Dissertationen zum Thema „Optimal temperature control“

In this thesis was a room with direct heating in the floor and room modelled. The aim has been to minimize the energy cost of the room, assuming that the future energy price and weather forecast is known. The constrained optimization problem turned out to be linear, and the solution of the problem will always be on the upper or lower bounds of the inputs or states. The idea is to store heat when the energy price is low, and use it when the energy price is high. A switching time that ensures that the model starts the heating of the system at an optimal time in order to save energy costs is thus of importance to find.The problem was solved by using the matlab function fminsearch, and by assuming constant outdoor temperature. Two scenarios were analysed; 1) where only the floor heat is used to storage of heat, and 2) where both heaters are used to heat the system. In each scenario the length and starting point of the interval where the energy price is high was varied. This thesis show that storage of heat in the floor is preferred, apart from in the case where there is no time to heat before the peak interval begins, where both heaters in the floor and room should be used. For comparison, the optimization problem was also solved by using PI controllers, where the two inputs control the temperature in the floor and room respectively. It turned out that the result of the control problem when using PI will resemble the solution of the optimal control problem when using fminsearch.A couple of switching rules was derived in order to find the optimal switching time. This thesis show that the switching rules gives a good estimate of the switching time, apart from in the case where there is no time to heat. The switching rules was used in both methods (when using PI and fminsearch) and it was found that the obtained switching time is not far from the optimal solution in any of the methods. The optimization problem when using fminsearch was tested with varying outdoor temperature. It was seen that the solution from the optimal control problem will take the disturbance into consideration if it is varied before the peak period. On the other hand, the model do not allow for a variation in the outdoor temperature after the peak period.At last, the thesis show that the switching rule handle a variation in the disturbance before the peak period as good as the optimal control problem, but when the outdoor temperature becomes too cold will the result be poor.

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings are energy consuming and traditional methods used for building control results in energy losses. The methods cannot account for non-linear dependencies in the thermal behaviour. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a powerful method for reaching optimal control in many different control environments. DRL utilizes neural networks to approximate the optimal actions to take given that the system is in a given state. Therefore, DRL is a promising method for building control and this fact is highlighted by several studies. However, neural network polices are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which are small, indistinguishable changes to the input, which make the network choose a sub-optimal action. Two of the main approaches to attack DRL policies are: (1) the Fast Gradient Sign Method, which uses the gradients of the control agent’s network to conduct the attack; (2) to train a a DRL-agent with the goal to minimize performance of control agents. The aim of this thesis is to investigate different strategies for solving the building control problem with DRL using the building simulator IDA ICE. This thesis is also going to use the concept of adversarial machine learning by applying the attacks on the agents controlling the temperature inside the building. We first built a DRL architecture to learn how to efficiently control temperature in a building. Experiments demonstrate that exploration of the agent plays a crucial role in the training of the building control agent, and one needs to fine-tune the exploration strategy in order to achieve satisfactory performance. Finally, we tested the susceptibility of the trained DRL controllers to adversarial attacks. These tests showed, on average, that attacks trained using DRL methods have a larger impact on building control than those using FGSM, while random perturbation have almost null impact.
Ventilationssystem i byggnader är energiförbrukande och traditionella metoder som används för byggnadskontroll resulterar i förlust av energisparande. Dessa metoder kan inte ta hänsyn till icke-linjära beroenden i termisk beteenden. Djup förstärkande inlärning (DRL) är en kraftfull metod för att uppnå optimal kontroll i många kontrollmiljöer. DRL använder sig av neurala nätverk för att approximera optimala val som kan tas givet att systemet befinner sig i en viss stadie. Därför är DRL en lovande metod för byggnadskontroll och detta faktumet är markerat av flera studier. Likväl, neurala nätverk i allmänhet är kända för att vara svaga mot adversarial attacker, vilket är små ändringar i inmatningen, som gör att neurala nätverket väljer en åtgärd som är suboptimal. Syftet med denna anvhandling är att undersöka olika strategier för att lösa byggnadskontroll-problemet med DRL genom att använda sig av byggnadssimulatorn IDA ICE. Denna avhandling kommer också att använda konceptet av adversarial machine learning för att attackera agenterna som kontrollerar temperaturen i byggnaden. Det finns två olika sätt att attackera neurala nätverk: (1) Fast Gradient Sign Method, som använder gradienterna av kontrollagentens nätverk för att utföra sin attack; (2) träna en inlärningsagent med DRL med målet att minimera kontrollagenternas prestanda. Först byggde vi en DRL-arkitektur som lärde sig kontrollera temperaturen i en byggad. Experimenten visar att utforskning av agenten är en grundläggande faktor för träningen av kontrollagenten och man måste finjustera utforskningen av agenten för att nå tillfredsställande prestanda. Slutligen testade vi känsligheten av de tränade DRL-agenterna till adversarial attacker. Dessa test visade att i genomsnitt har det större påverkan på kontrollagenterna att använda DRL metoder än att använda sig av FGSM medans att attackera helt slumpmässigt har nästan ingen påverkan.

After reaching its light-off temperature, the catalytic aftertreatment system plays a major part in maintaining emissions at low levels for vehicles equipped with combustion engines. In this thesis, modelling of the exhaust gas temperature is investigated along with optimal control strategy for variable ignition and exhaust valve opening angles for optimal catalytic converter heating. Models for exhaust gas temperature and mass flow are presented and validated against measurement data. According to the model validation, the proposed models capture variations in ignition and exhaust valve opening angles well. Optimal control strategy for the ignition and exhaust valve opening angles to heat the catalytic converter to a predetermined temperature in the most fuel and time optimal ways are investigated by implementation of the validated models. Optimal control analysis indicates that with open wastegate, the heating time for the catalytic converter can be reduced by up to 16.4 % and the accumulated fuel to reach the desired temperature can be reduced by up to 4.6 %, compared to the case with ignition and exhaust valve opening angles fixed at nominal values. With closed wastegate the corresponding figures are 16.4 % and 4.7 %. By also including control of the variable λ-value, the heating time can be further reduced by up to 19.8 %, and the accumulated fuel consumption by up to 9.5 % with open wastegate. With closed wastegate the corresponding figures are 20.1 % decrease in heating time, and 9.8 % decrease in accumulated fuel consumption.

The thesis is devote to the temperature control of objects with lumped or distributed parameters. The problems of choosing the right value of regulator’s heater power and prediction period are discussed. The major attention is paid to the process of searching the minimum value of control quantities. It is shown that the approximated second-order plane has an exact accordance with the original data. It is concluded that algorithm of PWM-control with prediction filter provides good quality control.

A depressão metabólica em aves e mamíferos, dada a alta demanda energética destes animais, se apresenta, geralmente, como resposta às condições de escassez de alimentos e baixas temperaturas. Desta forma, este projeto busca explorar, no campo teórico, como o sistema de termorregulação poderia atuar no sentido de maximizar as reservas energéticas minimizando os gastos metabólicos (depressão metabólica). Para tanto, fazemos uso de teorias da engenharia de controle que propiciam ferramental teórico para analisar como se dariam essas minimizações, ou seja, como o sistema nervoso atuaria estabelecendo um controle (set-point hipotalâmico) que minimizasse estes gastos à medida que se desse o processo de termorregulação. Neste contexto, propomos um modelo básico de termorregulação que leva em conta temperatura corpórea, taxa metabólica e temperatura ambiente, no qual o set-point atua como um controle. Mostramos como este modelo de regulação térmica propicia, devido à sua configuração, significativa redução dos distúrbios causados por variações da temperatura ambiente. Através da teoria de controle ótimo, mostramos como o set-point hipotalâmico pode surgir como resultado da minimização de um funcional relacionado ao custo com a termorregulação. Além disso, fez-se uma análise de como a temperatura ambiente pode definir diferentes situações em termos de vantagens da depressão metabólica como mecanismo de minimização de gasto energético. Para este tipo de análise, propomos um índice de razão entre o custo metabólico constante e o obtido sob atuação do controlador durante o período em que se dá o processo. Após um período em depressão metabólica, os indivíduos devem voltar a sua condição de eutermia, e, em situações de baixa temperatura, o custo deste retorno pode suplantar as vantagens para um dado indivíduo. Assim, são analisadas as influencias da massa corpórea, onde se observa aumento do custo em decorrência da entrada em depressão metabólica por parte dos indivíduos de maior massa. Tal aumento de custo é acentuado nas situações de menor temperatura ambiente. Finalmente, uma análise relativa ao tempo para retorno à condição de eutermia é apresentada, sendo que os resultados vão ao encontro das evidencias atuais sobre a flexibilidade estratégica de muitos hibernantes.
Metabolic depression of mammals and birds, animals of high metabolic demands, normally emerges as a response to food shortage and low ambient temperature. The main goal of this research is to explore, in a theoretical perspective, how the thermoregulatory system could extend the energy reserves of these endotherms decreasing metabolic costs under those environmental conditions. To approach the problem, we propose the use of control engineering theories to analyze the way the this minimization could occur, in other words, how the nervous system would act establishing a control (hypothalamic set-point) to minimize those costs during the thermoregulatory process. In this context, we propose a basic thermoregulation model that takes into account body temperature, metabolic rate and environmental temperature, and in which the set-point acts as a control. We show how this model can significantly reduce disturbances generated by ambient temperature. Using optimal control theory, we show how the hypothalamic set-point can emerge as a result of a minimization process of a functional related to thermoregulation costs. Also, how ambient temperature can define different metabolic profiles is explored, in terms of metabolic depression and the necessary return to euthermic conditions. To quantify this analysis we propose an index, based on the ratio between a constant metabolic cost and the metabolic cost defined by the controller. After a period in metabolic depression individuals should return to their euthermic condition, and, in situations of low environmental temperature, it is shown that the cost to return can be larger than the advantages. In this way, analyzing body mass influences we observed increased metabolic depression cost in larger individuals. This cost is even higher under lower environmental temperature. Finally, the cost related to the time elapsed, until the euthermic state is reached again, is considered. These last results are in accordance with current conception about the flexibility in hibernation process.

The controls for a parallel hybrid electric truck are optimized using numerical optimal control. Trade-offs between catalyst light-off times, NOx emission and fuel consumption have been investigated for cold starts at two operating points, as well as temperature differences between conventional and hybrid powertrains during WHTC (World Harmonized Transient Cycle). A model describing the temperature dynamics of the aftertreatment system is implemented as well as temperature-based deNOx performance for both Cu-Zeolite and Fe-Zeolite catalysts. Control is performed in a piecewise linear fashion, resulting in a total of 23 states including control signals. It is shown that high temperatures can be a larger threat to catalyst performance when running the WHTC than low temperatures, for both conventional and hybrid powertrains. Furthermore, decreasing the light-off time of the catalyst does not always lead to decreased NOx emission, instead there is a trade-off between light-off time and NOx emission. It is found that there are controls that will realize decreased NOx emission for a hybrid truck during cold starts at the expense of increased fuel consumption.

In real operating environments, flexible structures exhibiting dynamic oscillations such as aircraft and spacecraft can experience large changes in temperature during their normal operating cycle, typically in the range -70 to 80 degrees Celsius. The use of piezoelectric actuators and sensors to control these dynamic oscillations have been widely explored at constant temperature, although only limited studies have been conducted on the effect that varying temperature has on the active control of flexible structures. The objective of this research is to study the influence of PZT sensors and actuators for vibration control of flexible structures where nonlinearities in piezoelectric and structural material properties change as the system temperatures vary significantly with time. This involved the development of a set of data based parameters that enabled the accurate modelling of a nonlinear flexible system in which its dynamics are actively controlled via the use of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. These parameters determined the design of a control scheme to actively control the system over a large range of operating temperatures, and give an optimised control performance throughout its operating regime. The work reported in this thesis describes selected methods for rapidly examining a number of the more common nonlinear properties of PZT associated with vibration control. An extensive numerical and experimental investigation is performed which shows that when used in active vibration control applications, the variations in PZT properties with temperature can ultimately affect the ability of the piezoelectric actuator and sensors to suppress vibration in flexible structures. Accurate simulation models of the lightweight piezo-actuated cantilevered structures were developed to evaluate the performance of a number of common vibration control schemes subject to significant temperature variations. This research was then extended to an innovative scaled wing-type structure subjected to temperature variations. A suitable adaptive self-tuning control scheme was developed and investigated numerically and experimentally, illustrating the benefit of adaptive control in this instance. The adaptive control technique was shown numerically and experimentally to provide improved settling times and damping ratios over equivalent fixed gain controllers for the class of structures investigated where limited control authority exists. The experimental investigation of PZT sensors and actuators has provided further understanding of the nonlinear behaviour of various light, flexible structures where temperature effects on the system dynamics and control are significant. This research has unveiled previously unreported nonlinearities and has expanded on traditional nonlinearities. These results can assist with the detailed design of applications involving PZT sensors and actuators in for example the aerospace and automotive industries.

There is a considerable scope for improving the temperature control of exothermic processes. In this thesis, a sub-optimal control strategy is developed through utilizing the dynamic, simulation tool. This scheme is built around easily obtained knowledge of the system and still retains flexibility. It can be applied to both exothermic batch and fed-batch processes. It consists of servo and regulatory modes, where a Generalized Predictive Controller (GPC) was used to provide self-tuning facilities. The methods outlined allow for limited thermal runaway whilst keeping some spare cooling capacity to ensure that operation at constraints are not violated. A special feature of the method proposed is that switching temperatures and temperature profiles can be readily found from plant trials whilst the addition rate profile Is capable of fairly straightforward computation. The work shows that It is unnecessary to demand stability for the whole of the exothermic reaction cycle, permitting a small runaway has resulted in a fast temperature response within the given safety margin. The Idea was employed for an exothermic single Irreversible reaction and also to a set of complex reactions. Both are carried out in a vessel with a heating/cooling coil. Two constraints are Imposed; (1) limited heat transfer area, and (11) a maximum allowable reaction temperature Tmax. The non-minimum phase problem can be considered as one of the difficulties in managing exothermic fed-batch process when cold reactant Is added to vessel at the maximum operating temperature. The control system coped with this within limits, a not unexpected result. In all cases, the new strategy out-performed the conventional controller and produced smoother variations in the manipulated variable. The simulation results showed that batch to batch variations and disturbances In cooling were successfully handled. GPC worked well but can be susceptible to measurement noise.

Le système de pile à combustible à membrane échangeuse de protons (PEMFC) a été considéré comme la nouvelle technologie de production d'énergie, car il présente l'avantage d'une densité de puissance élevée, d'une absence d'émissions, d'un rendement élevé et d'un démarrage rapide. C'est pourquoi cette thèse est consacrée à la recherche sur l'intégration du système, le contrôle des paramètres du système et l'optimisation des performances du système pour les systèmes PEMFC à cathode ouverte et à cathode fermée. Pour les systèmes PEMFC à cathode ouverte, la température de la pile est le facteur clé affectant la performance de sortie du système. Afin d'améliorer les performances de suivi dynamique de la température dans des conditions de changement de charge, un contrôle adaptatif inverse et une prédiction grise basés sur un contrôle adaptatif sans modèle sont proposés pour un contrôle optimal de la température du système. En outre, afin d'améliorer l'efficacité du système, une stratégie de contrôle de l'efficacité maximale basée sur l'optimisation de l'efficacité maximale et la commande prédictive généralisée par contrainte est proposée dans cette thèse. Pour le système PEMFC à cathode fermée, compte tenu de la non-linéarité existante et du fort couplage entre les paramètres de fonctionnement tels que la température de la pile et le taux d'excès d'oxygène (OER), une stratégie de contrôle multivariable à double boucle basée sur un contrôle adaptatif en mode glissant sans modèle MIMO est proposée pour la régulation de la température de la pile et du débit d'air du système PEMFC à cathode fermée. En outre, un banc d'essai de système PEMFC à cathode ouverte de 300 W et un banc d'essai de système PEMFC à cathode fermée de 5 kW sont établis. Toutes les stratégies de contrôle et d'optimisation des performances sont vérifiées sur le banc d'essai des systèmes PEMFC à cathode ouverte et à cathode fermée
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system has been considered as the new power generation technology as it has the advantage of high power density, zero emission, high efficiency, and fast start-up characteristics. Therefore, this thesis is devoted to researching system integration, system parameter trcking control, and system performance optimization for open-cathode and closed-cathode PEMFC systems. For open-cathode PEMFC system, the stack temperature is the key factor sffecting the output performance of the system. In order to improve the dynamic temperature tracking performance under load changing conditions, adaptive inverse control and grey prediction based model free adaptive control is proposed for optimal temperature control of system. Further, in order to enhance the system efficiency of system, a maximum efficiency control strategy based on maximum efficiency optimization and constraint generalized predictive control is proposed in this thesis. For closed-cathode PEMFC system, considering the existed nonlinearity and strong coupling between operating parameters such as stack temperature and oxygen excess ratio (OER), a dual loop multivariable control strategy based on MIMO model free adaptive sliding mode control is proposed for stack temperature and air flow rate regulation of closed-cathode PEMFC system. Moreover, a 300 W open-cathode PEMFC system test bench and a 5-kW closed-cathode PEMFC system tests bench are established. All the control strategies and the performance optimization strategies are verified on the established test bench of open-cathode and closed-cathode PEMFC systems

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The conception, design and synthesis of a platform to evaluate the performance of the in real time control algorithms is the main focuses of this Master Thesis. For conception purpose, the platform is classi¯ed in structural and functional parts, the structural one is composed of the hardware that are sensors, actuators, controllers and related devices. The functional part is formed by algorithms to manager the platform resources and real time control strategies. The platform is dedicated to the speed control of a direct current motor and the temperature control of an electric furnace. These plants are used to develop methods for real time control, parameter estimation and controller tuning. The parameter estima- tion of the motor and furnace is performed in the platform, the obtained models are used to design the PID controller optimal gains.
Apresenta-se uma metodologia para o projeto de uma plataforma para avaliar o desempenho de algoritmos de controle em tempo real. O sistema é organizado em partes estrutural e funcional; a estrutural é constituída pelos elementos de hardware que são as plantas, sensores, atuadores e controladores; a parte funcional é constituída pelos algoritmos para o gerenciamento dos recursos da plataforma e para controle de sistemas dinâmicos. A plataforma é dedicada ao controle de velocidade de um motor de corrente continua e controle de temperatura de um forno elétrico, estas plantas são utilizadas para o desenvolvimento de métodos e verificação de aplicações de controle em tempo real, estimação de parâmetros e sintonia de ganhos dos controladores. A plataforma é utilizada para o levantamento dos parâmetros do motor e forno. Os modelos das plantas são utilizados para o projeto de controladores do tipo PID que são sintonizados por métodos de otimização.

Etude du dispositif de régulation sur une portion de frontière d'une région ouverte oméga du plan : ce dispositif comprend un régulateur PID dont le signal de commande est une mesure de différence de température. Possibilité d'un réglage optimal du régulateur pour une perturbation connue de la température initiale. Simulation numérique bidimensionnelle du fonctionnement

Orientador: Jose Antonio Siqueira Dias
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
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Resumo: Por serem eletricamente passivos e imunes à interferência eletromagnética, os sensores a fibra óptica estão se tornando uma excelente escolha para o sensoreamento em várias aplicações, como aeroespacial, distribuição e geração de energia elétrica, transportes ferroviários, e equipamentos de segurança militares. Entre outras vantagens está o fato de que os sinais medidos podem ser transmitidos em distâncias muito grandes (da ordem de quilômetros), são compactos e leves. A técnica de medida convencional com sensor à FBG necessita de equipamentos de custo muito elevado, tornando-se inviável para aplicações de baixo custo. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma nova técnica para medir temperatura com sensores a fibra óptica com grades de Bragg. Resultados experimentais de medidas feitas com a técnica desenvolvida mostram que é possível obter uma resolução de 0,5 mºC em medidas realizadas numa faixa de 30ºC.
Abstract: Due to the characteristic of being electrically passive and immune to electromagnetic interference, optical fiber sensors are becoming an excellent choice for several applications, as aerospace, distribution and generation of electrical energy, railway transports, and military equipment. Among other advantages, these sensors are compact, light and the measured signals can be transmitted for very long distances (in the order of kilometers). The existing techniques for temperature measurement using FBG sensors need expensive equipments, and therefore are not suitable for low cost applications. In this work a new technique to measure temperature with a extremely high resolution using FBG sensors is presented. Experimental results of measurements carried out with the proposed technique show that a resolution of 0.5 m°C was obtained for measurements performed over a 30 ºC temperature range.
Mestrado
Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Dans cette thèse, tout d’abord, nous faisons l’Analyse Mathématique du modèle exact du chauffage radiatif d’un corps semi-transparent $\Omega$ par une source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Il s’agit donc d’étudier le couplage d’un système d’Equations de Transfert Radiatif avec condition au bord de réflectivité indépendantes avec une équation de conduction de la chaleur non linéaire avec condition limite non linéaire de type Robin. Nous prouvons l’existence et l’unicité de la solution et nous démontrons des bornes uniformes sur la solution et les intensités radiatives dans chaque bande de longueurs d’ondes pour laquelle le corps est semi-transparent, en fonction de bornes sur les données, Deuxièmement, nous considérons le problème du contrôle optimal de la température absolue à l’intérieur du corps semi-transparent $\Omega$ en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. À cet égard, nous introduisons la fonctionnelle coût appropriée et l’ensemble des contrôles admissibles $T_{S}$, pour lesquels nous prouvons l’existence de contrôles optimaux. En introduisant l’espace des états et l’équation d’état, une condition nécessaire de premier ordre pour qu’un contrôle $T_{S}$ : t ! $T_{S}$ (t) soit optimal, est alors dérivée sous la forme d’une inéquation variationnelle en utilisant le théorème des fonctions implicites et le problème adjoint. Ensuite, nous considérons le problème de l’existence et de l’unicité d’une solution faible des équations de la thermoviscoélasticité dans une formulation mixte de type Hellinger- Reissner, la nouveauté par rapport au travail de M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) étant ici l’apparition de la viscosité dans certains coefficients de l’équation constitutive, viscosité qui dépend dans ce contexte de la température absolue T(x, t) et donc en particulier du temps t. Enfin, nous considérons dans ce cadre le problème du contrôle optimal de la déformation du corps semi-transparent $\Omega$, en agissant sur la température absolue de la source radiative noire qui l’entoure. Nous prouvons l’existence d’un contrôle optimal et nous calculons la dérivée Fréchet de la fonctionnelle coût réduite
This thesis begins with a rigorous mathematical analysis of the radiative heating of a semi-transparent body made of glass, by a black radiative source surrounding it. This requires the study of the coupling between quasi-steady radiative transfer boundary value problems with nonhomogeneous reflectivity boundary conditions (one for each wavelength band in the semi-transparent electromagnetic spectrum of the glass) and a nonlinear heat conduction evolution equation with a nonlinear Robin boundary condition which takes into account those wavelengths for which the glass behaves like an opaque body. We prove existence and uniqueness of the solution, and give also uniform bounds on the solution i.e. on the absolute temperature distribution inside the body and on the radiative intensities. Now, we consider the temperature $T_{S}$ of the black radiative source S surrounding the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ as the control variable. We adjust the absolute temperature distribution (x, t) 7! T(x, t) inside the semi-transparent body near a desired temperature distribution Td(·, ·) during the time interval of radiative heating ]0, tf [ by acting on $T_{S}$. In this respect, we introduce the appropriate cost functional and the set of admissible controls $T_{S}$, for which we prove the existence of optimal controls. Introducing the State Space and the State Equation, a first order necessary condition for a control $T_{S}$ : t 7! $T_{S}$ (t) to be optimal is then derived in the form of a Variational Inequality by using the Implicit Function Theorem and the adjoint problem. We come now to the goal problem which is the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$ by heating it with a black radiative source surrounding it. We introduce a weak mixed formulation of this thermoviscoelasticity problem and study the existence and uniqueness of its solution, the novelty here with respect to the work of M.E. Rognes et R. Winther (M3AS, 2010) being the apparition of the viscosity in some of the coefficients of the constitutive equation, viscosity which depends on the absolute temperature T(x, t) and thus in particular on the time t. Finally, we state in this setting the related optimal control problem of the deformation of the semi-transparent body $\Omega$, by acting on the absolute temperature of the black radiative source surrounding it. We prove the existence of an optimal control and we compute the Fréchet derivative of the associated reduced cost functional

An accurate model for RO process has significant importance in the simulation and optimization proposes. A steady state model of RO process is developed based on solution diffusion theory to describe the permeation through membrane and thin film approach is used to describe the concentration polarization. The model is validated against the operation data reported in the literature. For the sake of clear understanding of the interaction of feed temperature and salinity on the design and operation of RO based desalination systems, simultaneous optimization of design and operation of RO network is investigated based on two-stage RO superstructure via MINLP approach. Different cases with several feed concentrations and seasonal variation of seawater temperature are presented. Also, the possibility of flexible scheduling in terms of the number of membrane modules required in operation in high and low temperature seasons is investigated A simultaneous modelling and optimization method for RO system including boron removal is then presented. A superstructure of the RO network is developed based on double pass RO network (two-stage seawater pass and one-stage brackish water pass). The MINLP problem based on the superstructure is used to find out an optimal RO network which will minimize the total annualized cost while fulfilling a given boron content limit. The effect of pH on boron rejection is investigated at deferent seawater temperatures. The optimal operation policy of RO system is then studied in this work considering variations in freshwater demand and with changing seawater temperature throughout the day. A storage tank is added to the RO layout to provide additional operational flexibility and to ensure the availability of freshwater at all times. Two optimization problems are solved incorporating two seawater temperature profiles, representing summer and winter seasons. The possibility of flexible scheduling of cleaning and maintenance of membrane modules is investigated. Then, the optimal design and operation of RO process is studied in the presence of membrane fouling and including several operational variations such as variable seawater temperature. The cleaning schedule of single stage RO process is formulated as MINLP problem using spiral wound modules. NNs based correlation has been developed based on the actual fouling data which can be used for estimating the permeability decline factors. The correlation based on actual data to predict the annual seawater temperature profile is also incorporated in the model. The proposed optimization procedure identified simultaneously the optimal maintenance schedule of RO network including its design parameters and operating policy. The steady state model of RO process is used to study the sensitivity of different operating and design parameters on the plant performance. A non-linear optimization problem is formulated to minimize specific energy consumption at fixed product flow rate and quality while optimizing the design and operating parameters. Then the MINLP formulation is used to find the optimal designs of RO layout for brackish water desalination. A variable fouling profile along the membrane stages is introduced to see how the network design and operation of the RO system are to be adjusted Finally, a preliminary control strategy for RO process is developed based on PID control algorithm and a first order transfer function (presented in the Appendix).

xvi, 176 p. : ill. (some col.)
The research presented in this dissertation aims to contribute to the field of atom optics via the implementation and demonstration of an all-optical one-way barrier for 87 Rb atoms--a novel tool for controlling atomic motion. This barrier--a type of atomic turnstile--transmits atoms traveling in one direction but hinders their passage in the other direction. We create the barrier with two laser beams, generating its unidirectional behavior by exploiting the two hyperfine ground states of 87 Rb. In particular, we judiciously choose the frequency of one beam to present a potential well to atoms in one ground state (the transmitting state) and a potential barrier to atoms in the other state (the reflecting state). The second beam optically pumps the atoms from the transmitting state to the reflecting state. A significant component of the experimental work presented here involves generating ultra-cold rubidium atoms for demonstrating the one-way barrier. To this end, we have designed and constructed a sophisticated 87 Rb cooling and trapping apparatus. This apparatus comprises an extensive ultra-high vacuum system, four home-built, frequency-stabilized diode laser systems, a high-power Yb:fiber laser, a multitude of supporting optics, and substantial timing and control electronics. This system allows us to cool and trap rubidium atoms at a temperature of about 30 μK. The results presented in this dissertation are summarized as follows. We successfully implemented a one-way barrier for neutral atoms and demonstrated its asymmetric nature. We used this new tool to compress the phase-space volume of an atomic sample and examined its significance as a physical realization of Maxwell's demon. We also demonstrated the robustness of the barrier's functionality to variations in several important experimental parameters. Lastly, we demonstrated the barrier's ability to cool an atomic sample, substantiating its potential application as a new cooling tool. This dissertation includes previously published coauthored material.
Committee in charge: Dr. Hailin Wang, Chair; Dr. Daniel A. Steck, Research Advisor; Dr. Jens U. Nockel; Dr. David M. Strom; Dr. Jeffrey A. Cina

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a influência da temperatura de junção nas perdas de potência de um módulo IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), monitorando a temperatura através de medida direta, empregando sensores a fibra ótica. O monitoramento direto da temperatura é realizado por meio de sensores óticos baseados em rede de Bragg instalados no interior do módulo, posicionados sobre a pastilha semicondutora que forma o IGBT. Para que as análises experimentais possam ser realizadas sob condições de temperatura controlada, foi desenvolvido um sistema de controle de temperatura digital com base em um módulo termoelétrico de efeito Peltier, que permite regular a temperatura com um erro percentual de 0,1%, numa faixa de valores que podem variar de -16 °C a 150 °C. O acionamento do módulo IGBT é realizado através de um circuito de teste capaz de variar os parâmetros elétricos do dispositivo, como largura do pulso, tensão e corrente de carga. As formas de onda que descrevem o comportamento do IGBT são obtidas por meio de um osciloscópio digital, o que proporciona a verificação do desempenho do dispositivo durante os processos de comutação e condução de corrente elétrica. O acionamento do IGBT sob temperaturas controladas permite verificar as faixas de temperatura que apresentam influência significativa nas perdas do dispositivo. O emprego do sensor ótico proporciona identificar o aquecimento gerado na junção do dispositivo em função das perdas. A medição da temperatura de forma direta também contribui para o desenvolvimento de uma técnica simples e de boa precisão para obtenção dos parâmetros térmicos da estrutura do IGBT. Os parâmetros obtidos serviram de base para elaboração de um modelo térmico preciso, que permite simular fielmente o comportamento térmico do dispositivo, onde o erro percentual máximo é de aproximadamente 0,3%. A utilização do modelo facilita a análise de pequenas variações de temperatura, inferiores à 0,01 °C, onde a medição através do sensor torna-se complicada. A associação dos resultados da análise de influência da temperatura no desempenho do IGBT, com o monitoramento e simulação do aquecimento gerado durante a operação do dispositivo pode contribuir, de fato, para o desenvolvimento semicondutores de potência mais eficientes.
This study aims to evaluate the temperature influence on power losses of an IGBT module (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor), monitoring the temperature through direct measurement, using optical sensors. The direct monitoring of temperature is accomplished by means of optical sensors based on fiber Bragg grating installed inside the module, positioned on the semiconductor wafer, which forms the IGBT structure. For the experimental analysis to be performed under controlled temperature conditions, a digital temperature control system based on a Peltier effect thermoelectric module was developed, which can regulate the temperature in a range between -16 °C to 150 °C, with an percentage error of 0.1%. The drive of the IGBT module is done by a test circuit that can vary the device electrical parameters, such as pulse width, voltage and load current. A digital oscilloscope, providing verification of device performance during the switching and conduction of electrical current, obtains the waveforms that describe the IGBT behavior. The drive of the IGBT under controlled temperature allows checking the temperature ranges that have significant influence on the device power losses. The use of optical sensor provided to identify the heat generated on the device junction due to the power losses. The direct measurement of junction temperature also contributed to the development of a simple technique with great precision to obtain the thermal parameters of the IGBT structure. The parameters obtained were the basis for developing a precise thermal model that faithfully simulates the device thermal behavior, where the maximum percentage error is 0.3%, approximately. The model facilitates the analysis of small variations in temperature, lower than 0.01 °C, where measurement by the sensor becomes more complicated. The association of the temperature influence analysis on the IGBT performance with monitoring and simulation of generated heat on the structure during device operation, can contribute to the research on design of novel power semiconductor devices.

Continuous casting is a dominant production technology of steelmaking which is currently used for more that 95% of the world steel production. Mathematical modelling and optimal control of casting machine are crucial tasks in continuous steel casting which directly influence productivity and quality of produced steel, competitiveness of steelworks, safety of casting machine operation and its impact on the environment. This thesis concerns with the development and implementation of the numerical model of temperature field for continuously cast steel billets and its use for optimal control of the casting machine. The numerical model was developed and implemented in MATLAB. Due to computational demands the model was parallelized by means of the computation on graphics processing units NVIDIA with the computational architecture CUDA. Validation and verification of the model were performed with the use of operational data from Trinecke zelezarny steelworks. The model was then utilized as a part of the developed model-based predictive control system for the optimal control of dynamic situations in the casting machine operation. The behaviour of the developed control system was examined by means of dynamic model situations that have confirmed the ability of the implemented system to optimally control dynamic operations of the continuous casting machine. Both the numerical model of the temperature field and the model-based predictive control system have been implemented so that they can be modified for any casting machine and this allows for their prospective commercial applications.

En Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM), l’augmentation du champ magnétique statique permet en théorie de fournir un rapport signal sur bruit accru, améliorant la qualité des images. L’objectif de l’IRM à ultra haut champ est d’atteindre une résolution spatiale suffisamment haute pour pouvoir distinguer des structures si fines qu’elles sont actuellement impossibles à visualiser de façon non-invasive. Cependant, à de telles valeurs de champs magnétiques, la longueur d’onde du rayonnement électromagnétique envoyé pour basculer les spins des protons de l’eau est du même ordre de grandeur que l’objet dont on souhaite faire l’image. Des phénomènes d’interférences sont observés, ce qui se traduit par l’inhomogénéité de ce champ radiofréquence (RF) au sein de l’objet. Ces interférences engendrent des artefacts de signal et/ou de contraste dans les images IRM, et rendent ainsi leur exploitation délicate. Il est donc crucial de fournir des solutions pour atténuer la non-uniformité de l’excitation des spins, à défaut de quoi de tels systèmes ne pourront atteindre leurs pleins potentiels. Pour obtenir des diagnostics pertinents à très haut champ, il est donc nécessaire de créer des impulsions RF homogénéisant l'excitation de l'ensemble des spins (ici du cerveau humain), optimisées pour chaque individu. Pour cela, un système de transmission parallèle (pTX) à 8 canaux a été installé au sein de notre imageur à 7 Tesla. Alors que la plupart des systèmes IRM cliniques n’utilisent qu’un seul canal d’émission, l’extension pTX permet de jouer différentes formes d’impulsions RF de concert. La somme résultante de ces interférences doit alors être optimisée pour atténuer la non-uniformité observée classiquement. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de synthétiser ce type d’impulsions, en utilisant la pTX. Ces impulsions auront pour contrainte supplémentaire le respect des limitations internationales concernant l'exposition à des champs radiofréquence, qui induit une hausse de température dans les tissus. En ce sens, de nombreuses simulations électromagnétiques et de températures ont été réalisées en introduction de cette thèse, afin d’évaluer la relation entre les seuils recommandés d’exposition RF et l’élévation de température prédite dans les tissus. Cette thèse porte plus spécifiquement sur la conception de l’ensemble des impulsions RF refocalisantes utilisées dans des séquences IRM non-sélectives, basées sur l’écho de spin. Dans un premier temps, seule une impulsion RF a été générée, pour une application simple : l’inversion du déphasage des spins dans le plan transverse. Dans un deuxième temps, sont considérées les séquences à long train d’échos de refocalisation appliquées à l’in vivo. Ici, l’opérateur mathématique agissant sur la magnétisation, et non pas son état final comme il est fait classiquement, est optimisé. Le gain en imagerie à très haut champ est clairement visible puisque les opérations mathématiques (la rotation des spins) voulues sont réalisées avec plus de fidélité que dans le cadre des méthodes de l’état de l’art. Pour cela, la génération de ces impulsions RF combine une méthode d’excitation des spins avec navigation dans l’espace de Fourier, les kT-points, et un algorithme d’optimisation, appelé Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), utilisant le contrôle optimal. Cette conception est rapide grâce à des calculs analytiques plus directs que des méthodes de différences finies. La prise en compte d’un grand nombre de paramètres nécessite l’usage de GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) pour atteindre des temps de calcul compatibles avec un examen clinique. Cette méthode de conception d’impulsions RF a été validée expérimentalement sur l’imageur 7 Tesla de NeuroSpin, sur une cohorte de volontaires sains
In Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the increase of the static magnetic field strength is used to provide in theory a higher signal-to-noise ratio, thereby improving the overall image quality. The purpose of ultra-high-field MRI is to achieve a spatial image resolution sufficiently high to be able to distinguish structures so fine that they are currently impossible to view in a non-invasive manner. However, at such static magnetic fields strengths, the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves sent to flip the water proton spins is of the same order of magnitude than the scanned object. Interference wave phenomena are then observed, which are caused by the radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneity within the object. These generate signal and/or contrast artifacts in MR images, making their exploitation difficult, if not impossible, in certain areas of the body. It is therefore crucial to provide solutions to mitigate the non-uniformity of the spins excitation. Failing this, these imaging systems with very high fields will not reach their full potential.For relevant high field clinical diagnosis, it is therefore necessary to create RF pulses homogenizing the excitation of all spins (here of the human brain), and optimized for each individual to be imaged. For this, an 8-channel parallel transmission system (pTX) was installed in our 7 Tesla scanner. While most clinical MRI systems only use a single transmission channel, the pTX extension allows to simultaneously playing various forms of RF pulses on all channels. The resulting sum of the interference must be optimized in order to reduce the non-uniformity typically seen.The objective of this thesis is to synthesize this type of tailored RF pulses, using parallel transmission. These pulses will have as an additional constraint the compliance with the international exposure limits for radiofrequency exposure, which induces a temperature rise in the tissue. In this sense, many electromagnetic and temperature simulations were carried out as an introduction of this thesis, in order to assess the relationship between the recommended RF exposure limits and the temperature rise actually predicted in tissues.This thesis focuses specifically on the design of all RF refocusing pulses used in non-selective MRI sequences based on the spin-echo. Initially, only one RF pulse was generated for a simple application: the reversal of spin dephasing in the transverse plane, as part of a classic spin echo sequence. In a second time, sequences with very long refocusing echo train applied to in vivo imaging are considered. In all cases, the mathematical operator acting on the magnetization, and not its final state as is done conventionally, is optimized. The gain in high field imaging is clearly visible, as the necessary mathematical operations (that is to say, the rotation of the spins) are performed with a much greater fidelity than with the methods of the state of the art. For this, the generation of RF pulses is combining a k-space-based spin excitation method, the kT-points, and an optimization algorithm, called Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering (GRAPE), using optimal control.This design is relatively fast thanks to analytical calculations rather than finite difference methods. The inclusion of a large number of parameters requires the use of GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) to achieve computation times compatible with clinical examinations. This method of designing RF pulses has been experimentally validated successfully on the NeuroSpin 7 Tesla scanner, with a cohort of healthy volunteers. An imaging protocol was developed to assess the image quality improvement using these RF pulses compared to typically used non-optimized RF pulses. All methodological developments made during this thesis have contributed to improve the performance of ultra-high-field MRI in NeuroSpin, while increasing the number of MRI sequences compatible with parallel transmission

Temperature control is widely sought after in regards to optical systems as their optical parameters often show dependence on temperature. Examples include diode lasers, multiplexing systems, optical amplifiers, and filters all of whom have a high sensitivity to temperature. This thesis presents a temperature controlled environment chamber actuated by a thermoelectric cooler. The design of which provides a simple, multi-applicable solution for temperature control in optical devices.

The final device is comprised of three sub-areas of design. Each subsystem was custom built and applied in the final assembly -- including a digitally implemented signal generator, an error correction controller, and the environment chamber heat sink structure. The signal generator is used as input for a switched-mode based Peltier driver found commercially. A feedback error controller compensates the driver for temperature control. Both systems are implemented with microcontroller units. The environment chamber heat sink assembly is designed specifically to handle the thermal energy generated by the thermoelectric cooler.

All of the systems were tested collectively for functionality. The input signal generator achieved its design goals and is capable of creating specific profiles in the temperature response. Error controller performance was reasonable in set-point tracking for continuous input signals. Step input responses are tuned for minimal settling time and overshoot. Temperature resolution in the thermistor response is around 0.1•C after digital filtering. The thermal design achieved its goal of operating in an ambient environment up to 54•C. Low temperature ambient environment operation has been confirmed to 8•C.

Master of Science

Neste trabalho foi estudada a aplicação das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica, como sensores no monitoramento e mapeamento térmico de um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto. Também foi analisada a capacidade desses sensores em detectar anomalias elétricas do painel, as quais são manifestadas pelas mudanças na temperatura. Devido ao fato de ser pioneiro no estudo da fibra óptica em painéis fotovoltaicos, o presente trabalho buscou comparar os resultados alcançados por esta tecnologia com os dados das demais técnicas de medição de temperatura, como por exemplo, o PT100 e câmera IR. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando um painel fotovoltaico instalado em ambiente aberto, onde as suas variações de temperatura foram medidas por 27 sensores de fibra óptica instalados em sua superfície frontal. Durante todos os ensaios as condições ambientais de temperatura ambiente, nível de radiação solar e velocidade do vento foram monitorados. Os resultados demonstraram potencialidade de utilização das redes de Bragg em fibra óptica na detecção de variações térmicas ocasionadas por fatores ambientais ou aquecimento nas células.
This paper has been studying the applications of Bragg gratings in optical fibers, as sensors for thermal mapping and monitoring on photovoltaic panel surface which was installing in an open environment. We also analyzed the ability of optical fibers sensors to detect electrical anomalies in the panel, which are manifested by the changes in its temperature. Because it was pioneering in study of optical fiber application into photovoltaic panel, this paper's objective is compare the results between this technology and the other techniques for temperature measurements, for example when are used the PT100 sensors or infrared camera. Assays were performed using a photovoltaic panel that is installed in an open environment, its temperature changes were measured by a total of 27 optical fiber sensors installed on the front surface. During the tests, the environmental conditions of temperature, level of solar radiation and wind speed, were monitored. The results demonstrate the potential use of Bragg gratings in optical fiber for detecting thermal fluctuations caused by environmental factors or by heating the cells.

Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 87-91).
Efficient entanglement of negative nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond will bring us significantly closer to realizing a large scale quantum network, including the design and development of quantum computers. A central requirement for generating large-scale entanglement is a system that can be entangled at a rate faster than it decoheres. There are a variety of proposed protocols to implement entanglement, however, thus far implementation of a system that performs efficiently enough in practice to overcome decoherence has been unsuccessful. In this thesis, I laid the ground work to entangle two NVs using a dipole coupling protocol, a protocol that has the advantageous property of not requiring use of identical photons, making this experimental approach highly feasible. The actual experiment will be done at cryogenic temperatures, a condition that provides an advantage over room temperature realizations of the protocol by extending coherence time and improving readout speed and fidelity. The ultimate goal of this work is to determine if this is achievable in a scalable architecture that will establish a foundation for future experiments in this research and development area.
by Michael P. Walsh.
S.M.

The concept of plasma flow control is a relatively new idea based on using atmospheric plasma placed near the edge of an air foil to reduce boundary layer losses. As with any new concept, it is important to be able to quantify theoretical assumptions with known experimental results for validation. Currently there are a variety of experiments being done to better understand plasma flow control, but one particular experiment is through the use of multi-physics modeling of dielectric barrier discharge actuators. The research in this thesis uses optical measurement techniques to validate computational models of flow control actuators being done concurrently at Virginia Tech. The primary focus of this work is to design, build and test plasma actuators in order to determine the plasma characteristics relating to electron temperatures and densities. Using optical measurement techniques such as plasma spectroscopy, measured electron temperatures and densities to compare with theoretical calculations of plasma flow control under a variety of flow conditions. This thesis covers a background of plasma physics, optical measurement techniques, and the designing of the plasma actuator setups used in measuring atmospheric plasmas.
Master of Science

L'etude porte sur la resolution de problemes de moindres carres non lineaires rencontres dans le domaine des ecoulements oceaniques a grande echelle. L'originalite de ce travail reside dans l'approche qui est faite par la methode du controle optimal plutot que par une technique statistique. Cette methode consiste a minimiser une fonctionnelle correspondant au probleme de moindre carre etudie, le minimum de cette optimisation etant une solution du probleme. Lors des applications numeriques, le gradient de cette fonctionnelle n'est pas calcule par differences finies mais a l'aide du modele adjoint. La premiere etude de cette these concerne l'estimation des conditions initiales manquantes de modeles oceaniques tels que ceux de saint-venant, stokes et boussinesq a l'aide de donnees partielles sur l'etat du systeme. Cette etude theorique faite essentiellement en lineaire est suivie d'une application reelle, l'initialisation d'un modele shallow water non lineaire avec des donnees d'altimetrie du satellite geosat. La troisieme etude traite de l'initialisation d'un modele non lineaire de boussinesq quasi stationnaire avec des donnees de temperature et de salinite uniquement. Cette etude theorique est suivie d'une experience numerique d'initialisation d'un modele operationnel de simulation oceanique tridimensionnelle a l'aide de donnees in situ de temperature et de climatologie de temperature et de salinite. Les resultats theoriques partiels ainsi que les experiences numeriques montrent que la methode s'applique de maniere satisfaisante et qu'elle pourra etre utilisee de maniere operationnelle ainsi qu'en mode recherche pour ameliorer notre vision de l'ocean et parfaire sa description

Cette thèse s'inscrit dans l'amélioration de la gestion du trafic aérien. Le vent et la température sont deux paramètres omniprésents, subis, et à l'origine de nombreux biais de prédiction qui altèrent le suivi des trajectoires. Nous proposons une méthode pour limiter ces biais. Le concept "Wind and Température Networking" améliore la prédiction de trajectoire en utilisant le vent et la température mesurés par les avions voisins. Nous détaillons les effets de la température sur l'avion, permettant sa prise en compte. L'évaluation du concept est faite sur 8000 vols. Nous traitons du calcul de trajectoires optimales en présence de vent prédit, pour remplacer les actuelles routes de l'Atlantique Nord, et aboutir à des groupes de trajectoires optimisées et robustes. Dans la conclusion, nous présentons d'autres champs d'applications du partage de vents, et abordons les besoins en nouvelles infrastructures et protocoles de communication, nécessaires à la prise en compte de ce nouveau concept
This thesis is related to air traffic management systems current changes. On the ground and in flight, trajectory calculation methods and available data differ. Wind and temperature are two ubiquitous parameters that are subject to and cause prediction bias. We propose a concept to limit this bias. Our "Wind and Temperature Networking" concept improves trajectory prediction, using wind and temperature information from neighboring aircraft. We detail the effects of temperature on the aircraft performances, allowing for temperature to be taken into account. The concept evaluation is done on 8000 flights. We discuss the calculation of optimal trajectories in the presence of predicted winds, to replace the current North Atlantic Tracks, and to provide optimized and robust groups of trajectories. The conclusion of this thesis presents other fields of wind sharing applications, and addresses the need for new telecommunications infrastructures and protocols

L'objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier l’utilisation des plasmas froids à pression atmosphérique pour déposer des couches minces apportant une valeur ajoutée (protection contre la corrosion, effet autonettoyant ou antibactérien,…) aux produits. Cette recherche se divise en trois parties :caractérisation de l’un des équipements plasma utilisés, dépôts de SiOxCyNzHw et dépôts de TiOx. Ces deux types de couches peuvent apporter un effet barrière contre la corrosion.

Dans la première partie de ce travail, l’influence de l’ajout d’un gaz réactif (hydrogène ou ammoniac) dans un plasma d’azote généré avec une torche commerciale de type décharge à barrière diélectrique (DBD) est étudiée par spectroscopie d’émission optique et par des mesures simultanées de courant et tension. En particulier, des émissions de CN sont visibles dans les spectres optiques d’un plasma d’azote seul, mais ne le sont plus si un gaz réactif est ajouté. Par contre, avec de l’hydrogène ou de l’ammoniac dans le plasma, la présence de NH est détectée. Quelle que soit la nature du gaz, la décharge est filamentaire. L’ajout d’un gaz réactif permet de réduire la tension à appliquer pour maintenir la décharge.

Dans la deuxième partie, cette torche est utilisée pour déposer des couches à partir de précurseurs organosiliciés (hexaméthyldisiloxane et hexaméthyldisilazane) par plasma d’azote seul, avec hydrogène ou avec ammoniac dans une cuve industrielle mise sous azote. Diverses géométries d’injection du précurseur sont testées. L’une d’elles est choisie pour étudier les propriétés des dépôts sur de larges surfaces (de silicium pour diverses analyses et d’acier pour évaluer la résistance à la corrosion). Les dépôts par plasma d’azote seul sont de type polysiloxane. Ceux obtenus par plasma d’azote avec hydrogène contiennent moins d’azote et de carbone. Ceux réalisés par plasma d’azote avec ammoniac sont poudreux.

Dans la dernière partie, des couches d’oxyde de titane sont déposées à partir d’isopropoxyde de titane avec une torche commerciale radiofréquencée dans l’air ambiant, une décharge à barrière diélectrique à électrodes planes parallèles sous hélium à basse pression développée à l’ULB et la torche utilisée pour les dépôts à base de silicium dans une cuve de laboratoire sous azote. Les couches déposées avec la torche de type DBD sous azote contiennent de l’azote et du carbone contrairement à celles obtenues avec les deux autres installations. Ces essais ont mis en évidence la forte réactivité du précurseur avec l’humidité ambiante.

Les couches à base de silicium déposées apportent un effet barrière contre la corrosion. La résistance à la corrosion des dépôts d’oxyde de titane n’a pas encore été testée. Toutefois, dans les conditions actuelles, avec les géométries des équipements plasma utilisés, les vitesses de dépôt sont insuffisantes pour des applications en sidérurgie. D’autres géométries devraient être testées pour accroître les vitesses de dépôt.

Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

碩士
國立勤益科技大學
冷凍空調系
95
At present the application of environmental control is really broad, for instance, clean room, refrigeration and air conditioning environmental control and so on. In industrial application, there is time delay property in constant temperature oil cooler and constant temperature, humidity air-condition system. There is maximum overshoot phenomenon in controlling these systems and reduce controller performance. In order to amend that problem. We used three different control strategies (the general traditional PID control, PI-PD strategy control and Smith predictor) on indoor air heating system and oil temperature control system to carry out the simulation, analysis and performance comparison Generally, in the traditional PID controller, the proportion, integral and differential carry out in the forward loop totally. The modification is executed according to deviation between set point and the output. This method will bring out the derivative kick. To resolve this problem, we used two market PID controllers to construct a double PID control system structure. In this control system, PI controller was put in forward loop, and the PD controller in feedback loop. It can suppress derivative kick and maximum overshoot. Then it also can attain high accuracy of heating and cooling system temperature control and has the low cost superiority. In Smith predictor control section, we designed the controller by exploiting the identification system model and match with the simple formula derived in this thesis. We find out that so long as the controller design is appropriate, we can fulfil the accuracy control of feedback only by a simple market PID controller. After those two kinds of control systems mentioned above are simulated and executed. The results show that they can provide the temperature tracing requirement of industry in the constant and variable load situation. They also have excellent system disturbance suppression property, and the precision of their temperature control may reach ±0.2℃ approximately. In industry, in order to obtain high accuracy and high performance control, the controller is often handled with PC-based and DSP-based generally. But it has some trouble problem in these systemru;4, for example, high price, complex operation and difficult service. In the thesis, we develop two control methods (PI-PD strategy control, Smith predictor control) can fulfil high accuracy only by using market PID controllers. They has the merit of simple construction, low cost, and easy regulation. It meets the industrial application demand extremely.

The work presented in this thesis concerns the study of quantum many-body physics by making use Bose-Einstein condensates loaded in optical lattices potentials. The first part describes the development of a new experimental strategy for the production of the degenerate atomic sample, the second part concerns the optimal control ground state production and the entanglement characterization on a systems of interacting Bosons across the superfluid - Mott insulator quantum phase transition, and the third part illustrates the study of the dynamical properties of an array of 1D gases performed via Bragg spectroscopy.

There is a growing demand for integrated control strategies for building systems with numerous responsive elements, such as solar shading devices, thermal storage and hybrid ventilation systems. Simulation-based supervisory control is a promising way of approaching this challenge. The essential idea is to use detailed building simulation real-time within a supervisory control system to test possible set-point configurations at each controller time-step before choosing the best configuration to use in the building. This dissertation presents a flexible software framework for simulation-based supervisory control, along with a modified genetic algorithm developed for use within it, and applies it to a case study of demand response by zone temperature ramping in an office space. Rule-based and simulation-based control variants are studied by using a two-model configuration (one acting as the 'real' building, the other being used within the simulation-based control framework). For the case study, simulation-based control was found to perform only slightly better than a logarithmic rule-based approach under ideal conditions, and worse under conditions of model or prediction inaccuracies. The results are of use in guiding further research, and the case study itself has been a good test of the software framework, which can be further developed and should be useful in future simulation-based control research.

No
A multivariable model of an automotive gas turbine, obtained from the linearized system equations is investigated. To facilitate vehicle speed changes, whilst protecting the system against thermal damage, control of the power turbine inlet gas temperature and gas generator speed is proposed by feedback regulation. Fuel flow and the power turbine nozzle area variations are the selected, manipulatable inputs. Owing to the limited control energy available for regulation purposes a multivariable, optimum, minimum control effort strategy is employed in the inner loop controller design study. Simulated, open and closed loop system responses are presented for purposes of comparison. Significant improvements in the transient response interaction reaction times and low steady state output interaction achieved using passive compensation and output feedback alone. Simplification of the closed loop configuration is proposed in the final implementation without performance penalties.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
光電工程學研究所
105
In this thesis, we divide the investigations into two parts of (1) the thermal mechanism and (2) the electrical-optical logic applications for Light Emitting Transistor (LET). The embedded QW in the base region is employed to the Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) which is refers to as Quantum-Well Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (QW-HBT) possesses optical and electrical characteristics simultaneously. From the thermionic emission effects, the current gain increases in the experimental data and we investigate and build a temperature dependent charge control model for QW-HBT. With increasing the temperature, the current gain of the QW-HBT increases which is contrast to conventional HBT. The temperature charge control model describes the relation of each carrier time and temperature and the most significant impact to current gain is escape time. The simulated results could be high in agreement with the experimental data. Moreover, we design the layer structure of QW-HBT by modulating the various QW sizes and the lengths where emitter to QW. For the purpose of optimizing the temperature sensitivity and linearity, the QW-HBT could be applied for temperature sensing in the future. In the second stage, the light emitting transistor (LET) with unique characteristics to function as an optical transmitter and receiver. The LET could also work as a heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) which is experimentally studied to be utilized to electrical-optical gate applications. We investigate the DC characteristics of the HPT under different optical injections and the different emitter sizes affect on the responsivity and current gain. To demonstrate an optical gate named as inverter/NAND, The Inverter gate possesses the base mesa region, the absorption region, as an optical input and the collector port as an electrical output. With designing a second emitter port in the HPT, an extra electrical input port can be provides. Therefore, the invertor circuit could be treated as a NAND gate. In other case, with the integration of HPT and LET, an extra optical output port in OR/NOR circuit could be realized. The electrical output truth values of the LET in the logic circuit are contrast to the optical output do. Therefore, the circuit configuration of optical gate has dual output characteristics where one is function as NOR (electrical) and the other is worded as OR (optical). In the future, we could improve the RC delay of the optical-electrical circuit and replace the light emitter transistor with the transistor laser for the enhancement of optical signal. This thesis presents promising optical logic applications for LETs, hoping to contribute to the development of the optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs).

碩士
國立交通大學
電子物理系所
98
This thesis is divided into two major parts. One is focused on automatic control epitaxy program design for the home-made MOCVD system based on LabVIEW platform. The other one is focus on the study on the optical and electrical properties of low-temperature grown gallium nitride(GaN). The main function of LabVIEW control program is to integrate all the apparatus installed on the home-made MOCVD system, and its most featured function is that data flows can be transmitted and received simultaneously within 0.1sec by using "#8 independent RS-232 ports" parallel protocol flow-bus microprocessor cards. The LabVIEW epitaxial control program also have embedded sub-trigger routine program that designed for continuing detecting the various default emergency states, if any of the emergency state triggers, the LabVIEW program will automatically forced itself to load into the user-defined safety state mode to make the first aid of crews and system. The WK2008 MOCVD epitaxy program had been executed over 185 runs, well proving its stability and reliability. The epitaxy control program on LabVIEW platform is comparable to commercial MOCVD system in various aspects. The second part of this thesis is study on the optical and electrical properties of low-temperature grown gallium nitride(LT-GaN) by our home-made MOCVD. We use our home-made MOCVD called WK2008 TP-MOCVD system to grow a series of Low-temperature GaN ranging from 650 to 1130°C. And we use 13K PL measurement to characterize the epitaxial quality of LT-grown GaN films. According to our data, we show the lowest temperature grown GaN at 700°C that the 13K PL spectrum is dominated by near-band edge emission (NBE, 3.47eV) without defects or impurities related yellow band luminescence (YL, 2.2eV). To our knowledge, no GaN film with this dominant NBE within temperature range that less than 900°C have been grown before by any technique using NH3 as V source. Besides, in our 13K PL data, an anomalous behavior of NBE peak intensity and integral intensity of full spectrum had been observed. In the medium temperature range (800-850°C), the NBE peak intensity and integral intensity of full spectrum is greatly reduced, and the exact reason for this phenomenon is still unclear. We may possibly attribute it to relating to the concentration of (N-H)x radicals that is produced by NH3 thermal cracking. The 13K PL main emission peak of 650°C grown GaN is "red-shifted" to 3.27eV. The postulation of cubic/hexagonal mixed phases in 650°C grown GaN is preliminary precluded by the single diffraction peak (34.52°) of θ/2θ XRD experiment. The possible reason of red-shift may be attributed to the dominance of donor acceptor pair (DAP) and its 1st and 2nd phonon replicas of hexagonal phase GaN, because of its approximately equallivant energy separation (about 70-90meV) between the sequential emission peaks.