities to process voluminous data, with vast features, with reduced computation time. Thus, they can be deployed for assessing module performance in laboratories, manufacturing, and field deployments. With the huge size of PV modules’ installations especially in utility scale systems, coupled with the voluminous datasets generated in terms of EPM and imaging data features, ML and DL can learn irregular patterns and make conclusions in the prediction, diagnosis and classification of PV degradation signatures, with reduced computation time. Analysis and comparison of different models proposed for solar PV degradation are critically reviewed, in terms of the methodologies, characterization techniques, datasets, feature extraction mechanisms, accelerated testing procedures and classification procedures. Finally, we briefly highlight research gaps and summarize some recommendations for the future studies.
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Oh, Hyung-Suk, und Chulwan Lim. „Ag Dendrites on W/C as Enhanced Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for Scalable Solar-Driven CO2rr“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, Nr. 48 (09.10.2022): 1866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02481866mtgabs.
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The electrochemical conversion of solar energy into competent chemicals is the most efficient technique to ensure clean and sustainable energy source for society in the future. In fact, solar cells can electrochemically produce electricity without pollution by converting CO2 into a variety of chemicals. The carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) is an environmentally friendly approach to produce useful hydrocarbons such as carbon monoxide (CO), methane, ethylene, formates, etc and alcohols and remove exhausted CO2, which is a greenhouse gas. Conventionally, studies on the CO2RR have been conducted by using liquid-phase H-cells and a CO2-saturated electrolyte. However, it resulted in a low current density because the low solubility of CO2 in the liquid electrolyte occurs mass transfer limitation. To improve of the current density related to the CO2RR, two types of gas-fed CO2RR electrolyzers containing gas diffusion layer (GDL) electrodes have been proposed. The first type of CO2RR devices use a liquid electrolyte, the electrolyte increases CO2RR performance through controlling the cathode conditions, such as pH and anion concentration. The second type of CO2RR devices is zero-gap electrolyzers that use an anion exchange membrane (AEM) and humidified CO2 gas. AEM transmits carbonate and hydroxide ion, inducing favorable environmental for CO2RR. These zero-gap CO2 electrolyzers are attracting attention as the most promising system owing to several advantages such as extremely low ohmic resistance, scalable and stackable configuration, and commercial applicability, as affirmed by using a system consisting of a fuel cell and water electrolyzer. Among the products of the CO2RR, CO is particularly attractive as aspect of its economic benefits and large demand. Ag-based materials exhibit the most electrochemical performance for producing CO. and high selectivity. To enhance the catalytic activity of Ag-based catalysts, various approaches have been studied to change the surface electronic structure of Ag such as alloy formation, anion-based modification, shape control, near-surface structure and engineering. However, catalyst designs that do not consider the gas phase reactions cannot enough utilize their catalytic activity although recent progress has made in the development of Ag-based catalysts for the CO2RR. Therefore, considerable efforts must be preoccupied with the development of highly active, stable, and gas-transferable structured catalysts for gas-fed CO2RR electrolyzers with incoporating a GDL. Additionally, aming for the realization of clean technology for producing CO, we demonstrate the practicalbility of sunlight-driven CO2RR on a large scale using commercial silicon-based solar cells and zero-gap electrolyzers. Silicon-based solar cells are still the preferred commercially applicapable options for producing large amounts of electrical power from solar energy because of their scalability. In this study, we report a 3D silver dendrite on W/C (as denoted WC@AgD) catalyst with abundant nanograin boundaries that show enhanced CO2RR performance and stability. WC@AgD exhibited marked catalytic activity with a maximum CO partial current density of 400 mA cm-2 and durability for 100 h at 150 mA cm-2. We also fabricated an solar-to-CO (STC) conversion device combined with a silicon-based solar cell of 120 cm2 area and a zero-gap CO2 electrolyzer with an area of 10 cm2. The stand-alone photovoltaic-electrochemical system achieved a solar-to-CO efficiency (ηSTC) of 12.1 % at 1A under AM 1.5 G illumination and realistic outdoor conditions. The device design and electrode configuration extended viable route for implementing large-scale installations for solar-driven production of chemicals. Figure 1
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Liu, Junwei, Yifan Zhou, Zhihua Zhou, Yahui Du, Cheng Wang, Xueqing Yang, Zhenjia Lin et al. „Passive Photovoltaic Cooling: Advances Toward Low‐Temperature Operation“. Advanced Energy Materials, 27.11.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202302662.
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AbstractWith the great increase in installation, photovoltaics will develop as the main power supply source for the world shortly. However, the actual power generation and lifetime of photovoltaics are greatly compromised by the high working temperature under outdoor operation. In this review, the recent advances of four promising passive photovoltaic cooling methods are summarized with the aim to uncover their working principles, cooling performance, and application potential in photovoltaic devices. For radiative cooling, light management strategies with ultraviolet‐photon downshift and sub‐bandgap reflection are discussed in detail to reveal their great potential in reducing photovoltaic working temperature and enhancing power generation. Subsequently, the great cooling benefits of passive evaporative cooling are underlined in terms of its superior cooling power and temperature drop of photovoltaic devices. Moreover, the promising integrated cooling strategy is further highlighted due to its great potential in enhancing electricity production and fresh water supply. Most crucially, the remaining challenges and the authors'r insights are presented to advance the commercial applications of passive cooling methods in photovoltaics.
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Sato, Daisuke, Taizo Masuda, Kenji Araki, Masafumi Yamaguchi, Kenichi Okumura, Akinori Sato, Ryota Tomizawa und Noboru Yamada. „Stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with 15.4% efficiency for three-dimensional curved surfaces“. Communications Materials 2, Nr. 1 (08.01.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00106-x.
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AbstractStretchable photovoltaics are emerging power sources for collapsible electronics, biomedical devices, and buildings and vehicles with curved surfaces. Development of stretchable photovoltaics are crucial to achieve rapid growth of the future photovoltaic market. However, owing to their rigidity, existing thin-film solar cells based predominantly on silicon, compound semiconductors, and perovskites are difficult to apply to 3D curved surfaces, which are potential real-world candidates. Herein, we present a stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with a geometrical concentration ratio of 3.5×. When perfectly fitted on a 3D curved surface with a sharp curvature, the prototype module achieves an outdoor power conversion efficiency of 15.4% and the daily generated electricity yield improves to a maximum of 190% relative to a non-concentration stretchable photovoltaic module. Thus, this module design enables high areal coverage on 3D curved surfaces, while generating a higher electricity yield in a limited installation area.
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Sato, Daisuke, Taizo Masuda, Kenji Araki, Masafumi Yamaguchi, Kenichi Okumura, Akinori Sato, Ryota Tomizawa und Noboru Yamada. „Stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with 15.4% efficiency for three-dimensional curved surfaces“. Communications Materials 2, Nr. 1 (08.01.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43246-020-00106-x.
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AbstractStretchable photovoltaics are emerging power sources for collapsible electronics, biomedical devices, and buildings and vehicles with curved surfaces. Development of stretchable photovoltaics are crucial to achieve rapid growth of the future photovoltaic market. However, owing to their rigidity, existing thin-film solar cells based predominantly on silicon, compound semiconductors, and perovskites are difficult to apply to 3D curved surfaces, which are potential real-world candidates. Herein, we present a stretchable micro-scale concentrator photovoltaic module with a geometrical concentration ratio of 3.5×. When perfectly fitted on a 3D curved surface with a sharp curvature, the prototype module achieves an outdoor power conversion efficiency of 15.4% and the daily generated electricity yield improves to a maximum of 190% relative to a non-concentration stretchable photovoltaic module. Thus, this module design enables high areal coverage on 3D curved surfaces, while generating a higher electricity yield in a limited installation area.
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VINOGRADOV, A. V., D. V. KONKIN, A. V. BUKREEV und A. V. VINOGRADOVA. „STRUCTURAL DIAGRAM OF A SYSTEM FOR REMOTE MONITORING OF A HOUSEHOLD PLOT AND CONTROL OF ITS EQUIPMENT“. Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK 3 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2023-70-3-73-79.
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Providing remote monitoring of homestead, suburban areas allows you to reduce the number of trips for their maintenance, to receive timely information about the overgrowth of the territory, the ripening of cultivated fruits, unauthorized visits to the site. The management of the site equipment makes it possible to monitor the watering of plants, turn on and off outdoor lighting, and perform other operations. Based on the analysis of existing solutions, their advantages and disadvantages, a block diagram of a system for remote monitoring of the territory of a household plot and management of its equipment has been developed. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing a block diagram of a system for remote monitoring of a household plot and control of its equipment with the use of a photovoltaic installation. (Materials and methods) Analyzed literature sources, available methods and devices for monitoring household plots and managing their energy supply systems. We used general scientific methods, methods of developing structural schemes. (Results and discussion) We proposed the structure of a system for remote monitoring of the territory of a household plot and management of its equipment with the use of a photovoltaic installation in it, which allows for remote monitoring and management in automatic mode and using an application for a phone, computer. It was determined that the implementation of the structural scheme of the system allows to reduce the maintenance costs of the infield, increases the efficiency of its use. (Conclusions) It was revealed that the existing methods and technical means of remote monitoring of the territory of the household plot and management of its equipment are of a disparate nature and do not combine into a single system. We have developed a block diagram of a system for remote monitoring of the territory of a household plot and control of its equipment with the use of a photovoltaic installation in it. It was shown that new monitoring methods are being implemented in the system, a neural network is used to process the information received.
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Gómez, Edna Vanessa Ramos, Carlos Eduardo Bohórquez Vargas, Karen Lorena Arias und Daniela Carolina Herrera Gutierrez. „Implementation of solar panels and photovoltaic systems as an alternative for efficient energy saving at Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia-UNAD“. Journal of Sustainability Perspectives 2 (01.08.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jsp.2022.15535.
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The Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia- UNAD, is a public, educational organization of the National Order that through the conception and practice of Distance Education was not affected in the development of activities in the time of pandemic, according to its solid technological infrastructure to promote the virtuality.One of the principal changes implied by the preventive isolation because of COVID-19 was to reassess the context of the management system and the expectations and demands of the stakeholders, generating new opportunities and risks as a result of the sanitary situation. This situation, strengthening the commitment of the Environmental Management System with climate change based on the sustainable development objectives and the 2019-2023 internal development plan, which refers within its main goals, to the installation of 8 solar tables and 2 photovoltaic systems for outdoor lighting in different locations, in addition to operational control activities that contribute to mitigating the impacts of the activities associated with the work at home and on-site modality, giving environmental legal compliance and expanding the scope to ISO 14001:2015 certification in new centers, thus promoting new challenges that have allowed the positioning in good environmental practices of the University at the national level. Keyword: Sustainable Development Goals, Energy, photovoltaic lighting systems, carbon footprint
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Augusto, André, Alexander C. Killam, Stuart G. Bowden und Harrison Wilterdink. „Measuring outdoor I-V characteristics of PV modules and systems“. Progress in Energy, 28.07.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac851c.
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Abstract The cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaics has passed 1 TW, of which about two-thirds were only installed in the past five years. Many of these new installations incorporate novel module and cell designs that have not yet been subjected to long-term in-field characterization. Indoor accelerated stress testing has historically been a valuable methodology to identify fault mechanisms, estimate degradation rates, and to ensure the safety and normal operation of modules in the field. Still, these methodologies deliver an incomplete image of the exact stress mechanisms that photovoltaic systems are subject to outdoors, which vary with location, time of day, and time of year. In this work we review different outdoor methods to measure current-voltage characteristics of photovoltaic systems, discuss how the environmental conditions impact those characteristics, and examine alternative methodologies for acquiring light and pseudo current-voltage characteristics more applicable to larger scale installations. This review also provides an insight into methods useful for real-time monitoring and degradation analysis at the module and string level.
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Kunz, Oliver, Jan Schlipf, Andreas Fladung, Yong Sheng Khoo, Karl Bedrich, Thorsten Trupke und Ziv Hameiri. „Outdoor luminescence imaging of field-deployed PV modules“. Progress in Energy, 13.10.2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2516-1083/ac9a33.
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Abstract Solar photovoltaic installations have increased exponentially over the last decade and are now at a stage where they provide humanity with the greatest opportunity to mitigate accelerating climate change. For the continued growth and success of photovoltaic energy the reliable inspection of solar power plants is an important requirement. This ensures the installations are of high quality, safe to operate, and produce the maximum possible power for the longest possible plant life. Outdoor luminescence imaging of field-deployed PV modules provides module image data with unparalleled fidelity and is therefore the gold standard for assessing the quality, defect types, and degradation state of field-deployed PV modules. Several luminescence imaging methods have been developed and some of them are already routinely used to inspect solar power plants. The preferred luminescence inspection method to be used depends on the required image resolution, the defect types that need to be identified, cost, inspection throughput, technological readiness, and other factors. Due to the rich and detailed information provided by luminescence imaging measurements and modern image analysis methods, luminescence imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool for PV module quality assurance in PV power plants. Outdoor luminescence imaging can make valuable contributions to the commissioning, operation, and assessment of solar power plants prior to a change of ownership or after severe weather events. Another increasingly important use of these technologies is the cost-effective end-of-life assessment of solar modules to enable a sustainable circular economy.
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Geetha, Anbazhagan, S. Usha, Jagadish Babu Padmanabhan, R. Palanisamy, Albert Alexander, Geno Peter, R. Ramkumar und Vivekananda Ganji. „Performance evaluation of coloured filters on PV panels in an outdoor environment“. IET Renewable Power Generation, 23.07.2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/rpg2.13040.
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AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effects of colour filters and tilt angles on the electrical output characteristics of solar photovoltaic modules. The experimental set‐up allowed for the evaluation of various combinations of colour filters and tilt angles by using a realistic simulation of solar panel installations. The various light spectrum wavelengths and energy levels were taken into account, keeping in mind any potential impacts on the solar cells' conversion efficiency. The results showed that compared to other filter combinations, the use of red colour filters with a 10% blockage rate and an optimal tilt angle led to a noticeable increase in electrical output. This result emphasises the value of colour filtering and tilt angle selection in raising solar photovoltaic systems' overall performance. When compared to the other filters, the red, orange, and yellow filters stand out due to their outstanding efficiency of around 84.98%, 84.08%, and 83.69%. However, the teal, green, and blue filters exhibit relatively low levels of efficiency of about 69.62%, 67.06%, and 58.52%, respectively. The distinct reaction shown by purple and pink filters, when subjected to tilt angle of 30 degrees, offers a potentially productive direction of enhancing the efficiency of PV panel.
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V, Tirupati Rao, und Yendaluru Raja Sekhar. „Exergo-Economic and CO2 emission (EEC) analysis of Bi-symmetrical web flow Photovoltaic- thermal (PVT) system under diurnal conditions“. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 16.08.2022, 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4055225.
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Abstract The undesired heat evolved in photovoltaic (PV) module during its regular operation must be removed to aspire reliable power output. PV installations in tropical and sub-tropical regions experience abrupt PV module heating especially during summer seasons that lead to hot spot effect. Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) system has proven to provide module cooling satisfactorily with various working fluids while delivering higher annual energy yield. In the present study, experiments were carried out on novel web flow channel photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) module at Vellore location, (12.9165° N, 79.1325° E) India. The present research was carried out at outdoor conditions with various mass flow rates range of 0.5- 2 litre per minute under sunny and overcast conditions. Water was used as working fluid in the PVT system and performance results were compared to 335 Wp reference poly crystalline PV module under similar operating conditions. PVT with bi-symmetrical web flow thermal absorber gave maximum overall efficiency of 63.09% obtained at 1.5 LPM mass flow rate of the water. Estimation of CO2 mitigations for PVT system earned 8.2% higher savings than the PV module alone under overcast conditions.
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Míguez Novoa, José Manuel, Volker Hoffmann, Eduardo Forniés, Laura Mendez, Marta Tojeiro, Fernando Ruiz, Manuel Funes et al. „Production of upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon for a low-cost, high-efficiency, and reliable PV technology“. Frontiers in Photonics 5 (13.02.2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphot.2024.1331030.
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Upgraded metallurgical-grade silicon (UMG-Si) has the potential to reduce the cost of photovoltaic (PV) technology and improve its environmental profile. In this contribution, we summarize the extensive work made in the research and development of UMG technology for PV, which has led to the demonstration of UMG-Si as a competitive alternative to polysilicon for the production of high-efficiency multicrystalline solar cells and modules. The tailoring of the processing steps along the complete Ferrosolar’s UMG-Si manufacturing value chain is addressed, commencing with the purification stage that results in a moderately compensated material due to the presence of phosphorous and boron. Gallium is added as a dopant at the crystallization stage to obtain a uniform resistivity profile of ∼1 Ω cm along the ingot height. Defect engineering techniques based on phosphorus diffusion gettering are optimized to improve the bulk electronic quality of UMG-Si wafers. Black silicon texturing, compatible with subsequent gettering and surface passivation, is successfully implemented. Industrial-type aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) and passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) solar cells are fabricated, achieving cell efficiencies in the range of those obtained with conventional polysilicon substrates. TOPCon solar cell processing key steps are also tested to further evaluate the potential of the material in advanced device architectures beyond the PERC. Degradation mechanisms related to light exposure and operation temperature are shown to be insignificant in UMG PERC solar cells when a regeneration step is implemented, and PV modules with several years of outdoor operation demonstrated similar performance to reference ones based on poly-Si. Life cycle analysis (LCA) is carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of UMG-based PV technology when compared to poly-Si-based technology, considering different scenarios for both the manufacturing sites and the PV installations.