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Tilly, Kit, Aaron Bestor, Daniel P. Dulebohn und Patricia A. Rosa. „OspC-Independent Infection and Dissemination by Host-Adapted Borrelia burgdorferi“. Infection and Immunity 77, Nr. 7 (27.04.2009): 2672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01193-08.
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ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferiOspC is required for the spirochete to establish infection in a mammal by tick transmission or needle inoculation. After a brief essential period, the protein no longer is required and the gene can be shut off. Using a system in which spirochetes contain only an unstable wild-type copy of theospCgene, we can obtain mice persistently infected with bacteria lacking OspC. We implanted pieces of infected mouse skin subcutaneously in naïve mice, using donors carrying wild-type orospCmutant spirochetes, and found that both could infect mice by this method, with similar numbers of wild-type orospCmutant spirochetes disseminated throughout the tissues of recipient mice. Recipient mouse immune responses to tissue transfer-mediated infection with wild-type orospCmutant spirochetes were similar. These experiments demonstrate that mammalian host-adapted spirochetes can infect and disseminate in mice in the absence of OspC, thereby circumventing this hallmark of tick-derived or in vitro-grown spirochetes. We propose a model in which OspC is one of a succession of functionally equivalent, essential proteins that are synthesized at different stages of mammalian infection. In this model, another protein uniquely present on host-adapted spirochetes performs the same essential function initially fulfilled by OspC. The strict temporal control ofB. burgdorferiouter surface protein gene expression may reflect immunological constraints rather than distinct functions.
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GRAF, R. J., P. HUCL, J. SMITH und L. S. P. SONG. „OSLO RED SPRING WHEAT“. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 70, Nr. 1 (01.01.1990): 299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps90-034.
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Oslo red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a mid-season, semidwarf wheat with intermediate yield potential, eligible for grades of Canada Prairie Spring. Oslo performs best in the black soil zone; it is not well adapted to areas prone to pre-anthesis drought stress. Breeder seed of Oslo will be maintained by Saskatchewan Wheat Pool Product Development, Watrous, Saskatchewan.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), high yielding, cultivar description
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You, K. Y., Z. Abbas, M. F. A. Malek und E. M. Cheng. „Non-destructive Dielectric Measurements and Calibration for Thin Materials Using Waveguide-Coaxial Adaptors“. Measurement Science Review 14, Nr. 1 (01.02.2014): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2014-0003.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the calibration of apertures for rectangular waveguides using open-short-load (OSL) standards and transmission-line (TL) approaches. The reflection coefficients that were measured using both calibration techniques were compared with the coefficients acquired using the thru-reflect-line (TRL) method. In this study, analogous relationships between the results of OSL calibration and TL calibration were identified. In the OSL calibration method, the theoretical, open-standard values are calculated from quasi-static integral models. The proposed TL calibration procedure is a simple, rapid, broadband approach, and its results were validated by using the OSL calibration method and by comparing the results with the calculated integral admittance. The quasi-static integral models were used to convert the measured reflection coefficients to relative permittivities for the infinite samples and the thin, finite samples
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Zhou, Peiqi, Bo Wang, Xingjun Wang, Bing Wang, Yandong He und John E. Bowers. „Design of an on-chip electrically driven, position-adapted, fully integrated erbium-based waveguide amplifier for silicon photonics“. OSA Continuum 4, Nr. 3 (18.02.2021): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/osac.413492.
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Liu, Pei-Feng, Hsueh-Wei Chang, Jin-Shiung Cheng, Huai-Pao Lee, Ching-Yu Yen, Wei-Lun Tsai, Jiin-Tsuey Cheng et al. „Map1lc3b and Sqstm1 Modulated Autophagy for Tumorigenesis and Prognosis in Certain Subsites of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, Nr. 12 (24.11.2018): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120478.
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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and can be divided into three major subsites: buccal mucosal SCC (BMSCC), tongue SCC (TSCC), and lip SCC (LSCC). The autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B) and adaptor sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) are widely used proteins to evaluate autophagy in tumor tissues. However, the role of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 in OSCC is not fully understood, particularly in certain subsites. With a tissue microarray comprised of 498 OSCC patients, including 181 BMSCC, 244 TSCC, and 73 LSCC patients, we found that the expression levels of MAP1LC3B and cytoplasmic SQSTM1 were elevated in the tumor tissues of three subsites compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. MAP1LC3B was associated with a poor prognosis only in TSCC. SQSTM1 was associated with poor differentiation in three subsites, while the association with lymph node invasion was only observed in BMSCC. Interestingly, MAP1LC3B was positively correlated with SQSTM1 in the tumor tissues of BMSCC, whereas it showed no correlation with SQSTM1 in adjacent normal tissue. The coexpression of higher MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 demonstrated a significantly worse disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with BMSCC and LSCC, but not TSCC. The knockdown of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 reduced autophagy, cell proliferation, invasion and tumorspheres of BMSCC cells. Additionally, silencing both MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 enhanced the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in the tumorspheres of BMSCC cells. Taken together, MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 might modulate autophagy to facilitate tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in OSCC, particularly in BMSCC.
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Ochoa, Gabriel García, Sarah McDonald und Nicholas Monk. „Adapting Open-space Learning Techniques to Teach Cultural Literacy“. Open Cultural Studies 2, Nr. 1 (01.11.2018): 510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/culture-2018-0046.
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Abstract There is a growing body of work on the theory of cultural literacy, but little has been written on how to teach cultural literacy in higher education contexts. This article discusses the use of Open-space Learning (OSL) techniques as valuable tools for teaching cultural literacy. Cultural literacy and OSL are two different areas of study, but there is common ground between them, and cultural literacy can draw great benefit from the cross-pollination of ideas with OSL. The paper focuses on practice-based models used in OSL that have been adapted to teach cultural literacy. The aim of these practice-based models is to create an environment that teaches students how to transfer the analytical and critical skills that they learn as part of a literary and cultural studies (LCS) course to real-life scenarios. We argue that an important part of this learning environment is what we refer to as cognitive “destabilisation,” and discuss why OSL techniques are ideally suited to fostering such destabilisation in students.
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Farraj, Khalid. „The First Intifada (Part II): The Road to Oslo“. Journal of Palestine Studies 49, Nr. 1 (2019): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2019.49.1.93.
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In the second instalment of this testimonial series, Khalid Farraj recounts his experiences as an active member of the uprising in the waning days of the First Intifada, and as a student organizer at Birzeit University during what was arguably the university's most contentious and significant student council elections. In the first instalment, published by the Journal of Palestine Studies in its autumn 2017 issue, Farraj described how the uprising was organized and how it fueled the hopes and dreams of an entire generation of Palestinians. Here, he recalls how the intifada wound down, evoking the new geopolitical context that formed the backdrop to the Oslo peace process; he also provides a granular account of the spring 1994 Birzeit student council elections and anecdotes from daily life that illuminate Oslo's false promises of freedom and self-determination for the Palestinians. This first-person account was translated by Anny Gaul and adapted for publication in English by Maia Tabet. It originally appeared in issue 115 (Summer 2018) of Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyya, JPS’ Arabic-language sister journal.
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Jordhus-Lier, David, Anders Underthun und Kristina Zampoukos. „Changing workplace geographies: Restructuring warehouse employment in the Oslo region“. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, Nr. 1 (12.07.2018): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18787821.
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The article examines changing employment relations in Norwegian warehouses, and conceptualises the increasing use of temporary agency workers as a redrawing of workplace geographies. The empirical basis for the analysis is four qualitative warehouse workplace studies, including focus group and interview data. The theoretical framework of the article combines an adapted version of the territory-place-scale-network (TPSN) framework developed by Bob Jessop, Neil Brenner and Martin Jones with the concepts of labour control and labour agency. The analysis shows how a networked recruitment system based on Swedish labour migrants, mediated via temporary work agencies, encourage workers to work their way through levels of employment insecurity in order to secure permanent employment. The article argues that the blurring and redrawing of legal boundaries through labour hire can be understood as a territorial strategy of control that affects the workplace as a scale of justice for trade unions. Moreover, the analysis shows how managerial control is conditioned by workers’ individual, habitual and collective agency.
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Garcia, Helena Cristina de Matos, Daniel de Castro Pacheco und Luiz Cláudio Meira-Belo. „Luminescent emission spectrometer adapted to a TL/OSL reader for analysis of aluminum oxide detectors“. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1826, Nr. 1 (01.03.2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1826/1/012015.
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Rühle, Alexander, Anca-Ligia Grosu und Nils H. Nicolay. „De-Escalation Strategies of (Chemo)Radiation for Head-and-Neck Squamous Cell Cancers—HPV and Beyond“. Cancers 13, Nr. 9 (04.05.2021): 2204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13092204.
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Oncological outcomes for head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients are still unsatisfactory, especially for advanced tumor stages. Besides the moderate survival rates, the prevalence of severe treatment-induced normal tissue toxicities is high after multimodal cancer treatments, both causing significant morbidity and decreasing quality of life of surviving patients. Therefore, risk-adapted and individualized treatment approaches are urgently needed for HNSCC patients to optimize the therapeutic gain. It has been a well-known fact that especially HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients exhibit an excellent prognosis and may therefore be subject to overtreatment, resulting in long-term treatment-related toxicities. Regarding the superior prognosis of HPV-positive OSCC patients, treatment de-escalation strategies are currently investigated in several clinical trials, and HPV-positive OSCC may potentially serve as a model for treatment de-escalation also for other types of HNSCC. We performed a literature search for both published and ongoing clinical trials and critically discussed the presented concepts and results. Radiotherapy dose or volume reduction, omission or modification of concomitant chemotherapy, and usage of induction chemotherapy are common treatment de-escalation strategies that are pursued in clinical trials for biologically selected subgroups of HNSCC patients. While promising data have been reported from various Phase II trials, evidence from Phase III de-escalation trials is either lacking or has failed to demonstrate comparable outcomes for de-escalated treatments. Therefore, further data and a refinement of biological HNSCC stratification are required before deescalated radiation treatments can be recommended outside of clinical trials.
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Brevik, Lisbeth M., und Ann Elisabeth Gunnulfsen. „Differensiert undervisning for høytpresterende elever med stort læringspotensial“. Acta Didactica Norge 10, Nr. 2 (15.04.2016): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/adno.2554.
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Tilpasset opplæring er et sentralt prinsipp i norsk skole og innebærer at alle elever har krav på differensiert undervisning. Samtidig er differensiering utfordrende å ivareta både for erfarne og mindre erfarne lærere. I denne artikkelen argumenterer vi for at det er viktig at lærerutdannere gir studentene både undervisning og veiledet trening om differensiering. I studien har vi bedt lærerstudenter ta utgangspunkt i elever de har hatt i sin 12-ukers praksis i ungdomsskolen eller videregående skole, og som de har opplevd som høytpresterende med stort læringspotensial. De reflekterer over spørsmål knyttet til kjennetegn ved disse elevene, samt deres mestring og behov. Studien bruker intervjudata fra 322 lærerstudenter ved Universitetet i Oslo i perioden 2013-2015. Vi diskuterer hvordan kunnskap om lærerstudenters refleksjoner om differensiering for disse elevene kan bidra til å styrke fremtidens lærerutdanning.Nøkkelord: differensiering, lærerutdanning, lærerstudenter, tilpasset opplæring, læreres profesjonsfaglig kompetanse Abstract Adapted teaching is a key principle in Norwegian school. This indicates that all students have the right to differentiation, which creates a complexity that is challenging for experienced and novice teachers alike. In this article we argue the importance of including differentiation as a topic as well as guided training in practising differentiation at campus. In this study we asked student teachers to reflect on the students in the classes they had taught for 12 weeks at the practice schools, and to characterise high potential students. The student teachers were asked to reflect on these students’ characteristics, mastery, and needs. The study includes data from interviews among 322 student teachers at the University of Oslo in 2013-2015. We discuss how knowledge about student teachers’ reflections about differentiation for high potential students, might enhance future teacher education.Key words: differentiation, teacher education, student teachers, adapted teaching, teacher professional development
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Helfer, Laurence R. „The Successes and Challenges for the European Court, Seen from the Outside“. AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300001884.
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This piece is adapted from an address delivered to a conference sponsored by the Council of Europe and PluriCourts on The Long-Term Future of the European Court of Human Rights in Oslo, Norway on April 7, 2014.This post addresses the successes and challenges for the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as seen from the outside. It draws upon my co-authored research on human rights systems outside of Europe to explain how these systems have responded to some of the same challenges now facing the Council of Europe and the ECtHR. My main contention is that international human rights courts, wherever they are located, require sustained political and material support if they are to thrive and grow over time.
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Mulay, Vishwaroop B., Melissa J. Caimano, Radha Iyer, Star Dunham-Ems, Dionysios Liveris, Mary M. Petzke, Ira Schwartz und Justin D. Radolf. „Borrelia burgdorferi bba74 Is Expressed Exclusively during Tick Feeding and Is Regulated by Both Arthropod- and Mammalian Host-Specific Signals“. Journal of Bacteriology 191, Nr. 8 (13.02.2009): 2783–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01802-08.
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ABSTRACT Although BBA74 initially was described as a 28-kDa virulence-associated outer-membrane-spanning protein with porin-like function, subsequent studies revealed that it is periplasmic and downregulated in mammalian host-adapted spirochetes. To further elucidate the role of this protein in the Borrelia burgdorferi tick-mammal cycle, we conducted a thorough examination of its expression profile in comparison with the profiles of three well-characterized, differentially expressed borrelial genes (ospA, ospC, and ospE) and their proteins. In vitro, transcripts for bba74 were expressed at 23°C and further enhanced by a temperature shift (37°C), whereas BBA74 protein diminished at elevated temperatures; in contrast, neither transcript nor protein was expressed by spirochetes grown in dialysis membrane chambers (DMCs). Primer extension of wild-type B. burgdorferi grown in vitro, in conjunction with expression analysis of DMC-cultivated wild-type and rpoS mutant spirochetes, revealed that, like ospA, bba74 is transcribed by σ70 and is subject to RpoS-mediated repression within the mammalian host. A series of experiments utilizing wild-type and rpoS mutant spirochetes was conducted to determine the transcriptional and translational profiles of bba74 during the tick-mouse cycle. Results from these studies revealed (i) that bba74 is transcribed by σ70 exclusively during the larval and nymphal blood meals and (ii) that transcription of bba74 is bracketed by RpoS-independent and -dependent forms of repression that are induced by arthropod- and mammalian host-specific signals, respectively. Although loss of BBA74 does not impair the ability of B. burgdorferi to complete its infectious life cycle, the temporal compartmentalization of this gene's transcription suggests that BBA74 facilitates fitness of the spirochete within a narrow window of its tick phase. A reexamination of the paradigm for reciprocal regulation of ospA and ospC, performed herein, revealed that the heterogeneous expression of OspA and OspC displayed by spirochete populations during the nymphal blood meal results from the intricate sequence of transcriptional and translational changes that ensue as B. burgdorferi transitions between its arthropod vector and mammalian host.
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Shang, Ellen S., Cheryl I. Champion, Xiao-Yang Wu, Jonathan T. Skare, David R. Blanco, James N. Miller und Michael A. Lovett. „Comparison of Protection in Rabbits against Host-Adapted and Cultivated Borrelia burgdorferi following Infection-Derived Immunity or Immunization with Outer Membrane Vesicles or Outer Surface Protein A“. Infection and Immunity 68, Nr. 7 (01.07.2000): 4189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.7.4189-4199.2000.
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ABSTRACT In this study, infection-derived immunity in the rabbit model of Lyme disease was compared to immunity following immunization with purified outer membrane vesicles (OMV) isolated from Borrelia burgdorferi and recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA). Immunization of rabbits with OMV isolated from virulent strain B31 and its avirulent derivative B313 (lacking OspA and DbpA) conferred highly significant protection against intradermal injection with 6 × 104 in vitro-cultivated virulent B. burgdorferi. This is the first demonstration of protective immunogenicity induced by OMV. While immunization with OspA and avirulent B31 OMV provided far less protection against this challenge, rabbits with infection-derived immunity were completely protected. Protection against host-adapted B. burgdorferi was assessed by implantation of skin biopsies taken from rabbit erythema migrans (a uniquely rich source of B. burgdorferi in vertebrate tissue) containing up to 108 spirochetes. While all of the OMV- and OspA-immunized rabbits were fully susceptible to skin and disseminated infection, rabbits with infection-derived immunity were completely protected. Analysis of the antibody responses to outer membrane proteins, including DbpA, OspA, and OspC, suggests that the remarkable protection exhibited by the infection-immune rabbits is due to antibodies directed at antigens unique to or markedly up-regulated in host-adapted B. burgdorferi.
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Núñez de León, Kyra. „FEMINICIDIO Y VIOLENCIA EN CHIAPAS A PESAR DE LA ALERTA“. UVserva, Nr. 8 (25.10.2019): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/uvserva.v0i8.2637.
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De 2013 a 2016 Peticionarias del Estado de Chiapas para la declaración de Alerta de Violencia de Género para Mujeres (AVGM) lucharon por ésta que ahora cubre a 7 municipios y a una zona, Altos, que incluye a 19 municipios más, sin que la violencia y el feminicidio disminuya. Aquí se examinan las causas de la espiral de delitos contra las mujeres y se hacen 20 propuestas para actualizar y adaptar los mecanismos de la AVGM para contrarrestar la epidemia feminicida. Chiapas tiene un total aproximado de 400 feminicidios acumulados desde 2012 de los que menos del 25% han sido procesados. Pobreza, insurgencia del EZLN, situación de frontera y multiculturalidad son también causales de la escalada de violencia que deben ser atendidos para preservar su integridad y vida. En México ocurren casi 10 feminicidios por día. OSC de Chiapas demandan la AVGM para todo el Estado.
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Crother, Timothy R., Cheryl I. Champion, Julian P. Whitelegge, Rodrigo Aguilera, Xiao-Yang Wu, David R. Blanco, James N. Miller und Michael A. Lovett. „Temporal Analysis of the Antigenic Composition of Borrelia burgdorferi during Infection in Rabbit Skin“. Infection and Immunity 72, Nr. 9 (September 2004): 5063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.9.5063-5072.2004.
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ABSTRACT The numbers of host-adapted Borrelia burgdorferi (HAB) organisms in rabbit skin were assessed by real-time PCR over the first 3 weeks of infection. Maximal numbers were found at day 11, while spirochete numbers decreased by more than 30-fold by day 21. The antigenic composition of HAB in skin biopsy samples was determined by use of a procedure termed hydrophobic antigen tissue Triton extraction. Immune sera from rabbits, sera from chronically infected mice, and monospecific antiserum to the antigenic variation protein, VlsE, were used to probe parallel two-dimensional immunoblots representing each time point. Individual proteins were identified using either specific antisera or by matching protein spots to mass spectrometry-identified protein spots from in vitro-cultivated Borrelia. There were significant changes in the relative expression of a variety of known and previously unrecognized HAB antigens during the 21-day period. OspC and the outer membrane proteins OspA and OspB were prominent at the earliest time point, day 5, when the antigenic variation protein VlsE was barely detected. OspA and OspB were not detected after day 5. OspC was not detected after day 9. VlsE was the most prominent antigen from day 7 through day 21. BmpA, ErpN, ErpP, LA7, OppA-2, DbpA, and an unidentified 15-kDa protein were also detected from day 7 through day 21. Immunoblot analysis using monospecific anti-VlsE revealed the presence of prominent distinct VlsE lower forms in HAB at days 9, 11, and 14; however, these lower forms were no longer detected at day 21. This marked diminution in VlsE lower forms paralleled the clearance of the spirochete from skin.
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Crother, Timothy R., Cheryl I. Champion, Xiao-Yang Wu, David R. Blanco, James N. Miller und Michael A. Lovett. „Antigenic Composition of Borrelia burgdorferi during Infection of SCID Mice“. Infection and Immunity 71, Nr. 6 (Juni 2003): 3419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.3419-3428.2003.
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ABSTRACT The general concept that during infection of mice the Borrelia burgdorferi surface protein composition differs profoundly from that of tick-borne or in vitro-cultivated spirochetes is well established. Specific knowledge concerning the differences is limited because the small numbers of spirochetes present in tissue have not been amenable to direct compositional analysis. In this report we describe novel means for studying the antigenic composition of host-adapted Borrelia (HAB). The detergent Triton X-114 was used to extract the detergent-phase HAB proteins from mouse ears, ankles, knees, and hearts. Immunoblot analysis revealed a profile distinct from that of in vitro-cultivated Borrelia (IVCB). OspA and OspB were not found in the tissues of SCID mice 17 days after infection. The amounts of antigenic variation protein VlsE and the relative amounts of its transcripts were markedly increased in ear, ankle, and knee tissues but not in heart tissue. VlsE existed as isoforms having both different unit sizes and discrete lower molecular masses. The hydrophobic smaller forms of VlsE were also found in IVCB. The amounts of the surface protein (OspC) and the decorin binding protein (DbpA) were increased in ear, ankle, knee, and heart tissues, as were the relative amounts of their transcripts. Along with these findings regarding VlsE, OspC, and DbpA, two-dimensional immunoblot analysis with immune sera also revealed additional details of the antigenic composition of HAB extracted from ear, heart, and joint tissues. A variety of novel antigens, including antigens with molecular masses of 65 and 30 kDa, were found to be upregulated in mouse tissues. Extraction of hydrophobic B. burgdorferi antigens from tissue provides a powerful tool for determining the antigenic composition of HAB.
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Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Sigmund A. Anderssen, Ingar M. Holme, Anne Jenum und Truls Raastad. „An adapted version of the long International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-L): construct validity in a low-income, multiethnic population study from Oslo, Norway“. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 4, Nr. 1 (2007): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-4-13.
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Castle, Clair. „Getting the Central RDM Message Across: A Case Study of Central versus Discipline-Specific Research Data Services (RDS) at the University of Cambridge“. Libri 69, Nr. 2 (26.05.2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/libri-2018-0064.
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Abstract RDS are usually cross-disciplinary, centralised services, which are increasingly provided at a university by the academic library and in collaboration with other RDM stakeholders, such as the Research Office. At research-intensive universities, research data is generated in a wide range of disciplines and sub-disciplines. This paper will discuss how providing discipline-specific RDM support is approached by such universities and academic libraries, and the advantages and disadvantages of these central and discipline-specific approaches. A descriptive case study on the author’s experiences of collaborating with a central RDS at the University of Cambridge, as a subject librarian embedded in an academic department, is a major component of this paper. The case study describes how centralised RDM services offered by the Office of Scholarly Communication (OSC) have been adapted to meet discipline-specific needs in the Department of Chemistry. It will introduce the department and the OSC, and describe the author’s role in delivering RDM training, as well as the Data Champions programme, and their membership of the RDM Project Group. It will describe the outcomes of this collaboration for the Department of Chemistry, and for the centralised service. Centralised and discipline-specific approaches to RDS provision have their own advantages and disadvantages. Supporting the discipline-specific RDM needs of researchers is proving particularly challenging for universities to address sustainably: it requires adequate financial resources and staff skilled (or re-skilled) in RDM. A mixed approach is the most desirable, cost-effective way of providing RDS, but this still has constraints.
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Griškevičienė, Aurelija. „Jolly and Less Jolly Challenges in Working on the Norwegian-Lithuanian Dictionary“. Scandinavistica Vilnensis, Nr. 9 (20.12.2014): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/scandinavisticavilnensis.2014.9.3.
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The Norwegian-Lithuanian Dictionary is a joint project of lexicographers from the universities of Vilnius and Oslo. The dictionary consists of approximately 48,000 entries. It is initially intended as a paper dictionary, but as it is compiled in XML, an electronic version is also planned for the future. The dictionary is bidirectional: that is, it is intended for native speakers of both Norwegian and Lithuanian, and it provides information on both the source language (Norwegian) and the target language (Lithuanian).The aim of the article is to give a presentation of the project, point out innovative aspects of the project, and analyse the jolly (expected) and less jolly (unexpected) challenges we faced in the two main stages of compiling the dictionary. In the first stage we adapted a base from another bilingual dictionary (the Large Norwegian-Russian Dictionary), reusing its lemma list and information on the source language, Norwegian. In the second stage we created a conception and a system for information on the target language, Lithuanian, and (perhaps for the first time in Lithuanian bilingual lexicography) included several types of information for non-native users of Lithuanian.
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Abd Samad, Nur Amirah, Ismail Said und Asiah Abdul Rahim. „Strategies of Accessible City for Malaysia as A Developing Country“. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI4 (31.07.2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi4.2913.
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Becoming an Accessible City in developing countries has mitigating barriers as compared to developed countries. It is comprehensive to non-discriminate PwDs in access and facilities for equal opportunity. Accessibility legislation of different nations has various success in implementing and enforcing Universal Design through regulatory, government initiatives, and planning approaches. ASEAN developing nations have awareness and advocacy, because the fragmentary built environment, resulting in Accessible City concept that has not strived to expectation. Eliciting from interviews of access consultants and city planning regulations from London, Oslo, and Singapore. Conclusively, extraction of inclusion strategies is to be adapted for implementation in Malaysia. Keywords: Accessible City; Universal Design; Inclusion strategies; developing countries. eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4).2913
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Erstad, Ola, Øystein Gilje und Hans Christian Arnseth. „Learning Lives Connected: Digital Youth across School and Community Spaces“. Comunicar 20, Nr. 40 (01.03.2013): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c40-2013-02-09.
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Whereas most studies of learning explore intra-institutional experiences, our interest is to track individual learning trajectories across domains. Research on young people’s use of different media outside schools shows how practices of using digital media are different from practices in schools in both form and content. The major challenge today, however, is to find ways of understanding the interconnections and networking between these two lifeworlds as experienced by young people. Important elements here are adapted concepts like context, trajectories and identity related to activity networks. We will present data from the ongoing «learning lives project» in a multicultural community in Oslo. We will especially focus on students of Media and Communication studies at upper secondary school level. Using an ethnographic approach we will focus on how learners’ identities are constructed and negotiated across different kinds of learning relationships. The data will consist of both researcher-generated data (interviews, video-observations, field notes) and informant-generated data (photos, diaries, maps). Aunque la mayoría de los estudios sobre el aprendizaje hablan de las experiencias intra-institucionales, nuestro interés se centra en el seguimiento de las trayectorias de aprendizaje individuales a través de distintos dominios. Las investigaciones sobre el uso de los diferentes medios por los jóvenes en el entorno extraescolar muestran cómo las prácticas aplicadas en el uso de medios digitales difieren de las prácticas en el entorno escolar, tanto en forma como en contenido. El reto principal actualmente consiste en encontrar formas de entender las interconexiones y la creación de redes entre estos dos mundos de la vida, tal y como las experimentan los jóvenes. Aquí los elementos importantes son los conceptos adaptados como contexto, trayectorias e identidad, relacionados con las redes de actividades. Presentamos datos del «proyecto sobre vidas de aprendizaje» actualmente en curso en una comunidad multicultural de Oslo. Nos centraremos especialmente en los alumnos de educación secundaria post obligatoria que cursan estudios de Medios y Comunicación. Con un enfoque etnográfico, nos centraremos en la forma en que se construyen y se negocian las identidades del alumno en distintos tipos de relaciones de aprendizaje. Los datos incluyen datos generados por los investigadores (entrevistas, observaciones a través de vídeos, anotaciones de campo) y datos generados por los participantes (fotografías, diarios, mapas).
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Suartama, I. Kadek, Punaji Setyosari, Sulthoni Sulthoni, Saida Ulfa, Muhammad Yunus und Komang Anik Sugiani. „Ubiquitous Learning vs. Electronic Learning: A Comparative Study on Learning Activeness and Learning Achievement of Students with Different Self-Regulated Learning“. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 16, Nr. 03 (12.02.2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i03.14953.
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This research examines the effect of ubiquitous learning strategies using various self regulated learning on learning activeness and learning achievement of student in higher education. Quasi-experimental pretest-post tests non-equivalent control group design is selected to be the method of this research. The subjects of this research are 113 students. The instrument used to measure the students’ learning activeness is learning activeness questionnaires developed by researcher with reference to the theory of learning activeness by Sardiman, whereas objective test are to evaluate students’ learning achievement, and online self regulated learning questionnaire (OSLQ) as adapted from Barnard is utilized to measure the self regulated learning of the research subjects. The data is then analyzed through two-way MANOVA technique. The findings of the research conclude that: (1) there are significant differences in learning activeness and learning achievement between groups which learned using ubiquitous learning strategies and electronic learning strategies; (2) there are significant differences in learning activeness and learning achievement between students when integrated with high self regulated learning and low self regulated learning; (3) there is an interaction between ubiquitous learning and electronic learning strategies integrated with self regulated learning on learning activeness and learning achievement of students.
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Durand, Jonas, Maxime Jacquet, Lye Paillard, Olivier Rais, Lise Gern und Maarten J. Voordouw. „Cross-Immunity and Community Structure of a Multiple-Strain Pathogen in the Tick Vector“. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, Nr. 22 (28.08.2015): 7740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02296-15.
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ABSTRACTMany vector-borne pathogens consist of multiple strains that circulate in both the vertebrate host and the arthropod vector. Characterization of the community of pathogen strains in the arthropod vector is therefore important for understanding the epidemiology of mixed vector-borne infections.Borrelia afzeliiandB. gariniiare two species of tick-borne bacteria that cause Lyme disease in humans. These two sympatric pathogens use the same tick,Ixodes ricinus, but are adapted to different classes of vertebrate hosts. BothBorreliaspecies consist of multiple strains that are classified using the highly polymorphicospCgene. Vertebrate cross-immunity against the OspC antigen is predicted to structure the community of multiple-strainBorreliapathogens.Borreliaisolates were cultured from field-collectedI. ricinusticks over a period spanning 11 years. TheBorreliaspecies of each isolate was identified using a reverse line blot (RLB) assay. Deep sequencing was used to characterize theospCcommunities of 190B. afzeliiisolates and 193B. gariniiisolates. Infections with multipleospCstrains were common in ticks, but vertebrate cross-immunity did not influence the strain structure in the tick vector. The pattern of genetic variation at theospClocus suggested that vertebrate cross-immunity exerts strong selection against intermediately divergentospCalleles. Deep sequencing found that more than 50% of our isolates contained exoticospCalleles derived from otherBorreliaspecies. Two alternative explanations for these exoticospCalleles are cryptic coinfections that were not detected by the RLB assay or horizontal transfer of theospCgene betweenBorreliaspecies.
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Telle-Hjellset, Victoria, Marte K. Råberg Kjøllesdal, Benedikte Bjørge, Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen, Margareta Wandel, Kåre I. Birkeland, Hege R. Eriksen und Arne Torbjørn Høstmark. „The InnvaDiab-DE-PLAN study: a randomised controlled trial with a culturally adapted education programme improved the risk profile for type 2 diabetes in Pakistani immigrant women“. British Journal of Nutrition 109, Nr. 3 (04.05.2012): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711451200133x.
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The objective of the present study was to explore whether a culturally adapted lifestyle education programme would improve the risk factor profile for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Pakistani immigrant women in Oslo, Norway. The randomised controlled trial (the InnvaDiab study), lasting 7 ± 1 months, comprised six educational sessions about blood glucose, physical activity and diet. Participants (age 25–62 years) were randomised into either a control (n 97) or an intervention (n 101) group. Primary outcome variables were fasting and 2 h blood glucose, and secondary outcome variables were fasting levels of insulin, C-peptide, lipids, glycated Hb, BMI, waist circumference and blood pressure, measured 1–3 weeks before and after the intervention. During the intervention period, the mean fasting blood glucose decreased by 0·16 (95 % CI − 0·27, − 0·05) mmol/l in the intervention group, and remained unchanged in the control group (difference between the groups, P= 0·022). Glucose concentration 2 h after the oral glucose tolerance test decreased by 0·53 (95 % CI − 0·84, − 0·21) mmol/l in the intervention group, but not significantly more than in the control group. A larger reduction in fasting insulin was observed in the intervention group than in the control group (between-group difference, P= 0·036). Among the individuals who attended four or more of the educational sessions (n 59), we found a more pronounced decrease in serum TAG ( − 0·1 (95 % CI − 0·24, 0·07) mmol/l) and BMI ( − 0·48 (95 % CI − 0·78, − 0·18) kg/m2) compared with the control group. During the intervention period, there was a significant increase in participants having the MetS in the control group (from 41 to 57 %), which was not seen in the intervention group (from 44 to 42 %). Participation in a culturally adapted education programme may improve risk factors for T2D and prevent the development of the MetS in Pakistani immigrant women.
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Pepper, Matt, Frank Archer und John Moloney. „Triage in Complex, Coordinated Terrorist Attacks“. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, Nr. 04 (August 2019): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900459x.
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AbstractIntroduction:Terror attacks have increased in frequency, and tactics utilized have evolved. This creates significant challenges for first responders providing life-saving medical care in their immediate aftermath. The use of coordinated and multi-site attack modalities exacerbates these challenges. The use of triage is not well-validated in mass-casualty settings, and in the setting of intentional mass violence, new and innovative approaches are needed.Methods:Literature sourced from gray and peer-reviewed sources was used to perform a comparative analysis on the application of triage during the 2011 Oslo/Utoya Island (Norway), 2015 Paris (France), and 2015 San Bernardino (California USA) terrorist attacks. A thematic narrative identifies strengths and weaknesses of current triage systems in the setting of complex, coordinated terrorist attacks (CCTAs).Discussion:Triage systems were either not utilized, not available, or adapted and improvised to the tactical setting. The complexity of working with large numbers of patients, sensory deprived environments, high physiological stress, and dynamic threat profiles created significant barriers to the implementation of triage systems designed around flow charts, physiological variables, and the use of tags. Issues were identified around patient movement and “tactical triage.”Conclusion:Current triage tools are inadequate for use in insecure environments, such as the response to CCTAs. Further research and validation are required for novel approaches that simplify tactical triage and support its effective application. Simple solutions exist in tactical triage, patient movement, and tag use, and should be considered as part of an overall triage system.
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Sinegre, Thomas, Adeline Trayaud, Maryse Tardieu, Laurie Talon, Aurélie Vaissade und Aurelien Lebreton. „Measuring rFIX-Fc with 17 Different Combinations Coagulometers — Reagents: A Single Center Study“. Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29.11.2018): 5016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114548.
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Abstract rFIX-Fc is an extended half-life (EHL) recombinant FIX concentrate approved for the prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding events in haemophilia B. A high laboratory and reagent-specific variability is described for rFIX-Fc activity measurements, overall in lower FIX concentrations. The aim of this single-center study was to evaluate the intra-laboratory variability of 17 different combinations coagulometers/reagents including both one stage clotting (OSC) and chromogenic assays with a focus on lower concentrations. Human FIX deficient plasma (FIX<1%, George King Bio-Medical) was spiked with rFIX-Fc at 150%, 100%, 80%, 20%, 5%, 2% and 1% based on label potency. We evaluated the spikes recovery with 3 coagulometers (STAR MAX (Stago), ACL TOP700 (Werfen) and Cs2100 (Siemens)) using for each instrument captive silica based aPTT reagents (PTT automate (Stago) and Pathromtin (Siemens)) and non-silica based (CK Prest (Stago), Synthafax (Werfen) and Actin FS (Siemens)). Two reagents (STA-Cephascreen (Stago) and Synthafax (Werfen)) were evaluated on all coagulometers because they potentially behave one the same way for EHL FIX products. The 2 available chromogenic assays (ROS FIXa (Rossix) and Biophen FIX:C were evaluated on all coagulometer. All experiments were performed by the same staff, in a single room, in triplicates with 3 dilutions. For a given combination, all the concentrations were evaluated on the same calibration curve. The spike recovery were calculated as the (mean of 3 experiments / targeted FIX value) x 100. The range values of 70% - 130% were considered as acceptable for spike recoveries'. The summary of all spikes recoveries' are presented in table 1. We confirmed that kaolin based OSC assays underestimate rFIX-Fc including for low concentrations. Acceptable recoveries were found for PTT automate on Stago coagulometer from 150% to 5% and an underestimation was found for low concentrations (2% and 1 %). Pathromtin and Actin FS performed on Cs2100 display acceptable recoveries on all the range of target values. Synthasil performed on ACL TOP700 have acceptable recoveries from 150% to 20% and an overestimation was found for low concentrations (5% to 1%). STA-Cephascreen performed on the 3 coagulometers has acceptable recoveries, except for low concentrations (5% to 1%) on ACL TOP coagulometer, leading to an overestimation of rFIX-FC measurements. Synthafax performed on the 3 coagulometers has acceptable recoveries with ACL TOP700 coagulometer for all the range of concentrations. This reagent adapted on STAR MAX coagulometer shows an overall overestimation of rFIX-Fc measurements (except for the 150% target concentration) and when adapted on a Cs2100 coagulometer, it displays acceptable recoveries except for low concentrations (5% to 1%) that are overestimated. The two chromogenic assays have acceptable recoveries for rFIX-Fc on all coagulometers from 150% to 50% concentrations. ROS FIXa underestimated rFIX-Fc recovery for the lower concentrations (1% and 2%) on STAR MAX and ACL TOP700 coagulometers. Biophen FIX:C underestimated rFIX-Fc recoveries for concentrations below 50% with all coagulometers. This study provides the pattern of several combinations coagulometers - reagents for rFIX-Fc measurements and confirms a high variability for several reagents for low concentrations. Table. Table. Disclosures Lebreton: Sobi: Consultancy, Research Funding.
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Hefty, P. Scott, Sarah E. Jolliff, Melissa J. Caimano, Stephen K. Wikel und Darrin R. Akins. „Changes in Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Outer Surface Lipoprotein Expression Generate Population Heterogeneity and Antigenic Diversity in the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi“. Infection and Immunity 70, Nr. 7 (Juli 2002): 3468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3468-3478.2002.
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ABSTRACT Borrelia burgdorferi differentially expresses many of the OspE/F/Elp paralogs during tick feeding. These findings, combined with the recent report that stable B. burgdorferi infection of mammals occurs only after 53 h of tick attachment, prompted us to further analyze the expression of the OspE/F/Elp paralogs during this critical period of transmission. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis revealed that OspE, p21, ElpB1, ElpB2, and OspF/BbK2.11 are expressed in the salivary glands of ticks allowed to feed on mice for 53 to 58 h. Interestingly, many of the spirochetes in the salivary glands that expressed abundant amounts of these antigens were negative for OspA and OspC. Although prior reports have indicated that OspE/F/Elp orthologs are surface exposed, none of the individual lipoproteins or combinations of the lipoproteins protected mice from challenge infections. To examine why these apparently surface-exposed lipoproteins were not protective, we analyzed their genetic stability during infection and their cellular locations after cultivation in vitro and within dialysis membrane chambers, mimicking a mammalian host-adapted state. Combined restriction fragment length polymorphism and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the genes encoding these lipoproteins are stable for at least 8 months postinfection. Interestingly, cellular localization experiments revealed that while all of these proteins can be surface localized, there were significant populations of spirochetes that expressed these lipoproteins only in the periplasm. Furthermore, host-specific signals were found to alter the expression patterns and final cellular location of these lipoproteins. The combined data revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in populations of B. burgdorferi during tick transmission and mammalian infection. The diversity is generated not only by temporal changes in antigen expression but also by modulation of the surface lipoproteins during infection. The ability to regulate the temporal and spatial expression patterns of lipoproteins throughout infection likely contributes to persistent infection of mammals by B. burgdorferi.
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Doeven, Steven H., Michel S. Brink, Barbara C. H. Huijgen, Johan de Jong und Koen A. P. M. Lemmink. „Managing Load to Optimize Well-Being and Recovery During Short-Term Match Congestion in Elite Basketball“. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0916.
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In elite basketball, players are exposed to intensified competition periods when participating in both national and international competitions. How coaches manage training between matches and in reference to match scheduling for a full season is not yet known. Purpose: First, to compare load during short-term match congestion (ie, ≥2-match weeks) with regular competition (ie, 1-match weeks) in elite male professional basketball players. Second, to determine changes in well-being, recovery, neuromuscular performance, and injuries and illnesses between short-term match congestion and regular competition. Methods: Sixteen basketball players (age 24.8 [2.0] y, height 195.8 [7.5] cm, weight 94.8 [14.0] kg, body fat 11.9% [5.0%], VO2max 51.9 [5.3] mL·kg−1·min−1) were monitored during a full season. Session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) was obtained, and load was calculated (s-RPE × duration) for each training session or match. Perceived well-being (fatigue, sleep quality, general muscle soreness, stress levels, and mood) and total quality of recovery were assessed each training day. Countermovement jump height was measured, and a list of injuries and illnesses was collected weekly using the adapted Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. Results: Total load (training sessions and matches; P < .001) and training load (P < .001) were significantly lower for ≥2-match weeks. Significantly higher well-being (P = .01) and less fatigue (P = .001) were found during ≥2-match weeks compared with 1-match weeks. Conclusion: Total load and training load were lower during short-term match congestion compared with regular competition. Furthermore, better well-being and less fatigue were demonstrated within short-term match congestion. This might indicate that coaches tend to overcompensate training load in intensified competition.
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Zhang, Hongming, Abayami Raji, Michael Theisen, Paul R. Hansen und Richard T. Marconi. „bdrF2 of Lyme Disease Spirochetes Is Coexpressed with a Series of Cytoplasmic Proteins and Is Produced Specifically during Early Infection“. Journal of Bacteriology 187, Nr. 1 (01.01.2005): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.1.175-184.2005.
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ABSTRACT The Bdr proteins are polymorphic inner membrane proteins produced by most Borrelia species. In Borrelia burgdorferi B31MI, the18 bdr genes form three subfamilies, bdrD, bdrE, and bdrF. The production of at least one of the Bdr paralogs, BdrF2, is up-regulated in host-adapted spirochetes, suggesting a role for the protein in the mammalian environment. Here, we demonstrate using reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR that BBG29, BBG30, BBG31, and BBG32, which reside upstream of bdrF2 , are cotranscribed with bdrF2 as a five-gene operon. While the functions of most of these proteins are unknown, BBG32 encodes a putative DNA helicase. Real-time RT-PCR analyses demonstrated higher levels of bdrF2 transcript relative to other genes of the operon, suggesting that bdrF2 may also be transcribed independently from an internal promoter. Internal promoters were detected using the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends system. The putative promoter associated with bdrF2 was found to be highly similar in sequence to the multiple promoters associated with the ospC gene. Real-time RT-PCR analyses, performed to assess the expression of these genes in infected mice, revealed that genes of the bdrF2 locus are expressed only during early infection, suggesting a role in the establishment of infection. To further characterize the proteins encoded by the bdrF2 locus, which have unknown functions, the cellular localizations of these proteins were determined by Triton X-114 extraction and phase partitioning. BBG29 and BBG31 were found to be cytoplasmic. To determine if these proteins elicit an antibody (Ab) response during infection, immunoblot analyses were performed. Abs to these proteins were not detected. Based on the analyses presented here, we offer the hypothesis that BdrF2 and other proteins encoded by the operon form an inner-membrane-associated protein complex that may interact with DNA and which carries out its functional role during transmission or the early stages of infection.
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Intini, M. „First Report of Inonotus rickii Causing Canker Rot on Boxelder in Europe“. Plant Disease 86, Nr. 8 (August 2002): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.8.922c.
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In November 2001, during an examination of ornamental trees in Seville, Spain, several boxelders (Acer negundo L.) were observed with symptoms and signs of canker rot disease. Symptoms and signs occurred mainly 2 to 4 m above ground and included bulges of the stem and bark necrosis. Golden brown masses of fungal tissue up to 20 cm wide and 15 cm thick occurred over the affected areas, but were sometimes hidden behind bark scales. Cultures were obtained from decayed wood and hyphal strands. On potato dextrose agar (PDA), mycelium was initially white and cottony, later changing to cream color, ochre, and finally dark brown. In 4-week-old cultures, abundant brown chlamydospores of varying shape, but usually globose and 5 to 14 μm in diameter, were often formed in chains. Also present on PDA and diseased trees were dark brown setal hyphae, 80 to 250 μm long and 5 to 15 μm in diameter. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Ptychogaster cubensis Pat., the anamorph of Inonotus rickii (Pat.) Reid. I. rickii is a white rot fungus found in living trees in tropical and subtropical areas. In Europe, it has been previously reported only from Sicily, Italy, where it was found sporadically on living Parkinsonia sp. and Schinus molle L. (1,2). In Seville,I. rickii is widespread and appears to be well adapted to the area. Classified as a canker rot pathogen, this introduced fungus not only has the ability to cause decay of heartwood, resulting in structural damage to the tree, but it also can parasitize the sapwood and cambium resulting in a progressive crown dieback. To our knowledge, this is the first record of I. rickii in Spain and on boxelders in Europe. References: (1) M. Intini, Contributo alla conoscenza dei funghi lignicoli italiani: Inonotus rickii (Pat.) Reid. Micol. Ital. 1:49, 1988. (2) L. Ryvarden and R. L. Gilbertson. European Polypores. Fungiflora, ed. Oslo, Norway, 1993.
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Yang, Xiaofeng, Taissia G. Popova, Kayla E. Hagman, Stephen K. Wikel, George B. Schoeler, Melissa J. Caimano, Justin D. Radolf und Michael V. Norgard. „Identification, Characterization, and Expression of Three New Members of the Borrelia burgdorferi Mlp (2.9) Lipoprotein Gene Family“. Infection and Immunity 67, Nr. 11 (01.11.1999): 6008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.11.6008-6018.1999.
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ABSTRACT We previously reported on the existence of a family of lipoprotein genes, designated 2.9 lipoprotein genes, encoded in at least seven versions on the circular (supercoiled) cp32 and cp18 plasmids ofBorrelia burgdorferi 297. A distinguishing feature of the 2.9 lipoproteins were highly similar signal sequences but variable mature polypeptides that segregated into two antigenic classes. Further screenings of B. burgdorferi 297 genomic libraries led to the identification of three additional 2.9 lipoprotein genes, renamed herein mlp, for multicopy lipoprotein genes. Computer analyses and immunoblotting revealed that Mlp-9 segregated with the antigenic class I lipoproteins, whereas Mlp-8 and Mlp-10 were members of class II. Northern blotting showed that all three of themlp genes were expressed when B. burgdorferiwas cultivated in vitro at 34°C, although mlp-9 andmlp-10 transcripts were expressed at very low levels. Additional combined immunoblotting and comparative reverse transcription-PCR analyses performed on borreliae cultivated in vitro at 23, 34, or 37°C indicated that although Mlp-8 was substantially more abundant than Mlp-9 or Mlp-10, all three of the mlpgenes were upregulated during B. burgdorferi replication at 37°C. Expression of the same three lipoproteins was further enhanced upon growth of the spirochetes within dialysis membrane chambers (DMCs) implanted intraperitoneally in rats (i.e., spirochetes in a mammalian host-adapted state), suggesting that temperature alone did not account for maximal upregulation of the mlp genes. That certainmlp genes are likely expressed during the growth ofB. burgdorferi in mammalian tissues was supported by findings of antibodies against all three Mlp lipoproteins in mice after challenge with Ixodes scapularis nymphs harboring B. burgdorferi 297. The combined data suggest that as opposed to being differentially expressed in any reciprocal fashion (e.g., OspA/OspC), at least three mlp genes are simultaneously upregulated by temperature (37°C) and some other mammalian host factor(s). The findings have importance not only for understanding alternative modes of differential antigen expression by B. burgdorferi but also for assessing whether one or more of the Mlp lipoproteins represent new candidate vaccinogens for Lyme disease.
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Zuidhoff, Frieda S., und Johanna A. A. Bos. „Sedimentation and vegetation history of a buried Meuse terrace during the Holocene in relation to the human occupation history (Limburg, the Netherlands)“. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 96, Nr. 2 (07.12.2016): 131–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2016.43.
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AbstractDuring several archaeological excavations on a river terrace of the river Meuse near the village of Lomm (southeast Netherlands) information was gathered for a reconstruction of the sedimentation and vegetation history during the Holocene. Various geoarchaeological methods – geomorphological, micromorphological and botanical analyses – were applied, while accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating provided an accurate chronology for the sediments.During the Early Holocene, many former braided river channels were deepened due to climate amelioration. Later, river flow concentrated in one main river channel to the west, at the location of the modern Meuse. The other channels were only active during floods, and infilling continued until the Bronze Age. Because of the higher setting of the Lomm terrace, it was only occasionally flooded and therefore formed an excellent location for habitation. Humans adapted to the changing landscape, as most remains were found on the higher river terraces or their slopes, a short distance from the Maas river. The Lomm terrace was more or less continuously inhabited from the Mesolithic onwards.During the Early Holocene, river terraces were initially densely forested with birch and pine. From the Boreal (Mesolithic) onwards, dense mixed forests with deciduous shrubs and trees such as hazel, oak, elm and lime developed. During the Atlantic (Meso/Neolithic), the deciduous forests became dominated by oak. Due to human activities from the Late Subboreal (Late Bronze Age) onwards, forests slowly became more open, yet remained relatively dense in comparison to other Dutch areas. The botanical data, however, show that within the Lomm study area there was a large difference in the composition, distribution and openness of the vegetation. The spatial variation in openness came into existence during the Late Bronze Age, as soon as the higher areas started to be used for human activities (i.e. habitation, agriculture and livestock herding). Due to human activities, the northern part of the study area became very open during the Early Roman period. In the lower-situated areas of the southern part, however, forests remained present much longer, until the Early Middle Ages. Due to large-scale deforestation in the Lomm area and hinterland during the Roman period and Middle Ages, the sediment load of the river increased, large floods occurred and overbank sediments were deposited, burying the archaeological remains. The largest increase in sedimentation occurred after the Middle Ages.
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Cabral, Vinícius Neves de, und Silvia Márcia Ferreira Meletti. „Ensino de Inglês e deficiência: um balanço da produção científica no Brasil (English teaching and disability: the Brazilian scientific production)“. Revista Eletrônica de Educação 14 (03.03.2020): 3280061. http://dx.doi.org/10.14244/198271993280.
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Based on the historical-dialectical-cultural materialism, the article aims to present an analysis of the Brazilian scientific production about the teaching of English to students with disabilities in Brazil. The article focuses on the dissertations and theses from graduate programs in Education and Literature/Linguistics between 2000 and 2016 in the whole country. From data drawn from the Sucupira Platform and the websites of the programs of the areas, a survey of all the works was conducted and 46,256 works were cataloged. Out of all the results, 20 dissertations and 3 theses had the focus sought. The 20 works that were available were analyzed. In terms of contexts, results show that there is great evidence of the concentration of graduate programs in the Southeast and South of the country, highlighting the need to promote postgraduate programs in the other regions of the country. The analyzes of the works indicate: lack of the theoretical backgrounds to support the researches; a contradiction between the concept of education and disabilities; an indication of the teacher as incapable of teaching; the perception of segregation as the best option for students with disabilities; and the need of examples of activities that may be adapted by teacher when teaching students with disabilities.Resumo A partir do materialismo histórico-dialético-cultural, objetiva-se apresentar um balanço da pesquisa sobre ensino de inglês para pessoas com deficiência no Brasil. O balanço tem como foco as dissertações e teses defendidas em programas de pós-graduação em Educação e Letras/Linguística no período 2000 – 2016 em todo o país. Por meio da Plataforma Sucupira e das páginas dos programas de pós-graduação dessas áreas, realizou-se um levantamento dos trabalhos defendidos e catalogou-se 46.256 trabalhos. Destes, 20 dissertações e três teses tinham o foco procurado. Acessou-se e analisou-se 20 trabalhos que estavam disponíveis. Os procedimentos de análise de dados foram divididos em dois momentos: análise contextual e análise conceitual. Os resultados indicam a concentração da pós-graduação nessas áreas no Sudeste e Sul do país, evidenciando a necessidade do atendimento público à pós-graduação nas outras regiões. As análises tinham como objetivo principal apontar as possíveis contradições entre o papel da pesquisa como fonte de crítica e a transposição ou conservação da ordem social vigente. Os resultados das análises dos trabalhos indicam: o esvaziamento teórico da pesquisa; a contradição entre a concepção da deficiência e as propostas de ensino; a indicação do professor como incapaz de ensinar; a percepção da segregação como melhor opção e; a necessidade de pesquisas que proponham atividades para ensino de inglês para alunos com deficiência.Palavras-chave: Linguística aplicada, Educação especial, Ensino de inglês.Keywords: Applied linguistics, Special education, English teaching.ReferencesBUENO, J. G. S. Políticas de Escolarização de alunos com deficiência. In: MELETTI, S. M. F.; BUENO, J. G. S. Políticas Públicas, escolarização de alunos com deficiência e a pesquisa educacional. Araraquara, SP: Junqueira&Marin, 2013.EAGLETON, T. Marxismo e crítica literária. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2011.ENGELS, F. Anti-Dühring: a revolução da ciência segundo o senhor Eugen Dühring. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2015.HELLER, A. O cotidiano e a História. São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2016.INSTITUTO Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Censo demográfico 2010: características gerais da população. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2012.JORDÃO, C. M. ILA-ILF-ILE-ILG: quem dá conta? Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, v. 14, n. 1, p. 13-40, 2014.KLEIMAN, A. B. Agenda de pesquisa e ação em Linguística Aplicada: problematizações. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P. da (Org.). Linguística Aplicada na modernidade recente: Festschrift para Antonieta Celani. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2013.LIMA, D. C. (Org.). Inglês em escolas públicas não funciona: uma questão, múltiplos olhares. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2011.MARTINS, J. S. A sociedade vista do abismo: novos estudos sobre exclusão, pobreza e classes sociais. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes, 2012.MARX, K. O Capital (Livro I). São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.MARX, K.; ENGELS, F. Manifesto do Partido Comunista. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2008.MARX, K.; ENGELS, F. Cultura, arte e literatura. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2010.MARX, K.; ENGELS, F. A ideologia alemã: crítica da mais recente filosofia alemã em seus representantes. Feuerbach, B. Bauer e Stiner, e do socialismo alemão em seus diferentes profetas. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2015.MÉSZÁROS, I. A educação para além do Capital. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2008.MÉSZÁROS, I. Para além do Capital: rumo a uma teoria da transição. 1. ed. revista. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2011.MÉSZÁROS, I. A Teoria da alienação em Marx. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2016.MOITA LOPES, L. P da. Introdução. Uma linguística aplicada mestiça e ideológica: interrogando o campo como linguista aplicado. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P. da. (Org.). Por uma Linguística Aplicada Indisciplinar. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2006a.MOITA LOPES, L. P da. Linguística Aplicada e vida contemporânea: problematização dos construtos que têm orientado a pesquisa. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P. da. (Org.). Por uma Linguística Aplicada Indisciplinar. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2006b.MOITA LOPES, L. P da. Introdução. Fotografias da Linguística Aplicada brasileira na modernidade recente: contextos escolares. In: MOITA LOPES, L. P. da. (Org.). Linguística aplicada na modernidade recente: Festschrift para Antonieta Celani. São Paulo: Parábola Editorial, 2013.SEIDHOFER, B. Closing a conceptual gap: the case for a description of English as a lingua franca. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, Oslo, v. 11, n. 2, p. 133-158, 2001.VYGOTSKI, L. S. Obras Escogidas V: Fundamentos de Defectología. Madrid, 1997.WILLIAMS, R. Marxismo e literatura. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar Editores, 1979.WILLIAMS, R. Palavras-chave: um vocabulário de cultura e sociedade. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2007.WILLIAMS, R. Cultura e materialismo. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2011.WILLIAMS, R. A Produção Social da Escrita. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2014.WILLIAMS, R. Recursos da Esperança: cultura, democracia, socialismo. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2015.e3280061
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Krasikova, Sveta. „Scales in the meaning of adjectives“. Oslo Studies in Language 2, Nr. 1 (22.12.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/osla.64.
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The goal of this paper is to show that a degree-based semantics for comparative constructions in English, based on a degree ontology going back to Cresswell (1976), meets the challenge of polarity effects in antonymous adjectives, once it is properly adapted to deal with measure expressions and the so called norm-related inferences. I present an alternative to theories that rely on a shift from degrees as points to degrees as intervals as proposed in von Stechow (1984). My approach builds on the assumption that degrees constitute simple ordinal scales and measures are introduced at the LF by necessity of interpreting numerals. The proposal is evaluated against the data from two languages with completely different polarity patterns, English and Russian.
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Barbour, Alan G., und Bridgit Travinsky. „Evolution and Distribution of the ospC Gene, a Transferable Serotype Determinant of Borrelia burgdorferi“. mBio 1, Nr. 4 (28.09.2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00153-10.
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ABSTRACTBorrelia burgdorferi, an emerging bacterial pathogen, is maintained in nature by transmission from one vertebrate host to another by ticks. One of the few antigens against which mammals develop protective immunity is the highly polymorphic OspC protein, encoded by theospCgene on the cp26 plasmid. Intragenic recombination amongospCgenes is known, but the extent to which recombination extended beyond theospClocus itself is undefined. We accessed and supplemented collections of DNA sequences ofospCand other loci from ticks in three U.S. regions (the Northeast, the Midwest, and northern California); a total of 839ospCsequences were analyzed. Three overlapping but distinct populations ofB. burgdorfericorresponded to the geographic regions. In addition, we sequenced 99ospCflanking sequences from different lineages and compared the complete cp26 sequences of 11 strains as well as the cp26bbb02loci of 56 samples. Besides recombinations with traces limited to theospCgene itself, there was evidence of lateral gene transfers that involved (i) part of theospCgene and one of the two flanks or (ii) the entireospCgene and different lengths of both flanks. Lateral gene transfers resulted in different linkages between theospCgene and loci of the chromosome or other plasmids. By acquisition of the complete part or a large part of a novelospCgene, an otherwise adapted strain would assume a new serotypic identity, thereby being comparatively fitter in an area with a high prevalence of immunity to existing OspC types.IMPORTANCEThe tick-borne zoonosis Lyme borreliosis is increasing in incidence and spreading geospatially in North America. Further understanding of the evolution and genetics of its cause,Borrelia burgdorferi, in its environments fosters progress toward ecologically based control efforts. By means of DNA sequencing of a large sample collection of the pathogen from across the United States, we studied the gene for the bacterium's highly diverse OspC protein, protective immunity against which develops in animals. We found that the distributions and frequencies of types of OspC genes differed between populations ofB. burgdorferiin the Northeast, the Midwest, and California. Over time, OspC genes were transferred between strains through recombinations involving the whole or parts of the gene and one or both flanks. Acquisitions of OspC genes that are novel for the region confer to recipients unique identities to host immune systems and, presumably, selective advantage when immunity to existing types is widespread among hosts.
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Reed, Wenche, Sissel Jor und Roger Bjugn. „How can clinical biobanks and patient information be adapted for research – Establishing a hospital based data warehouse solution“. Norsk Epidemiologi 21, Nr. 2 (12.04.2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/nje.v21i2.1493.
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The use of human biological material and related clinical information is central in basic research, translational research and clinical research. Extracting this information from hospital information systems is time-consuming and labor intensive. Establishing a data warehouse is a possible solution to extract the information in an efficient and secure way. An information model for a data warehouse has been developed at the Oslo University Hospital in collaboration with Akershus University Hospital. Being hospitals, the overall information model is patientcentered. The model also allows for appropriate data exchange between different organizations. The model is described with a focus on some of the major conditions for success with respect to the legal and organizational framework of Norwegian hospitals. A web-based information and tracking system for clinical biobanks is an important element of the model, and one of the aims of the national project Biobank Norway
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Salama, Ashraf M. „Book Review: Emerging Perceptions of Research by Design. Towards a Responsive Practice“. FormAkademisk - forskningstidsskrift for design og designdidaktikk 5, Nr. 2 (07.01.2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.510.
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Design Innovation for the Built Environment: Research by Design and the Renovation of Practice, edited by Michael U. Hensel, an architect, professor, and expert in architecture tectonics at the Oslo School of Architecture—brings in one volume 16 chapters by over 20 scholars and academics from around the globe. This new publication presents provocative ideas about the present and the future of practice and pedagogy in built environment-related disciplines, as well as how they can be adopted and adapted to promote and support design innovation. Hensel adeptly puts together 16 contributions of committed expert academics and professionals into a unified volume that speaks to academics and professionals. Appreciating the potential opportunities that knowledge can create, contributions pave the road for a responsive built environment education and practice.
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Oddie, Melissa A. Y., Ashley Burke, Bjørn Dahle, Yves Le Conte, Fanny Mondet und Barbara Locke. „Reproductive success of the parasitic mite (Varroa destructor) is lower in honeybee colonies that target infested cells with recapping“. Scientific Reports 11, Nr. 1 (28.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-88592-y.
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AbstractCell recapping is a behavioural trait of honeybees (Apis mellifera) where cells with developing pupae are uncapped, inspected, and then recapped, without removing the pupae. The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, unarguably the most destructive pest in apiculture world-wide, invades the cells of developing pupae to feed and reproduce. Honeybees that target mite infested cells with this behaviour may disrupt the reproductive cycle of the mite. Hence, cell recapping has been associated with colony-level declines in mite reproduction. In this study we compared the colony-level efficacy of cell recapping (how often infested cells are recapped) to the average mite fecundity in A. mellifera. Our study populations, known to be adapted to V. destructor, were from Avignon, France, Gotland, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway, and were compared to geographically similar, treated control colonies. The results show that colonies with a higher recapping efficacy also have a lower average mite reproductive success. This pattern was likely driven by the adapted populations as they had the largest proportion of highly-targeted cell recapping. The consistent presence of this trait in mite-resistant and mite-susceptible colonies with varying degrees of expression may make it a good proxy trait for selective breeding on a large scale.
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„Validity and Reliability of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Overuse Injury and Health Problem in Thai Version“. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 104, Nr. 1 (15.01.2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35755/jmedassocthai.2021.01.11517.
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Background: The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaires on overuse injury and health problem were developed to register overuse injury and health problems. However, this questionnaire has not been translated or validated in Thai. Objective: To develop the original edition of the OSTRC Questionnaire on overuse injuries and health problems into Thai language and to examine the validity and reliability of the adapted scale. Materials and Methods: The development of the questionnaire followed the steps of translation, which included forward translation, translation merging, backward translation, and critique by the researcher, health professionals, speech professionals, athletes, and the translators for semantic and conceptual equivalence. A cohort of 65 Thai athletes were recruited. Cross-sectional surveillance data were used to record overuse injury and health problem. Throughout the 12-week surveillance period, all participants were assigned to complete the questionnaire within three days after receiving a questionnaire by e-mail. Robustness and reliability process was seen in the 57 athletes who completed their 12 weeks of surveillance period. Results: The OSTRC on overuse injuries and health problems Thai version (OSTRC-OT and HT) showed a high internal consistency. Cronbach’s α of the OSTRC-OT for ankle, knee, and hip regions was 0.919, 0.973, and 0.976, respectively, and the OSTRC-HT was 0.959 and an excellent test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of the OSTRC-OT for ankle, knee, and hip regions at 0.994, 0.970, and 0.991, respectively, and the OSTRC-HT at 0.970; all p-values<0.001. Known-groups validity, the severity scores of the OSTRC-OT for ankle, knee, and hip regions, and the OSTRC-HT scores were statistically significant different between injury and non-injury groups. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of both questionnaires, the OSTRC-OT and the OSTRC-HT were at an excellent level. Moreover, the OSTRC-OT and OSTRC HT have an excellent ability to separate athletes who have an injury and health problem for those who do not. Keywords: Questionnaire, Sport, Overuse injury, Health problem
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„Integrating Mental Health into Primary Care Using a Population Based Approach: Six Years Outcome of Aro Primary Care Mental Health Programme for Ogun State, Nigeria“. International Journal of Psychiatry 3, Nr. 2 (15.06.2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.33140/ijp/03/02/00003.
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Introduction: Integration of mental health services into Primary Health Care (PHC) is a proven way of reducing the treatment gap in developing countries. A major constraint to scaling up mental health services in developing countries is scarcity of mental health professionals. A practical solution is to adopt task shifting and task sharing strategies involving Primary Health Care Workers (PHW). One of the major challenges of such integrative services is their long term outcomes and sustainability. The Neuropsychiatric Hospital Aro, Abeokuta, Nigeria embarked on mental health services provision across primary health care facilities in Ogun state six (6) years ago. Objective: This report describes the development, challenges of the programme and presents a post-implementation evaluation after 6 years of its commencement. Methods: Applying a population based expansion of pilot- tested integration model of Aro Primary Care Mental Health Programme (APCMHP) for Ogun State, 80 PHC workers were trained using an adapted mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) intervention guide to assess and treat/refer 5 priority conditions: Psychosis, Depression, Epilepsy, Alcohol and Substance abuse and Other Significant Emotional Complaints (OSEC).There was mental health service provision in 40 designated PHC centers across Ogun state. There was support and supervision of the trained health workers by field supervisors, supplementary training and re-training for skill sustenance, periodic stakeholders meeting with Local Government Service Commission, zonal consultants’ review, financial and other resources commitment by the hospital, monthly programme evaluation and monitoring by the faculty members. We reviewed caseload of patients managed by trained PHC Workers since commencement of the programme in November 2011 till October 2017 (6 years period) using descriptive statistics. Appropriate ethical approval was obtained. Results: During the six-year period (November 2011-October 2017), 2194 cases (average of 366 new cases yearly) were identified and treated by Trained Health Workers (THWs). About 90% of cases were Psychosis and Epilepsy. There was a steady attrition of THWs and at the end of the sixth year only 29% of the THWs remained within the programme. Treatment outcomes were fair as over 50% of patients had ≥ 3 follow-up visits, symptom remission of ≥ 30% and a subjective improvement in Global Ratings. Conclusion: Our project has demonstrated that it is feasible, practicable and cost effective with community acceptance to scale up mental health services at primary care setting in Nigeria using adapted mhGAP-IG document. The need to understand the dynamics and econometrics of sustainable primary mental health services is indicated.
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Castell, Nuria, Sonja Grossberndt, Laura Gray, Mirjam F. Fredriksen, Jøran S. Skaar und Britt Ann K. Høiskar. „Implementing Citizen Science in Primary Schools: Engaging Young Children in Monitoring Air Pollution“. Frontiers in Climate 3 (24.03.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2021.639128.
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Most European cities have air pollution levels that exceed the threshold for human health protection. Children are sensitive to air pollution and thus it is important to ensure they are not exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants. In order to make a positive change toward cleaner air, a joint effort is needed, involving all civil society actors. Schools and local communities have a decisive role, and can, for example, become engaged in citizen science initiatives and knowledge coproduction. In 2019, with the aim of raising awareness for air quality, NILU developed a citizen science toolbox to engage primary schools in monitoring air quality using a simple and affordable measuring method based on paper and petroleum jelly. This is a very visual method, where the students can clearly see differences from polluted and non-polluted places by looking at “how dirty” is the paper. In addition to the qualitative analysis, we have developed an air meter scale making possible for the students to obtain an indicative measurement of the air pollution level. The comparison between the paper and petroleum jelly method against reference PM10 data collected at two official air quality stations showed a good agreement. The method is a strong candidate for dust monitoring in citizen science projects, making participation possible and empowering people with simple tools at hand. The toolbox is targeted at primary schools and children aged 6–12 years, although it can easily be adapted to other age groups. The main objective of the toolbox is to involve young children who are usually not targeted in air quality citizen science activities, to develop research skills and critical thinking, as well as increase their awareness about the air they breathe. The toolbox is designed to engage students in hands-on activities, that challenge them to create hypotheses, design scientific experiments, draw conclusions and find creative solutions to the air pollution problem. The toolbox includes all the necessary material for the teachers, including guidance, background information and templates facilitating the incorporation in the school curricula. The toolbox was launched as part of the Oslo European Green Capital in March 2019 and was later included as part of the European Clean Air Day initiative coordinated by the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) working group on air quality. A total of 30 schools and 60 4th grade classes (aged 8–9 years) participated in the Oslo campaign. The citizen science approach employed in the schools, combined the four key elements that promote knowledge integration: elicit ideas, add new ideas, distinguish among ideas and reflect and sort out ideas. Although the main goal of the study was to provide simple but robust tools for engaging young children in air quality monitoring, we also carried out ex-ante and ex-post evaluations in 12 of the participating classes using a 10-question multiple choice test to have an indication of the contribution of the activity to knowledge integration. The results show that there is an increase in the number of correct answers, as well as a reduction in the misconceptions after conducting the activity. These results indicate that applying a citizen science approach improved science instruction and helped knowledge integration by including students' views and taking advantage of the diverse ideas students generated. Citizen science gives learners an insight into the ways that scientists generate solutions for societal problems. But more important, citizen science provides a way to differ from the classic view of the learner as an absorber of information, by considering the social context of instruction and making the topic personally relevant.
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Illa, Satish Kumar, Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Sapna Nath und Anupama Mukherjee. „Genome-Wide Scanning for Signatures of Selection Revealed the Putative Genomic Regions and Candidate Genes Controlling Milk Composition and Coat Color Traits in Sahiwal Cattle“. Frontiers in Genetics 12 (09.07.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.699422.
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BackgroundIn the evolutionary time scale, selection shapes the genetic variation and alters the architecture of genome in the organisms. Selection leaves detectable signatures at the genomic coordinates that provide clues about the protein-coding regions. Sahiwal is a valuable indicine cattle adapted to tropical environments with desirable milk attributes. Insights into the genomic regions under putative selection may reveal the molecular mechanisms affecting the quantitative and other important traits. To understand this, the present investigation was undertaken to explore signatures of selection in the genome of Sahiwal cattle using a medium-density genotyping INDUS chip.ResultDe-correlated composite of multiple selection signals (DCMS), which combines five different univariate statistics, was computed in the dataset to detect the signatures of selection in the Sahiwal genome. Gene annotations, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) enrichment, and functional analyses were carried out for the identification of significant genomic regions. A total of 117 genes were identified, which affect a number of important economic traits. The QTL enrichment analysis highlighted 14 significant [False Discovery Rate (FDR)-corrected p-value ≤ 0.05] regions on chromosomes BTA 1, 3, 6, 11, 20, and 21. The top three enriched QTLs were found on BTA 6, 20, and 23, which are associated with exterior, health, milk production, and reproduction traits. The present study on selection signatures revealed some key genes related with coat color (PDGFRA, KIT, and KDR), facial pigmentation (LEF), milk fat percent (MAP3K1, HADH, CYP2U1, and SGMS2), sperm membrane integrity (OSTC), lactation persistency (MRPS30, NNT, CCL28, HMGCS1, NIM1K, ZNF131, and CCDC152), milk yield (GHR and ZNF469), reproduction (NKX2-1 and DENND1A), and bovine tuberculosis susceptibility (RNF144B and PAPSS1). Further analysis of candidate gene prioritization identified four hub genes, viz., KIT, KDR, MAP3K1, and LEF, which play a role in coat color, facial pigmentation, and milk fat percentage in cattle. Gene enrichment analysis revealed significant Gene ontology (GO) terms related to breed-specific coat color and milk fat percent.ConclusionThe key candidate genes and putative genomic regions associated with economic traits were identified in Sahiwal using single nucleotide polymorphism data and the DCMS method. It revealed selection for milk production, coat color, and adaptability to tropical climate. The knowledge about signatures of selection and candidate genes affecting phenotypes have provided a background information that can be further utilized to understand the underlying mechanism involved in these traits in Sahiwal cattle.