Thematische Bibliographien / Orchard crop

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Orchard crop“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 18. Mai 2024

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Khan, Nazish Huma, Mohammad Nafees, Tooba Saeed, Abdullah Khan und Adila Bashir. „Accumulation and Translocation of Micro-Nutrients in Soil and Plants of Orchard and Non-Orchard Fields“. Biological Sciences - PJSIR 63, Nr. 3 (13.11.2020): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.63.3.2020.187.198.

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The present study was conducted in the Plum orchard zone of district Peshawar. The study was aimed to investigate the levels of different micronutrients in the orchard soil and crop in corresponding to non-orchards. For this purpose, samples of soil and seasonal crop (wheat crop) were collected from both orchard and non-orchard fields. The collected samples were analyzed for various metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that in orchard soils, mean concentrations of Mn (486.9 mg/Kg), Cu (81.66 mg/Kg), Cd (2.21 mg/Kg), Cr (54.2 mg/Kg) and Ni (27.9 mg/Kg) were observed above their allowable limits. Similarly, in orchard wheat crops, a higher accumulation of Fe (416.1 mg/Kg), Cu (18.6 mg/Kg), Cr (1.5 mg/Kg) and Cd (0.63 mg/Kg) was calculated in the wheat grain/seed part. In non-orchards, all metals were found at safe levels. Analysis of the irrigation water revealed higher limits of Mn (0.06 mg/L), Fe (1.94 mg/L), Cd (1.29 mg/L), Cr (3.14 mg/L) and Ni (1.23 mg/L). Geo-accumulation Index showed a moderate and heavy level of contamination in orchard soils (Igeo. <1, 2). Higher uptakes of Mn (0.81) and Cu (0.87) were calculated in wheat crops of orchards through Transfer Factor (TF). Based on the observations, it is concluded that metals enrichment in orchard fields can be attributed due to excessive applications of fungicide sprays, fertilizers and contaminated water sources that introduce trace-elements into the soil and are subsequently absorbed by plants. Therefore, it is considered important to take appropriate measures to monitor the soils, crops and water for different micronutrients.

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Burcaw, Jeffrey W., Bruce W. Wood und Michael W. Pool. „620 PB 328 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF INTERTREE SHADING IN HEDGEROW AND NON-INTERSECTING CANOPY ORCHARD SYSTEMS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON OPTIMAL ORCHARD DESIGN“. HortScience 29, Nr. 5 (Mai 1994): 521b—521. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.521b.

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The authors have developed a mathematical model designed for shade-intolerant tree crops which describes the amount of intertree shading in an orchard. These data are used to formulate an optimal orchard design based on shading reduction in orchards for any tree crop during any developmental window at any global location for either continuous canopy hedgerows or non-intersecting canopies for several different orchard geometries. Variables include tree shape, orchard geometry intertree spacing, row orientation, time and day of year, and geographical coordinates. Optimal orchard designs are based upon the total amount of unshaded canopy surface per unit area which each orchard configuration confers. Results indicate extensive variability of intertree shading between hedgerow and non-intersecting canopies to be largely a function of latitude, regardless of other variables.

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El-Kassaby, Y. A., M. U. Stoehr, D. Reid, C. G. Walsh und T. E. Lee. „Clonal-row versus random seed orchard designs: interior spruce mating system evaluation“. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, Nr. 3 (März 2007): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-248.

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Mating system pattern (selfing or outcrossing and correlated matings levels) comparisons between two interior spruce seed orchard designs (clonal-row and random) managed under intensive crown and pollen management were conducted. Crown manipulation consisted of tree topping and branch pruning, while pollen management involved multiple supplemental mass-pollination applications during peak seed-cone reproductive receptivity and pollen agitation using helicopters. Significant differences between orchards’ multilocus outcrossing rate estimates were observed, and both estimates significantly departed from complete outcrossing (t = 1.0). Clonal arrangements in the clonal-row design permitted higher chances for selfing (t = 0.948) in comparison with those of the random design (t = 0.989). Intensive pollen management, while effective, still produced a minor component of selfing. Both orchard designs produced similar individual tree's outcrossing rate trends with the majority showing high outcrossing, while few individuals showed high selfing propensity. Estimates of correlated mating varied substantially between the two seed orchard designs with 9.3% and 4.3% for the clonal-row and random seed orchards, respectively. While small but significant differences in the genetic quality of the seed crops were observed between the two orchard designs, the establishment of clonal-row seed orchards should be given serious considerations specifically under committed pollen and crown management. The ease of crop and orchard management in the clonal-row design outweighs the observed differences in the seed crop genetic quality. A slight modification to the clonal-row design is proposed and is expected to reduce the observed minor genetic quality differences between the two orchard designs.

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Burcaw, Jeffrey W., Bruce W. Wood, Michael W. Poole und Mark T. Burnette. „MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF TREE CROP ORCHARD DESIGN: INTERTREE SHADING DURING CRITICAL SEASONAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL WINDOWS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON OPTIMAL SPACING“. HortScience 28, Nr. 5 (Mai 1993): 556c—556. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.556c.

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The authors have developed a computer model designed for shade-intolerant tree crops which describes the amount of intertree shading in an orchard. These data are used to formulate an optimal orchard design based on shading reduction in orchards for any tree crop during any developmental window at any global location.Tree shape is modelled as an ellipsoid bisected about the semi-minor axis, with ellipsoid dimensions and eccentricity altered to reflect growth stages of the trees. Intertree shading is measured as the surface area of the projected shadow on the ellipsoid. Variables include crop, light extinction, ellipsoid dimensions, intertree spacing, orchard geometry, time and day of the year, and geographical coordinates. Simulations compared the sunlight-related attributes of a variety of orchard geometries for different growth phases of the trees during different parts of the year for several global locations. Results indicate extensive variability of intertree shading to be a function of latitude, regardless of other variables.

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O'Connell, M. G., I. Goodwin und G. M. Dunn. „Towards a better understanding of crop water requirement in orchards: a case study from the Goulburn Valley“. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, Nr. 3 (2006): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04009.

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Responses of fruit trees to reduced irrigation in micro-irrigated peach and apple orchards in the Goulburn Valley, Victoria were investigated during the 2000–01 season. Field experiments examined the effects of applying 2 irrigation levels on soil water content, crop water relations, vegetative growth, yield, yield components and fruit quality. Irrigation regimes were 50% and 100% of current management practice where inputs are scheduled from pan evaporation and locally derived crop coefficients. Water was applied to only one side of the tree rootzone in the 50% treatment (0.5I) while the current management practice treatment (1.0I), received water on both sides of the tree. Over the season, the irrigation inputs for peach and apple equated to a crop coefficient of 0.93 and 0.87, respectively. Orchard water use (ETpeach and ETapple) was predicted using reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) and published crop coefficients (Kc) with adjustment for the fraction of shade cast by the trees on the orchard floor at solar noon (effective canopy cover, ECC). Throughout the season, ECC measured as midday tree canopy radiation interception, remained low for both peach and apple (<35%). ETpeach and ETapple were substantially lower than current water scheduling practices (1.0I treatments). For the 0.5I apple regime, irrigation closely matched ETapple suggesting that these trees were adequately irrigated. This was supported by no detrimental effects on crop production, vegetative growth, and fruit quality measures of the 0.5I irrigation regime. However, in the peach orchard the 0.5I regime reduced fruit volume suggesting that these trees may have been water stressed. Based on ECC, we calculated the full crop water requirement Kc for the peach and apple orchards to be 0.42 and 0.37, respectively. In summary, for the apple orchard, our 0.5I treatment was close to predicted full crop water requirement (ETapple). But for the peach orchard, the ETpeach was greater, albeit slightly, than our 0.5I regime. Taken overall, these results demonstrate that better matching of water application to the evaporative surface of the orchard canopies (i.e. ECC) can substantially reduce irrigation water use in Goulburn Valley orchards. It is also apparent that ECC in these orchards where row spacing is typically 4–5 m can be relatively low.

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Shuleva, Stanimira, Velichko Gagov und Petar Zhelev. „Outcrossing rates in two seed orchards of Pinus nigra Arn. in Bulgaria“. Silva Balcanica 24, Nr. 1 (28.02.2023): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/silvabalcanica.24.e101560.

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Seed orchards are an important source of seeds with improved genetic quality. Here we present results of a study on the genetic composition of seed orchards crop of Austrian black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.). Two seed orchards were included in the study – a clonal seed orchard established near Sliven, and a seedling seed orchard, established in the region of Simitli. The outcrossing rates were higher in the clonal seed orchard (Sliven), 0.873 and 0.806 multi-locus (tm) and single-locus (ts) estimates, respectively. The same values were 0.623 and 0.530, respectively, in the seedling seed orchard (Simitli). The inbreeding coefficient was positive in both cases, but was significantly different from zero in the clonal seed orchard only (0.101 vs. 0.032). Thus, the two studied seed orchards demonstrate different genetic efficiency. The results are discussed in relation to seed orchard management and efficiency. 

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Jia, Qiong, und Yan-Ping Wang. „Relationships between Leaf Area Index and Evapotranspiration and Crop Coefficient of Hilly Apple Orchard in the Loess Plateau“. Water 13, Nr. 14 (16.07.2021): 1957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13141957.

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Drought and water shortage are the key factors that restrict the sustainable development of the apple industry in the Chinese Loess Plateau. The accurate prediction of ET can provide a scientific basis for water management of apple orchards. A study on the relationship between LAI, ET and crop coefficient Kc under water deficit is particularly necessary for the accurate prediction of ET in apple orchards. In this work, the crop coefficient Kc under water deficit was defined as the product of the crop coefficient KcI under no water stress and the water stress coefficient Ks, namely Kc = KcI × Ks. LAI and ET of the hilly apple orchard were measured from April to September in 2019 and 2020. The results showed: (1) The LAI of the apple orchard showed a trend of rapid increase—moderate increase—declined during the growth period, with 0.26–2.16 [m2 m−2] variation range; (2) The ET of the orchard was greater than the rainfall, the maximum ET was in July or August. The maximum components of ET in the apple orchard was E, with 47.8–49.1% of ET; T accounted for 42.5–43.9% of ET; Ic accounted for only 9.1–9.6% of ET; (3) There was a significant exponential relationship between the LAI and T or ET. The crop coefficient KcI under no water stress changed with the development of the apple tree canopy. The variation of water stress Ks was basically consistent with the variation of rainfall; (4) There is a significant exponential relationship between LAI and crop coefficient Kc under water deficit (Kc = 0.1141e1.0665LAI, R2 = 0.7055, p < 0.01). This study demonstrates that LAI could be used to estimate the crop coefficient Kc of apple orchards under water deficit in the Loess Plateau, and the actual evapotranspiration of apple orchards in this region could be predicted.

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Grosser, C., B. M. Potts und René E. Vaillancourt. „Microsatellite Based Paternity Analysis in a Clonal Eucalyptus nitens Seed Orchard“. Silvae Genetica 59, Nr. 1-6 (01.12.2010): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2010-0007.

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Abstract Microsatellite markers were used to determine paternity in 473 open-pollinated progenies from a clonal Eucalyptus nitens seed orchard of 50 trees from 12 different genotypes. The outcrossing rate in this orchard was high, averaging 0.85 (weighted by capsule crop) but variable between trees (ranging from 0.6-1.0). Paternal contribution of each genotype to the open-pollinated seed crop was predicted by the size of the flower crop of each genotype (r = 0.76), but not the number of ramets. While the detectable contamination in this orchard is relatively low (4.5%), it is atypical when compared to other published estimates in eucalypt seed orchards suggesting that with suitable buffering low levels of contamination can be achieved.

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Žalac, Helena, Vladimir Zebec, Vladimir Ivezić und Goran Herman. „Land and Water Productivity in Intercropped Systems of Walnut—Buckwheat and Walnut–Barley: A Case Study“. Sustainability 14, Nr. 10 (17.05.2022): 6096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106096.

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Intercropping arable crops in orchards is a sustainable land use for intensifying agricultural production, under the condition of plants’ complementarity in sharing resources. This study investigated the aspects of water use and yields in intercropped systems of walnut and crops. To assess possible temporal complementarity between crops and trees, a summer crop—buckwheat—and a winter crop—barley—were intercropped in walnut orchards. The land and water productivity were studied under two designs: in an older, denser orchard and a younger one, with wider tree spacing. The results showed a reduction in yields and water productivity (WP) of intercrops due to the competition with walnut trees, with the exception of buckwheat in the younger orchard, where this summer crop surprisingly achieved the highest yield and WP. Nevertheless, in the system with mature fruiting trees, intercropping with winter barley was 53% more productive per unit of land and 83% more water-productive than growing walnut and barley separately but also 48% more land-productive and 70% more water-productive than the walnut–buckwheat system. Our results indicate positive effects of trees on microclimates but also emphasize the importance of species selection and systems design on the overall productivity of intercropped systems.

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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders und Gary W. Luck. „Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards“. PeerJ 4 (30.06.2016): e2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2179.

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Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Jagbrant, Gustav. „Autonomous Crop Segmentation, Characterisation and Localisation“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97374.

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Orchards demand large areas of land, thus they are often situated far from major population centres. As a result it is often difficult to obtain the necessary personnel, limiting both growth and productivity. However, if autonomous robots could be integrated into the operation of the orchard, the manpower demand could be reduced. A key problem for any autonomous robot is localisation; how does the robot know where it is? In agriculture robots, the most common approach is to use GPS positioning. However, in an orchard environment, the dense and tall vegetation restricts the usage to large robots that reach above the surroundings. In order to enable the use of smaller robots, it is instead necessary to use a GPS independent system. However, due to the similarity of the environment and the lack of strong recognisable features, it appears unlikely that typical non-GPS solutions will prove successful. Therefore we present a GPS independent localisation system, specifically aimed for orchards, that utilises the inherent structure of the surroundings. Furthermore, we examine and individually evaluate three related sub-problems. The proposed system utilises a 3D point cloud created from a 2D LIDAR and the robot’s movement. First, we show how the data can be segmented into individual trees using a Hidden Semi-Markov Model. Second, we introduce a set of descriptors for describing the geometric characteristics of the individual trees. Third, we present a robust localisation method based on Hidden Markov Models. Finally, we propose a method for detecting segmentation errors when associating new tree measurements with previously measured trees. Evaluation shows that the proposed segmentation method is accurate and yields very few segmentation errors. Furthermore, the introduced descriptors are determined to be consistent and informative enough to allow localisation. Third, we show that the presented localisation method is robust both to noise and segmentation errors. Finally it is shown that a significant majority of all segmentation errors can be detected without falsely labeling correct segmentations as incorrect.
Eftersom fruktodlingar kräver stora markområden är de ofta belägna långt från större befolkningscentra. Detta gör det svårt att finna tillräckligt med arbetskraft och begränsar expansionsmöjligheterna. Genom att integrera autonoma robotar i drivandet av odlingarna skulle arbetet kunna effektiviseras och behovet av arbetskraft minska. Ett nyckelproblem för alla autonoma robotar är lokalisering; hur vet roboten var den är? I jordbruksrobotar är standardlösningen att använda GPS-positionering. Detta är dock problematiskt i fruktodlingar, då den höga och täta vegetationen begränsar användandet till större robotar som når ovanför omgivningen. För att möjliggöra användandet av mindre robotar är det istället nödvändigt att använda ett GPS-oberoende lokaliseringssystem. Detta problematiseras dock av den likartade omgivningen och bristen på distinkta riktpunkter, varför det framstår som osannolikt att existerande standardlösningar kommer fungera i denna omgivning. Därför presenterar vi ett GPS-oberoende lokaliseringssystem, speciellt riktat mot fruktodlingar, som utnyttjar den naturliga strukturen hos omgivningen.Därutöver undersöker vi och utvärderar tre relaterade delproblem. Det föreslagna systemet använder ett 3D-punktmoln skapat av en 2D-LIDAR och robotens rörelse. Först visas hur en dold semi-markovmodell kan användas för att segmentera datasetet i enskilda träd. Därefter introducerar vi ett antal deskriptorer för att beskriva trädens geometriska form. Vi visar därefter hur detta kan kombineras med en dold markovmodell för att skapa ett robust lokaliseringssystem.Slutligen föreslår vi en metod för att detektera segmenteringsfel när nya mätningar av träd associeras med tidigare uppmätta träd. De föreslagna metoderna utvärderas individuellt och visar på goda resultat. Den föreslagna segmenteringsmetoden visas vara noggrann och ge upphov till få segmenteringsfel. Därutöver visas att de introducerade deskriptorerna är tillräckligt konsistenta och informativa för att möjliggöra lokalisering. Ytterligare visas att den presenterade lokaliseringsmetoden är robust både mot brus och segmenteringsfel. Slutligen visas att en signifikant majoritet av alla segmenteringsfel kan detekteras utan att felaktigt beteckna korrekta segmenteringar som inkorrekta.

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Daniel, Kyle. „Asexual Propagation of Four Cultivars of Vaccinium Corymbosum and Weed Management in an Established Orchard of Vaccinium Corymbosum 'Bluejay' (Highbush Blueberry) in South Central Kentucky“. TopSCHOLAR®, 2006. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/456.

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In response to the changing economy of Kentucky tobacco, producers are seeking an economically viable alternative that can be produced on a similarly small acreage. Blueberries are an emerging crop that satisfy the needs of these producers and are popular with consumers for their flavor and health benefits. In addition to selling the berries, local producers are experiencing much success selling blueberry plants to homeowners and other producers. However, the protocol for propagating specific cultivars under local environmental conditions is unknown. Rooting percentages for producers has been extremely variable. A two year study conducted at Western Kentucky University investigated asexual propagation of four commercially significant cultivars of Vaccinium corymbosum, highbush blueberry, 'Jersey', 'Elliot', 'Bluecrop', and 'Bluejay'. The study was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Cuttings were taken from a producer's field in Metcalfe County and planted in a bed of pure peat under a mist system at the Western Kentucky University Agricultural Research and Education Center. Propagation techniques were designed to closely mimic the systems used by producers. The effect of cutting phenology, rooting hormone, and cutting location along the stem was investigated as they affected rooting percentage, and dry matter mass of leaves, shoots, and roots. Hormones had no effect on rooting or growth of first year cuttings. The greatest rooting percentages and dry mass gain was found in descending order, 'Jersey', 'Elliot', 'Bluecrop', and 'Bluejay'. There was a correlation between location of the cutting and time of the year the cutting was acquired. Basal cuttings performed well early in the season, while apical cuttings performed well later in the season. The effects of four weed management schemes were investigated on berry yield components and new growth in an established orchard of 'Bluecrop' blueberries in Metcalfe County, Kentucky. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plots consisted of six established plants but data was collected on the innermost four. Treatments were weed-free strips 0.609 or 1.828 meters wide within the row, mowing, and an untreated control. Weed-free strips were maintained as necessary with directed sprays of labeled rates of glyphosate, a phloem-mobile, nonselective herbicide. Highly significant differences in new growth were noted during both years from the herbicide-treated plots compared with the non-treated plots. In 2005, highly significant differences were noted within total berry weight and berry weight per plant from the herbicide-treated plots compared with the non-treated plots. In 2006, highly significant differences were noted within total berry numbers, number of clusters per plant, and mean berries per cluster from the herbicide-treated plots compared with the non-treated plots.

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Scott, Lance V. „Precision Drought Stress in Orchards: Rootstock Evaluation, Trunk Hydration and Canopy Temperature“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5407.

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In many areas, over half of all diverted water is used for irrigation. Tree fruit crops use a lot of water, but water productivity can be increased using properly-timed precision water stress. In addition to water conservation, increases in water productivity arise from better fruit quality, increased storage life and reductions in pruning and maintenance. One major hurdle to applying precision water stress in orchards is the lack of a reliable, automated method of determining tree water status. However, the influence of physiological characteristics such as rootstock vigor on water productivity are also important. Selecting the most appropriate rootstocks and accurately determining the water status of orchard trees can increase water productivity. Research has shown that some rootstocks can more effectively extract water from soil. In this research, the response to water stress of three different Gisela tart cherry dwarfing rootstocks was compared using a weighing lysimeter system. Gisela 12 and Gisela 3 rootstocks recovered from drought stress more quickly and had higher trunk diameter growth rates than drought-stressed Gisela 5 rootstocks. Two potential methods of determining tree water status were also evaluated. Trunk hydration was measured using electromagnetic sensors and canopy temperature changes were detected using infrared radiometry. Electromagnetic techniques, including time domain reflectometry, can be used to determine the water content of wood. Until recently, the cost of this technology has inhibited its widespread use, but new affordable commercial electromagnetic soil moisture sensors have created renewed interest in this technique. In this research five different types of electromagnetic soil moisture sensors were inserted into the trunks of fruit trees and were monitored over two growing seasons. Maximizing exposure of waveguides to the sapwood increased the response of these sensors to changes in stem water potential. Infrared measurements of canopy temperature have successfully been used with field crops. However, the heterogeneity of orchard canopies makes this technique more difficult in orchards. Here, the efficacy of aiming radiometers at single trees versus at entire orchards was compared over multiple growing seasons. Neither single tree measurements nor whole orchard techniques produced a sufficiently robust signal to recommend them for general use.

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Carvalho, Giorge França Gomes de [UNESP]. „Avaliações dos tecidos hidrorrepelentes de equipamentos de proteção individual após usos e lavagens em condições de campo“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91384.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:13:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 carvalho_gfg_me_jabo.pdf: 795664 bytes, checksum: 8c5c49c27fc56b49816f054bb7260c33 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O controle químico, por meio de aplicações de agrotóxicos, destaca-se no combate aos organismos danosos às culturas agrícolas. Devido à toxicidade dos agrotóxicos, qualquer atividade onde se utiliza do controle químico, existe o risco de intoxicação dos trabalhadores e, portanto, há a necessidade de se adotar medidas de segurança. Acredita-se que os trabalhadores não estão convenientemente protegidos do risco de intoxicação com os Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) confeccionados no país, por que ainda não têm a eficiência e a vida útil avaliadas em ensaios de laboratório ou de campo. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar com o procedimento da norma F 2130 da ASTM a eficiência dos tecidos hidrorrepelentes, em condições de laboratório, dos conjuntos de EPIs Bege Cru (100% algodão) e Camuflado (69% algodão/31% poliamida), usados por trabalhadores em pulverizações de agrotóxicos em culturas de cana-de-açúcar e de citros sem e com 5, 10, 20 e 30 usos e lavagens, e avaliar o uso da combinação da técnica de fotomicrografia dos tecidos com a técnica de análise de imagem quantitativamente, por meio das porcentagens de fibras e de poros dos tecidos para explicar as variações de repelência, retenção e penetração dos agrotóxicos nos materiais dos tecidos sem e após dez usos e lavagens. O tecido do conjunto Camuflado é mais eficiente que o do conjunto Bege Cru na proteção às formulações Supera SC® (hidróxido de cobre) e Roundup Original CS® (glyphosate). A combinação das técnicas de fotomicrografia e de quantificação percentual da porosidade por meio de software é adequada para avaliar a desorganização da estrutura física dos tecidos após usos e lavagens. A estrutura da porosidade do tecido do conjunto Camuflado não é alterada, mas a do tecido Bege Cru é alterada após os dez usos e lavagens em condições de campo
Chemical control by spraying of pesticides, stands in combating organisms that damage agricultural crops. There is the risk of occupational poisoning in any activity where chemistry control is used for prevention and treatment of the agricultural crops, and it is necessary to adopt security measures. It is believed that workers are not satisfactorily protected from the risk of poisoning, because the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) made in Brazil does not have its efficiency and life cycle adequately evaluated in laboratory or field testing. Stated thus, the present study has aimed to evaluate, by the procedure of F 2130 standard of ASTM, the efficiency of hidrorrepelent clothes, under laboratory conditions, from the sets of EPIs Bege Cru (100% cotton) and Camuflado ( 69% cotton / 31% polyamide), that were used by workers in activities of spraying of sugar cane and citrus crops with and without 5, 10, 20 and 30 uses and laundering, and to evaluate the use of a combination of the photomicrographs technical of clothes with the quantitative technique of image analysis, by the percentages of fibers and pores of the clothes to explain the variations of repellency, retention and penetration of pesticides in the clothes without and after ten uses and washes. It was concluded that the Camuflado cloth is more efficient than the Bege Cru, in both formulations of product crop protection used in laboratory tests with the application of the ASTM standard F2130. The combination of the techniques of photomicrography and quantifying the percentage of porosity by the software is suitable for evaluating disorganization of the physical structure of the clothes after using and washing.It was also concluded through the study that the porosity of Camuflado cloth (cotton/nylon) has not changed its structure after ten washes, however Bege Cru cloth (cotton) was altered

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Carvalho, Giorge França Gomes de. „Avaliações dos tecidos hidrorrepelentes de equipamentos de proteção individual após usos e lavagens em condições de campo /“. Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/91384.

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Orientador: Joaquim Gonçalves Machado Neto
Banca: Julio Cesar Galli
Banca: Maurício Leite de Oliveira
Resumo: O controle químico, por meio de aplicações de agrotóxicos, destaca-se no combate aos organismos danosos às culturas agrícolas. Devido à toxicidade dos agrotóxicos, qualquer atividade onde se utiliza do controle químico, existe o risco de intoxicação dos trabalhadores e, portanto, há a necessidade de se adotar medidas de segurança. Acredita-se que os trabalhadores não estão convenientemente protegidos do risco de intoxicação com os Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) confeccionados no país, por que ainda não têm a eficiência e a vida útil avaliadas em ensaios de laboratório ou de campo. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar com o procedimento da norma F 2130 da ASTM a eficiência dos tecidos hidrorrepelentes, em condições de laboratório, dos conjuntos de EPIs Bege Cru (100% algodão) e Camuflado (69% algodão/31% poliamida), usados por trabalhadores em pulverizações de agrotóxicos em culturas de cana-de-açúcar e de citros sem e com 5, 10, 20 e 30 usos e lavagens, e avaliar o uso da combinação da técnica de fotomicrografia dos tecidos com a técnica de análise de imagem quantitativamente, por meio das porcentagens de fibras e de poros dos tecidos para explicar as variações de repelência, retenção e penetração dos agrotóxicos nos materiais dos tecidos sem e após dez usos e lavagens. O tecido do conjunto Camuflado é mais eficiente que o do conjunto Bege Cru na proteção às formulações Supera SC® (hidróxido de cobre) e Roundup Original CS® (glyphosate). A combinação das técnicas de fotomicrografia e de quantificação percentual da porosidade por meio de software é adequada para avaliar a desorganização da estrutura física dos tecidos após usos e lavagens. A estrutura da porosidade do tecido do conjunto Camuflado não é alterada, mas a do tecido Bege Cru é alterada após os dez usos e lavagens em condições de campo
Abstract: Chemical control by spraying of pesticides, stands in combating organisms that damage agricultural crops. There is the risk of occupational poisoning in any activity where chemistry control is used for prevention and treatment of the agricultural crops, and it is necessary to adopt security measures. It is believed that workers are not satisfactorily protected from the risk of poisoning, because the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) made in Brazil does not have its efficiency and life cycle adequately evaluated in laboratory or field testing. Stated thus, the present study has aimed to evaluate, by the procedure of F 2130 standard of ASTM, the efficiency of hidrorrepelent clothes, under laboratory conditions, from the sets of EPIs Bege Cru (100% cotton) and Camuflado ( 69% cotton / 31% polyamide), that were used by workers in activities of spraying of sugar cane and citrus crops with and without 5, 10, 20 and 30 uses and laundering, and to evaluate the use of a combination of the photomicrographs technical of clothes with the quantitative technique of image analysis, by the percentages of fibers and pores of the clothes to explain the variations of repellency, retention and penetration of pesticides in the clothes without and after ten uses and washes. It was concluded that the Camuflado cloth is more efficient than the Bege Cru, in both formulations of product crop protection used in laboratory tests with the application of the ASTM standard F2130. The combination of the techniques of photomicrography and quantifying the percentage of porosity by the software is suitable for evaluating disorganization of the physical structure of the clothes after using and washing.It was also concluded through the study that the porosity of Camuflado cloth (cotton/nylon) has not changed its structure after ten washes, however Bege Cru cloth (cotton) was altered
Mestre

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Culumber, Catherine Mae. „Soil Nutrient Cycling and Water Use in Response to Orchard Floor Management in Stone-Fruit Orchards in the Intermountain West“. DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5030.

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Fruit growers in Utah and other areas across the Intermountain West are faced with growing production challenges stemming from declining soil quality and water resources. Population growth presents challenges in terms of the cost and availability of land, but also presents opportunities in the form of new marketing options such as organic fruit. Few certified organic fruit orchards are operating in Utah currently, which is attributed to a lack of locally tested and adapted organic management practices. An organic peach orchard trial evaluated the effectiveness of different organic management approaches to enhance soil quality and conserve water without compromise to fruit tree growth and fertility. Two tree-row treatments: ‘straw mulch' (Triticum aestivum L.) and ‘living mulch’ (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.) were tested in combination with two alleyway groundcovers: ‘grass’ (Festuca rubra L. with Lolium perenne L.) and a legume, ‘Birdsfoot trefoil’ (Lotus corniculatus L.). The novel systems were compared with industry standards, tillage and weed fabric tree-rows with grass alleyways. Trefoil alleyway biomass deposited into tree-rows contributed an estimated 6.24 kg biomass and 0.21 kg total N/tree annually. Trefoil treatments had higher levels of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), inorganic N, microbial biomass and enzyme activities, suggesting trefoil alleyways enhanced soil nutrient cycling, as well as C and N reserves in comparison to grass and tillage treatments. A functional gene array analysis was conducted to describe the mechanisms, microbial functional composition and diversity underlying the observed soil processes, however few differences were detected in soil community structure between soils under different orchard floor management. Significantly lower leaf δ15N in trees grown with trefoil compared to grass, and an association between root biomass, diameter and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) suggests nitrogen sources derived from the trefoil groundcover contributed to improved fruit tree vigor. Few differences resulted among orchard treatments for water use (mm/week). Trends indicated slightly higher water use in trefoil over grass, but not enough to offset observed soil quality and tree growth benefits. These findings suggest, trefoil alleyways may provide ecological benefits such as improved soil quality and efficient nutrient cycling, without substantial increases in water use.

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Sehsah, El-Sayed Mahmoud El-Beily. „Application techniques for biological crop protection in orchards and vineyards“. Beuren Stuttgart Grauer, 2005. http://d-nb.info/98987236X/04.

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Kang, Kyu-Suk. „Genetic gain and gene diversity of seed orchard crops /“. Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6071-9.pdf.

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Sandskär, Boel. „Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) and pests in organic orchards /“. Alnarp : Dept. of Crop Science, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a378.pdf.

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Marroquín, Agréda Francisco Javier. „Sustainable management of fruit orchards in the Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico intercropping cash and trap crops“. Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989680797/04.

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Bücher zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Branch, British Columbia Horticultural, Hrsg. Orchard cover-crops. Victoria, B.C: W.H. Cullin, 1997.

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Branch, British Columbia Horticultural, Hrsg. Orchard cultivation and cover crops. Victoria, B.C: W.H. Cullin, 1997.

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A killer crop. Waterville, Me: Wheeler Pub., 2011.

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Connolly, Sheila. A killer crop. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2010.

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Woods, J. H. Methods for estimating gamete contributions to orchard seed crops and vegetative lots in British Columbia. Victoria: British Columbia Forest Science Program, 2005.

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Dow, A. I. Iron chlorosis in Washington orchards and vineyards. Pullman Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1985.

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P, De Groot, und Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Hrsg. User's guide to ConeSys: A cone crop monitoring and insect pest management decision support system for seed orchards. Sault Ste. Marie, Ont: Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1996.

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International, Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit Trees (3rd 1996 Campus of Aula Dei Zaragoza Spain). Mineral nutrition and fertilizer use for deciduous fruit crops: Proceedings of the third International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit Trees (Including Grapevine), Campus of Aula Dei (Zaragoza), Spain, 27-31 May, 1996. Leuven, Belgium: ISHS, International Society for Horticultural Science, 1997.

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Jones, Joseph L. Shallow ground-water quality beneath row crops and orchards in the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project area, Washington. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Zhang, Pingchuan, Sijie Wang, Xiaowen Li, Zhao Chen, Xu Chen, Yanjun Hu, Hangsen Zhang et al. „Orchard Energy Management to Improve Fruit Quality Based on the Internet of Things“. In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 667–74. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_68.

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AbstractThe crop growth is an energy conversion process, and energy management has an important impact on the quality and yield of crop products. As IoT (the Internet of Things) is widely used in agriculture, for example, orchard IoT is often used to realize water-saving irrigation, this paper innovatively proposes a scheme to improve fruit quality by using IoT to realize orchard energy management. The designed Internet of things, in addition to the usual orchard environmental parameters and water-saving irrigation, can further adjust the temperature difference between day and night according to the local temperature, that is, by spraying low-temperature water mist at 16 ℃ to reduce the ambient temperature of the orchard at night, creating an environment conducive to the conversion of carbohydrate into sugar. The experiment in peach orchard shows that the orchard energy management method based on Internet of Things works effectively, which can reduce the peach orchard temperature to 20° at night in summer, which is beneficial to improve the peach fruit sweetness.

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Long, Lynn E., Gregory A. Lang und Clive Kaiser. „Managing the orchard environment.“ In Sweet cherries, 236–81. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786398284.0236.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the importance of managing the orchard environment for a sustainable sweet cherry production, i.e. fertilizer application, irrigation and crop-weed competition, among others. The influence of some climate-related environmental factors on sweet cherry production are also discussed.

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Delaplane, Keith S. „Managed solitary bees.“ In Crop pollination by bees, Volume 1: Evolution, ecology, conservation, and management, 108–27. 2. Aufl. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786393494.0009.

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Abstract Manageability is not the monopoly of the social honeybees and bumble bees, however conspicuously high these bees rate in charisma and public appreciation. The solitary bees field at least as many manageable species, some systems for which are highly intensified and fully integrated into commercial scale crop production. This chapter covers three of the most economically important of these taxa - the alfalfa leafcutting bees, alkali bees and orchard mason bees. Information is provided on the biology, role as pollinators, rearing and managing of these bees.

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Cid del Prado-Vera, Ignacio, Marco Antonio Magallanes-Tapia, Raúl Velasco-Azorsa und Arely Pérez-Espíndola. „Organic Amendments and Other Strategies for Management of Meloidogyne spp. and Nacobbus aberrans in Horticultural and Orchard Crops: The Mexican Experience“. In Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection, 343–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09943-4_14.

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Sghaier, Abderrahman, Dalenda Boujnah, Mohamed Ouessar, Rayda Ben Ayed und Kamel Naggaz. „Impact of Subsurface Drip Irrigation on Water Distribution, Photosynthetic Production and Crop Yield in Olive Orchard in Southern Tunisia“. In New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences, 169–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72543-3_37.

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Wang, Qi, Stephen Nuske, Marcel Bergerman und Sanjiv Singh. „Automated Crop Yield Estimation for Apple Orchards“. In Experimental Robotics, 745–58. Heidelberg: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00065-7_50.

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Chia, T. F., A. Y. H. Lim, Y. Luan und I. Ng. „Transgenic Dendrobium (Orchid)“. In Transgenic Crops III, 95–106. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10603-7_8.

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Duncan, Larry W. „Managing Nematodes In Citrus Orchards“. In Integrated Management of Fruit Crops Nematodes, 135–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9858-1_6.

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Long, Lynn E., Gregory A. Lang und Clive Kaiser. „Trends in sweet cherry production.“ In Sweet cherries, 1–8. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786398284.0001.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the global trend of sweet cherry production. It covers the economics, crop yield, crop quality and organic production. As sweet cherry production continues to expand worldwide, each producer must decide whether to increase production (either through the renovation of old orchards or expansion into new sites), continue at a steady pace or decrease acreage and thus reduce risk but also yields. Since growing cherries is a high risk venture, the best way to proceed will depend on past successes and failures, perceived risks, the possibilities for mitigating those risks and future market potential.

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Anzai, H., und M. Tanaka. „Transgenic Phalaenopsis (a Moth Orchid)“. In Transgenic Crops III, 249–64. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10603-7_18.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Kostenko, Natalia, Sergey Kostenko, Evgeniy KUZ'MIN und Vladimir Chernyavskih. „CREATION OF THE ORCHARD GRASS VARIETY (Dactylis glomerata L.) FOR THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION“. In Multifunctional adaptive fodder production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2023-32-80-57-61.

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The orchard grass is one of the main fodder crops in the European part of Russia. However, in recent years, there has been a noticeable shortage of seeds of this crop on the market, mainly due to the elimination of small seed plots in most farms and the lack of a sufficient number of new varieties of this crop.

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„Application of digital engineering methods in the agro-industrial complex on the example of crop productivity forecasting“. In All-Russian Scientific Conference on Achievements of Science and Technology. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/dnit.2021.2.30-39.

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The research is dedicated to the development of a method for quantifying the productivity of an agricultural crop with a long lifespan (using the example of an apple orchard). To achieve this goal, the possibility of predicting the yield of an apple orchard was evaluated using existing techniques and methods of data analysis; agrotechnical significant time points in the life cycle of an apple orchard were identified; a prognostic model was formed that simultaneously satisfies biological and agrotechnical constraints and provides the maximum tier of reliability of the yielding forecast result available for the crop under consideration. It is shown that the cumulative yield of an apple orchard lends itself to forecasting much better than the dynamics of the annual yield. As a consequence, in strategic planning in the agricultural and industrial complex, it makes sense to focus on integral performance indicators that level out deviations caused to varying degrees by random causes.

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Farzanian, R., S. Ghanbari, H. Pirdasht und Y. Niknejhad. „Determination of different cover crop efficiency for weed control in citrus orchard“. In 2010 International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ICCCE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccceng.2010.5560425.

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Sepulcre-Canto, Guadalupe, Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada, Jose A. Jimenez-Berni, Antonio J. Rodriguez, Juan C. Jimenez-Munoz, Jose A. Sobrino und Victor Cifuentes. „Detecting crop irrigation status in orchard canopies with airborne and ASTER thermal imagery“. In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423635.

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Niu, Haoyu, Dong Wang und YangQuan Chen. „Estimating actual crop evapotranspiration using deep stochastic configuration networks model and UAV-based crop coefficients in a pomegranate orchard“. In Autonomous Air and Ground Sensing Systems for Agricultural Optimization and Phenotyping V, herausgegeben von J. Alex Thomasson und Alfonso F. Torres-Rua. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2558221.

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Moltó, E., und H. Izquierdo-Sanz. „121. Crop recognition at orchard level in Mediterranean conditions using time series of Sentinel-2 spectral indices“. In 14th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-947-3_121.

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„Estimation of crop water stress in a nectarine orchard using high-resolution imagery from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)“. In 21st International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2015). Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2015.f12.park.

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Gavriliţa, Lidia. „Speciile dominante de Trichogramma colectate in diferite agrocenoze ale Republicii Moldova“. In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.66.

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During the period of the 2000-2016 years, different species of Trichogramma sp. have been collected from various areas and various cultures from Rep. of Moldova. Species such as: T. evanescens, T. pintoi, T. mirabile, T. semblidis, T. dendrolimi (=T. cacoeciae), T. leucaniae. In the researched agrocoenoses, T. evanescens specie prevail over other species with the percentage of parasitaed eggs of 16,7-86,0%. During the specified period, in perennial crops such as apple, vines and plum orchards the following species were collected and identified: T. embryophagum = telengae, T. dendrolimi (= T.cacoeciae) evanescens, T. pintoi. The species of T. telengai Sor. (= T.embryophagum Hartig) predominates in apple or plum orchards and constitutes 60.0-88.9%. The collected species were reared in laboratory conditions on cereal moth eggs (Sitotroga cerealella Ol.), performing biological crop protection research and obtaining ecological production.

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Bradley Hamner, Marcel Bergerman und Sanjiv Singh. „Autonomous Orchard Vehicles for Specialty Crops Production“. In 2011 Louisville, Kentucky, August 7 - August 10, 2011. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37410.

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Samoilova, Anna. „Effect of phages isolated from different sources against fire blight pathogen“. In 5th International Scientific Conference on Microbial Biotechnology. Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Republic of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52757/imb22.29.

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Fire blight of rosaceous plants is one of the economically most important diseases of fruit trees caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Plants are extremely vulnerable for fire blight infection at the bloom stage. Blossom blight can lead to the great crop losses and even the plant death. Since chemical treatments are forbidden in time of blossoming, bacteriophages, highly specific bacterial viruses could be used for the disease control. Being the natural components of ecosystems, phages infect only bacteria sensitive to them, are non-toxic to plants, animals and humans and are adapted to the bacteria environment. It has been shown that bacterium E. amylovora expresses its major pathogenicity factors during immature pear tissues infection. Therefore, in this study, the ability of four virulent E. amylovora bacteriophages, isolated from the aerial parts of the affected plants (phage isolate 1 from quince tissues; phage isolate 2 from hawthorn, Republic of Moldova) and from natural water reservoirs near fruits orchards or wild rosaceous trees (phage isolates 3 and 4, Swiss Confederation) to inhibit E. amylovora growth in the immature pear tissues was evaluated. Immature pear slices were inoculated with suspensions of E. amylovora CFBP1430 and EaM contained 104 CFU/ml. After four hours incubation in the humidified chamber at 280C infected immature pear slices were treated with 107 PFU/ml of phage isolates. Pear slices, treated with sterile distilled water were used as a control. Symptoms were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days after inoculation. For each bacteria strain/phage isolate combination tested pear slices were assayed in triplicate and each experiment was repeated at least two times. Immature pear slices infected with bacteria EaM displayed the first symptoms of the fire blight, ooze formation and light necrosis, one day after inoculation. Pear slices, infected with E. amylovora CFBP1430 demonstrated ooze and necrosis two days after inoculation. In the bacteria/phage combinations the first symptoms of the fire blight appeared on the sixth day after inoculation in the variants of EaM/phage isolate 3 and CFBP1430/phage isolate 3. On the seventh and eighth days after inoculation symptoms of the fire blight infection have been recorded in the EaM/phage isolate 2 and CFBP1430/ phage isolate 2, respectively. Bacteria/phage combinations EaM/phage isolate 4 and CFBP1430/ phage isolate 4 showed disease symptoms on the seventh day after inoculation. Immature pear slices in the variants EaM/phage isolate 1 and CFBP1430/phage isolate 1 showed necrotic lesion eight days after inoculation. Thus, phage isolate 4, detected in water was able to suppress growth of phytopathogenic E. amylovora just a day less than highly virulent phage isolate 1 detected in the quince tissues. The conducted experiments have demonstrated that bacteriophages isolated from water revealed high efficacy against bacteria E. amylovora and all studied phage isolates successfully inhibited the fire blight causative agent growth in the plant host tissues for about seven days. Hence it has been shown that treatment with bacteriophages for the fire blight control in the fruit orchard should be carried out weekly if environmental conditions are favorable for the disease development.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Orchard crop"

Dowling, Adam. Adaptation Resources for Agriculture A Case Study: Organic Apple Orchard in Wisconsin. USDA Midwest Climate Hub, Januar 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.6892664.ch.

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Working farm lands and specialty crop farms are an important and dominate part of Wisconsin’s Driftless region providing a multitude of agricultural products and jobs. One of the many challenges facing the specialty crop producers in this region and throughout the US is climate change. Brix Cider of Barneveld, WI participated in the Adaptation Workbook* 5-step process to see if there are ways for their operation to become more resilient in a changing climate.

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Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle und David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, März 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.

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Miller, James E. Wild Turkeys. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Januar 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.7208751.ws.

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Like other bird and mammal species whose populations have been restored through conservation efforts, wild turkeys are treasured by many recreationists and outdoor enthusiasts. Wild turkeys have responded positively to wildlife habitat and population management. In some areas, however, their increased populations have led to increased damage to property and agricultural crops, and threats to human health and safety. Turkeys frequent agricultural fields, pastures, vineyards and orchards, as well as some urban and suburban neighborhoods. Because of this, they may cause damage or mistakenly be blamed for damage. Research has found that despite increases in turkey numbers and complaints, damage is often caused by other mammalian or bird species, not turkeys. In the instances where turkeys did cause damage, it was to specialty crops, vineyards, orchards, hay bales or silage pits during the winter. In cultured crops or gardens where wood chips, pine straw or other bedding materials (mulch) are placed around plants, wild turkeys sometimes scratch or dig up the material and damage plants when searching for food. Wild turkeys are a valuable game species, treasured by recreational hunters and wildlife enthusiasts.

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Maffioli, Alessandro, Diego Ubfal und Pedro Cerdan-Infantes. Improving Technology Adoption in Agriculture through Extension Services: Evidence from Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011141.

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This paper analyzes the impact of the Farm Modernization and Development Program (PREDEG) on the technology uptake and productivity of Uruguayan farmers. Using a unique panel dataset, the authors combine propensity score matching techniques and fixed effects models to estimate the program's impact. Although the results vary according to the crops, the authors find consistent evidence that the program increased the rate of adoption of certified varieties and the density of plantation. However, there is only limited evidence of its effects on productivity, mostly derived from helping producers to cope with an illness of peach orchards. Conversely, the authors find some indications of negative lagged productivity effects for apples, which might be related to a short term cost of transitioning to new varieties or technologies. While the evidence of the effects on yields is not definitive due to the limited timeframe of the evaluation, the results indicate that PREDEG services were useful for incentivizing the adoption of specific technologies, as well as for crop-specific technical assistance like plant health.

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Shahak, Yosepha, und Donald R. Ort. Physiological Bases for Impaired Photosynthetic Performance of Chilling-Sensitive Fruit Trees. United States Department of Agriculture, Mai 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575278.bard.

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Chilling-sensitivity is an important agricultural problem in both the U.S. and Israel. Most research attention has focused so far on herbaceous crop plants, even though the problem is also acute in the fruit tree industry. Under BARD funding we made substantial progress in identifying the mechanisms involved in the disruption of photosynthesis following a chill in mango. Our investigation with fruit trees has been substantially accelerated by drawing on our knowledge and experience with herbaceous crops. The four original research objectives, focused or discovering the underlying mechanisms of chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in fruit trees, and the main achievements are listed below. [1] Separating stomatal from non-stomatal components of chilling on photosynthesis in fruit trees. We found evidence that the dark chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in mango was E combination of both stomatal and mesophyll components. [2] Differentiating photo damage from light-induced photo protection of photosystem II (PSII). Dark chilling exacerbate high light photoinhibition, as a result of primary inhibition in the carbor reduction cycle. Nevertheless, in Israeli orchards we observed chronic photoinhibition of PSII photochemistry in the winter. This photo damage was reversible over a few days if sunlight was attenuated with filters or night temperature rose. Practical implications of this finding deserve further investment. Additional achievement was the development of a new biophysical tool to study macro-structural changes of LHCII particles in intact, attached leaves. [3] Determine the role of oxidative stress in the dark-chilling-induced inhibition, with emphasis on oxygen radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation and redox-controlled carbon-cycle enzymes. We found an increase in lipid peroxidation following a dark chill, and partial protective effects or an antioxidant. However, the photoinhibition observed in mango orchards in Israel during the winter did not appear to be a general oxidative stress. [4] Investigate whether chilling interferes with the diurnal and circadian rhythm of gene expression of key photosynthetic proteins as has been shown for chilling-sensitive crop plants. The results indicated that most of the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis was due to reduced lea: internal CO2 concentrations during the subjective night, as a result of rhythmic stomatal closure Chilling-induced interference with circadian timing in mango, does not play the central role in chilling inhibition of photosynthesis that has previously been demonstrated in certain chilling sensitive herbaceous plants. Practical implications of the research achievements are feasible, but require few more years of research.

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Dasberg, Shmuel, Jan W. Hopmans, Larry J. Schwankl und Dani Or. Drip Irrigation Management by TDR Monitoring of Soil Water and Solute Distribution. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568095.bard.

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Drip irrigation has the potential of high water use efficiency, but actual water measurement is difficult because of the limited wetted volume. Two long-term experiments in orchards in Israel and in California and several field crop studies supported by this project have demonstrated the feasibility of precise monitoring of soil water distribution for drip irrigation in spite of the limited soil wetting. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) enables in situ measurement of soil water content of well defined small volumes. Several approaches were tried in monitoring the soil water balance in the field during drip irrigation. These also facilitated the estimation of water uptake: 1. The use of multilevel moisture probe TDR system. This approach proved to be of limited value because of the extremely small diameter of measurement. 2. The placement of 20 cm long TDR probes at predetermined distances from the drippers in citrus orchards. 3. Heavy instrumentation with neutron scattering access tubes and tensiometers of a single drip irrigated almond tree. 4. High resolution spatial and temporal measurements (0.1m x 0.1m grid) of water content by TDR in corn irrigated by surface and subsurface drip. The latter approach was accompanied by parametric modelling of water uptake intensity patterns by corn roots and superimposed with analytical solutions for water flow from point and line sources. All this lead to general and physically based suggestions for the placement of soil water sensors for scheduling drip irrigation.

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Warrick, Arthur W., Gideon Oron, Mary M. Poulton, Rony Wallach und Alex Furman. Multi-Dimensional Infiltration and Distribution of Water of Different Qualities and Solutes Related Through Artificial Neural Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695865.bard.

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The project exploits the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to describe infiltration, water, and solute distribution in the soil during irrigation. It provides a method of simulating water and solute movement in the subsurface which, in principle, is different and has some advantages over the more common approach of numerical modeling of flow and transport equations. The five objectives were (i) Numerically develop a database for the prediction of water and solute distribution for irrigation; (ii) Develop predictive models using ANN; (iii) Develop an experimental (laboratory) database of water distribution with time; within a transparent flow cell by high resolution CCD video camera; (iv) Conduct field studies to provide basic data for developing and testing the ANN; and (v) Investigate the inclusion of water quality [salinity and organic matter (OM)] in an ANN model used for predicting infiltration and subsurface water distribution. A major accomplishment was the successful use of Moment Analysis (MA) to characterize “plumes of water” applied by various types of irrigation (including drip and gravity sources). The general idea is to describe the subsurface water patterns statistically in terms of only a few (often 3) parameters which can then be predicted by the ANN. It was shown that ellipses (in two dimensions) or ellipsoids (in three dimensions) can be depicted about the center of the plume. Any fraction of water added can be related to a ‘‘probability’’ curve relating the size of the ellipse (or ellipsoid) that contains that amount of water. The initial test of an ANN to predict the moments (and hence the water plume) was with numerically generated data for infiltration from surface and subsurface drip line and point sources in three contrasting soils. The underlying dataset consisted of 1,684,500 vectors (5 soils×5 discharge rates×3 initial conditions×1,123 nodes×20 print times) where each vector had eleven elements consisting of initial water content, hydraulic properties of the soil, flow rate, time and space coordinates. The output is an estimate of subsurface water distribution for essentially any soil property, initial condition or flow rate from a drip source. Following the formal development of the ANN, we have prepared a “user-friendly” version in a spreadsheet environment (in “Excel”). The input data are selected from appropriate values and the output is instantaneous resulting in a picture of the resulting water plume. The MA has also proven valuable, on its own merit, in the description of the flow in soil under laboratory conditions for both wettable and repellant soils. This includes non-Darcian flow examples and redistribution and well as infiltration. Field experiments were conducted in different agricultural fields and various water qualities in Israel. The obtained results will be the basis for the further ANN models development. Regions of high repellence were identified primarily under the canopy of various orchard crops, including citrus and persimmons. Also, increasing OM in the applied water lead to greater repellency. Major scientific implications are that the ANN offers an alternative to conventional flow and transport modeling and that MA is a powerful technique for describing the subsurface water distributions for normal (wettable) and repellant soil. Implications of the field measurements point to the special role of OM in affecting wettability, both from the irrigation water and from soil accumulation below canopies. Implications for agriculture are that a modified approach for drip system design should be adopted for open area crops and orchards, and taking into account the OM components both in the soil and in the applied waters.

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Shallow ground-water quality beneath row crops and orchards in the Columbia Basin Irrigation Project area, Washington. US Geological Survey, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri974238.

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