Dissertationen zum Thema „Origine géographique des aliments“
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Scheffer, Sandrine. „Qu'est-ce qu'un produit alimentaire lié à une origine géographique ?“ Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010670.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBarbera, Marcella. „Behaviour of rare earth elements in the soil/Vitis Vinifera L. system : geochemical approach for food traceability“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS352.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe geographic traceability of food products through the use of chemical markers is an important challenge to ensure quality and authenticity of food. In recent years, the behaviour of Rare Earth Elements (REE) has been identified as possible tool for food geographical identification based on their known capability of tracing pedo-genetic and petro-genetic processes. In this thesis, the behaviour of REE in the Soil/Vitis vinifera L. system has been explored using a geochemical approach. The goal is to understand if the normalized pattern of REE (REE*) can be a useful tool to trace the geographical origin of food. We focused on plants grown in both greenhouse and field using REE enriched and non-enriched substrates wondering if REE soil enrichments influence the growth of Vitis vinifera L. and the REE accumulation in plant organs. We found that the stress generated by REE enriched soil does not influence neither the plant mass nor the REE accumulation in leaves implying that REE polluted soils should not influence the amount of REE found in Vitis vinifera L food-products. We have, also, demonstrated that that the REE* in plant organs t trace enriched soil substrates discriminating plants from different soils of growth. This work allows to propose that REE* as potential marker for identifying the substrate where Vitis vinifera L. growth. Finally, discrimination of substrate enrichments suggests that REE* is a potential tool for quality and safety of other ecosystems. Our experimental investigation improves our knowledge on REE uptake in soil-Vitis vinifera L. system, highlighting the potential use of REE as biogeochemical tracers of environmental conditions
La tracciabilità geografica dei prodotti alimentari, attraverso l'uso di traccianti chimici, è una sfida importante per garantire la qualità e l'autenticità degli alimenti. Negli ultimi anni, il comportamento degli Elementi delle Terre Rare (REE) è stato identificato come possibile strumento per l'identificazione geografica degli alimenti, sulla base della nota proprietà di tracciare i processi pedo-genetici e petro-genetici. In questa tesi, il comportamento dei REE nel sistema Suolo/Vitis vinifera L. è stato esplorato utilizzando un approccio geochimico. L'obiettivo è capire se il modello normalizzato di REE (REE*) può essere uno strumento utile per tracciare l'origine geografica degli alimenti. Le REE possono essere accumulate nelle piante mantenendo la loro distribuzione nel passaggio dal suolo alle foglie o ai frutti, anche se le foglie possono incorporare i metalli lisciviati dalle particelle di polvere atmosferica in particolari condizioni ambientali. Tuttavia, il meccanismo di trasferimento di REE dal suolo alle piante è poco conosciuto. Ci siamo concentrati su piante cresciute sia in serra che in campo usando substrati arricchiti e non arricchiti di REE chiedendoci se gli arricchimenti del suolo di REE influenzassero la crescita di Vitis vinifera L. e l'accumulo di REE negli organi della pianta, testando l'uso di REE* come discriminatore di piccole quantità di REE nel suolo. Inoltre, abbiamo valutato il ruolo giocato dallo xylema nel trasferimento di REE e il possibile impatto fisiologico nella Vitis vinifera L. Abbiamo trovato che lo stress generato dal suolo arricchito di REE non influenza né la massa della pianta né l'accumulo di REE nelle foglie e abbiamo dimostrato che le REE* negli organi della pianta sono in grado di tracciare le condizioni del suolo arricchito discriminando le condizioni ambientali di crescita della Vitis vinifera L. Poiché REE* può essere usato per differenziare le piante da diversi terreni di crescita, proponiamo che l'uso di REE* sia un potenziale marcatore per identificare il substrato di crescita di Vitis vinifera L. Dal nostro lavoro si possono dedurre importanti implicazioni dal punto di vista ambientale. Poiché la quantità iniziale di REE nei substrati non influenza la quantità accumulata nelle foglie, eventuali suoli inquinati da REE non dovrebbero influenzare significativamente la quantità di REE trovata nei prodotti alimentari di Vitis vinifera L. Infine, la capacità di discriminare degli arricchimenti del substrato suggerisce che REE* può essere uno strumento potenziale per valutare la qualità e la sicurezza di altri ecosistemi. La nostra indagine sperimentale migliora le nostre conoscenze sull'assorbimento di REE nel sistema Suolo/Vitis vinifera L. evidenziando il potenziale uso di REE come traccianti biogeochimici delle condizioni ambientali
Jamin, Sophie. „La patuline dans les aliments : origine et déterminations analytiques“. Nantes, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NANT349P.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLemieux, Paul. „Le clergé catholique de la Vallée du Saint-Laurent, 1756-1810 : évolution numérique, origine géographique et origine sociale“. Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4966.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoissonneault, Chantal. „Le français de l'Abitibi, caractéristiques phonétiques et origine socio-géographique des locuteurs“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0012/MQ41856.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMaugenest-Cuvier, Martine. „Les plantations d'alignement à Vincennes Val de Marne : historique, nomenclature et origine géographique“. Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P005.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGiovannacci, Inès. „Origine des listeria monocytogenes et salmonella présentes sur les produits de découpe de porc“. Brest, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BRES2045.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSulmanas, Stéphanie. „Les nitrosamines dans l'alimentation : de leur origine à leur rôle dans les cancers“. Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P154.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHasan, Hassan. „Biodiversité spécifique des crustacés Decapoda et Stomatopoda de Syrie : systématique, taxonomie, écologie, origine biogéographique“. Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0020.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGuyot, Christine. „Influence de l'origine géographique et technologique sur les caractéristiques sensorielles des beurres : identification et quantification des composés d'arômes impliqués“. Dijon, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996DIJOS068.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleA traditional French butter is obtained in churning ripened cream. However butter manufacture is mainly based in the NIZO process. For this reason we studied 16 butters with different geographic origins and fabrication processes in order to evidence the main molecules responsible for their aromatic diversity. A sensory cartography of butters was established with free choice profiling methodology. From a physio-chemical point of view a vacuum extraction procedure was optimized. We studied also the influence of the medium on volatility and odorous intensity of flavour molecules. Our results indicate that NIZO process leads to more intense cream notes, but less diversified products. Moreover the butter diversity is also due to their geographic origin
FERRON, CLAUDINE. „L'eau et la ville : origine, nature et mode de regulation des eaux destinees a la consommation humaine. exemple de la communaute urbaine de strasbourg“. Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1GE07.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis research looks at the safety steps involved in supplying drinking water to large towns and cities and also the administration problems which are involved. The question which has been put forward concerns the spado-temporal adequacy which arises between the protection strategies of the water quality installed by the concerned social actors and the exposure of the resource to accidental pollution risks. In order to study the misfunctionning of the protection device, the main argument is to compare the time delay of the actor's reaction against the spreading dynamic of pollutants in the ground water. For this purpose, the study called upon the analysing methods of spatial complexity, such as modelisation and simulation, using a systemic approach. Descriptive elements, notably saptial, of head-on pollution, installed supervision devices as well as relationships established between them have all been modelled in accordance with the proposed approaches suggested by de latil. The simultaneously study on different kinds of phenomena, physical and social, to equally different spado-temporal scales, necessitated the support aid from a geographical information system (gis). The data used are specific of a catchment well in the urban community of strasbourg. The main important conclusion of this research underlines the importance of information and communication contact within the decision-making authorities who are dependent on structures more or less independent from one other. Taken from recent work conducted by distributed artificial intelligence concerning the organisation of social groups, it has been suggested resorting to multi-agent modelisation (mas) in order to identify the supposed misfunctionning problems
Riffaut, Léa. „Impact des pollutions pétrolières sur les oiseaux marins : origine géographique des individus victimes et conséquences démographiques sur les populations“. Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066079.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGirard, François. „Origine, dynamique et répartition des pessières à lichens dans la zone de la forêt boréale fermée“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25516/25516.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchoumacker, Rachel. „Perception du gras : variabilité interindividuelle et origine“. Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS030/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo reduce the fat content in food products as recommended by the National Nutrition and Health Plan, it is necessary to understand the fat perception mechanisms. In this context, this thesis work aimed to contribute to the understanding of fat perception through the study of interindividual variability in fat perception and the research of its origin.For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining physico-chemistry of “fatty” aroma molecules, subjects’ oral physiology, food oral processing and sensory perception during food consumption has been established. A particular focus has been done on the olfactory component of fat perception, especially on the potential contribution of the metabolites produced in the human nasal cavity from odorous volatile compounds.This work shows that reducing fat content in cottage cheese decreases the perception of the cream aroma, increases bitterness and astringency and decreases the perceived greasy film. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of fat perception. This work also shows that fat perception is related to the lipid content of the mouth coating as well as the aroma compounds composition of the food matrix.It highlights three groups of subjects with significant difference in fat sensitivity. These groups also differ in several physiological and anatomical parameters which can impact tactile, taste and smell sensations and therefore potentially fat perception. Finally, this work proves the existence in the human olfactory mucosa of enzymes capable of metabolizing odorous compounds into volatile metabolites. These metabolites proved to be themselves odorants could be involved in fat perception or its modulation
Grosfils, Matthieu. „Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique. Etude des plantations d'alignement du IIe arrondissement“. Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05P169.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSchuehmacher, Laurent. „Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique, étude des plantations d'alignement du 10e arrondt“. Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P144.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLeclerc, Juliette. „Les espèces ligneuses plantées à Paris depuis les travaux d'Haussmann : nomenclature et origine géographique, étude des plantations d'alignement du XIè arrondissement“. Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P223.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRodier, Francine. „Mesure de l'impact de la marque de provenance Aliments du Québec sur la valeur des produits“. Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/367.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGauthier-Ouellet, Marika. „Origine des saumons (Salmo salar) pêchés au Groenland et influence sur la mortalité en mer“. Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25750/25750.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIdentifying the origin of catches in a mixed-stock fishery, to consider the demographic status of distinct populations, is a major challenge. Here, we identified the North American origin of 2835 salmon collected at the Greenland fishery for seven years spanning an eleven-year period (1995-2006) at three localities using 13 microsatellites. The study included 52 baseline populations representing nine genetically distinct regional groups. Our ability to identify the origin of salmon at the river level was also tested in two regions. The average level of contribution associated with each genetic region ranged from less than 1% for Maine to nearly 40% for Southern Québec. Temporal variation in regional contributions was observed, indicating a decreasing contribution of Southern Québec (-22.0% from 2002 to 2005) and New-Brunswick (-17.4% from 1995 to 2006) and an increasing contribution of Labrador salmon (+14.9% from 2002 to 2006). There was a strong association between the number of multi-sea-winter salmon regionally produced and the estimated regional contribution to Greenland fishery for 2002 (r = 0.79) and 2004 (r =0.92), which could explain these temporal trends. No difference was found between the three Greenland sampling localities, suggesting a random distribution of the different salmon groups along the coast. Multi-sea-winter mortality rate due to Greenland fishery was highly variable among groups, with Ungava and Southern Québec showing the highest values, ranging from 12.10 to 18.08%, for both years tested. Overall, no regional group was clearly overrepresented in landings compared to their respective productivity. Yet, management precautions should still be taken as the fishery strongly selects large females, which could have evolutionary impacts on populations over the long term, such as a decrease in the proportion of multi-sea-winter salmon compared to grilse.
Girard, Étienne. „Usage de la cognition spatiale pour localiser les lieux d'activité lors d'une enquête Origine - Destination“. Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17912.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLafontaine, Guillaume de. „Origine holocène et dynamique récente des pessières d'épinette blanche et des sapinières subalpines dans l'est du Canada“. Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21430.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCheajesadagul, Pracha. „Apport de la spectrométrie de masse à la détermination de l'origine géographique et la caractérisation du sélénoproteome dans le riz“. Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3048/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe PhD work is focused on two major analytical chemistry challenges concerning rice characterization: (i) the geographical origin classification of rice based on multi-element fingerprinting and (ii) speciation of selenium with the goal of the identification of molecular target of it assimilation and storage in rice. The methods based on the multi-element fingerprinting by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in combination with multivariate statistical techniques were developed and validated as tools for authentication of rice. Twenty-one key variables were assessed by a radar plot technique and multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) enabling classification according to geographical origin. Thai jasmine rice could be clearly differentiated from foreign rice samples. In addition, the DA could be used to classify Thai jasmine rice obtained from different regions in Thailand. In the second part of the project, an analytical ICP-MS-assisted proteomic method was developed for the identification of Se-containing proteins in rice. Selenium was found to be present as both selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in a dozen of rice proteins with the Se/S substitution ratio two times higher for SeMet than that for SeCys
Le, Nguyen Doan Duy. „Détermination de l'origine géographique des poissons par l'obtention de l'empreinte génétique de leur communauté bactérienne par PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis)“. Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20103.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe determination of geographical origin is one of the inquiries of the food traceability system. Our hypothesis is that the environment could have an influence on the diversity of the bacterial communities of fish. The geographical origin of fish can be determined by the characterisation of the specific bacterial flora of the aquaculture farm or of the production and storage sites. A biological molecular technique PCR-DGGE, coupled to image analysis and statistic methods, have been developed in order to link the bacterial profiles with the geographical origin of the aquaculture farms. In the first chapter, we have distinguished by DDGE the different fish species from different sites: sea bass from France, Pangasius catfish from Vietnam and from Cambodia. The DGGE profiles of the fish bacteria and the water in the same pond were narrowly similar, confirming our hypothesis. The sequencing of the bands excised from DGGE gel permitted to identify the dominant bacterial species in the catfish from Vietnam. In the second chapter, we confirmed the perenniality of the microbial profiles during the rainy and the dry season in Vietnam. The fish captured in the sea had variable bacterial profiles, while the same fish raised in aquarium had a similar profile for all of them. Drying and pickling had a strong effect on the fish bacterial communities. Freezing or chilling did not change strongly the DGGE profiles. The persistence of the bacterial markers during the technical treatment has been verified at industrial scale in a factory processing Pangasius fillets, which is the principal exported product of Vietnam. The microbial ecology of the fish has been followed by PCR-DGGE for each processing step showing that the bacterial profiles of the initial product and the final product were different but preserved enough information to discriminate the origin. In the last chapter, Rep-PCR was used to study the diversity of Pseudomonas strains which showed persistence to the processing procedure. The Pseudomonas strains remained on the final fillets as well as on the equipment surfaces after cleaning and disinfection. 27 Pseudomonas strains classified in 7 big groups have been identified by sequencing
Sheikha, Ali El. „Détermination de l'origine géographique des graines et fruits du Karité et du Physalis par l’utilisation d’empreintes génétiques. Étude de la communauté microbienne par PCR/DGGE. Analyse des activités biologiques d'extraits de fruits“. Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20084/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTrade intensified and spread to the entire planet. The consumer is demanding and sensitive to the quality and origin of food products they buy. Given the difficulty of setting up documentation systems in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, new strategies are emerging traceability. Among the new means of tracing products of plant origin, the idea of creating a "biological bar code" based on the analysis of DNA of microorganisms on fruit is an interesting idea. This thesis is the subject of a study conducted by D. Montet WP obtained under the Inco project managed by JM Bouvet Innovkar of UR 39. This method assumes that the commensally microflora of the fruit of Shea is among other a specific geographical area of production. The ecology of bacteria, yeasts and molds will be reviewed by the PhD student on Shea butter and Physalis, a plant with fruit of the same geographical area with high commercial potential. Biochemical analysis of fruit and antimic robial activity of certain molecules will be studied (physaline)
Courcier, Antoine. „Les débuts de la métallurgie dans les pays du Caucase, de la fin du VIe au milieu du IIIe millénaire avant notre ère (chalcolithique et début de l'âge du bronze) : recherches sur leur origine d'après le potentiel métallifère, l'analyse d'objets et les relations observées avec les régions voisines“. Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010601.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePolekh-Epova, Ekaterina. „Évaluation du Potentiel des Rapports Isotopiques Stables du Strontium et du Plomb pour l'Origine Géographique et l'Authenticité des Produits Alimentaires“. Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3007/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFood authenticity and traceability have received an increasing interest during the last decade since the knowledge of food provenance is regarded as an additional warranty of its quality. The world's globalization brought to the consumers is more and more concerned with the origin of the food they eat because various products are subjected to adulteration or false denomination. The augmentative interest in anti-fraud and consumer protection has led to the extension of scientific research and development of effective tools of food authenticity control. Among the analytical technics applied to food authenticity and traceability, one of the most rapidly developing and promising method is based on fingerprinting of heavy elements detected by atomic spectroscopy. The multicollection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) is recognized as a method of choice for the high precision measurement of numerous elements of the periodic table as well as ratios of their stable isotopes. This study present a new analytical strategy based on combined non-traditional stable isotopes and trace elements determination by ICP-MS. The benefits of combining information from two isotopic systems, one tracing the soil (Sr), and the other tracing environmental ambient pollution (Pb), allowed to obtain an exceptional new information about traceability and authenticity of selected food matrixes: prestigious Bordeaux wines, dry-cured hams and tea. Using complementary analytical techniques such as traditional elemental fingerprinting, the regional specification, as well as tracing of the food preparation process are possible. When combined with chemometrics, these analytical advances constitute an efficient and promising tool to detect food frauds, including adulteration of high value products with cheaper substitutes, forgery and falsification
Chen, Guang. „Approche interculturelle des rythmes : étude comparative des variations journalières et hebdomadaires des performances attentionnelles et du sommeil chez des élèves chinois et français : étude de l'incidence des lieux de vie (rural/urbain) sur la rythmicité scolaire“. Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2018.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe introduced study appears in the framework of the research concerned with the levels and variations of the attention performance of Chinese children in CP and CM2 of primary school, specifically the children of 6 to 7 and 10 to 12 years old. It aims at showing, on the one hand, in an intercultural and differential approach, the effect of the moment of daily performance and weekly performance, as well as weekly variations of sleep duration according to age, educational level and geographic background of the children. On the other hand, the impact of life place (city/ country) on the school timetables
Sarda, Estève Roland. „Étude de la variabilité des bioaérosols atmosphériques en région île de France“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAtmospheric bioaerosols are particles of primary biological aerosols suspended in the air and referred in the literature as: Primary Biological Aerosol Particles (PBAPs). PBAPs have very different sizes and coposition. They have the ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei or ice nuclei and thus participate in the water cycle on earth. They can be transported far from their sources and they can in this way colonize new ecosystems. Their allergenic or pathogenic propoeries have an impact on human and animal health. This work on the variability of atmospheric bioaerosols in the Ile de France region concerns pollens, molds and bacteria. The observations were made in the boundary layer at the SIRTA/LSCE observatory. This pioneering work in the Ile-de-France region had the objective to: (1) document the interannual, seasonal and daily variability specific to each of the PBAPs, (2) determine their respective geographical origins, (3) study the meteorological parameters that control their life cycle in the atmosphere. My last objective (4) has been to develop an on line instrumenst to measure in real time BPAPs concentrations with a focus on pollen
Bruch, Kelly Lissandra. „Signos distintivos de origem : entre o velho e o novo mundo vitivinícola“. reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115635.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDesde a Antiguidade os signos distintivos são utilizados para identificar e diferenciar a origem de bens, ou para indicar a propriedade de um produto, sua origem comercial ou geográfica. Verifica-se que, ao longo da história, tem havido avanço na construção e consolidação do uso desses signos no âmbito internacional, em especial, para o produto que mais tem sido identificado com sua origem: o vinho. Desta forma, o que se objetiva neste trabalho é verificar como tem-se dado tal avanço e quais resultados podem ser constatados no âmbito da proteção de signos distintivos de origem. Para isso, o texto é dividido em duas partes. Como introdução, analisa-se a evolução histórica do uso desses sinais, desde a Mesopotâmia, passando pela Grécia e Roma, onde se elaboravam os vinhos de Falernun, assim como o bronze de Corinto e o mármore de Carrara. Na Idade Média, tiveram origem a marca coletiva e a marca certificação, provenientes das corporações de ofício. Essa prática se expande com o Mercantilismo, consolida-se com a Revolução Industrial e modifica-se com a Revolução Francesa, que sinaliza o nascimento da marca individual para produtos e, posteriormente, para serviços. Com base nessa evolução, a primeira parte é dedicada a uma análise comparativa da evolução legislativa de tradicionais países vitivinícolas localizados na Europa – Portugal, França, Espanha, Itália, Alemanha e Inglaterra –, bem como de países oriundos do Novo Mundo Vitivinícola – Estados Unidos da América, Chile, Austrália e Brasil. O escopo é verificar o quanto a regulação interna desses países está harmonizada. A segunda parte busca examinar a evolução dos tratados internacionais com o propósito de compreender como eles têm regulamentado esses signos. Avaliam-se acordos bilaterais; acordos multilaterais, como a Convenção União de Paris, o Acordo de Madri, o Acordo Lisboa e o TRIPS; acordos regionais, como a Comunidade Europeia, MERCOSUL, TLCAN, CAN e possíveis acordos birregionais. A finalidade é ponderar se há harmonia entre suas concepções acerca da indicação geográfica e refletir sobre o possível desenvolvimento de suas negociações futuras. Como resultado, constatase que há certo equilíbrio entre as normas internas dos países analisados. Algums estabelecem a proteção de forma positiva, por meio do registro ou reconhecimento de “appellation d’origine controlée”, indicação geográfica, indicação de procedência, denominação de origem, área vitícola americana, marca coletiva e marca de certificação. Outros realizam a proteção de forma negativa, fazendo uso da repressão à falsa indicação de proveniência, com base no direito de concorrência e na proteção ao consumidor. Muitos combinam essas duas formas. Nos acordos internacionais, verifica-se uma evolução e um alargamento do conceito de indicação geográfica, o que abrange, harmonicamente, as definições dos países analisados. Todavia, os acordos bilaterais e regionais tendem a promover uma uniformização da definição e da forma de proteção desses signos. Como os acordos multilaterais têm sido permeados pelos acordos bilaterais e regionais, esses ciclos têm resultado em um avanço gradativo da consolidação da proteção aos signos distintivos de origem, embora não tenham alcançado uma uniformização no seu modo de proteção. Conclui-se que, nas negociaçoes internacionais em curso, especialmente na Rodada Doha, no âmbito da OMC, pode-se projetar avanço efetivo nesta consolidação, não no curto, mas no médio prazo, posto que é dessa forma que as relações internacionais, no âmbito da propriedade industrial, têm-se firmado nos últimos dois séculos.
Since ancient times, distinctive signs are used to identify and differentiate origin of goods, or to indicate ownership of a product, its commercial origin or geography. It appears that, throughout history, there has been some progress in the construction and consolidation of the use of these signs in the international arena, particularly for the product which more has been identified through its origin: the wine. In this sense, the aim of this work is to see how it has been given such advance and what results can be found under the protection of distinctive signs of origin. For this, the present study is divided into two parties. As an introduction, it is explored the historical evolution of the use of these signals, since the Mesopotamia through Greece and Rome, where the Falernun wines were elaborated, as well as the bronze of Corinth and the Carrara marble. In the Middle Ages, the collective brands and the marks of certification were created by the guilds. This practice was expanded with Mercantilism, consolidated with the Industrial Revolution and changed with the French Revolution, which indicates the birth of the individual mark of goods and, subsequently, of services. Based on this evolution, the first part of this paper is devoted to a comparative analysis of the legislative developments of traditional wine producing countries located in Europe - Portugal, France, Spain, Italy, Germany and Britain - as well as countries from New World wine - USA, Chile, Australia and Brazil. Our proposal is to verify how much the internal regulation of these countries is harmonized. The second part of this paper aims to examine the advancement of the international treaties, in order to understand how they have regulated the distinctive signs of origin protection and register. The bilateral agreements, the multilaterals agreements, such as the Paris Union Convention, the Madrid Agreement, the Lisbon Agreement and the TRIPS, and regional agreements such as the European Community, MERCOSUR, NAFTA, CAN, and possible bi-regional agreements were evaluated in this section. The intention is to evaluate whether there is an harmony between these conceptions of geographical indication expressed in these normative frameworks, and to reflect on the possible development of the future negotiations. As a result, it appears that there is some balance between the internal rules of countries analyzed. Some of them provide protection in a positive way, by register or recognition of the appellation d'origine contrôlée, geographical indications, indications of origin, denomination of origin, in the American viticulture area (AVA), collective marks and marks of certification. Others protect in a negative way, using repression mechanisms against the false indication of origin, based on competition law and consumer protection. Many combine these two forms. Besides, in the international agreements, there is an evolution and an extension on the concept of geographical indication, which covers, harmonically, the definitions of the countries examined. However, bilateral and regional agreements tend to promote uniformity of definition and forms of protection of these signs. As the multilateral agreements have been permeated by bilateral and regional agreements, such cycles have resulted in a gradual consolidation of the distinctive signs of origin protection; although they have not reached standardization in the form of protection. It concludes that, in the on going international negotiations, especially under the Doha Round in WTO, we can forecast effective progress in this consolidation, not in a short term but in a medium one. It is in this sense that international relationships between the industrial property arena have been based in the last two centuries.
Desde la antigüedad los signos distintivos se utilizan para identificar y diferenctar el orígen de las mercancías, o para indicar la propiedad de un producto, su origen geográfica. Parece que, a lo largo de la história, se ha avanzado en la construcción y consolidación del uso de estos signos en la arena internacional, especialmente para el producto que ha sido más identificado con su origen: el vino. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de que esta investigación es ver cómo se le ha dado tal avance y los resultados que se pueden encontrar bajo la protección de signos distintivos de origen. Para ello, el texto se divide en dos partes. A modo de introducción, se explora la evolución histórica de la utilización de estos señales desde la Mesopotamia hasta Grécia y Roma, donde se elaboraban los vinos de Falernun, como el bronce de Corintio y mármol de Carrara. En la Edad Media, los gremios deran origen a la marca colectiva y marca de certificación. Esta práctica se expande con el mercantilismo, consolidado con la Revolución Industrial. Con la Revolución Francesa hay un cambio de la marca colectiva y el nacimiento de la marca individual. Sobre la base de esta evolución, la primera parte desta exposición está dedicada a un análisis comparativo de la evolución legislativa de los vinos tradicionales produzidos en los países situados en Europa - Portugal, Francia, España, Italia, Alemania y Gran Bretaña -, así como los países del Nuevo Mundo Vitivinícolas - Estados Unidos de América, Chile, Austrália y Brasil. El ámbito de aplicación es verificar hasta que punto los reglamentos internos de esos países están armonizados. La segunda parte visa examinar la evolución de los tratados internacionales con el fin de entender cómo se han regulado estas señales. Serán evaluados los acuerdos bilaterales, los acuerdos multilaterales, como el Convenio de París, el Arreglo de Madrid, el Arreglo de Lisboa y el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, así como acuerdos regionales como la Comunidad Europea, el MERCOSUR, el TLC, la CAN y los posibles acuerdos bi-regionales. El estúdio consiste en examinar si hay armonía entre sus concepciones de la indicación geográfica y investigar el posible desarrollo de sus futuras negociaciones. Como resultado, parece existir cierto equilibrio entre las normas internas de los países examinados. Alguns hacen la protección de una manera positiva a través del registro o el reconocimiento de la denominación de orígen controlada, la indicación geográfica, la indicación de procedencia, la denominación de origen, la zona vitivinícola americana, la marca colectiva y la marca de certificación. Otros hacen la protección de una manera negativa, haciendo uso de la represión a la declaración falsa de orígen, sobre la base de la legislación sobre competencia y protección de los consumidores. Muchos combinan esas dos formas. De otro modo, en los acuerdos internacionales, existe una evolución y una concepción ampliada de la indicación geográfica, que cubre, armónicamente, las definiciones de los países examinados. Sin embargo, los acuerdos bilaterales y regionales tienden a promover la uniformidad de la definición y forma de protección de esos signos. Como los acuerdos multilaterales han sido permeados por los acuerdos bilaterales y regionales, esos ciclos se han traducido en un acercamiento gradual a la consolidación de la protección a los signos distintivos de orígen, aunque no han llegado a una uniformidad en la forma de protección. Llegamos a la conclusión de que, en las negociaciones internacionales en curso, especialmente en la Ronda de Doha en la OMC, podemos percibir un progreso real en esa consolidación, en definitiva, pero en un mediano plazo, ya que, así como ocurió en la relación internacional en el ámbito de la propiedad industrial, se ha consolidado en los últimos dos siglos.
Simonet, Catherine. „Changement climatique, chocs pluviométriques et sécurité alimentaire : essais sur l'usage de l'information climatique en économie du développement“. Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF10392/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAcknowledging a limited knowledge and use of climate data in development economics, this thesis proposes a new perspective on the use of both macroeconomic and microeconomic climate data. This thesis has a two-Fold objective: to deepen knowledge on climate data through the production of a new global database directly exploitable by economists, and to propose several applications of this database at different economic scales. The first part focuses on the macroeconomic aspect of the climate data. Its aim is to empower researchers with a deeper understanding of global climate data and to increase economic knowledge on the characteristics of climate change. Chapter 1 contains a climate database available monthly over the 1900-2008 period for nearly 200 countries. Based on this initial work, Chapter 2 proposes an original use of the database with the construction of a physical indicator of vulnerability to climate change, a tool which can be used as a basis for the allocation of aid for climate change adaptation. The second part of this thesis is composed of two microeconomic studies whose aim is to analyse the behaviour of agents facing a rainfall shock. In those two chapters, rainfall data is used to compensate for the lack of data on agricultural production. At the household level, Chapter 3 focuses on the implications of an episode of reduced rainfall on the nutritional status of children under five years old. It shows that rural households do not have the capacity to provide for or absorb climate shocks. At the grain market level, Chapter 4 studies the response of prices to a shock front rainfall. It reveals the presence of speculation, especially in small and poorly integrated markets
Feneyrol, Julien. „Pétrologie, géochimie et genèse des gisements de tsavorite associés aux gneiss et roches calco-silicatées graphiteux de Lemshuku et Namalulu, Tanzanie“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0348/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTsavorite, a (V, Cr, Mn)-bearing green grossular, is hosted by graphitic gneisses or calc-silicates, often asssociated with dolomitic marbles, and belonging to the Metamorphic Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt. Tsavorite is found either as nodules or in quartz veins (primary deposits), or in placers (secondary deposits). The mineralogical study of tsavorites suggests a new protocol to certificate their geographical origin, based on the V/Cr ratio, Mn content and delta18O. The study of the Lemshuku and Namalulu deposits in Tanzania has shown that the metamorphism of organic matter-rich and evaporites-rich sedimentary protoliths occurred at P = 7.0 ± 0.4 kbar and T = 677 ± 14°C, at 634 ± 22 Ma (U-Th-Pb dating on monazite). The metamorphic series cooled down at around 500 Ma (40Ar-39Ar dating on muscovite). Two metasomatic stages are linked to the formation of tsavorite : (i) diffusion metasomatism forming nodules at P = 5.0-7.4 kbar and T = 580-691°C; (ii) calcitic infiltration metasomatism forming quartz veins at P = 3.6-4.9 kbar and T = 505-587°C. These last have been dated in situ with Sm-Nd dating at 606 ± 36 Ma. Continental evaporites, deposited in a coastal marine sabkha with (Si, Ca)-bearing sediments, transformed into tsavorite in the case of the nodules, while the molten salts are associated with the formation of the quartz veins. The mineralisations are controlled by lithostratigraphy and structure
Daoust, Caroline. „Nature et origine des roches métamorphiques infra-ophiolitiques de la région du lac Brompton, Québec, Canada“. Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/1677/1/M10014.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCarignan, Mira. „L’origine géographique en tant que facteur explicatif de la cyberdélinquance“. Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12549.
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