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1
Das Widerstandsargument in der Erkenntnistheorie: Ein Angriff auf die Automatisierung des Wissens. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1985.
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Vallejo Maldonado, Pablo Ramon, und Nikolay Chaynov. Kinematics and dynamics of automobile piston engines. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/989072.
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The fundamentals of kinematics and dynamics of transport piston internal combustion engines made using different layout schemes are presented. Along with the traditional in-line, V-shaped, including oppositional, arrangement of cylinders, schemes with "staggered" arrangement of cylinders in the block at the displaced connecting rod necks of the crankshaft of the engine are considered. The kinematics of the coaxial crank mechanism is considered in detail. The questions of dynamics with reduction of calculated dependences of forces, moments, a choice of a rational order of work of cylinders in relation to the considered kinematic schemes are in detail stated. Considerable attention is paid to the unevenness of the crankshaft rotation speed and engine balancing. The loads on the main and connecting rod bearings of the crankshaft, the knowledge of which is necessary in determining the bearing capacity of bearing units, are also considered.
Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of training 23.03.03 "Operation of transport and technological machines and complexes" and related areas.
3
Lord Byron and Madame de Staël: Born for opposition. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 1999.
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DasGupta, Sayantani. The Politics of the Pedagogy: Cripping, Queering and Un-homing Health Humanities. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360192.003.0007.
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Drawing upon progressive pedagogical theorists and her own experiences, the author examines the potential effects and ethical responsibility of the health humanities workshop/classroom. Is it possible to search for oppositional knowledge—as described by Talpade Mohanty—within the health humanities disciplines; what does it mean to crip, queer, or un-home these many fields? In what ways might narrative work pose risks to students when it is practiced without attention to the operation of power and privilege? The author describes the evolution of her own pedagogical approach and proposes three pedagogical pillars to guide socially just narrative practices: narrative humility, structural competency, and engaged pedagogy. By embracing the state of being “un-homed”, the health humanities may strive to become a multiply layered space and time that both affirms difference and provides an alternative to authoritarian power and oppression.
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Agathangelou, Anna M., und Heather M. Turcotte. “Feminist” Theoretical Inquiries and “IR”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.374.
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Feminist international relations (IR) theories have long provided interventions and insights into the embedded asymmetrical gender relations of global politics, particularly in areas such as security, state-nationalism, rights–citizenship, and global political economies. Yet despite the histories of struggle to increase attention to gender analysis, and women in particular, within world politics, IR knowledge and practice continues to segregate gendered and feminist analyses as if they are outside its own formation. IR as a field, discipline, and site of contestation of power has been one of the last fields to open up to gender and feminist analyses. One reason for this is the link between social science and international institutions like the United Nations, and its dominant role in the formation of foreign policy. Raising the inferior status of feminism within IR, that is, making possible the mainstreaming of gender and feminism, will require multiple centers of power and multiple marginalities. However, these institutional struggles for recognition through exclusion may themselves perpetuate similar exploitative relationships of drawing boundaries around legitimate academic and other institutional orders. In engaging, listening and writing these struggles, it is important to recognize that feminisms, feminist IR, and IR are intimately linked through disciplinary struggles and larger geopolitical struggles of world affairs and thus necessitate knowledge terrains attentive to intersectional and oppositional gendered struggles (i.e., race, sexuality, nation, class, religion, and gender itself).
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Cooper, Brittney C. Organized Anxiety. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040993.003.0003.
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This chapter expands the intellectual geography mapped in Beyond Respectability by examining the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) as a site of Black female knowledge production. In particular, this chapter uses the work of Fannie Barrier Williams, a Chicago based clubwoman, to map many of the key intellectual interventions of the NACW as a school of social thought. Drawing on Williams’ theorization of what she calls organized anxiety, Brittney Cooper takes up and critically examines her claim that the NACW was responsible for creating “race public opinion” and, by extension, giving shape and form to an emergent Black public sphere. As a concept, organized anxiety politicizes the emotional lives of Black women and constitutes one more iteration of the ways that race women invoked embodied discourse in their public intellectual work. The chapter also examines Williams’s invocation of a discourse the author terms American peculiarity, a kind of oppositional discourse challenging claims of American exceptionalism. Finally, the chapter interrogates her concept of racial sociality, a sophisticated way to think about ideas of racial unity and social connections between African Americans of different geographic and class backgrounds. Williams was a formidable political theorist, who, through her work in the NACW, introduced a rich conceptual milieu through which to think about Black politics, Black organizations, and gender politics in the late nineteenth century.
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Kallestrup, Jesper, Emma C. Gordon und Duncan Pritchard. Epistemic Supervenience, Anti-individualism, and Knowledge-First Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716310.003.0010.
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This chapter investigates connections between Knowledge-First epistemology and a meta-epistemological thesis defended elsewhere by the authors (and in opposition to robust forms of virtue epistemology) under the description of epistemic anti-individualism. Epistemic anti-individualism is a denial of the epistemic individualist’s claim that warrant—i.e. what converts true belief into knowledge—supervenes on internal physical properties of individuals, perhaps in conjunction with local environmental properties. The chapter has two central aims. First, it argues that ‘epistemic twin earth’ thought experiments which reveal robust virtue epistemology (RVE) are problematically committed to epistemic individualism also show that evidentialist mentalism is likewise committed to individualism. Second, it argues that, even though a knowledge-first approach in epistemology is in principle (unlike RVE and evidentialist mentalism) consistent with epistemic anti-individualism, this approach fails to offer a plausible account of epistemic supervenience. The chapter suggests this point is a reason to pursue epistemic anti-individualism outside the knowledge-first framework.
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Anderson, Greg. Being in a Different World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886646.003.0017.
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After summarizing the book’ s alternative recursive analysis of the Athenian politeia, the chapter confronts three possible objections to this new account. First, despite possible appearances to the contrary, this kind of ontological history can in fact accommodate the “messiness” of “real life.” While its primary purpose is to recover the ontological and metaphysical commitments which were presupposed by Athenian demokratia, it is not necessarily contradicted by evidence for conduct that might seem to defy those commitments. Second, nor is this kind of analysis necessarily contradicted by the texts of, say, Plato, Thucydides, or other contemporary intellectuals which seem to offer us very different accounts of Greek “realities.” Such texts represent the thought of only a tiny elite minority, intellectuals who were expressly challenging conventional presuppositions about the givens of existence. And it is those conventional presuppositions which the book is primarily concerned with, since they constituted the “world-making common sense” of the age, the social knowledge that was at once presupposed and reproduced by the most vital life-sustaining practices of the Athenians, the thought which actively helped to make their world whatever it really was at the time. By contrast, elite oppositional claims were merely ideational constructs, mere renegade “worldviews.” Third, while the book’ s ontological history is written in the synchronic mode, treating the classical era as a single extended moment, this does not mean that it is incapable of accounting for change. Indeed, as the chapter shows, it is quite possible to imagine a diachronic ontological history.
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Demopoulos, William, und Peter Clark. The Logicism of Frege, Dedekind, and Russell. Herausgegeben von Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0005.
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This article is organized around logicism's answers to the following questions: What is the basis for our knowledge of the infinity of the numbers? How is arithmetic applicable to reality? Why is reasoning by induction justified? Although there are, as is seen in this article, important differences, the common thread that runs through all three of the authors discussed in this article their opposition to the Kantian thesis that reflection on reasoning with mere concepts (i.e., without attention to intuitions formed a priori) can never succeed in providing satisfactory answers to these three questions. This description of the core of the view differs from more usual formulations which represent the opposition to Kant as an opposition to the contention that mathematics in general, and arithmetic in particular, are synthetic a priori rather than analytic.
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Fantl, Jeremy. The Epistemic Efficacy of Amateurism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807957.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses when knowledge can survive exposure to counterarguments, even if you find each step compelling and can’t expose a flaw. One consequence of Bayesian epistemology is that knowledge can survive if you lack the expertise to reliably evaluate the counterargument. Knowers can retain knowledge in the face of an apparently flawless counterargument as long as the counterargument is too sophisticated for them, and as long as their knowledge has a basis with which they have sufficient facility (this is one of the lessons of the literature on higher-order evidence). This is one reason why it is so important, in academic writing, to emphasize the case for the opposition. If you train your reader adequately, and they still find the steps in your argument compelling and are unable to locate a flaw, then it becomes harder for them to closed-mindedly dismiss your argument while retaining knowledge that you’re wrong.
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Phillips, J. R. S. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198223597.003.0001.
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MOST previous research on the reign of Edward II has tended to concentrate attention upon opposition to the monarchy during the periods of major political crisis, one result of this being the relative neglect of the remaining quieter portions of the reign which harboured the seeds of these troubles. This approach has also meant that there has been insufficient study of the individual role of any of the leading political figures. Consequently any attempt to trace the career of one of the important magnates might not only be expected to throw fresh light upon his own activities but also to help fill many of the gaps in our knowledge of the reign of Edward II....
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Brown, David. Anselm. Herausgegeben von William J. Abraham und Frederick D. Aquino. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662241.013.1.
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Anselm’s acceptance of three sources for knowledge of God (in reason, the teaching authority of the Bible and church, and experience) is used to try to overcome the conventional opposition between philosophers and theologians on how Anselm should be interpreted. In particular, due note is taken of aesthetic aspects to his search for understanding and also the various ways in which these might contribute to the holding of his three epistemic sources in creative tension and all within an ideal of monastic contemplation. This aesthetic perspective is explored well beyond its customary location in Cur Deus Homo to include other writings such as On Truth, the Proslogion, and On the Procession of the Holy Spirit. This chapter ends by acknowledging the limitations inherent in Anselm’s approach.
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McNeil, Bryan T. What Are We Fighting For? University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036439.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses how knowledge of the mountains and getting along in them has taken on renewed importance with the advance of mountaintop removal coal mining and restructuring in the coal industry. For generations, living in the mountains and mining the coal beneath them combined to become the distinctive markers of life in the Appalachian coalfields. The relentless expansion of mountaintop removal mining across the landscape since the late 1980s disrupted this symbiotic relationship between life inside and outside the mines. The spread of mountaintop removal brought a dilemma to dinner tables and living rooms across the region: are they coal people or mountain people? For the first time, many people felt compelled to choose because the two sources of identity, intertwined for so long, now seemed to be in stark opposition.
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Nayak, Ajit. Heraclitus (540–480 BC). Herausgegeben von Jenny Helin, Tor Hernes, Daniel Hjorth und Robin Holt. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669356.013.0003.
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This chapter examines Heraclitus’ philosophy and its relationship to process thinking in organization studies. It argues that thinking with Heraclitus makes us think beyond conventional categories and concepts and rethink our views on organization. After providing an overview of Heraclitus’ life, the chapter looks at his writings and discusses the challenges facing Heraclitus scholars. It also provides a background understanding for a way to read Heraclitus that seriously accounts for linguistic density and resonance, considers the meanings and connections of Heraclitus’ fragments, and outlines the challenges facing organizational scholars in reading and engaging with Heraclitus. Moreover, the chapter analyses the themes of hidden unity, opposition, and transformation that dominate Heraclitus’ fragments and which find their popular expression in the pairing of Heraclitus with Democritus. Finally, the chapter discusses Heraclitus’ concept of knowledge and his use of logos.
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Wagner, Aiko, und Elena Werner. TV Debates in Media Contexts: How and When Do TV Debates Have an Effect on Learning Processes? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the effect of TV debates on political knowledge conditioned by the media context. We argue that TV debates take place in a wider media context and the extent of citizens’ learning processes about issue positions depends also on the informational context in general. We test four hypotheses: while the first three hypotheses concern the conditional impact of media issue coverage and debate content, the last hypothesis addresses the differences between incumbent and challenger. Using media content analyses and panel survey data, our results confirm the hypotheses that (1) when an issue is addressed in a TV debate, viewers tend to develop a perception of the parties’ positions on this issue, but (2) only if this issue has not been addressed extensively in the media beforehand. This learning effect about parties’ positions is bigger for the opposition party.
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Murray, Terri. Studying Feminist Film Theory. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325802.001.0001.
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This book is aimed at helping media and film studies teachers introduce the basics of feminist film theory. No prior knowledge of feminist theory is required, the intended readers being university undergraduate teachers and students of film and media studies. Areas of emphasis include spectatorship, narrative, and ideology. Many illustrative case studies from popular cinema are used to offer students an opportunity to consider the connotations of visual and aural elements of film, narrative conflicts and oppositions, the implications of spectator 'positioning' and viewer identification, and an ideological critical approach to film. Explanations of key terminology are included, along with classroom exercises and practice questions. Each chapter begins with key definitions and explanations of the concepts to be studied, including some historical background where relevant. Case studies include film noir, Kathryn Bigelow's Strange Days and the work of directors Spike Lee, Claire Denis, and Paul Verhoeven.
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Philpott, Daniel. Religion and Violence from a Political Science Perspective. Herausgegeben von Michael Jerryson, Mark Juergensmeyer und Margo Kitts. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199759996.013.0028.
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This chapter presents an account for religious violence, and also evaluates institutional independence and political theology more carefully. Then, it uses these two factors to elaborate forms of religious violence: communal conflict and terrorism. Political theology and institutional independence are far from the only factors that explain religious violence, but it is proposed that they can account for communal conflict and terrorism. The analysis of Monica Duffy Toft's cases shows that nine of the twenty one religious civil wars in which religion has shaped ends have involved opposition groups with an integrationist political theology, all of them Muslim. Moreover, the analysis of the Terrorism Knowledge Base exhibits a positive link between authoritarian regimes and the site where religious terrorists work. It is noted that religious violence is least likely to occur in settings of consensual independence, which are found most commonly in religion-friendly liberal democracies.
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Geismer, Lily. A New Center. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses how the 1972 election marked a key moment in moving the Democratic Party's center of gravity toward suburbanites on Route 128 and away from its traditional urban union base. As knowledge professionals became an ever more crucial Democratic constituency, the shift created impediments to developing both political coalitions and policies that promoted organized labor. The 1972 election results along Route 128 ultimately demonstrate that scientists and engineers, and the issues that concerned them, had moved to the center of the party's new electoral coalition. At the center of the constituencies' priorities were now not just civil rights, environmental protection, taxes, property values, and opposition to the Vietnam War, but also inflation and especially unemployment. This set of concerns revealed that neither the 1972 election nor the Route 128 area was an outlier but a portent of the economic problems and political tensions of the decade to come.
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Hamou, Philippe, und Martine Pécharman, Hrsg. Locke and Cartesian Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815037.001.0001.
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This book is a collection of twelve critical essays, by leading French and Anglo-American scholars on Locke’s relation to Descartes and to Cartesian Philosophers, such as Malebranche, Clauberg, Arnauld, and Nicole. The essays, preceded by a substantial introduction, cover a large variety of topics from natural philosophy (cosmology) to religion, philosophy of mind, metaphysics, and epistemology. The volume underlines Locke’s complex relationship to Descartes and Cartesianism, where stark opposition and subtle family resemblances are tightly intertwined. Since the turn of the twentieth century, the theory of knowledge has been the main locus for the comparison of the two authors. According to an influential historiographical conception, Descartes and Locke form together the spearhead in the ‘epistemological turn’ of early modern philosophy. In bringing together the contributions to this volume, the editors advocate for a shift of emphasis. A precise comparison of Locke’s and Descartes’s positions should cover not only their theory of knowledge, but also their views on natural philosophy, metaphysics, and religion. Their conflicting claims on issues such as cosmic organization, the qualities and nature of bodies, the substance of the soul, God’s government of the world, are relevant not only in their own right to take the full measure of Locke’s intricate relation to Descartes, but also as they allow a better understanding of the epistemological debate that is still running between their heirs.
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Reiss, Timothy J. Montaigne, the New World, and Precolonialisms. Herausgegeben von Philippe Desan. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215330.013.16.
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The “utopia” of Montaigne’s “Of cannibals” has been much studied as wishful fantasy of a New World and condemnation of old Europe's decay, colonizing and conquest. Its Americans and those in “Of coaches” become Europe’s Others, giving Montaigne and his critic means to judge their own culture. But his utopia is as much about understanding himself. It references local history and rhetorical tradition, engaging “conflicts” of rational experience and speculative reason as sources of knowledge that he encapsulates in his topography/cosmography opposition and in the syntax, structure, and meaning of the Essay's preface that directly echo those in “Of cannibals.” Montaigne fuses his quest to know himself and his society, his writing, his ideals of reason and experience with his evaluation of the New World and its peoples, in likeness, not otherness. His “precolonial” eye imagines cultural, political, and trade negotiations among new and old nations and peoples in equality not violence.
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Inoue, Mayumo, und Steve Choe, Hrsg. Beyond Imperial Aesthetics. Hong Kong University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888455874.001.0001.
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Observing that the division between theory and empiricism remains inextricably linked to imperial modernity, manifest at the most basic level in the binary between "the West" and "Asia," the authors of this volume reexamine art and aesthetics to challenge these oppositions in order to reconceptualize politics and knowledge production in East Asia. Current understandings of fundamental ideas like race, nation, colonizer and the colonized, and the concept of Asia in the region are seeped with imperial aesthetics that originated from competing imperialisms operating in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Such aesthetics has sustained both colonial and local modes of perception in the formation of nation-states and expanded the reach of regulatory powers in East Asia since 1945. The twelve thought-provoking essays in thiscollectiontackle the problematics that arise at the nexus of aesthetics and politics in four areas: theoretical issues of aesthetics and politics in East Asia, aesthetics of affect and sexuality, the productive tension between critical aesthetics and political movements, and aesthetic critiques of sovereignty and neoliberalism in East Asia today. If the seemingly universal operation of capital and militarism in East Asia requires locally specific definitions of biopolitical concepts to function smoothly, this book critiques the circuit of power between the universalism of capital and particularism of nation and culture. Treating aesthetic experiences in art at large as the bases for going beyond imperial categories, the contributors present new modes of sensing, thinking, and living that have been unimaginable within the mainstream modality of Asian studies, a discipline that has reproduced the colonial regime of knowledge production.
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Brekhus, Wayne H., und Gabe Ignatow, Hrsg. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190273385.001.0001.
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This book explores cognitive sociology as an area of inquiry focused on culture, cognition, and the social dimensions of human thought. Highlighting differing traditions, from cultural sociological perspectives focused on emphasizing group differences in categorical knowledge to neuropsychology-influenced integrative perspectives analyzing the mechanisms by which cultural processes enter into individual minds, this volume brings together prominent scholars from sociology and other disciplines to feature the key tensions, debates, and directions in the field. The volume is organized into seven parts. The first three parts are organized around general theoretical, interdisciplinary, and methodological contributions. Part I addresses theoretical foundations that forge cognitive sociology and its relationships to cultural sociology and to cognitive science. Part II emphasizes perspectives from other fields that inform an interdisciplinary cognitive social science. Part III highlights methodological developments in cognitive sociological analysis. The next four parts focus on employing cognitive sociology to examine the sociocultural organization of specific cognitive processes. Part IV analyzes the sociology of perception and attention. Part V explores the sociocultural framing of meaning through oppositions, language, analogies, and metaphor. Part VI looks at the social construction of categories, boundaries, and identities. Part VII examines collective experiences of time and memory.
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Whittier, Nancy. Beyond Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190235994.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 shows how ideologically diverse activists and legislators converged around a narrow, single-issue opposition to child sexual abuse and defined it as a politically neutral issue. The chapter shows how three challenges to this consensus emerged and were resolved: a 1981 Republican attempt to kill CAPTA; 1992‒1996 feminist organizing around child custody cases and False Memory Syndrome Foundation attempts to weaken CAPTA; 2000 forward, expansions of sex offender registration and notification requirements. Narrow neutrality facilitated the passage of legislation and pulled policy toward criminal justice and away from feminist challenges to the patriarchal family and conservatives’ emphasis on preserving the traditional family. Federal engagement shifted over time from a focus on violence within the family to a focus on child pornography and the control of sex offenders; although framed in terms of dangerous strangers, the new focus affected the larger number of familial offenders as well. Legislators and advocates downplayed race and gender while constructing an implicitly white victim, producing predominantly white offenders because of the prevalence of familial abuse. Experiential and expert knowledge and shared emotional rituals produced and maintained narrow neutrality in Congress, activist and professional groups, and media representations.
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Guisinger, Alexandra. Community and Trade Preferences. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0005.
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This chapter describes the impact on trade preference of two aspects of a community that, according to the model of preference formation proposed, influence individuals’ information-gathering costs: the concentration of import-competing jobs and residential turnover. Chapters 5 argues that the extent and effectiveness of this incorporation of sociotropic considerations depends greatly on how easily individuals can tap into community concerns. In our post-NAFTA economy, diminished concentrations of import-competing industries and increased community turnover have muddied traditional sources of local information about economic impacts and increased the difficulty of individuals’ determining what is best for their community. Using three decades of survey data, chapter 5 shows the strong impact of high residential turnover and low import-competing employment concentration on increased uncertainty about benefits of trade at the regional level and lower levels of support for trade protection. Analysis of voters’ knowledge of roll call (recorded) vote during the 109th Congress finds that these community factors relate to the political salience of trade policy in communities. The chapter concludes with illustrations from Texas and New York about how politicians in low information districts are able to take stances regarding trade in opposition to the majority of their constituents.
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Sassi, Maria Michela. The Beginnings of Philosophy in Greece. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691180502.001.0001.
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How can we talk about the beginnings of philosophy today? How can we avoid the conventional opposition of mythology and the dawn of reason and instead explore the multiple styles of thought that emerged between them? This book, available in English for the first time, reconstructs the intellectual world of the early Greek “Presocratics” to provide a richer understanding of the roots of what used to be called “the Greek miracle.” The beginnings of the long process leading to philosophy were characterized by intellectual diversity and geographic polycentrism. In the sixth and fifth centuries BC, between the Asian shores of Ionia and the Greek city-states of southern Italy, thinkers started to reflect on the cosmic order, elaborate doctrines on the soul, write in solemn Homeric meter, or, later, abandon poetry for an assertive prose. And yet the Presocratics, whether the Milesian natural thinkers, the rhapsode Xenophanes, the mathematician and “shaman” Pythagoras, the naturalist and seer Empedocles, the oracular Heraclitus, or the inspired Parmenides, all shared an approach to critical thinking that, by questioning traditional viewpoints, revolutionized knowledge. The book explores the full range of early Greek thinkers in the context of their worlds, and it also features a new introduction to the English edition in which the author discusses the latest scholarship on the subject.
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Wiśniewski, Robert. The Beginnings of the Cult of Relics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199675562.001.0001.
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Christians always admired and venerated martyrs who died for their faith, but for a long time thought that the bodies of martyrs should remain undisturbed in their graves. Initially, the Christian attitude toward the bones of the dead, whether a saint’s or not, was that of respectful distance. This book tells how, in the mid-fourth century, this attitude started to change, swiftly and dramatically. The first chapters show the rise of new beliefs. They study how, when, and why Christians began to believe in the power of relics, first, over demons, then over physical diseases and enemies; how they sought to reveal hidden knowledge at the tombs of saints and why they buried the dead close to them. An essential element of this new belief was a strong conviction that the power of relics was transferred in a physical way and so subsequent chapters study relics as material objects. The book seeks to show what the contact with relics looked like and how close it was. Did people touch, kiss, or look at the very bones, or just at reliquaries which contained them? When did the custom of dividing relics appear? Finally, the book deals with discussions and polemics concerning relics and tries to find out how strong was the opposition which this new phenomenon had to face, both within and outside Christianity on the way to relics becoming an essential element of medieval religiosity.
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Murphy, Kaitlin M. Mapping Memory. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282548.001.0001.
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In Mapping Memory: Visuality, Affect, and Embodied Politics in the Americas, Kaitlin M. Murphy analyzes a range of visual memory practices that have emerged in opposition to political discourses and visual economies that suppress certain subjects and overlook past and present human rights abuses. From the Southern Cone to Central America and the US-Mexico borderlands, and across documentary film, photography, performance, memory sites, and new media, she compares how these visual texts use memory as a form of contemporary intervention. Interweaving visual and performance theory with memory and affect, Murphy develops new frameworks for analyzing how visual culture performs as an embodied agent of memory and witnessing. She argues that visuality is inherently performative; and analyzing the performative elements, or strategies, of visual texts—such as embodiment, reperformance, reenactment, haunting, and the performance of material objects and places—elucidates how memory is both anchored into and extracted from specific bodies, objects, and places. Murphy progressively develops the theory of memory mapping, defined as the visual process of representing the affective, sensorial, polyvocal, and temporally layered relationship between past and present, anchored within the specificities of place. Ultimately, by exploring how memory is “mapped” across a range of sites and mediums, Murphy argues that memory mapping is a visual strategy for producing new temporal and spatial arrangements of knowledge and memory that function as counter-practices to official narratives that often neglect or designate as transgressive certain memories or experiences.
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Neyrat, Frédéric. The Unconstructable Earth. Übersetzt von Drew S. Burk. Fordham University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823282586.001.0001.
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The Space Age is over? Not at all! A new planet has appeared: Earth. In the age of the Anthropocene, the Earth is a post-natural planet that can be remade at will, controlled and managed thanks to the prowess of geoengineering. This new imaginary is also accompanied by a new kind of power—geopower—which takes the entire Earth—in its social, biological and geophysical dimensions—as an object of knowledge, intervention, and governmentality. Far from merely being the fruit of the spirit of geo-capitalism, this new grand narrative has been championed by the theorists of the constructivist turn (be them ecomodernist, postenvironmentalist, or accelerationist to name a few) who have also called into question the great divide between nature and culture; but in the aftermath of the collapse of this divide, a cyborg, hybrid, flexible nature was built, an impoverished nature that does not exist without being performed by the technologies, human needs, and capitalist imperatives. Underneath this performative vision resides a hidden “a-naturalism” denying all otherness to nature and the Earth, no longer by externalizing it as a thing to be dominated, but by radically internalizing it as something to be digested. Constructivist ecology can hardly present itself in opposition to the geo-constructivist project, which also claims that there is no nature and that nothing will prevent human beings from replacing Earth with an Earth 2.0.
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Wood, Gregory. Clearing the Air. Cornell University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501704826.001.0001.
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This book examines smoking's importance to the social and cultural history of working people in twentieth-century United States. Now that most workplaces in the United States are smoke-free, it may be difficult to imagine the influence that nicotine addiction once had on the politics of worker resistance, workplace management, occupational health, vice, moral reform, grassroots activism, and the labor movement. The experiences, social relations, demands, and disputes that accompanied smoking in the workplace in turn shaped the histories of antismoking politics and tobacco control. The steady expansion of cigarette smoking among men, women, and children during the first half of the twentieth century brought working people into sustained conflict with managers' demands for diligent attention to labor processes and work rules. Addiction to nicotine led smokers to resist and challenge policies that coldly stood between them and the cigarettes they craved. The book argues that workers' varying abilities to smoke on the job stemmed from the success or failure of sustained opposition to employer policies that restricted or banned smoking. During World War II, workers in defense industries, for example, struck against workplace smoking bans. By the 1970s, opponents of smoking in workplaces began to organize, and changing medical knowledge and dwindling union power contributed further to the downfall of workplace smoking. The demise of the ability to smoke on the job over the past four decades serves as an important indicator of how the power of workers' influence in labor-management relations has dwindled over the same period.
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Ricketts, Monica. Who Should Rule? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190494889.001.0001.
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This book examines the rise of men of letters and military officers as new and competing political actors in two central areas of the Spanish world: the viceroyalty of Peru and Spain. This was a disruptive, dynamic, and long process of common imperial origins. In 1700, two dynastic lines, the Spanish Habsburgs and the French Bourbons, disputed the succession to the Spanish throne. After more than a decade of war, the latter prevailed. Suspicious of the old Spanish court circles, the new Bourbon Crown sought meritorious subjects for its ministries: men of letters and well-trained military officers among the provincial elites. Writers and lawyers were to produce new legislation to radically transform the Spanish world. They would reform the educational system and propagate useful knowledge. Military officers would defend the monarchy in this new era of imperial competition. Additionally, they would govern. From the start, the rise of these political actors in the Spanish world was an uneven process. Military officers came to being as a new and somewhat solid corps. In contrast, the rise of men of letters confronted constant opposition. Rooted elites in both Spain and Peru resisted any attempts at curtailing their power and prerogatives and undermined the reform of education and traditions. As a consequence, men of letters found limited spaces in which to exercise their new authority, but they aimed for more. A succession of wars and insurgencies in America fueled the struggles for power between these two groups, thus paving the way for decades of unrest.