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1
The origin and evolution of violin as a musical instrument and its contribution to the progressive flow of Indian classical music. Kolkata: Ramakrisna Vedanta Math, 2010.
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2
Boyden, David Dodge. The history of violin playing from its origins to 1761: And its relationship to the violin and violin music. Oxford [London]: Clarendon Press, 1990.
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3
Sârbu, Ion. Vioara și maeștrii ei: De la origini până azi. București: Info-Team, 1995.
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4
Alvergnat, Corinne. L' alto depuis son origine. Lyon: Bellier, 1999.
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5
Sariti, David Joseph. The Austro-German violin sonata, c. 1650: Its style and origins. [S.l.]: University of Hartford, 2005.
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6
Y salimos a matar gente: Investigación sobre el delincuente venezolano violento de origen popular. [Maracaibo?]: Universidad del Zulia, Ediciones del Vice Rectorado Académico, 2007.
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Juvenile violence in a winner-loser culture: Socio-economic and familial origins of the rise in violence against the person. London: Free Association Books, 1995.
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Juvenile violence in a winner-loser culture: Socio-economic and familial origins of the rise of violence against the person. London: Free Association Books, 1995.
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9
1931-, Burkert Walter, Girard René 1923-, Smith Jonathan Z und Hamerton-Kelly Robert, Hrsg. Violent origins. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1987.
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10
Burkert, Walter, René Girard und Jonathan Z. Smith. Violent Origins. Herausgegeben von Robert G. Hamerton-Kelly. Stanford University Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780804766265.
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Nature of War: Origins and Evolution of Violent Conflict. McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2012.
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12
Freud and Monotheism: Moses and the Violent Origins of Religion. Fordham University Press, 2018.
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13
Bernstein, Richard, Karen S. Feldman, Jan Assmann, Gilad Sharvit und Gilad Sharvit. Freud and Monotheism: Moses and the Violent Origins of Religion. Fordham University Press, 2018.
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14
Alejandro, Moreno Olmedo, Hrsg. Tiros en la cara: El delincuente violento de origen popular. Caracas: Ediciones IESA, 2008.
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Alejandro, Moreno Olmedo, Hrsg. Tiros en la cara: El delincuente violento de origen popular. Caracas: Ediciones IESA, 2008.
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16
Maxwell, Catherine. Perfumed Melodies, Violet Memories. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701750.003.0003.
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This chapter focuses on the fragrance of single flower—the violet—which although often associated with the modest Victorian maiden, has an alternative literary genealogy that links its scent not just to memory, death, mourning, and remembrance, but also specifically to music and poetry. After tracking its influential literary origins in Shakespeare and Bacon, the chapter shows how violet scent encrypts memories of Shelley and Keats that haunt the Victorian imagination, and traces that memorial scent as it permeates various later Victorian lyrics to be finally expressed in a sonnet of 1901 by Katharine Bradley, the older half of the poetic couple who write as Michael Field.
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Kartomi, Margaret. From Singkil to Natal. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036712.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the two main musical genres performed at northwest-coastal Sumatran weddings and baby thanksgiving ceremonies between Singkil and Natal: lagu sikambang asli (original sikambang songs) and lagu sikambang kapri (sikambang songs with violin, harmony, and couples dancing). It considers the vocal style of the sikambang asli songs and how the harmonically generated violin accompaniment is blended with the Malay vocal style and frame-drum part in the sikambang kapri songs. The chapter begins with a discussion of “Buai,” a ceremonial lullaby, the Penang Island Song and the Umbrella Dance, and “Lagu Sikambang Tarian Anak” (“Sikambang Song-Dance [to celebrate the birth of a] Child”). It then describes some Pasisir song-dances that are also performed by artists in and around other Malay areas, along with the spread of the violin and couples dancing to the Pasisir Sumando coast. The chapter hypothesizes that the musical genre's harmonic elements and use of the violin are derived from Malay-Portuguese contact during the Portuguese colonial era in Southeast Asia (1511–1641).
18
Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan: Nationalism, Islamism, and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space. Lexington Books/Fortress Academic, 2016.
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19
(Editor), Robert Hamerton-Kelly, Hrsg. Violent Origins: Walter Burkert, Rene Girard, and Jonathan Z. Smith on Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation. Stanford University Press, 1988.
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Hamerton-Kelly, Robert G. Violent Origins: Walter Burkert, Rene Girard, and Jonathan Z. Smith on Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation. Stanford University Press, 1987.
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21
Ferraguto, Mark. Beethoven 1806. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947187.001.0001.
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Between early 1806 and early 1807, Ludwig van Beethoven completed a remarkable series of instrumental works including his Fourth Piano Concerto (Op. 58), “Razumovsky” String Quartets (Op. 59), Fourth Symphony (Op. 60), Violin Concerto (Op. 61), Thirty-Two Variations on an Original Theme for Piano (WoO 80), and Overture to Collin’s Coriolan (Op. 62). Critics have struggled to reconcile the music of this year with Beethoven’s so-called heroic style, the paradigm through which his middle-period works have typically been understood. Drawing on theories of mediation and a wealth of primary sources, Beethoven 1806 explores the specific contexts in which the music of this year was conceived, composed, and heard. Not only did Beethoven depend on patrons, performers, publishers, critics, and audiences to earn a living, but he also tailored his compositions to suit particular sensibilities, proclivities, and technologies.
22
Gibbons, William. A Clockwork Homage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265250.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on games that use classical music to allude to the films of auteur director Stanley Kubrick, whether as homage, parody, or both. By invoking Kubrick’s work, these games aim to connect with his legacy as an artistically lauded filmmaker whose works also had wide appeal. The chapter explores connections between 2001: A Space Odyssey and the massively successful early space flight simulator Elite, which includes features explicitly modeled on Kubrick’s film. It continues by examining two very different games that make reference to Kubrick’s notoriously violent film A Clockwork Orange: Conker’s Bad Fur Day and Batman: Arkham Origins.
23
Taylor, Christopher C. Genocide and the Religious Imaginary in Rwanda. Herausgegeben von Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer und Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0016.
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This chapter, which concentrates on the violent imaginaries that informed the reports and deeds of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, reviews the perseverance of pre-colonial notions of a sacred king whose “wild sovereignty” and inability to promote the flow of imaana earns him fateful sacrifice. The term imaana denotes a supreme being and, in a more generalized way, a “diffuse, fecundating fluid” of celestial origin whose activity upon livestock, land, and people brought fertility and abundance. As imaana's earthly representative, the king channeled fertility to the rest of humanity. The chapter also discusses symbolism of the sovereign's body and its implicit link with the process of liquid flow. Habyarimana is an inadequate conduit of imaana and thus not a worthy king. He is the antithesis of Ruganzu Ndori.
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ter Haar, Barend J. Demon and Monastic Protector. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803645.003.0002.
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The worship of Guan Yu started where he had been executed in late 219 or early 220, in the Jing region just north of the Yangzi River in modern Hubei. Sometime during the Tang dynasty, the cult of Lord Guan was appropriated by the increasingly well-known Buddhist Jade Spring Monastery in the nearby hills. Throughout this period, Lord Guan continued to be seen as a violent demonic figure, awe- and fear-inspiring, but also potentially helpful. Most of the extant sources used in this chapter reflect collective memories as they have crystallized after long periods of oral transmission. This chapter also shows that the Buddhist origin of the cult was certainly significant in the early centuries, but actually does not explain many foundations of the cult outside of the Jing region.
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Göran, Burenhult, und American Museum of Natural History., Hrsg. The First humans: Human origins and history to 10,000 BC. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1993.
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26
Vogt, Manuel. Mobilization and Conflict in Multiethnic States. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190065874.001.0001.
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Why are ethnic movements more likely to turn violent in some multiethnic countries than in others? Focusing on the long-term legacies of European colonialism, this book presents two ideal-typical logics of ethnic group mobilization—one of violent competition and another of nonviolent emancipatory opposition. The book’s theory first explains why ethnic grievances are translated into either violent or nonviolent forms of conflict as a function of distinct ethnic cleavage types, resulting from different colonial experiences. Violent intergroup conflict is least likely where settler colonialism resulted in persistent stratification, with ethnic groups organized as ethnoclasses. Such stratified societies are characterized by an equilibrium of inequality, in which historically marginalized groups lack both the organizational strength and the opportunities for armed rebellion. In contrast, where colonialism and decolonization divided ethnic groups into segmented, unranked subsocieties that feature distinct socioeconomic and cultural institutions, ethnic mobilization is more likely to trigger violent conflict. Second, the theory links this structural explanation to the political actors at the heart of ethnic movements—in particular, ethnic organizations. It elucidates how these organizations fuel the risk of civil conflict in segmented unranked societies, but peacefully promote the empowerment of historically marginalized groups in stratified societies. The book draws on an innovative mixed-methods design that combines large-n statistical analyses—using new data on the linguistic and religious segmentation of ethnic groups, as well as on ethnic organizations—with case studies based on original field research in four different countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
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Ruse, Michael. Two Visions of War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0003.
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Jesus apparently proscribed violence, which meant that—as was understood by early Christians—war is prohibited. As Christianity became the state religion, by focusing on our innate unhappy nature—“original sin”—Augustine devised “just war theory,” legitimizing the Christian use of war and specifying the conditions under which it could be fought. Augustinian philosophy influenced Anglican theology, although, by the nineteenth century, thinking about war was fashioned more to the needs of empire building. Darwin discussed war in detail in the Descent, in respects accepting Augustinian thinking about our original violent nature, but putting this in the context of natural selection making for a progressive climb to humankind. Unlike the Christian who thinks that war will be with us always, Darwin envisioned a war-free future.
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Kruglanski, Arie W., David Webber und Daniel Koehler. The Radical's Journey. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190851095.001.0001.
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The Radical’s Journey draws from interviews with former right-wing extremists in Germany to present a compelling account of life as a political extremist. Insights are provided into four distinct phases of an extremist’s lifecycle: joining a radical organization, involvement in and engagement with a violent movement, leaving extremism behind, and coping with the repercussions of once being an extremist and deviant in society. Analyses are derived from an empirically supported framework that emphasizes the importance of psychological needs, exposure to ideological narratives, and embeddedness within a social network as critical to involvement in extreme violence. Instead of focusing on the details of life within an extreme movement, space is devoted to understanding the social psychological processes and factors that help the reader understand, for instance, why one would choose an extremist lifestyle or why one would remain committed to a violent organization. Throughout, insight is provided into which aspects of this journey are unique to the German context and which aspects appear to be universal, no matter one’s country of origin or ideological subscriptions. Space is also devoted to understanding the German right-wing space, both in terms of the evolution of extremism and the evolution of the counter-extremism industry that has developed to address this expanding threat. The issues covered within should resonate with practitioners and scholars working within counter-extremism fields.
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Nelson, William E. Testing the Bonds of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190850487.003.0008.
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This chapter turns to two British laws that pushed Britain’s thirteen colonies toward revolution and independence—the Proclamation of 1763 and the Stamp Act. The Proclamation of 1763 did not lead directly to revolution, but it did make Americans like George Washington think that the British ministry had “a malignant disposition to Americans.” The Stamp Act produced more violent protest, together with a series of cases in seven colonies that, either in specific language or in practical effect, held Parliament’s Stamp Act unconstitutional. None of the cases examined in this chapter have ever been analyzed in the literature concerning Marybury v. Madison and the origins of the American doctrine of judicial review.
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Danielson, Michael S. Migrants as Agents of Democratization? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190679972.003.0007.
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How do migrants affect the political systems of their municipalities of origin? This chapter seeks to understand the factors that lead to a range of possible outcomes. To do this, it employs a comparative subnational research design to analyze ethnographic data gathered from 12 high-migration municipalities in the states of Oaxaca, Guanajuato, and Zacatecas. The chapter documents how migrants have interacted with home-country political actors and evaluates the impact of these interactions. Migrant engagement resulted in some form of increased political competition in 6 of the 12 municipalities studied; in all but one of these cases, the result was factionalism and a divided opposition at best, and deep and violent social conflict at worst. In the remaining 6 municipalities, dominant political actors either incorporated migrants into the prevailing system by establishing neocorporatist equilibria or successfully blocked the influence of migrant actors all together, despite high levels of migration.
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Smokowski, Paul Richard, Martica Bacallao, Corrine David-Ferdon und Caroline B. R. Evans. Acculturation and Violence in Minority Adolescents. Herausgegeben von Seth J. Schwartz und Jennifer Unger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.32.
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This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research linking acculturation and violent behavior for adolescents of three minority populations: Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN). Studies on Latino and A/PI youth indicate that higher levels of adolescent assimilation were a risk factor for violence. Ethnic group identity or culture of origin involvement appear to be cultural assets against youth violence, with supporting evidence from studies on A/PI youth; however, more studies are needed on Latino and AI/AN youth. Although some evidence shows low acculturation or cultural marginality to be a risk factor for higher levels of fear, victimization, and being bullied, low acculturation also serves as a protective factor against dating violence victimization for Latino youth. An emerging trend, in both the Latino and A/PI youth literature, shows the impact of acculturation processes on youth aggression and violence can be mediated by family dynamics.
32
Hofreiter, Christian. Making Sense of Old Testament Genocide. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810902.001.0001.
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This book investigates the effective history of some of the most problematic passages in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament): passages involving the concept or practice of herem. These texts contain prima facie divine commands to commit genocide as well as descriptions of genocidal military campaigns commended by God. The book presents and analyses the solutions that Christian interpreters from antiquity until today have proposed to the concomitant moral and hermeneutical challenges. A number of ways in which the texts have been used to justify violence and war or to criticize Christianity are also addressed. Apart from offering the most comprehensive presentation of the effective history (Wirkungsgeschichte) of herem texts to date, the book presents an analysis and critical evaluation of the theological and hermeneutical assumptions underlying each of the several approaches and their exegetical and practical consequences. The resulting taxonomy and hermeneutical map is an original contribution to the history of exegesis and to the study of religion and violence. It may also help Christian and other religious readers today make sense of these troubling biblical texts. Apart from an introduction and conclusion, this book contains four diachronic chapters in which the various exegetical approaches are set out: pre-critical (from the OT to the Apostolic Fathers), dissenting (Marcion and other ancient critics), figurative (from Origen to high medieval times), divine command ethics (from Augustine to Calvin) and violent (from Ambrose via the Crusades to Puritan North America). A fifth chapter presents near-contemporary reiterations and variations of the historic approaches.
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Trejo, Guillermo. Why and When Do Peasants Rebel? Herausgegeben von David Brady und Linda M. Burton. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.35.
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This article explores the origins and consequences of direct political action as a means for the rural poor to overcome economic destitution. Three forms of rural collective action are discussed: peaceful protest, armed rebellion, and civil war. The article first reviews classic statements and recent findings in the literature on peasant collective action before considering why poor peasants rebel. Drawing on recent studies of peasant protest, armed insurgency, and civil war, it then outlines four lessons that help us rethink dynamics of poor people’s movements. It also assesses the long-term economic and political consequences of peasant collective action and whether violent or nonviolent forms of rural mobilization have an impact on land redistribution and democratization. Finally, it describes conditions under which the poor try to overcome their destitution through direct political action.
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Meierhenrich, Jens. “A Rational Core within an Irrational Shell”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814412.003.0007.
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This chapter turns from the making of The Dual State to its theoretical significance. Fraenkel’s principal argument had three parts. The first part comprised several counterintuitive propositions about the nature of the institutional design of the Nazi political order. Fraenkel argued that this structure consisted of two interacting states: a prerogative and a normative state. The second part of his argument revolved around the institutional effects of this bifurcated state. Fraenkel claimed that it facilitated not only violent domination but also allowed for an orderly transition to and consolidation of authoritarian rule. The third part of Fraenkel’s argument concerned the institutional origins of the dual state. I elaborate and critically evaluate each of these arguments in turn. Through an in-depth engagement with the strengths—and weaknesses—of The Dual State, I prepare the ground for the remainder of the analysis.
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Ther, Philipp. Ethnic Cleansing. Herausgegeben von Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0007.
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One can define ethnic cleansing as a mass-scale, violent, and permanent removal of an ethnically defined group from one territory to a perceived external homeland. Deportations within a state were special in this regard because there was no vision of an external territory to which the cleansed population would be sent. It still needs to be explored why some states treated deported minorities worse than other states treated their supposed external enemies. This article examines the origins and three preconditions of ethnic cleansing: modern nationalism, the concept of the modern nation-state, and the development of population policy. It also discusses four major periods of ethnic cleansing: 1912–1925, ethnic cleansing under the hegemony of Nazi Germany (1938–1944), ethnic cleansing and the postwar order in Europe (1944–1948), and ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia (1991–1995).
36
Srinivasan, Sharath. When Peace Kills Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197602720.001.0001.
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When Peace Kills Politics explains the role of international peacemaking in reproducing violence and political authoritarianism in Sudan and South Sudan in recent decades. Srinivasan explains how Sudan’s landmark north–south peace process that achieved the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement fueled war in Darfur, the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile alongside how it contributed to Sudan’s failed political transformation and newly independent South Sudan’s rapid descent into civil war. Concluding with the conspicuous absence of ‘peace’ when non-violent revolutionary political change came to Sudan in 2019, Srinivasan examines at close range why outsiders’ peace projects may displace civil politics and raise the political currency of violence. With an original contribution to theorizing peace and peacemaking drawing upon the political thought of Hannah Arendt, the book is an analysis of the tragic shortcomings of attempting to build a non-violent political realm through neat designs and tools of compulsion, where the end goal of peace becomes caught up in idealized constitutional texts, technocratic templates and deals on sharing spoils. When Peace Kills Politics demands a radical rethinking of the project of peace in civil wars, grounded in a more earnest commitment to civil political action.
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Ward, Michael D. Statistical Analysis of International Interdependencies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.303.
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The origin of the statistical analysis of international relations can be traced back to 1920s with the work of Quincy Wright, who founded the University of Chicago’s Committee on International Relations. He led an interdisciplinary study of war that provided a first compendium of what was then known about the causes of war. Wright's studies and those that came after them were based on the assumption that systematic data were required to advance our knowledge about the causes of violent conflicts, and that an analysis of the dynamics of strategic decision making were essential; in short, systematic data coupled with a theoretical framework that focused on the decision-making calculus. However, debates soon raged over whether this scientific approach was better than the classical approach, which was based on philosophy, history, and law, and did not conform to strict standards of verification and proof. Since then, the literature has evolved into studies with a strong theoretical motivation, often expressed via game theoretical analytics, examined empirically with statistical frameworks that are specifically sculpted to probe those strategic dependencies. As such, existing models have resolved the levels of analysis problem that appeared daunting to earlier generations by actually focusing on the modeling of aspects of world politics that enjoin many different levels simultaneously.
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Sandvig, Christian. The Internet as Infrastructure. Herausgegeben von William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0005.
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This chapter discusses how useful it can be to view the Internet as an infrastructure, demonstrating how technical changes of the infrastructure can have unanticipated and unintended societal consequences. The Libyan decision induced substantial dismay in the Internet industry. The case of Violet Blue entails technical decisions about the design of interactive software, usability, culture, religion, history, politics, and economics. Moreover, the infrastructure studies of the Internet are outlined as the relationists and the new materialists. The Internet turns out as an infrastructural primitive or template for its parents: a model privately organized system of distributed computation – theur-infrastructure. Communication in its original meaning was transportation, a box of goods was said to be ‘communicated’ when it was delivered. It is observed that the Internet demands attention as a foundation for modern life.
39
American Museum of Natural History (Corporate Author) und Goran Burenhult (Editor), Hrsg. The First Humans: Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. (Illustrated History of Humankind, Vol. 1). Harpercollins, 1993.
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American Museum of Natural History (Corporate Author) und Goran Burenhult (Editor), Hrsg. The First Humans: Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. (Illustrated History of Humankind, Vol. 1). Harpercollins, 1993.
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41
Ruse, Michael. Moving Forward. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0012.
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The Augustinian vision of humankind, on which so much Christian thinking about war is based, is false. Thanks to Darwinian evolutionary biology we know there was no original couple, Adam and Eve; there was no eating of the apple; there is no original sin. We are not innately depraved in this way. Morbid fatalism is inappropriate. The killer-ape vision of humankind, on which so much Darwinian thinking about war is based, is equally false. Thanks to updated Darwinian evolutionary biology, we know that we did not evolve in the violent ways often presumed, and that in major respects we are designed to avoid war. Culture, particularly agriculture, changed much of that and war became common. Changing this is not to go against our nature. Naïve optimism is no more in place. There is hope of more constructive engagement between Christians and Darwinians. On the Christian side, there are alternative theologies to Augustinian Atonement theology, notable Incarnational theology, not dependent on a literal Adam and Eve. On the Darwinian side, there are fresh empirical findings and interpretations, with truer understandings of human history and nature. Perhaps now, together, we can move forward the debate on the nature and causes and possible ending of human warfare.
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Schor, Paul. Counting Americans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199917853.001.0001.
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By telling how the US census classified and divided Americans by race and origin from the founding of the United States to World War II, this book shows how public statistics have been used to create an unequal representation of the nation. From the beginning, the census was a political undertaking, torn between the conflicting demands of the state, political actors, social scientists, businesses, and interest groups. Through the extensive archives of the Bureau of the Census, it traces the interactions that led to the adoption or rejection of changes in the ways different Americans were classified, as well as the changing meaning of seemingly stable categories over time. Census workers and directors by necessity constantly interpreted official categories in the field and in the offices. The difficulties they encountered, the mobilization and resistance of actors, the negotiations with the census, all tell a social history of the relation of the state to the population. Focusing in detail on slaves and their descendants, on racialized groups, and on immigrants, as well as on the troubled imposition of US racial categories upon the population of newly acquired territories, the book demonstrates that census-taking in the United States has been at its core a political undertaking shaped by racial ideologies that reflect its violent history of colonization, enslavement, segregation, and discrimination.
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Ogorzalek, Thomas K. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190668877.003.0001.
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This chapter frames the subsequent analyses with a vignette of a congressional debate between urban and rural constituencies. In this exchange, city politician par excellence Richard J. Daley articulates the priorities of cities and explains their pursuit of allies, while rural representatives cite the formidable unity of urban legislators as a reason for maintaining cities’ historic underrepresentation. But the very premise of this rural position—that cities are sites of political unity—demands scrutiny. After all, cities are the sites of all kinds of continual and recurrent contention, both violent and subtle. From where did the political unity of urban representation, constructed from deeply divided “pre-political” building blocks, come? This is the key question of the book. The chapter also describes the original data gathered for the project and situates the analysis within the study of the effects of local institutions on national politics.
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Scott, Walter. Ivanhoe. Herausgegeben von Ian Duncan. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199538409.001.0001.
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More than a century after the Norman Conquest, England remains a colony of foreign warlords. The dissolute Prince John plots to seize his brother’s crown, his barons terrorize the country, and the mysterious outlaw Robin Hood haunts the ancient greenwood. The secret return of King Richard and the disinherited Saxon knight, Ivanhoe, heralds the start of a splendid and tumultuous romance, featuring the tournament at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, the siege of Torquilstone, and the clash of wills between the wicked Templar Bois-Guilbert and the sublime Jewess Rebecca. In Ivanhoe Scott fashioned an imperial myth of national cultural identity that has shaped the popular imagination ever since its first appearance at the end of 1819. The most famous of Scottish novelists drew on the conventions of Gothic fiction, including its risky sexual and racial themes, to explore the violent origins and limits of English nationality. This edition uses the 1830 Magnum Opus text, corrected against the Interleaved Set, and incorporates readings from Scott’s manuscript. The introduction examines the originality and cultural importance of Ivanhoe, and draws on current work by historians and cultural critics.
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Doughan, Christopher. The Voice of the Provinces. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786942258.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive depiction of Ireland’s regional press during the turbulent years leading up to the foundation of the Irish Free State following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. It investigates the origins of the regional papers that reported this critical period of Irish history and profiles the personalities behind many of these publications. Furthermore, this book presents case studies of seventeen newspapers – nationalist, unionist, and independent – across the four provinces of Ireland. These case studies not only detail the history of the respective newspapers but also closely scrutinises the editorial commentary of each publication between 1914 and 1921. Consequently, a thorough analysis of how each of these regional titles responded to the many dramatic developments during these years is provided. This includes seminal events such as the outbreak of World War I, the Easter Rising of 1916, the rise of the Sinn Féin party, the War of Independence, and the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. During this time many of Ireland’s regional newspaper titles faced censorship, suppression, and in some cases, violent attack on their premises that threatened their livelihood. In some instances, newspaper owners, editors, and their staff were arrested and imprisoned. Their experiences during these years are meticulously detailed in this book.
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Mezger, Caroline. Forging Germans. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198850168.001.0001.
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Forging Germans explores the nationalization and eventual National Socialist mobilization of ethnic German children and youth in interwar and World War II Yugoslavia, particularly in two of its multiethnic, post-Habsburg borderlands: the Western Banat and the Batschka. Drawing upon original oral history interviews, untapped archival materials from Germany, Hungary, and Serbia, and historical press sources, the book uncovers the multifarious ways in which political, ecclesiastical, cultural, and military agents from Germany colluded with local nationalist activists to inculcate Yugoslavia’s ethnic Germans with divergent notions of “Germanness.” As the book shows, even in the midst of Yugoslavia’s violent and shifting Axis occupation, children and youth not only remained the subjects, but became agents of nationalist activism, as they embraced, negotiated, redefined, proselytized, lived, and died for the “Germanness” ascribed to them. Forging Germans is conceptualized as a contribution to the study of National Socialism from a transnational and comparative perspective, to the mid-twentieth-century history of Southeastern Europe and its relation to Germany, to studies of borderland nationalism and experiences of World War II occupation, and to the history of childhood and youth.
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Ruse, Michael. Rival Paradigms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867577.003.0011.
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We have two recent writers on war, one a Christian and the other a Darwinian, showing that the familiar themes continue strong. In In Defence of War, Oxford Regius Professor of Theology, Nigel Biggar, argues that an Augustinian position rightly acknowledges original sin and the need for Christians to take up arms. He thinks the slaughter on the Somme justified and endorses the propriety of the Second Iraq War. In The Better Angels of our Nature, Harvard Professor of Psychology Steven Pinker argues that innately we are violent but that, over the generations, thanks to culture, we are becoming less and less warlike. Biggar is strongly committed to Providence, all is in God’s hands, Pinker is strongly committed to progress, things have and will continue to get better. We have now certainly shown that the clash between Christianity and Darwinism is less science vs. religion and more one of religion vs. religion. The case is made for Darwinism as religion. Looking ahead, now discussing in its own right the nature and causes of war, has the comparison between Christianity and Darwinism on war mean we can now move the discussion forward?
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Griffiths, Ryan D. Secession and the Sovereignty Game. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754746.001.0001.
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This book offers a comprehensive strategic theory for how secessionist movements attempt to win independence. Combining original data analysis, fieldwork, interviews with secessionist leaders, and case studies on Catalonia, the Murrawarri Republic, West Papua, Bougainville, New Caledonia, and Northern Cyprus, the book shows how the rules and informal practices of sovereign recognition create a strategic playing field between existing states and aspiring nations that the book terms “the sovereignty game.” To win sovereign statehood, all secessionist movements have to maneuver on the same strategic playing field while varying their tactics according to local conditions. To obtain recognition, secessionist movements use tactics of electoral capture, nonviolent civil resistance, and violence. To persuade the home state and the international community, they appeal to normative arguments regarding earned sovereignty, decolonization, the right to choose, inherent sovereignty, and human rights. The pursuit of independence can be enormously disruptive and is quite often violent. By advancing a theory that explains how sovereign recognition has succeeded in the past and is working in the present, and by anticipating the practices of future secessionist movements, the book also prescribes solutions that could make the sovereignty game less conflictual.
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Koinova, Maria. Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848622.001.0001.
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Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond essentialized notions of diasporas as groups. Individual diaspora entrepreneurs operate in transnational social fields affecting their mobilizations beyond dynamics confined to host-states and original home-states. There are four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways, unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of these diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. Such pathways produce mobilization trajectories with varying levels of contention and methods of channelling homeland-oriented goals. Non-contentious pathways often occur when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the diaspora entrepreneurs’ goals, and when diaspora entrepreneurs can act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. This book is informed by 300 interviews and a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.
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Lerner, Ross. Unknowing Fanaticism. Fordham University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823283873.001.0001.
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We may think we know what defines religious fanaticism: violent action undertaken with dogmatic certainty. But the term “fanatic,” from the European Reformation to today, has never been a stable term. Then and now it has been reductively defined to justify state violence and to delegitimize alternative sources of authority. Unknowing Fanaticism rejects the simplified binary of fanatical religion and rational politics and turns to Renaissance literature to demonstrate that fanaticism was integral to how both modern politics and poetics developed, from the German Peasant Revolts of the 1520s to the English Civil War in the mid-seventeenth century. This book traces two entangled approaches to fanaticism in the long Reformation: the targeting of it as a political threat and the engagement with it as an epistemological and poetic problem. In the first, thinkers of modernity from Martin Luther to Thomas Hobbes and John Locke positioned themselves against fanaticism to dismiss dissent and abet theological and political control. In the second, the poets of fanaticism investigated the link between fanatical self-annihilation—the process by which one could become a vessel for divine violence—and the practices of writing poetry. Edmund Spenser, John Donne, and John Milton recognized in the fanatic’s claim to be a passive instrument of God their own incapacity to know and depict the origins of fanaticism. This crisis led these writers to experiment with poetic techniques that would allow them to address fanaticism’s tendency to unsettle the boundaries between reason and revelation, human will and divine agency.