Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „OSLC producent“

Abstract What are the actual inner processes taking place when youth shape and share stories about their lives through digital storytelling? In the present study, we follow an experiment in religious education in a local congregation outside Oslo. In the autumn of 2005, the Church of Norway initiated a project wherein young people raised questions of faith and life in short biographical mini-films called ‘Digital Faith Stories’. As the title suggests, digital tools are central to the project. We focus on the youth participants, analysing their role as media producers and following the construction of their stories. The adult leaders of the project are also given some attention. The analysis shows that the method of ‘Digital Storytelling’ might lead to a more systematic educational method for including the lifeworld of the young in religious training. The research has been carried out in cooperation with Prof. Knut Lundby.

In order to evaluate the Th1 and Th2 responses of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) patients, we investigated the cytokine producing capability of peripheral blood (PB), and compared it with clinicopathological appearances of OSCC patients. The production of a Th1-type cytokine, interferon (IFN)-γ, from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PB correlated positively with the frequency of lymph node metastasis. We also investigated the production of a Th2-type cytokine, IL-10, however, no significant correlation was observed with the clinicopathological appearances. Our results suggested that the IFN-γ producing capability was specifically regulated and dependent on the regional metastatic potencies of OSCCs.

El estudio de la génesis de los montículos de la cuenca de la Laguna Merín, Uruguay, se focalizó en el aporte de sedimentos y elementos descartados. Investigaciones basadas en la geoquímica de la matriz llevaron a considerar el rol del fuego en su elevación. Ensayamos contrastar su presencia por medio de las técnicas de datación por luminiscencia. Si las edades o paleodosis medidas por luminiscencia ópticamente estimulada (OSL, por sus siglas en inglés) y por termoluminiscencia (TL) de diferentes fracciones de la matriz son similares, próximas o con cierto grado de superposición, entonces el agente de blanqueo tiene que haber sido el calor. La hipótesis fue verificada en montículos de tres sitios arqueológicos ubicados en el sur de la cuenca. La evidencia de que estaríamos frente a prácticas recursivas que producen acumulaciones de sedimento termoalterados nos condujo a los hornos de tierra y los oven mounds de Australia. La presencia de hornos de tierra prehistóricos ya fue reconocida en Uruguay. Los oven mounds son un potente análogo etnográfico-arqueológico que ilustra sobre procesos de formación de acumulaciones de sedimento termoalterado, al mismo tiempo que permite abordar aspectos socioeconómicos y simbólicos. Por último, a partir de las implicaciones de la hipótesis, señalamos la pertinencia de abordar los montículos a dos escalas: la de los comportamientos que los elevaron y la de su realidad como parches dentro del paisaje.

La Revista Ciencia e Interculturalidad de la Universidad de las Regiones Autónomas de la Costa Caribe Nicaragüense (URACCAN), pone a la disposición de nuestros lectores la primer cosecha de artículos inéditos de investigación, autoría de 20 graduadas y graduados de la Maestría Internacional en Comunicación Intercultural con Enfoque de Género, una iniciativa de la Red de Universidades Indígenas Interculturales y Comunitarias de Abya Yala (RUIICAY), acompañada decididamente por NORAD, el Colegio Universitario de Oslo Noruega, la Universidad Autónoma Indígena Intercultural del Cauca (UAIIN), la Pluriversidad Amawtay Wasi del Ecuador y esta casa de estudio. Los artículos recogen aspectos relevantes de las tesis de maestría, discutidas y analizadas de manera crítica desde cada uno de estos países. Responden en esencia a un nuevo paradigma epistémico llamado Cultivo y Crianza de Sabidurías y Conocimientos (CCRISAC), una herramienta metodológica para recopilar y explicar diferentes procesos comunicacionales que se producen en las comunidades y pueblos indígenas y que re-direcciona los llamados métodos científicos con los que habíamos aprendido a emprender procesos de investigación. La riqueza de esta importante Cosecha radica en la motivación y compromiso con la que profesionales de la comunicación en la región han recreado los procesos que viven pueblos en Nicaragua, con la comunicación intercultural, la Comunicación Propia en Colombia y la Comunicación Comunitaria Intercultural en el Ecuador, tres países hermanos que juntos hemos venido caminando la palabra y recorriendo escenarios sagrados donde se articulan los conocimientos, los saberes y los haceres en Abya Yala. Por la naturaleza de los artículos y con la alegría que provoca sembrar y cosechar desde modelos propios de comunicación, este Volumen No. 23, presenta una compilación estructurada en una única sección: Género e Interculturalidad, dedicado especialmente a la Comunicación Intercultural. Los resultados de estos estudios aportan significativamente a la praxis innovadora de la comunidad universitaria y constituyen un medio educativo y de comunicación para compartir con la comunidad de profesores, investigadores y estudiantes del mundo académico, en una expresión crítica autónoma y de emancipación en un ambiente de ciudadanías interculturales de género.

Introduction Greater resilience is associated with the ability to self-organise, and with social learning as part of a process of adaptation and transformation (Goldstein 341). This article deals with responses to a crisis in a Norwegian community in the late 1880s, and with some of the many internal conflicts it caused. The crisis and the subsequent conflicts in this particular community, Volda, were caused by a number of processes, driven mostly by external forces and closely linked to the expansion of the capitalist mode of production in rural Norway. But the crisis also reflects a growing nationalism in Norway. In the late 1880s, all these causes seemed to come together in Volda, a small community consisting mostly of independent small farmers and of fishers. The article employs the concept of ‘resilience’ and the theory of resilience in order better to understand how individuals and the community reacted to crisis and conflict in Volda in late 1880, experiences which will cast light on the history of the late 1880s in Volda, and on individuals and communities elsewhere which have also experienced such crises. Theoretical Perspectives Some understandings of social resilience inspired by systems theory and ecology focus on a society’s ability to maintain existing structures. Reducing conflict to promote greater collaboration and resilience, however, may become a reactionary strategy, perpetuating inequalities (Arthur, Friend and Marschke). Instead, the understanding of resilience could be enriched by drawing on ecological perspectives that see conflict as an integral aspect of a diverse ecology in continuous development. In the same vein, Grove has argued that some approaches to anticipatory politics fashion subjects to withstand ‘shocks and responding to adversity through modern institutions such as human rights and the social contract, rather than mobilising against the sources of insecurity’. As an alternative, radical politics of resilience ought to explore political alternatives to the existing order of things. Methodology According to Hall and Lamont, understanding “how individuals, communities, and societies secured their well-being” in the face of the challenges imposed by neoliberalism is a “problem of understanding the bases for social resilience”. This article takes a similarly broad approach to understanding resilience, focusing on a small group of people within a relatively small community to understand how they attempted to secure their well-being in the face of the challenges posed by capitalism and growing nationalism. The main interest, however, is not resilience understood as something that exists or is being produced within this small group, but, rather, how this group produced social imaginaries of the past and the future in cooperation and conflict with other groups in the same community. The research proceeds to analyse the contributions mainly of six members of this small group. It draws on existing literature on the history of the community in the late 1800s and, in particular, biographies of Synnøve Riste (Øyehaug) and Rasmus Steinsvik (Gausemel). In addition, the research builds on original empirical research of approximately 500 articles written by the members of the group in the period from 1887 to 1895 and published in the newspapers Vestmannen, Fedraheimen and 17de Mai; and will try to re-tell a history of key events, referring to a selection of these articles. A Story about Being a Woman in Volda in the Late 1880s This history begins with a letter from Synnøve Riste, a young peasant woman and daughter of a local member of parliament, to Anders Hovden, a friend and theology student. In the letter, Synnøve Riste told her friend about something she just had experienced and had found disturbing (more details in Øyehaug). She first sets her story in the context of an evangelical awakening that was gaining momentum in the community. There was one preacher in particular who seemed to have become very popular among the young women. He had few problems when it comes to women, she wrote, ironically. Curious about the whole thing, Synnøve decided to attend a meeting to see for herself what was going on. The preacher noticed her among the group of young women. He turned his attention towards her and scolded her for her apparent lack of religious fervour. In the letter she explained the feeling of shame that came over her when the preacher singled her out for public criticism. But the feeling of shame soon gave way to anger, she wrote, before adding that the worst part of it was ‘not being able to speak back’; as a woman at a religious meeting she had to hold her tongue. Synnøve Riste was worried about the consequences of the religious awakening. She asked her friend to do something. Could he perhaps write a poem for the weekly newspaper the group had begun to publish only a few months earlier? Anders Hovden duly complied. The poem was published, anonymously, on Wednesday 17 March 1888. Previously, the poem says, women enjoyed the freedom to roam the mountains and valleys. Now, however, a dark mood had come over the young women. ‘Use your mind! Let the madness end! Throw off the blood sucker! And let the world see that you are a woman!’ The puritans appreciated neither the poem nor the newspaper. The newspaper was published by the same group of young men and women who had already organised a private language school for those who wanted to learn to read and write New Norwegian, a ‘new’ language based on the old dialects stemming from the time before Norway lost its independence and became a part of Denmark and then, after 1814, Sweden. At the language school the students read and discussed translations of Karl Marx and the anarchist Peter Kropotkin. The newspaper quickly grew radical. It reported on the riots following the hanging of the Haymarket Anarchists in Chicago in 1886. It advocated women’s suffrage, agitated against capitalism, argued that peasants and small farmers must learn solidarity from the industrial workers defended a young woman in Oslo who was convicted of killing her newborn baby and published articles from international socialist and anarchist newspapers and magazines. Social Causes for Individual Resilience and Collaborative Resilience Recent literature on developmental psychology link resilience to ‘the availability of close attachments or a supportive and disciplined environment’ (Hall and Lamont 13). Some psychologists have studied how individuals feel empowered or constrained by their environment. Synnøve Riste clearly felt constrained by developments in her social world, but was also resourceful enough to find ways to resist and engage in transformational social action on many levels. According to contemporary testimonies, Synnøve Riste must have been an extraordinary woman (Steinsvik "Synnøve Riste"). She was born Synnøve Aarflot, but later married Per Riste and took his family name. The Aarflot family was relatively well-off and locally influential, although the farms were quite small by European standards. Both her father and her uncle served as members of parliament for the (‘left’) Liberal Party. From a young age she took responsibility for her younger siblings and for the family farm, as her father spent much time in the capital. Her grandfather had been granted the privilege of printing books and newspapers, which meant that she grew up with easy access to current news and debates. She married a man of her own choosing; a man substantially older than herself, but with a reputation for liberal ideas on language, education and social issues. Psychological approaches to resilience consider the influence of cognitive ability, self-perception and emotional regulation, in addition to social networks and community support, as important sources of resilience (Lamont, Welburn and Fleming). Synnøve Riste’s friend and lover, Rasmus Steinsvik, later described her as ‘a mainspring’ of social activity. She did not only rely on family, social networks and community support to resist stigmatisation from the puritans, but she was herself a driving force behind social activities that produced new knowledge and generated communities of support for others. Lamont, Welburn and Fleming underline the importance for social resilience of cultural repertoires and the availability of ‘alternative ways of understanding social reality’ (Lamont, Welburn and Fleming). Many of the social activities Synnøve Riste instigated served as arenas for debate and collaborative activity to develop alternative understandings of the social reality of the community. In 1887, Synnøve Riste had relied on support from her extended family to found the newspaper Vestmannen, but as the group around the language school and newspaper gradually produced more radical alternative understandings of the social reality they came increasingly into conflict with less radical members of the Liberal Party. Her uncle owned the printing press where Vestmannen was printed. He was also a member of parliament seeking re-election. And he was certainly not amused when Rasmus Steinsvik, editor of Vestmannen, published an article reprimanding him for his lacklustre performance in general and his unprincipled voting in support of a budget allocating the Swedish king a substantial amount of money. Steinsvik advised the readers to vote instead for Per Riste, Synnøve Riste’s liberal husband and director of the language school. The uncle stopped printing the newspaper. Social Resilience in Volda The growing social conflicts in Volda might be taken to indicate a lack of resilience. This, however, would be a mistake. Social connectedness is an important source of social resilience (Barnes and Hall 226). Strong ties to family and friends matter, as does membership in associations. Dense networks of social connectedness are related to well-being and social resilience. Inversely, high levels of inequality seem to be linked to low levels of resilience. Participation in democratic processes has also been found to be an important source of resilience (Barnes and Hall 229). Volda was a small community with relatively low levels of inequality and local cultural traditions underlining the importance of cooperation and the obligations of everyone to participate in various forms of communal work. Similarly, even though a couple of families dominated local politics, there was no significant socioeconomic division between the average and the more prosperous farmers. Traditionally, women on the small, independent farms participated actively in most aspects of social life. Volda would thus score high on most indicators predicting social resilience. Reading the local newspapers confirms this impression of high levels of social resilience. In fact, this small community of only a few hundred families produced two competing newspapers at the time. Vestmannen dedicated ample space to issues related to education and schools, including adult education, reflecting the fact that Volda was emerging as a local educational centre; local youths attending schools outside the community regularly wrote articles in the newspaper to share the new knowledge they had attained with other members of the community. The topics were in large part related to farming, earth sciences, meteorology and fisheries. Vestmannen also reported on other local associations and activities. The local newspapers reported on numerous political meetings and public debates. The Liberal Party was traditionally the strongest political party in Volda and pushed for greater independence from Sweden, but was divided between moderates and radicals. The radicals joined workers and socialists in demanding universal suffrage, including, as we have seen, women’s right to vote. The left libertarians in Volda organised a ‘radical left’ faction of the Liberal Party and in the run-up to the elections in 1888 numerous rallies were arranged. In some parts of the municipality the youth set up independent and often quite radical youth organisations, while others established a ‘book discussion’. The language issue developed into a particularly powerful source for social resilience. All members of the community shared the experience of having to write and speak a foreign language when communicating with authorities or during higher education. It was a shared experience of discrimination that contributed to producing a common identity. Hing has shown that those who value their in-group ‘can draw on this positive identity to provide a sense of self-worth that offers resilience’. The struggle for recognition stimulated locals to arrange independent activities, and it was in fact through the burgeoning movement for a New Norwegian language that the local radicals in Volda first encountered radical literature that helped them reframe the problems and issues of their social world. In his biography of Ivar Mortensson Egnund, editor of the newspaper Fedraheimen and a lifelong collaborator of Rasmus Steinsvik, Klaus Langen has argued that Mortensson Egnund saw the ideal type of community imagined by the anarchist Leo Tolstoy in the small Norwegian communities of independent small farmers, a potential model for cooperation, participation and freedom. It was not an uncritical perspective, however. The left libertarians were constantly involved in clashes with what they saw as repressive forces within the communities. It is probably more correct to say that they believed that the potential existed, within these communities, for freedom to flourish. Most importantly, however, reading Fedraheimen, and particularly the journalist, editor and novelist Arne Garborg, infused this group of local radicals with anti-capitalist perspectives to be used to make sense of the processes of change that affected the community. One of Garborg’s biographers, claims that no Norwegian has ever been more fundamentally anti-capitalist than Garborg (Thesen). This anti-capitalism helped the radicals in Volda to understand the local conflicts and the evangelical awakening as symptoms of a deeper and more fundamental development driven by capitalism. A series of article in Vestmannen called for solidarity and unity between small farmers and the growing urban class of industrial workers. Science and Modernity The left libertarians put their hope in science and modernity to improve the lives of people. They believed that education was the key to move forward and get rid of the old and bad ways of doing things. The newspaper was reporting the latest advances in natural sciences and life sciences. It reported enthusiastically about the marvels of electricity, and speculated about a future in which Norway could exploit the waterfalls to generate it on a large scale. Vestmannen printed articles in defence of Darwinism (Egnund), new insights from astronomy (Steinsvik "Kva Den Nye Astronomien"), health sciences, agronomy, new methods of fishing and farming – and much more. This was a time when such matters mattered. Reports on new advances in meteorology in the newspaper appeared next to harrowing reports about the devastating effects of a storm that surprised local fishermen at sea where many men regularly paid with their lives. Hunger was still a constant threat in the harsh winter months, so new knowledge that could improve the harvest was most welcome. Leprosy and other diseases continued to be serious problems in this region of Norway. Health could not be taken lightly, and the left libertarians believed that science and knowledge was the only way forward. ‘Knowledge is a sweet fruit,’ Vestmannen wrote. Reporting on Darwinism and astronomy again pitted Vestmannen against the puritans. On several occasions the newspaper reported on confrontations between those who promoted science and those who defended a fundamentalist view of the Bible. In November 1888 the signature ‘-t’ published an article on a meeting that had taken place a few days earlier in a small village not far from Volda (Unknown). The article described how local teachers and other participants were scolded for holding liberal views on science and religion. Anyone who expressed the view that the Bible should not be interpreted literally risked being stigmatised and ostracised. It is tempting to label the group of left libertarians ‘positivists’ or ‘modernists’, but that would be unfair. Arne Garborg, the group’s most important source of inspiration, was indeed inspired by Émile Zola and the French naturalists. Garborg had argued that nothing less than the uncompromising search for truth was acceptable. Nevertheless, he did not believe in objectivity; Garborg and his followers agreed that it was not possible or even desirable to be anything else than subjective. Adaptation or Transformation? PM Giærder, a friend of Rasmus Steinsvik’s, built a new printing press with the help of local blacksmiths, so the newspaper could keep afloat for a few more months. Finally, however, in 1888, the editor and the printer took the printing press with them and moved to Tynset, another small community to the east. There they joined forces with another dwindling left libertarian publication, Fedraheimen. Generations later, more details emerged about the hurried exit from Volda. Synnøve Riste had become pregnant, but not by her husband Per. She was pregnant by Rasmus Steinsvik, the editor of Vestmannen and co-founder of the language school. And then, after giving birth to a baby daughter she fell ill and died. The former friends Per and Rasmus were now enemies and the group of left libertarians in Volda fell apart. It would be too easy to conclude that the left libertarians failed to transform the community and a closer look would reveal a more nuanced picture. Key members of the radical group went on to play important roles on the local and national political scene. Locally, the remaining members of the group formed new alliances with former opponents to continue the language struggle. The local church gradually began to sympathise with those who agitated for a new language based on the Norwegian dialects. The radical faction of the Liberal Party grew in importance as the conflict with Sweden over the hated union intensified. The anarchists Garborg and Steinsvik became successful editors of a radical national newspaper, 17de Mai, while two other members of the small group of radicals went on to become mayors of Volda. One was later elected member of parliament for the Liberal Party. Many of the more radical anarchist and communist ideas failed to make an impact on society. However, on issues such as women’s rights, voting and science, the left libertarians left a lasting impression on the community. It is fair to say that they contributed to transforming their society in many and lasting ways. Conclusion This study of crisis and conflict in Volda indicate that conflict can play an important role in social learning and collective creativity in resilient communities. There is a tendency, in parts of resilience literature, to view resilient communities as harmonious wholes without rifts or clashes of interests (see for instance Goldstein; Arthur, Friend and Marschke). Instead, conflicts should rather be understood as a natural aspect of any society adapting and transforming itself to respond to crisis. Future research on social resilience could benefit from an ecological understanding of nature that accepts polarisation and conflict as a natural part of ecology and which helps us to reach deeper understandings of the social world, also fostering learning, creativity and the production of alternative political solutions. This research has indicated the importance of social imaginaries of the past. Collective memories of ‘what everybody knows that everybody else knows’ about ‘what has worked in the past’ form the basis for producing ideas about how to create collective action (Swidler 338, 39). Historical institutions are pivotal in producing schemas which are default options for collective action. In Volda, the left libertarians imagined a potential for freedom in the past of the community; this formed the basis for producing an alternative social imaginary of the future of the community. The social imaginary was not, however, based only on local experience and collective memory of the past. Theories played an important role in the process of trying to understand the past and the present in order to imagine future alternatives. The conflicts themselves stimulated the radicals to search more widely and probe more deeply for alternative explanations to the problems they experienced. This search led them to new insights which were sometimes adopted by the local community and, in some cases, helped to transform social life in the long-run. References Arthur, Robert, Richard Friend, and Melissa Marschke. "Fostering Collaborative Resilience through Adaptive Comanagement: Reconciling Theory and Practice in the Management of Fisheries in the Mekong Region." Collaborative Resilience: Moving through Crisis to Opportunity. Ed. Bruce Evan Goldstein. Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 2012. 255-282. Barnes, Lucy, and Peter A. Hall. "Neoliberalism and Social Resilience in the Developed Democracies." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 209-238. Egnund, Ivar Mortensson. "Motsetningar." Vestmannen 13.6 (1889): 3. Gausemel, Steffen. Rasmus Steinsvik. Oslo: Noregs boklag, 1937. Goldstein, Bruce Evan. "Collaborating for Transformative Resilience." Collaborative Resilience: Moving through Crisis to Opportunity. Ed. Bruce Evan Goldstein. Cambridge, Mass., and London: MIT Press, 2012. 339-358. Hall, Peter A., and Michèle Lamont. "Introduction." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Lamont, Michèle, Jessica S Welburn, and Crystal M Fleming. "Responses to Discrimination and Social Resilience under Neoliberalism: The United States Compared." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013. 129-57. Steinsvik, Rasmus. "Kva Den Nye Astronomien Kan Lære Oss." Vestmannen 8.2 (1889): 1. ———. "Synnøve Riste." Obituary. Vestmannen 9.11 (1889): 1. Swidler, Ann. "Cultural Sources of Institutional Resilience: Lessons from Chieftaincy in Rural Malawi." Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era. Eds. Peter A. Hall and Michèle Lamont. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Cílem této práce je poskytnout snadný způsob, jak rozšířit analyzační nástroj o rozhraní splňující standard OSLC. Takové rozhraní umožňuje jednoduchou integraci nástrojů s jinými nástroji nebo systémy, umožňuje jejich vzdálené použití skrze webové služby a umožňuje je jednoduše propojit s databází pro databázové dotazy a pro perzistentní uložení dat. Toto je dosaženo návrhem a implementací OSLC adaptéru pomocí sady nástrojů Eclipse Lyo. Adaptér používá jako rozhraní doménu OSLC Automation a je dostatečně univerzální na to, aby skrze toto rozhraní pokryl funkcionalitu většiny analyzačních nástrojů za pomocí jejich stávajících rozhraní na příkazové řádce. Tato práce poskytuje úvod k OSLC, Eclipse Lyo a souvisejícím konceptům. Dále tato práce definuje požadavky a odlišnosti různých analyzačních nástrojů a diskutuje návrh adaptéru a faktory, které ovlivnily návrhová rozhodnutí. A nakonec prezentuje implementovaný adaptér a jeho vyhodnocení pomocí automatizované testovací sady a pomocí experimentů s řadou analyzačních nástrojů. Nejvýznamnější ukazatel hodnocení vytvořeného adaptéru je to, že už teď je používán v praxi pro přidání OSLC rozhraní k nástrojům ANaConDA, Perun, Spectra (všechny tři vyvíjené na VeriFIT) a HiLiTE (Honeywell).

An emerging problem in organisations is that there exist a large number of tools storing data that communicate with each other too often, throughout the process of an application or product development. However, no means of communication without the intervention of a central entity (usually a server) or storing the schema at a central repository exist. Accessing data among tools and linking them is tough and resource intensive. As part of the thesis, we develop a software (also referred to as ‘adaptor’ in the thesis), which, when implemented in the lifecycle management systems, integrates data seamlessly. This will eliminate the need of storing database schemas at a central repository and make the process of accessing data within tools less resource intensive. The adaptor acts as a wrapper to the tools and allows them to directly communicate with each other and exchange data. When using the developed adaptor for communicating data between various tools, the data in relational databases is first converted into RDF format and is then sent or received. Hence, RDF forms the crucial underlying concept on which the software will be based. The Resource description framework (RDF) provides the functionality of data integration irrespective of underlying schemas by treating data as resource and representing it as URIs. The model of RDF is a data model that is used for exchange and communication of data on the Internet and can be used in solving other real world problems like tool integration and automation of communication in relational databases. However, developing this adaptor for every tool requires understanding the individual schemas and structure of each of the tools’ database. This again requires a lot of effort for the developer of the adaptor. So, the main aim of the thesis will be to automate the development of such adaptors. With this automation, the need for anyone to manually assess the database and then develop the adaptor specific to the database is eliminated. Such adaptors and concepts can be used to implement similar solutions in other organisations faced with similar problems. In the end, the output of the thesis is an approachwhich automates the process of generating these adaptors.
Resource Description Framework (RDF) ger funktionaliteten av dataintegration, oberoende av underliggande scheman genom att behandla uppgifter som resurs och representerar det som URI. Modellen för Resource Description Framework är en datamodell som används för utbyte och kommunikation av uppgifter om Internet och kan användas för att lösa andra verkliga problem som integrationsverktyg och automatisering av kommunikation i relationsdatabaser. Ett växande problem i organisationer är att det finns ett stort antal verktyg som lagrar data och som kommunicerar med varandra alltför ofta, under hela processen för ett program eller produktutveckling. Men inga kommunikationsmedel utan ingripande av en central enhet (oftast en server) finns. Åtkomst av data mellan verktyg och länkningar mellan dem är resurskrävande. Som en del av avhandlingen utvecklar vi en programvara (även hänvisad till som "adapter" i avhandlingen), som integrerar data utan större problem. Detta kommer att eliminera behovet av att lagra databasscheman på en central lagringsplats och göra processen för att hämta data inom verktyg mindre resurskrävande. Detta kommer att ske efter beslut om en särskild strategi för att uppnå kommunikation mellan olika verktyg som kan vara en sammanslagning av många relevanta begrepp, genom studier av nya och kommande metoder som kan hjälpa i nämnda scenarier. Med den utvecklade programvaran konverteras först datat i relationsdatabaserna till RDF form och skickas och tas sedan emot i RDF format. Således utgör RDF det viktiga underliggande konceptet för programvaran. Det främsta målet med avhandlingen är att automatisera utvecklingen av ett sådant verktyg (adapter). Med denna automatisering elimineras behovet att av någon manuellt behöver utvärdera databasen och sedan utveckla adaptern enligt databasen. Ett sådant verktyg kan användas för att implementera liknande lösningar i andra organisationer som har liknande problem. Således är resultatet av avhandlingen en algoritm eller ett tillvägagångssätt för att automatisera processen av att skapa adaptern.

La numérisation croissante de l’économie bouleverse les canaux de distribution des vendeurs et favorise l’émergence de nouveaux acteurs : les plateformes d’intermédiation. Avec elles, le modèle traditionnel de revente laisse place à un modèle d’agence et crée un terrain fertile à différents cas de restrictions verticales. La numérisation grandissante des marchés pousse les autorités de concurrence à questionner et adapter leur analyse économique des pratiques. Cette thèse se concentre sur l’industrie hôtelière qui fait l’objet de plusieurs cas d’espèces. Les pratiques contractuelles telles que les clauses de parité de prix imposées par les agences de voyages en ligne aux hôteliers ont fait l’objet de nombreuses investigations, principalement en Europe. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse développe un modèle d’estimation structurelle de la demande permettant d’évaluer le degré de substitution entre les canaux de distribution en en ligne d'une chaîne d'hôtels, élément crucial retenu dans la définition des marchés. A l’issue des différents cas de concurrence, les clauses de parité de prix ont partiellement ou totalement été interdites dans plusieurs pays. En réponse, les plateformes d’intermédiation ont développé de nouveaux programmes offrant aux hôteliers une visibilité accrue en l’échange d’une application volontaire de la clause de parité de prix. Le second chapitre de cette thèse étudie l’effet de l’adoption de ce type de programme sur les prix fixés par les hôteliers en différenciant l’effet lié à l’accroissement de la demande, permis par les gains de visibilité, de ceux liés à l’auto-application de la clause et à la hausse des commissions inhérentes au programme. Cette thèse porte également sur le lien entre les agences de voyage en ligne et un autre type de plateforme sur ce marché, les sites de comparaison de prix. Ces derniers promettent aux consommateurs l'affichage des offres les plus compétitives du marché mais les critères utilisés dans les algorithmes de classement font désormais débat. D'autre part, l'intégration verticale des certaines de ces plateformes à de plus grands groupes, en possédant déjà plusieurs, interroge leur impartialité. Le troisième chapitre de cette thèse étudie l’impact de l'intégration de Kayak et plusieurs agences de voyage en ligne (comme Booking.com) au sein du groupe Booking Holding sur les classements des hôtels et des canaux de vente affichés sur le site de comparaison de prix
The growing digitalization of the economy has been disrupting the sellers distribution channels and has been favoring the emergence of new players: intermediation platforms. Meanwhile the traditional resale model gives way to an agency model and creates fertile ground for different cases of vertical restraints. The increasing digitalization of markets therefore pushes competition authorities to question and adapt their economic analysis of practices. This thesis focuses on the hotel industry which has been the subject of several specific cases, especially in Europe. Contractual practices such as price parity clauses imposed by online travel agencies to hotels have been the subject of numerous investigations. The first chapter of this thesis develops a model of structural demand estimation, allowing to assess the degree of substitution between the online distribution channels of a hotel chain, a crucial element in the market definition. Following the various competition cases, price parity clauses were partially or completely prohibited in several countries. In response, the platforms have developed new programs offering hotels an increased visibility in exchange of the voluntary compliance of price parity clauses. The second chapter of this thesis studies the effect of the adoption of this program on the prices set by the hotels separating the effects linked to the demand increase, thanks to visibility gains, from those linked to the clause compliance and fee increase linked to the program. This thesis also deals with the link between online travel agencies and another type of platforms: price comparison websites. The latter promise consumers the display of the most competitive offers on the market but the criteria used in the ranking algorithms are now debated. Moreover, their vertical integration into larger groups, which also have online travel agencies, raises questions about their impartiality. The third chapter studies the impact of the integration of Kayak and several online travel agencies (such as Booking.com) within the Booking Holding group on the ranking of hotels and sales channels displayed on the price comparison website

On August 13, 1993, it was announced that secret Israeli–Palestinian negotiations, facilitated by the government of Norway, had produced the agreement which, exactly one month later, was signed between the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) as the “Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements” (DOP). This chapter presents the author's account of his role in post-DOP negotiations, which involved serving as a legal advisor to the Palestinian negotiating team during the final week of the negotiations in Cairo, which produced the first post-DOP implementing agreement, the Gaza/Jericho Withdrawal Agreement, signed on May 4, 1994.

The role of innovation as a vital driving force of entrepreneurship and economic development has been widely acknowledged. Especially in an era of economic turbulence, innovation can be seen as the only realistic strategy that can lead enterprises out of the crisis. Based on the innovation taxonomies identified in the Oslo Manual, namely organizational, marketing, process, and product innovation, a survey was carried out in a Greek region adapting the fourth Community Innovation Survey questionnaire in 43 SMEs, capturing the effects of economic recession on the firms' innovativeness, and drawing a profile of the entrepreneurship innovation in the region of Western Macedonia, Greece. By applying a strategic group's approach, the authors come up with some interesting findings concerning the type of SME innovativeness and results of innovation during a period of financial crisis.

Throughout the 20th century, the rise of the Zionist national movement paralleled the strengthening of the Palestinian national movement. The struggle of the Israelis and the Palestinians over Palestine also manifested itself in the history of surveying and mapping, and their respective rights to do so. After the Hagannah looted the Survey of Palestine, the Palestinians were left with few cartographic resources. The lack of maps of their own weakened their negotiating position during peace negotiations with Israel. Yet, it was not until the 1993 Oslo Accords that Palestinians had a mandate to develop the territory under their jurisdiction. Their attempt to establish the State of Palestine went hand in hand with their effort to survey and map their territory. Consequently, in an effort to produce maps of their own, various governmental and non-governmental organizations produced maps for both building the nation and establishing a state. Logo maps of historical Palestine served to enhance national belonging; and cartographic reconstruction of pre-1948 Palestine retraced an Arab toponomy of the land. Concurrently, maps for building the State of Palestine delineated the territory in line with international law, strengthening Palestinians’ case for territorial sovereignty. Such maps are also vital for governance, land allocation, and development. The lack of territorial sovereignty, restricted access to aerial photos at a suitable scale (due to Israeli restrictions), largely donor-funded mapping projects as well as the lack of a national mapping agency, however, encumber Palestinian mapping efforts to establish a state, that could ascertain the rights of otherwise stateless people.

Ming Yan of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, optimized (Synlett 2010, 266) the organocatalyzed addition of 2 to a cyclic enone 1, establishing the cyclopropane 3 with high diastereo- and enantiocontrol. Benjamin List of the Max-Planck-Institut Mülheim devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4136) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective methanolysis of the anhydride 4. Other ring sizes worked as well. Hisashi Yamamoto of the University of Chicago reported (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2476) the organocatalyzed addition of the ketone silyl enol ether 6 to the aldehyde 7, to give the syn aldol product 8 in high ee. Gang Zhao of the University of Science and Technology, Hefei, established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4467) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of the allene ester 10 to 9. Marcus A. Tius of the University of Hawaii uncovered (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 8266) conditions for the enantioselective Nazarov cyclization of 12 to 13. Karl A. Scheidt of Northwestern University devised (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2830) an easily scaled protocol for the cyclization of the prochiral diketone 14 to the β-lactone 15. Thermolysis then converted 15 to the corresponding cyclopentene. Yixin Lu of the National University of Singapore showed (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2278) that the simple combination of commercial cinchonidine with (+)-camphorsulfonic acid gave a catalyst that effected the room-temperature conjugate addition of 16 to 1. Hiyoshizo Kotsuki of Kochi University combined (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 1616) 1,2-diaminocyclohexane with cyclohexane-1,2-bis carboxylate to give a similarly simple catalyst system, that effected Robinson annulation of 18 to 20. Binding an organocatalyst to a polymer simplifies recovery and reuse. Tore Hansen of the University of Oslo reported (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75 , 1620) a bottom-up approach to such polymer-bound catalysts. The bound proline worked well for the condensation of 21 with 22. The corresponding polymeric diphenyl OTMS (Jørgensen-Hayashi) catalyst was sluggish, but it effected the three-component coupling of 24, 25, and 26 in high ee. Two cascade cyclizations warrant particular mention. The racemic cyclization of 28 is expected to be facile in the presence of HCl.

The comparative research of the influence of substrorm precipitation and polar cap patches (PCP) on the GPS signals disturbances in the polar ionosphere was done. For this aim we use the GPS scintillation receivers at Ny-Ålesund, operated by the University of Oslo. The presence of the auroral particle precipitation and polar cap patches was determined by using data from the EISCAT 42m radar on Svalbard. We consider tens of events when the simultaneous EISCAT 42m and GPS data were available. We demonstrate that substorm-associated precipitations can lead to a strong GPS phase (σΦ) scintillations up to ~2 radians which is much stronger than those usually produced by PCPs. At the same PCPs can lead to strong ROT (rate of total electron content) variations. So our observations suggest that the substorms and PCPs, being different types of the high-latitude disturbances, lead to the development of different types and scales of ionospheric irregularities.

In 2013, the Wood Be Better (WBB) interdisciplinary research project was established, with the principal goal to produce and publicise knowledge that would facilitate the increased use of wood in buildings in urban areas in Norway. This article investigates six master-level studios at the Oslo School of Architecture and Design (AHO), from autumn 2013 to spring 2016, set up as laboratories for systematic architectural exploration within this research project. A set of structured, qualitative interviews with teachers, researchers and students, presents a broad account of the courses. The findings reveal an educational focus on investigating architectural solutions to complex urban situations and the development of technical and detailed knowledge in materials using the latest and expert knowledge within the interdisciplinary research team. The studios contributed to the research by illustrating the architectural implications of a variety of design alternatives, and in addition, embedded knowledge and interest in timber to the next generation of architects.

This work concerns the manipulation of a twisted curved pipe flow for mixing enhancement. Previous work [1,2,3] has shown that geometrical perturbations to a curved pipe flow can increase mixing and heat transfer by chaotic advection. In this work the flow entering the twisted pipe undergoes a pulsatile motion. The flow was studied experimentally and numerically. The numerical study is carried out by CFD code (Fluent 6) in which a pulsated velocity field is imposed as an inlet condition. The experimental setup involves principally a “Scotch-yoke” pulsatile generator and a twisted curved pipe. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements have shown that the Scotch-yoke generator produces pure sinusoidal instantaneous mean velocities with a mean deviation of 3%. Visualizations by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and velocity measurements, coupled with the numerical results, have permitted analysis of the evolution of the swirling secondary flow structures that develop along the bends during the pulsation phase. These measurements were made for a range of steady Reynolds number (300 ≤ Rest ≤ 1200), frequency parameter (1 ≤ α = r0.(ω/υ)1/2 < 20), and two velocity components ratios (β = Umax,osc/Ust). We observe satisfactory agreement between the numerical and experimental results. For high β, the secondary flow structure is modified by a Lyne instability and a siphon effect during the deceleration phase. The intensity of the secondary flow decreases as the parameter α increases during the acceleration phase. During the deceleration phase, under the effect of reverse flow, the secondary flow intensity increases with the appearance of Lyne flow. Experimental results also show that pulsating flow through a twisted curved pipe increases mixing over the steady twisted curved pipe. This mixing enhancement increases with β.