Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Osceola Consolidated Mining Company“

Diamonds were discovered in Sierra Leone in 1930, and in 1934 sole mining rights were granted to the Sierra Leone Selection Trust (SLST), a subsidiary of the London-based Consolidated African Selection Trust, part of De Beers empire. In 1956, partly to restrict the increasingly prevalent illicit mining, and partly for political reasons, SLST opened part of its lease to mining by licensed miners under the Alluvial Diamond Mining Scheme (ADMS). The Sierra Leone government took over 51 per cent of the SLST shares in 1970, and a new company, the National Diamond Mining Company (NDMC), was formed. In 1980 SLST sold out to British Petroleum and left Sierra Leone.

Minorco, S.A., a Luxembourg mining company allegedly controlled by South African interests, commenced a tender offer for Consolidated Gold Fields, PLC (Gold Fields), a British mining company. Gold Fields, together with its partially owned American subsidiary, Newmont Mining Corp. (Newmont), filed suit in U.S. federal district court to enjoin the tender offer. The district court held that Newmont, the affected American subsidiary, had standing to raise an antitrust claim and issued a preliminary injunction restraining the tender offer. The district court dismissed a claim based on alleged violation of U.S. securities laws for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and held that Gold Fields, as the target company, did not itself have standing to raise an antitrust claim. On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (per Newman, J.) reversed in part and affirmed in part, holding that: (1) Newmont had standing under the U.S. antitrust laws to object to the tender offer; (2) Gold Fields also had antitrust standing (by 2-1); and (3) the U.S. courts did have subject matter jurisdiction over Gold Fields’s U.S. securities law claims. Accordingly, the court of appeals upheld the injunction and returned the case to the lower court for further proceedings. On remand, the district court found that inasmuch as Gold Fields had not demonstrated a likelihood that its U.S. securities law claims would be successful on the merits, those claims did not merit an injunction. The court also ruled that Minorco had failed to demonstrate that its plan to hold separate and sell the assets of Gold Fields posing the possible antitrust problem would provide adequate protection, and so kept the injunction against the tender offer in place. As a result, even though a majority of the Gold Fields shareholders had tendered their shares to Minorco and both British and European Communities regulatory authorities had approved the transaction, Minorco was forced to abandon its tender offer.

In line with the international trend and practice of deeming associated entities as a single economic unit and assessing the taxable income at the group level based on the consolidated income tax statements, many countries in the world including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and France allow the preparation of consolidated income tax returns and provide special tax credits and exemptions for transactions between the parent and subsidiaries companies of the group, unrealized gains (losses) arising from them, and intercompany dividends. This study aims to examine the needs and demand to prepare a consolidated income tax report, the current practice of business combinations to file income tax returns, and some issues related to the methodology of preparing a consolidated income tax statement. This study also attempts to prepare a consolidated income tax statement form for national business combinations according to the international trend within the framework of the currently acting laws and regulations of Mongolia and to prepare recommendations for improving the consolidated income tax reporting for the business combinations. This paper uses a Ten-step methodology for recording the impact of income tax within the framework of IFRS used in the research of B.Byambakhishig (2017). Our data covers separate financial statements, income tax reports, intercompany transactions, and other related financial data of "AM" LLC (Canadian-invested mining company) and its fully controlled "ASI" LLC, which operates business in mining subcontracting, software development, and analytics. The study lacks a recording of the impact of income tax and income tax consolidation, therefore, a further study will be conducted on the consideration related to the analysis of the Consolidated Income Tax Statements.

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship that arises from the disclosure of costs for exploration activities, development and construction, production, and environmental management with Return on Investment (ROI) in mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The type of this research is an empirical study. The data used in the study was ordinal data. The data obtained through the documentation of the consolidated financial statements. Data analysis techniques used were checklists, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Pearson correlation test. The results show that the disclosure of costs for mining activities (exploration, development and construction, production, and environmental management) has a weakening relationship with Return on Investment. The relationship between the two variables is inversely proportional, which means if the level of cost disclosure is more increasing, the ROI level in the company will getting lower.

The Philippine Mining Act of 1995 mandated mining companies to contribute to the development of host and neighboring communities through Social Development Management Programs (SDMP). The subsequent CSR Act of 2011 and 2013 further institutionalized Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) nationwide. This research examines the implementation of CSR and SDMP by two mining companies in Benguet, Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company and Philex Mining Corporation. It explores the strategies employed, their effectiveness, challenges encountered, and their association with project implementation. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, supported by primary and secondary sources. Findings show that programs related to education, livelihood, and infrastructure development were more extensively and effectively implemented, with integrated planning and a mix of top-down and bottom-up strategies contributing to success. The impact on host communities was particularly positive in social and economic aspects, with minimal effects on technological, political, and environmental aspects. Challenges ranged from resource limitations to community ambivalence, natural events, and legal complications. The study concludes that a dual standard exists due to the prioritization of mandatory SDMP programs over non-mandatory CSR initiatives, despite communities perceiving them as nearly identical. Recommendations include making CSR mandatory and complementary to SDMP, enhancing monitoring, and securing support from local governments and NGOs. Strategic implementation and effective strategies are crucial for realizing responsible mining in Benguet.

Abstract This paper examines the mining industry of British Columbia, the province's leading staple during the period when the region was brought within the network of world trade. Specifically, it describes the emergence of zinc production as the most profitable sector of the industry, from the early 1900s through to the mid-1920s. A good deal of importance was attached to discovering some means of treating zinc ore in the early 1900s. Increasing amounts of zinc were being found in the silver-lead ore of eastern British Columbia. Zinc was seen as a contaminant, and smelters penalised mine-owners who shipped ore that was over 10 per cent zinc. The presence of zinc rendered relatively valuable ore (in terms of its silver and lead content) uneconomical. Concern over “the zinc problem” was such that, by 1905, the federal government, responding to the lobbying efforts of mine-owners, appointed a commission “to Investigate the Zinc Resources of British Columbia and the Conditions Affecting Their Exploitation”. During the next twenty years, mining companies in the Kootenays explored a number of different ways to overcome zinc's unfortunate impact upon the mining industry. These efforts to discover an adequate means to treat zinc ore illustrate the way in which technology and capital became the key ingredients of a distinctively new mining industry. The paper argues that the emergence of zinc mining reflected a fundamental restructuring of the industry, as the focus shifted from the discovery and exploitation of bonanza deposits of gold and silver to the less spectacular production of copper, lead, and zinc. Technology, economies of scale, and substantial capital investment were the hallmarks of the new industry. Not only was the industry profoundly altered — experiencing what other scholars have described as the second industrial revolution — but new vertically integrated companies displaced the traditional mining company. The paper describes the clearest example of this trend, outlining the early career of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada [Cominco], a subsidiary of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Cominco was able to put in place the necessary technology to tap its enormous lead-zinc deposit at Kimberley, and successfully treat zinc at its Trail refinery. Within two decades, and largely as a result of its ability to treat zinc, Cominco became the most profitable mining company ever to operate in British Columbia. The conclusion suggests some consequences of Cominco's ascendancy.

Coal is a combustible fossil fuel, formed from plants that have been consolidated between rock strata and can be used by geothermal. World Energy Council said Indonesia is the fifth world coal producer after China, United States, India and Australia. Acid Mine Drainage is become one of environmental damage from coal massive exploitation in Indonesia. Precautions are required to reduce risks and minimize the formation of acid mine drainage at overburden disposal in order to meet the quality standards set by the Government. The action is carried out by isolating Potential Acid Forming (PAF) materials with non-acidic (NAF / Non Acid Forming) materials to avoid exposure to air and water with sulphide minerals. Good PAF and NAF material management in the disposal area will minimize the potential of acid mine drainage.

<p>This study attempts to analyze Marange diamond revenue remittances in Zimbabwe from 2006 to 2013. The case of Mbada Diamond Company was used. The information gathered would either validate or nullify the belief that diamond revenues have not been fully attained to date. The Public Choice Theory propounded by Buchanan will help in explaining why such results have been attained in diamond revenue remittance. This paper was compiled after reviewing some government publications, National Budgets, journal articles as well as employing questionnaires and unstructured interviews. The research found that diamond revenue remitting in Zimbabwe particularly Marange fields were still lagging behind the expectations since the start of mining in 2006. Of the expected billions of diamond revenues only about US$971 million to US$1.6 billion is believed to have trickled into the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF) since 2006. The Marange diamond revenue remittances have proved to be trailing their expectations since the first formal sale was conducted in 2010. This was due to a plethora of challenges which includes weak legislative frameworks, corruption, informal diamond trading, technological incompetence as well as the imposition of economic sanctions to the Zimbabwean economy. The study makes some recommendations as to how the diamond revenues could be fully attained and such remedies among others include internal capacity building, passing of a diamond bill, nationalization of mining companies, introduction of a local mineral beneficiation scheme, multi-collaboration of various ministries in diamond revenue collection and subsidizing the mining of diamond to increase productivity. Zimbabwe’s diamond revenues if managed properly, would reduce government external debt, promotes economic development and improves service delivery in the public sector.</p>

Purpose – This paper aims to show the associations between the amount of voluntary human capital (HC) disclosures and company profiles, including required HC and accounting information to verify a disclosure theory that consolidates four traditional theories. It also verifies the previously found association between voluntary HC information and share price. Design/methodology/approach – This research uses regression analysis and graphical modelling of a stratified random sample from the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Text mining software is used for content analysis of annual reports to quantify the amount of qualitative HC information. Findings – This study finds associations between the amount of voluntary HC information and the number of employees and the average salary. In particular, information about competence/qualification and personnel are related. Research limitations/implications – The results provide some support for the consolidated theory and are presumably consistent with the signalling theory and stakeholder theory in terms of the labour market rather than the financial market. Originality/value – By using both regression analysis and, graphical modelling this study shows the difference between the outputs of Germany and Japan and how HC characteristics of a firm relate to its disclosure behaviour, revealing hidden aspects that traditional prior studies have ignored.

Subject area International business, Strategic management Study level/applicability BA and MA; courses: International business, Management courses with special focus on emerging and developing countries, Intercultural management, Strategic management. Case overview Freetown, Sierra Leone, West Africa, June 2013 – Representatives of the London Mining Corporation and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH were discussing the details about the official launch of the From Mines to Minds project. The From Mines to Minds project consisted of two components technical, vocational and educational training at St. Joseph's and functional adult literacy for people who could not benefit from the upgrade of St. Joseph's in 17 communities around the mine site. Each of them had committed 200,000 euros to the project. While the mining company favored an early launch due to internal and external pressures, the development agency evaluated that they needed to have a consolidated program before advertising it locally and nationally. This joint decision on the official launch revealed more structural issues in the “fit” between these two organizations in this cross-sectoral partnership designed to contribute to local and national sustainable development. Expected learning outcomes The purpose of the case is twofold. The first aim is to introduce students/participants to the challenges that arise when entering into a cross-sectoral partnership with another organization in a development project. The second aim is to expose students to the operational, business and strategic challenges related to operating in the volatile local and national context of a least developed economy. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email: support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Nkana slag dump (The Black Mountain) in Kitwe, Zambia, has existed since 1931 when the copper smelter was commissioned. This 20 million tonnes of smelter slag contains about 0.34 per cent - 4.5 per cent cobalt and average 1.2 per cent copper. When Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited was privatised, the slag dump was purchased by Anglo Vaal Mining (90% shareholding) who built a smelter in Chambishi in 2000 to recover the cobalt and copper in the slag. The smelter operations closed in 2006 and the slag dump was later sold to Nkana Alloy and Smelting Company Limited. Various small scale illegal miners (locally called Jerabos) started illegally reclaiming the slag and selling to Chinese buyers operating small scale mineral processing plants. In the recent past, the government surrendered its 10 per cent shareholding of the slag dump to Chapamo Minerals Processing Company owned by the small scale local community (Jerabos). The substandard technologies being used by these small scale plants yield very low recoveries of about 50-60 per cent for both cobalt and copper, thus discarding huge quantities of valuable cobalt and copper which could be recovered if appropriate technologies were applied. This potential revenue to the nation in taxes is being lost. These small scale plants have not invested in appropriate advanced technology which can yield above 90 per cent recoveries because of their quest to make quick and easy money. The serious safety shortcomings at the slag dump have resulted in unnecessary loss of lives. The recent incident on 21 June, 2018 claimed 11 lives. There is need to study the physical structure of the slag dump to provide clear understanding of the safety precautions to be taken while reclaiming the material. There is, therefore, an opportunity to increase recoveries of the cobalt and copper by applying appropriate advanced technologies to process the slag. This will result in improved revenue, thus realizing the true value.

I was born and raised in the old mining town of Barrio DAS (Don Andres Soriano), Lutopan, Toledo City where Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corp. (ACMDC) is situated. Dad started his practice in the company’s hospital as an EENT specialist in the early 60’s and was the ‘go to’ EENT Doc not only of nearby towns or cities (including Cebu City) but also the surrounding provinces in the early 70’s. In my elementary years, he was Assistant Director of ACMDC Hospital (we lived just behind in company housing, only a 3-minute walk). I grew interested in what my dad did, sometimes staying in his clinic an hour or so after school, amazed at how efficiently he handled his patients who always felt so satisfied seeing him. At the end of the day, there was always ‘buyot’ (basket) of vegetables, live chickens, freshwater crabs, crayfish, catfish or tilapia. I wondered if he went marketing earlier, but knew he was too busy for that (and mom did that) until I noticed endless lines of patients outside and remembered when he would say: “Being a doctor here - you’ll never go hungry!” I later realized they were PFs (professional fees) of his patients. As a company doctor, Dad received a fixed salary, free housing, utilities, gasoline, schooling for kids and a company car. It was the perfect life! The company even sponsored his further training in Johns-Hopkins, Baltimore, USA. A family man, he loved us so much and was a bit of a joker too, especially at mealtimes. Dad’s daily routine was from 8 am – 5 pm and changed into his tennis, pelota, or badminton outfit. He was the athlete, winning trophies and medals in local sports matches. Dad wanted me to go to the University of the Philippines (UP) High School in the city. I thought a change of environment would be interesting, but I would miss my friends. Anyway, I complied and there I started to understand that my dad was not just an EENT practicing in the Mines but was teaching in Cebu Institute of Medicine and Cebu Doctors College of Medicine (CDCM) and was a consultant in most of the hospitals in Cebu City. And still he went back up to the mountains, back to Lutopan, our mining town where our home was. The old ACMDC hospital was replaced with a new state-of-the-art hospital now named ACMDC Medical Center, complete with Burn Unit, Trauma center and an observation deck in the OR for teaching interns from CDCM. Dad enjoyed teaching them. Most of them are consultants today who are so fond of my dad that they always send their regards when they see me. My dad loved making model airplanes, vehicles, etc. and I realized I had that skill when I was 8 years old and I made my first airplane model. He used to build them out of Balsa wood which is so skillful. I can’t be half the man he was but I realized this hobby enhanced his surgical skills. My dad was so diplomatic and just said to get an engineering course before you become a pilot (most of dads brothers are engineers). I actually gave engineering a go, but after 1 ½ years I realized I was not cut out for it. I actually loved Biology and anything dealing with life and with all the exposure to my dad’s clinic and hospital activities … med school it was! At this point, my dad was already President of the ORL Central Visayas Chapter and was head of ENT Products and Hearing Center. As a graduate of the UP College of Medicine who finished Otorhinolaryngology residency with an additional year in Ophthalmology as one of the last EENTs to finish in UP PGH in the late 50’s, he hinted that if I finished my medical schooling in CDCM that I consider Otorhinolaryngology as a residency program and that UP-PGH would be a good training center. I ended up inheriting the ORL practice of my dad mostly, who taught me some of Ophthalmology outpatient procedures. Dad showed me clinical and surgical techniques in ENT management especially how to deal with patients beyond being a doctor! You don’t learn this in books but from experience. I learned a lot from my dad. Just so lucky I guess! He actually designed and made his own ENT Treatment Unit, which I’m still using to this day (with some modifications of my own). And he created a certain electrically powered ‘eye magnet’ with the help of my cousin (who’s an engineer now in Chicago) which can attract metallic foreign bodies from within the eyeball to the surface so they can easily be picked out – it really works! Dad loved to travel in his younger years especially abroad for conventions or just simply leisure or vacations, most of the time with my mom. But as he was getting older, travels became uncomfortable. His last travel with me was in 2012 for the AAO-HNS Convention in Washington DC. It was a great time as we then proceeded to a US Navy Airshow in nearby Virginia after the convention, meeting up with my brother who is retired from the USN. Then we took the train to New York and stayed with my sister who is a PICU nurse in NY Presbyterian. Then off to Missouri and Ohio visiting the National Museum of the US Air Force, the largest military aircraft museum in the world. For years, Dad had been battling with heredofamilial-hypercholesterolemia problem which took its toll on his liver and made him weak and tired but still he practiced and continued teaching and sharing his knowledge until he retired at the age of 80. By then, my wife and I would take him and my mom out on weekends, he loved to be driven around and eat in different places. I really witnessed and have seen how he suffered from his illness in his final years. But he never showed it or complained, never even wanted to use a cane! He didn’t want to be a burden to anyone. What most affected me was that my dad passed and I wasn’t even there. I had helped call for a physician to rush to the house and had oxygen cylinders to be brought for him as his end stage liver cirrhosis was causing cardio-pulmonary complications (non-COVID). Amidst all this I was the one admitted for 14 days because of COVID-19 pneumonia. My dad passed away peacefully at home as I was being discharged from the hospital. He was 88. I never reached him just to say good bye and cried when I reached home still dyspneic recovering from the viral pneumonia. I realized from my loved ones who told me that dad didn’t want me to stress out taking care of him, as I’ve been doing ever since, but instead to rest and recuperate myself. I cried again with that thought. In my view, he was not only a great Physician and Surgeon but also the greatest Dad. He lived a full life and touched so many lives with his treatments, charity services and teaching new physicians. It’s seeing, remembering and carrying on what he showed and taught us that really makes us miss him. I really love and miss my dad and with a smile on my face, I see he’s also happy to be with his brothers and sisters who passed on ahead. And that he’s rested. He is a man content, I remember he always said this, ‘ As long as I have a roof over my head and a bed to rest my back, I’m okay!”

Conzinc Riotinto of Australia Limited (CRA) was the largest mining group in Australia after BHP. It had a major influence upon the post‐Second World War mining sector and Australian economy. It was responsible for some of the country's largest resource developments, establishing an integrated aluminium industry, playing the principal role in the development of Australia's iron ore export industry, and developing a major copper deposit on the Island of Bougainville. CRA was established in 1962 as the Australian arm of the British mining group, Rio Tinto Zinc Corporation Limited (RTZ), formed through the merger of The Rio Tinto Company Limited with The Consolidated Zinc Limited. Consolidated Zinc was also London‐listed, although with a deep Australian heritage based on its involvement in lead and zinc mining at Broken Hill. CRA's status as a foreign‐owned and controlled company had a major influence upon its corporate priorities for the two decades following its formation. The company's foreign majority ownership restricted its business opportunities, particularly during the 1970s. However, as early as the mid‐1960s, anti‐CRA sentiment was evident from politicians, public servants, Australian mining competitors and, to some extent, the public. CRA's standing as “un‐Australian” was viewed by company management as an impediment to attracting and retaining quality employees. These factors led CRA to engage with successive Commonwealth Governments to attempt to secure arrangements more accommodating to its business interests. This involved considerations as diverse as the takeover of the London parent company — to facilitate greater Australian shareholding in the Australian entity — through to the restructuring of CRA's interests in a new majority‐owned Australian company. Ultimately, CRA was instrumental in changing foreign investment legislation, providing a pathway for it as a foreign‐owned company to move to an Australianised or majority Australian‐owned status. With this, CRA had an ability to participate in resource investments on terms similar to those for Australian companies. CRA gained naturalising status in 1979 and, in 1986, that of a naturalised or Australianised company. Differences in perspectives relating to strategic direction and financial management between the parent company in London and CRA in Melbourne, brought to the fore issues of control. The situation became so serious that it resulted in the departure of the chairman and chief executive on the eve of CRA achieving Australian majority‐owned status. The events had a later influence on the formation of a dual‐listed company structure in 1996. Through this structure, RTZ regained majority share ownership of the assets previously held in the Australian company. CRA lost its naturalised status and its identity as Australia's then second largest Australian mining company.

In 2019, Cbb (previously known as Cementos Bío Bío) was one of the main companies dedicated to the production of cement, concrete and lime. It had the largest logistics coverage in Chile and the largest installed production capacity with 3.5 million tons of cement per year and a dispatch of 1.3 million tons. It employed more than 2,800 collaborators, of which 1,344 provided services as contractor companies. Its annual sales for 2019 had been 263,182 million pesos (MM $), which allowed it to generate a net operating result of MM $ 13,104 and an EBITDA of MM $ 36,321. Cbb had managed to position itself in the industry thanks to its long history in the market and its innovative vision in creating high quality products by reusing waste such as slag and ash. Until 2010, the cement industry in Chile had had three major participants: Melón S.A., Cemento Polpaico S.A. and Cbb. All three companies operated under a traditional business model that ranged from the extraction of raw materials in their own mines to their dispatch. In 2011, Chile no longer only produced cement, but also imported it, as a result of low freight costs and lower cement prices due to overproduction in countries such as South Korea, China and Japan. These new conditions allowed other competitors to enter the industry with a different business model based on the import of cement for the production of concrete or the import of clinker (Substance obtained as a result of kiln calcination of limestone mixtures artificially prepared clays with the eventual addition of other materials) installing cement grinding plants. Clinker was one of the key raw materials that was in the middle of the cement production chain, which was obtained from the calcination of limestone. As clinker was imported, it was no longer necessary to have limestone mining deposits. At the end of 2019, the General Manager, who had arrived at the company on January 1, 2018, had to propose to the Board of Directors the focuses to work to continue with the implementation of the Transforma 2021 Strategic Plan. The plan included a set of six initiatives with those seeking to renew the company given the changes that were already beginning to be reflected in lower financial performance. Two years after evaluating the implementation and results obtained, the General Manager sought to define the work focuses for each of the initiatives. Could changes in the industry affect a consolidated and long-standing company like Cbb? Where should you direct your effort to achieve the goals and expected results in the plan? Would the Transform 2021 Plan succeed in taking Cbb where they expected?

ABSTRACT The category of cultural landscapes, that highlights the natural and cultural heritage of Chile and its history, have an exceptional importance, since they contribute to foster the national pride for the cultural assets located throughout the peculiar Chilean geography, and propose a correspondence between society and environment, as well as a reciprocal interaction with the cultures that formalize and determine them in their transforming action. Some of the cultural landscapes presented in this publication, arise together with other territorial and economic heritage, reached by Chile during the second half of the nineteenth century. In this period Chile was consolidated as a country, strengthened the expansion of the national state and set forth the boundaries and contents of its social and territorial structure. In addition, it incorporated new human groups with their cultural traditions, while at the same time increasing the trade of commodities with the British and American economies. Likewise, the cultural landscapes highlight other cosmovisions, cultures and ways of life of indigenous peoples who, according to their ancient traditions, are part of nature and its various ecosystems, immersed in interrelated territories which are part of an environment with its particular biological and cultural manifestations. For the most part, these cultural landscapes evolve, as is the case of Cape Horn, Tierra del Fuego, Chiloe, the Mapuche people, the Central Valley, Santiago, Rapa Nui, Valparaiso and the Ruta de la Sierra. Meanwhile, the coal mining landscape in Lota, the copper company town in Sewell and the nitrate operations in northern Chile are relicts’ cultural landscapes, in which the progression of its main industrial function came to an end, with the exception of the María Elena company, the last of the nitrate cities. Keywords: Evolutional and relict cultural landscapes, territorial and economic heritage, social and geographic consolidation, environments. RESUMEN La categoría de paisajes culturales, que destaca el patrimonio natural y cultural de Chile y su historia, tiene una importancia excepcional, ya que contribuye a fomentar el orgullo nacional por los bienes culturales ubicados a lo largo de la loca geografía chilena y proponen una correspondencia entre sociedad y medio ambiente, así como una interacción recíproca con las culturas que los formalizan y determinan en su acción transformadora. Algunos de los paisajes culturales presentados en esta publicación, surgen junto a otros acervos territoriales y económicos, alcanzados por Chile durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En este período Chile se consolidó como país, fortaleció la expansión del estado nacional y fijó los límites y contenidos de su estructura social y territorial. Además, incorporó nuevos grupos humanos con sus tradiciones culturales, al mismo tiempo que incrementó el comercio de materias primas con las economías británica y estadounidense. Asimismo, los paisajes culturales destacan otras cosmovisiones, culturas y formas de vida de los pueblos indígenas que, de acuerdo con sus tradiciones milenarias, son parte de la naturaleza y sus diversos ecosistemas, inmersos en territorios interrelacionados que forman parte de un entorno con sus particulares manifestaciones biológicas y culturales. En su mayor parte, estos paisajes culturales evolucionan, como es el caso del Cabo de Hornos, Tierra del Fuego, Chiloé, el pueblo Mapuche, el Valle Central, Santiago, Rapa Nui, Valparaíso y la Ruta de la Sierra. En tanto, el paisaje minero del carbón en Lota, la company town del cobre en Sewell y las operaciones salitreras en el norte de Chile son paisajes culturales relictos, en los que la progresión de su principal función industrial llegó a su fin, con excepción de la empresa María Elena, la última de las ciudades del salitre. Palabras clave: Paisajes culturales evolutivos y relictos, patrimonio territorial y económico, consolidación social y geográfica, ambientes