Thematische Bibliographien / Opinions des individus

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Opinions des individus“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 29. März 2025

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Aigrain, Philippe. „Quels droits, et quel pouvoir pour les individus ?“ Statistique et société 2, Nr. 4 (2014): 51–55. https://doi.org/10.3406/staso.2014.934.

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Dans le droit actuel, les droits des individus face aux traitements informatiques reposent sur deux principes de base : la finalité et le consentement. Chaque traitement a une finalité claire ; chaque individu, informé de cette finalité, donne son consentement pour participer au traitement. Ces principes établis dans les années 1970 pour des recueils de données structurées sont mis en difficulté aujourd’hui où le champ des données s’est considérablement étendu, puisqu’il couvre les traces laissées par les internautes ou les opinions qu’ils expriment. Et l’anonymisation n’est pas la panacée. Suffira-t-il pour autant de définir de nouveaux droits ? On a également besoin d’une attention plus forte portée aux architectures informatiques et aux modèles commerciaux, qui conditionnent la réalité de l’exercice d’un droit comme celui du consentement.

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Cochrane, Christopher. „Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics“. Canadian Journal of Political Science 43, Nr. 3 (September 2010): 583–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423910000624.

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Abstract. This article examines the influence of ideology in Canadian politics. The core theory is that political opinions are bound together into ideological clusters by underlying influences that affect simultaneously the opinions of individuals about more than one issue. The central hypothesis is that ideological disagreement between the left and the right is asymmetrical, that is, that leftists and rightists bundle in different ways their opinions about issues. The analysis draws on evidence from Benoit and Laver's survey of experts (2006) about the policy positions of political parties, the Comparative Manifesto Research Project (Budge et al., 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006), and Cross and Young's survey of Canadian political party members (2002). The results of the analysis indicate, first, that Canada's left/right ideological divide is wide by cross-national standards, and, second, that leftists and rightists organize their opinions about the world in different ways.Résumé. Cet article examine l'influence des idéologies dans l'environnement politique canadien. La théorie centrale stipule que les opinions politiques sur diverses questions sont structurées en groupes idéologiques consolidés par des influences sous-jacentes qui affectent simultanément les opinions des individus. L'hypothèse principale découlant de cette théorie est que la structure du désaccord idéologique entre la gauche et la droite est asymétrique; plus précisément, que les individus situés à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique canadien organisent de manière différente leurs opinions politiques. L'analyse s'appuie tout d'abord sur les données d'un sondage auprès d'experts politiques réalisé par Benoit et Laver (2006) et portant sur les positions politiques des partis. Elle utilise également les données du Comparative Manifesto Research Project (Budge et al. 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006) et celles d'un sondage d'opinion de Cross et Young (2002) effectué auprès des membres de partis politiques canadiens. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent, en premier lieu, qu'il existe un clivage important entre la droite et la gauche au Canada même lorsqu'il est observé dans une perspective comparative, et en second lieu, que les individus se situant à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique ont tendance à organiser de manière différente leurs opinions sur le monde.

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Fauchier, Louise. „Les espaces marchands dans l’Athènes classique. Des lieux de mobilisation et d’acquisition de savoirs politiques“. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne S 27, Supplément27 (12.10.2023): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dha.hs27.0167.

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Les espaces marchands – agora, boutiques et ateliers – semblent avoir constitué d’importants lieux de sociabilité dans l’Athènes classique. Outre les relations marchandes qui y sont à l’œuvre, ce sont des espaces d’acquisition et de mobilisation de savoirs politiques. Des individus de différents statuts pouvaient s’y rencontrer et partager des ragots, des opinions et des informations hétéroclites concernant la cité et ses habitants : actualités politiques et judiciaires, affaires individuelles, éducation philosophique, etc. Ces espaces ouverts pouvaient accueillir des rassemblements hétérogènes et spontanés mais offraient aussi des lieux d’échanges pour des groupes sociaux particuliers.

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Bergeot, Julien, und Florence Jusot. „Croyances, préférences face au risque et au temps et comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19 des séniors en France“. Revue économique Vol. 74, Nr. 3 (20.07.2023): 319–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.743.0319.

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Cet article analyse le rôle des préférences liées au risque et au temps, la confiance envers les autres et les opinions politiques dans l’adoption de comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19 en France. Nous utilisons les données au niveau individuel de la partie française de plusieurs vagues de l’Enquête sur la santé, le vieillissement et la retraite en Europe (SHARE), qui enquête des Européens âgés de 50 ans et plus, appariées aux données de l’enquête SHARE-Corona à l’été 2020, et aux informations sur les préférences et croyances collectées en 2019 à l’aide d’un questionnaire spécifique à la France. Nos résultats suggèrent que la patience et l’aversion au risque prédisent fortement les comportements de prévention contre le COVID-19. Les individus patients sont plus susceptibles de s’abstenir de rendre visite à leur famille, de porter un masque et de garder leurs distances en dehors de chez eux. L’aversion au risque augmente la probabilité de ne pas se réunir avec plus de cinq personnes extérieures au ménage et de ne plus rendre visite aux membres de la famille. Avoir un plus haut niveau de confiance envers les autres atténue au contraire le respect des recommandations sur les rassemblements de plus de cinq personnes et les réunions familiales, les individus faisant confiance aux autres percevant sans doute un moindre risque d’être infecté par des amis ou de la famille. Les opinions politiques extrêmes sont également associées à un moindre respect des recommandations sur les rassemblements de plus de cinq personnes. Ces résultats suggèrent de prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des préférences et des croyances individuelles pour la définition des politiques et recommandations de prévention, notamment contre le COVID-19 . Classification JEL : I12, I18, D91, H12.

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Blanchet, Alexandre, und Normand Landry. „L'aptitude au travail comme heuristique de mérite dans la formation des opinions à l’égard des personnes assistées sociales“. Canadian Journal of Political Science 56, Nr. 2 (Juni 2023): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423923000276.

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RésuméCet article étudie les attitudes des Québécois à l’égard des personnes assistées sociales. Il s'intéresse à la variation du niveau d'aide mensuel que les Québécois sont prêts à leur accorder en fonction du profil de prestataires. L'article vise plus spécifiquement à étudier l'influence de l'aptitude au travail en tant qu'heuristique de mérite structurant l'opinion des Québécois. Nos résultats indiquent que les Québécois sont d'avis que les prestataires de l'assistance sociale devraient recevoir des soutiens mensuels inférieurs à ce qu'ils considèrent être le revenu minimum nécessaire pour couvrir les besoins de base. L'opinion des Québécois quant au niveau adéquat d'aide devant être offerte aux personnes assistées sociales est aussi fortement structurée par la question de l'aptitude au travail et par la perception que les individus sont en contrôle de leur situation. Finalement, la notion d'aptitude au travail se distingue clairement d'une variété d'autres caractéristiques individuelles pouvant influencer les opinions des Québécois.

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Motoi, Ina. „Espace d’animation et processus dialogique“. Revue internationale animation, territoires et pratiques socioculturelles, Nr. 26 (21.12.2024): 245–64. https://doi.org/10.55765/atps.i26.2762.

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Alors que des tensions sociétales majeures affectent le tissu social, la portée de l’animation de groupe est immense car elle peut transformer, faire dévier ou renforcer des comportements, des opinions et des manières de penser. Organisant la communication par une scénarisation préalable, l’animation peut soit imposer ses objectifs en toute transparence ou les dissimuler derrière des masques de la vertu, soit passer son pouvoir d’influence aux individus afin qu’ils déterminent par le dialogue un sens commun qui est leur bien social le plus précieux. En s’éloignant d’une approche intersubjective, l’espace d’animation s’est rétréci puisque de nombreux citoyens refusent de participer à des activités conçues pour eux et non avec eux. Si seuls des processus dialogiques peuvent faire croitre une distanciation réflexive et une pensée critique, comment une revue consacrée à ce thème peut-elle les appliquer dans son animation d’une communauté de recherche et de pratique ?

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Olivé Conde, Patrícia. „Crisi social, experiència individual, identitat cultural i acció col·lectiva“. Arxiu d'Etnografia de Catalunya, Nr. 15 (22.12.2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17345/aec15.37-56.

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Aquest article és un breu resum dels principals aspectes tractats en el projecte de tesi doctoral –en procés de realització– on s’analitzen tant la crisi econòmica i social que s’ha produït en els últims anys com els discursos explicatius que s’han traslladat a l’opinió pública, i també, finalment, com aquests han estat llegits per la ciutadania i com l’experiència dels individus i la lectura que en fan han transformat els seus valors i actituds.Farem una breu anàlisi bibliogràfica sobre dos dels aspectes claus tractats: en primer lloc, el concepte de Mediterrània com a oposat a Europa i carregat d’un simbolisme associat a estereotips negatius (irresponsabilitat, malbaratament, irracionalitat…), i en segon lloc, les principals transformacions socioeconòmiques anteriors i contemporànies a la crisi financera actual. Ambdós elements, entenem, permeten contextualitzar el procés viscut, alhora que situen els punts de vista dels informants consultats al voltant d’aspectes de la seva identitat i de l’anàlisi de la realitat socioeconòmica; les opinions dels informants constitueixen el nucli de l’article.

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<p class="p1">Aquest article és un breu resum dels principals aspectes tractats en el projecte de tesi doctoral –en procés de realització– on s’analitzen tant la crisi econòmica i social que s’ha produït en els últims anys com els discursos explicatius que s’han traslladat a l’opinió pública, i també, finalment, com aquests han estat llegits per la ciutadania i com l’experiència dels individus i la lectura que en fan han transformat els seus valors i actituds.</p><p class="p1">Farem una breu anàlisi bibliogràfica sobre dos dels aspectes claus tractats: en primer lloc, el concepte de Mediterrània com a oposat a Europa i carregat d’un simbolisme associat a estereotips negatius (irresponsabilitat, malbaratament, irracionalitat…), i en segon lloc, les principals transformacions socioeconòmiques anteriors i contemporànies a la crisi financera actual. Ambdós elements, entenem, permeten contextualitzar el procés viscut, alhora que situen els punts de vista dels informants consultats al voltant d’aspectes de la seva identitat i de l’anàlisi de la realitat socioeconòmica; les opinions dels informants constitueixen el nucli de l’article.</p>

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Ferrari, Marcela. „Les préférences politiques et électorales des Argentins: mémoires des votes (1946—2001)“. Social Science Information 48, Nr. 4 (17.11.2009): 667–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018409344786.

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Cet article tente d’éclairer les motivations des préférences électorales et politiques des Argentins pendant la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle en analysant les perceptions des ‘gens du commun’, c’est-à-dire, des personnes éloignées des lieux gouvernementaux de prise de décision. Les analyses des sciences sociales sur les processus politiques de l’histoire de l’Argentine sont ici confrontées avec les perceptions des individus qui font appel à leur mémoire de vote et à la façon dont ils se souviennent avoir vécu différents événements, ainsi qu’à leur évaluation personnelle quant à l’importance de leur participation électorale. Les témoignages des protagonistes de ‘l’histoire d’en bas’ donnent à voir des opinions — ou parfois des évocations — sur la politique et les hommes politiques de la période 1946—2001. Ils expriment des sentiments ou des émotions qui permettent de compléter, nuancer, confronter ou encore mettre en tension les interprétations historiographiques avec lesquelles ils sont mis en dialogue. Ces différents protagonistes ont tous pris une position plus ou moins tranchée par rapport aux partis politiques ou aux gouvernements dont ils ont été contemporains et surtout, au clivage péronisme/anti-péronisme qui, de 1946 à nos jours, a parcouru l’histoire de l’Argentine. Mots-clés: Histoire de l’Argentine; Histoire récente; Mémoire; Participation électorale; Participation politique

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DZIKOWSKI, ANDRZEJ, und JÓZEF SZAREK. „Individual independent veterinary expert opinions. Trends of 25 years in forensic veterinary expertise“. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 81, Nr. 5 (2025): 253–61. https://doi.org/10.21521/mw.7012.

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This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 25 years of forensic veterinary expert opinion-making (2000- 2024) with a special focus on independent veterinary expert opinions. A total of 166 individual, independent expert opinions were studied and discussed. The types of individual opinions were determined. The large role of the civil law in veterinary opinions was indicated from the perspective of both the commissioning entities and topics of opinions. Similarities and differences in relation to earlier works on veterinary expert opinions were demonstrated. A growing trend in the number of opinions issued and their diversity was confirmed. Individual, independent expert opinion-making was proven to be a vital part of forensic activities and veterinary services for the public.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Gadani, Giulia. „Désastres, politique et économie : l'interaction entre les cyclones tropicaux, les opinions politiques et la croissance économique“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ0030.

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Cette dissertation vise à combler d'importantes lacunes dans l'étude de l'impact des cyclones tropicaux sur (i) la croissance économique infranationale ; (ii) le lien entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique ; et (iii) la relation entre les nouvelles sur le changement climatique et les opinions des individus. Premièrement, les cyclones tropicaux causent des dommages et des préjudices considérables, et la proportion des tempêtes les plus intenses devrait augmenter avec le réchauffement futur. Les analyses précédentes étaient limitées à des régions spécifiques, à des niveaux de pays ou à des dangers uniques liés aux cyclones tropicaux, principalement la vitesse du vent. Chapitre 1 évalue l'effet combiné des trois principaux dangers des cyclones tropicaux—la vitesse du vent, l'onde de tempête et les pluies—sur la croissance macroéconomique infranationale à l'échelle mondiale. À cette fin, nous combinons des données d'intensité des cyclones tropicaux modélisées spatialement avec des données de croissance économique provenant de 1.642 régions infranationales pour les années 1980-2020. Nous mettons en évidence que, bien que la vitesse du vent entraîne les plus grandes pertes macroéconomiques, il est important de tenir compte des deux autres dangers. L'onde de tempête cause d'autres pertes, tandis que l'effet des pluies est bénéfique jusqu'à un certain seuil de précipitations. Deuxièmement, la littérature a examiné l'impact des extrêmes climatiques sur les préférences politiques, mettant en évidence un déplacement positif vers des positions environnementales et démocrates. Cependant, elle n'a pas abordé les effets potentiellement polarisants sur l'opinion publique. Chapitre 2 examine la relation entre les cyclones tropicaux et la polarisation politique aux États-Unis, offrant de nouvelles perspectives sur ce sujet. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons la base de données du Cooperative Election Study pour l'idéologie politique et des données modélisées sur la vitesse maximale du vent pour mesurer les dommages causés par les tempêtes pendant la période 2010-2018. Nous constatons que les cyclones tropicaux particulièrement destructeurs sont associés à une augmentation de la polarisation politique au sein de la population. En particulier, les démocrates présentent une augmentation des opinions libérales, tandis que les républicains s'orientent vers des opinions plus conservatrices. Troisièmement, la littérature existante a montré que les actualités sur le changement climatique influencent positivement l'acceptation de sa réalité. Cependant, il n'a pas été examiné si ces actualités contribuent à une plus grande stabilité des opinions, en tenant compte à la fois de l'acceptation et du déni du changement climatique. Chapitre 3 aborde une avenue inexplorée en se concentrant sur la question de savoir si les actualités sur le changement climatique renforcent l'adhésion à l'opinion de l'individu et écartent les perspectives opposées concernant la réalité du changement climatique parmi les résidents américains. J'utilise les données historiques d'enquêtes sur plus de 9.000 individus recueillis durant les années paires de la période 2010-2014. J'ai constaté qu'une plus grande exposition aux actualités sur le climat augmente la probabilité d'avoir (i) une acceptation stable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; (ii) un déni stable du changement climatique parmi les républicains ; (iii) un déni instable du changement climatique parmi les démocrates ; et (iv) une acceptation instable du changement climatique parmi les républicains
This dissertation aims at closing important research gaps in the study of (i) the effect of tropical cyclones on subnational economic growth; (ii) the linkage between tropical cyclones and political polarization; and (iii) the relation between climate change news and individuals' opinions. First, tropical cyclones cause substantial damage and harm, and the proportion of the most intense storms is projected to increase under future warming. Previous analyses are limited to specific regions, country levels, or single tropical cyclone hazards, mainly wind speed. Chapter 1 assesses the compound effect of all three main tropical cyclone hazards—wind speed, storm surge, and rainfall—on subnational macroeconomic growth globally. To this end, we combine spatially modeled tropical cyclone intensity data with economic growth data from 1,642 subnational regions for the years 1980-2020. We find that while wind speed induces the largest macroeconomic losses, accounting for the other two hazards is important. Storm surges cause further losses, whereas the effect of rainfall is beneficial up to a certain rainfall amount. Second, previous literature has examined the impact of extreme events on political preferences, highlighting a positive shift towards environmental and Democratic positions. However, it has not addressed the potential polarizing effect on public opinion. Chapter 2 investigates the relation between tropical cyclones and political polarization in the United States, offering new insights into this topic. To do so, we use the Cooperative Election Study database for political ideology and scientific maximum wind-speed modeled data for measuring storm damage over the 2010-2018 period. We find that extremely damaging tropical cyclones are associated with increased political polarization within the population. Specifically, Democrats exhibit an increase in liberal opinions, while Republicans shift towards more conservative views. Third, existing literature has shown that climate change news positively influences the acceptance of climate change. However, there has been no examination of whether climate change news contributes to greater stability in opinions, taking into account both acceptance and denial of climate change. Chapter 3 addresses an unexplored avenue by focusing on whether climate change news reinforces adherence to the individual's opinion and discards opposing perspectives about the existence of climate change among U.S. residents. I use individuals' historical survey data on over 9,000 individuals collected during the even years of the 2010-2014 period and find that greater exposure to climate news increases the probability of having (i) stable climate change acceptance among Democrats; (ii) stable climate change denial among Republicans; (iii) unstable climate change denial among Democrats; and (iv) unstable climate change acceptance among Republicans

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Kaisso, Nour. „Modeling the Dynamics of Opinion Change : when Individuals may have Different Overt and Covert Opinions“. Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för utbildning, kultur och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-45603.

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This thesis aims to present and explore a mathematical model of attitude change within society. Building on the foundations set up by Lave and March [2] and Eriksson and Strimling [1] we propose a model which includes the possibility of having an overt as well as covert opinion by any individual on a given issue. We lay out the verbal and mathematical speciﬁcations for our model, interpret them in the framework of discrete-time dynamical systems and simulate the behavior using Matlab programming. Finally, we propose three conjectures based on the results of our simulations and proceed to subject two of them to further analytical treatment.

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Boarini, Romina. „Justice distributive : opinions, jugements et choix individuels“. Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000947.

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Cette thèse a pour objet l'examen empirique des préférences individuelles dans certains problèmes de distribution. L'analyse des préférences individuelles est menée à partir de leur expression sous forme d'opinions, de jugements et de choix. D'une part, nous mettons à jour les conceptions individuelles du juste sur lesquelles repose l'évaluation normative de certaines règles d'allocation de ressources, droits et obligations. Nous cherchons d'autre part à comprendre les raisons qui guident les individus dans leurs choix distributifs. La thèse se compose de six études indépendantes utilisant différentes méthodes empiriques (questionnaires, enquêtes et expériences de laboratoire). La première partie de la thèse traite de l'attribution de droits prioritaires dans le contexte de l'économie des transferts entre générations (héritage et retraites) et dans le domaine de la santé. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions des situations où le choix distributif résulte d'un arbitrage entre l'intérêt personnel de l'agent et celui d'autrui. Nous étudions cet arbitrage dans le cadre des politiques publiques de type redistributif et dans une situation de marchandage stylisé entre des agents ayant des revendications asymétriques. Dans cette partie, nous faisons l'hypothèse que les motifs et les déterminants des choix ne se réduisent pas aux intérêts privés des agents. En particulier, nous prenons en compte les attentions à l'autre et les considérations d'équité et de réciprocité. Nous validons cette hypothèse par le biais d'un certain nombre de tests économétriques et expérimentaux.

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Bos, Ryan A. „Resident assistants' attitudes toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals“. Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1210535.

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This study examined the attitudes and perceptions of resident assistants towardgay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) students. Attitudes and perceptions of floor environments, hall environments, and the campus community were looked at. The original intent of this study was to find a relationship between resident assistants' attitudes and perceptions toward GLBT individuals and its relationship to the environment created on the RA's floor. The sample of GLBT students was too small to make reference to it in this study.A significant difference was found between hall staffs' attitudes. The study suggests that their hall environment can influence RAs' attitudes and perceptions. Consistent with past research, male resident assistants (RAs) had more negative views toward gay men and lesbians than female RAs. Inconsistent responses were found to individual questions, which suggests a lack of education on GLBT issues. The majority of RAs believed there should not be more GLBT material integrated in the classroom, however they felt they didn't have adequate training on GLBT issues. RAs felt that GLBT students experience less harassment and discrimination in the residence halls then on campus and in society.
Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education

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Blodgett, Billy P. (Billy Paul). „The Change of Individual Opinions Through Gender-Related Group Influence: An Empirical Study of College Students“. Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331986/.

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The opinions of individuals may be influenced by groups of different gender configurations. This influence was studied by asking college students to respond to a series of statements in pretest and post-test settings. Post-test settings included the use of manipulatively constructed confederate groups to influence the subjects' responses. A pretest was administered in an anonymous nonthreatening environment. Within a week, the subjects were post-tested in a setting with four "confederates" who had previously been instructed to unanimously voice opposite answers to the subjects' initial responses to pretest questions. The objective of this experiment was to determine the number of opinions that were changed when confronted with opposing views. Change of opinions between pretest and post-test were considered to be operational definitions of "conformity."

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Lau, Andrea. „Opinions of Adoptive Parents Regarding Adoption Disclosure to the Child| A Study of Hong Kong Chinese Participants“. Thesis, Alliant International University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3568180.

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Study Aims: With adoption becoming more common in Hong Kong, the present study was conducted to gain an understanding of the opinions of Hong Kong adoptive parents regarding adoption disclosure to their child. Multiple research questions were investigated that may interest both the general public and those associated with adoption. Reasons for adoption disclosure, gender differences, and whether high or low Asian values have a significant influence were examined. Method: Fifty-four participants (18 men and 31 women) were recruited from Mother's Choice (a Hong Kong NGO). They were asked to complete a Disclosure Questionnaire, which determines the opinions and attitudes of adoptive parents on disclosure that was developed for use in this specific study, and the Asian Values Scale, which can be divided into five subscales (i.e., Collectivism, Conformity to Norms, Emotional Self-Control, Family Recognition Through Achievement, and Humility). Results: Majority of the participants reported that infertility was their main reason for the adoption and that they disclose because the child has the right to know. In addition, the majority strongly feel that disclosing will save future trauma and will not affect their relationship. The overwhelming majority of parents (94.4%, 51 out of 54) are planning to or already have disclosed the adoptive status to their child. Two participants (3.7%) are not planning to disclose and one (1.9%) did not answer. The 51 participants were then asked a follow up question regarding whether they would still disclose if it were guaranteed that their child would never find out about his/her adoptive status and ten of them changed their mind and one did not answer. Some gender differences were found and there were a few significant items where participants who responded differently on Disclosure Questionnaire items also varied on Asian values. Conclusions: This study is important to further understand Hong Kong's adoption population. Although there are limitations due to sample size and convenient sampling, this study is a beginning in the exploration of opinions of adoptive parents towards disclosure. As the majority of participants adopted due to infertility, more care and counseling should be provided targeting infertile couples to explore infertility, the possibility of adoption, and what the adoption means to them. This is especially important in Hong Kong, where infertility may be seen as culturally deviant as the purpose of marriage is to parent (Ko, 2001). With the cultural and social stigma of infertility, many couples may choose to remain secretive and thus perhaps keep a subsequent adoption secretive as well. It can be concluded that adoption disclosure is a complicated action that requires a lot of consideration and preparation. However, even with this, thoughts and feelings may continue to conflict with each other as it is a complex process.

Keywords: adoption, disclosure, Hong Kong, Asian Values Scale

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Bergen, Steven. „Antisocial personality disorder: an exploration and discussion of the experience, impact and opinions of the diagnosed individual“. Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86898.

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It is important for the medical community, specifically mental health professionals, to understand the complexities that influence the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Social influences and experiences have a direct influence on how an individual understands his/her role within the various social systems that they will navigate throughout their lifetime.
I have undertaken a phenomological study that looks at the social experiences of three men who have been labeled with Antisocial Personality Disorder. Accounts of their experiences are contrasted and compared to draw out similarities and consistent themes that have shaped these mens' lives as they are today.
From a client-centred model of care, it is important for mental health professionals to understand these experiences and interpretations as it impacts that quality of mental health services that are providing. It also influences the manner in which mental health professionals view models of recovery when working with this specific population.
Il est important pour la communauté médicale, plus précisément des professionnels de santé mentale, à comprendre les complexités qui influent sur le diagnostic de trouble de Antisocial Personality Disorder. Influences sociales et des expériences ont une influence directe sur la façon dont une personne comprend son rôle au sein des différents systèmes sociaux qu'ils vont naviguer dans toute leur durée de vie.
J'ai entrepris une étude de phenomological qui se penche sur les expériences sociales des trois hommes qui ont été intitulées avec trouble de Antisocial Personality Disorder Les comptes de leurs expériences sont contrastées et par rapport à attirer les similitudes et cohérentes des thèmes qui ont façonné vie ces mens ' qu'ils sont aujourd'hui.
D'un modèle axé sur le client de soins, il est important pour professionnels de santé mentale de comprendre ces expériences et des interprétations qu'il a un impact que la qualité des services de santé mentale qui fournissent des. Elle influence également la manière dans laquelle les professionnels de santé mentale afficher les modèles de recouvrement lorsque vous travaillez avec cette population spécifique.

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McGee, Nancy I. „Rural Wyoming community's perceptions of individuals experiencing mental illness“. Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445048341&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Huet, Sylvie. „Modèles individu-centrés de systèmes sociaux : micro-modèles hybrides inspirés des données simulant le développement rural ; dynamiques collectives de filtrage et / ou de rejet des messages“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856248.

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Cette thèse a pour objet la modélisation individu-centrée des systèmes sociaux. Une première partie orientée aide à la décision présente un modèle d'évolution des populations rurales fortement inspiré des données. Une seconde partie, plus théorique, étudie divers mécanismes permettant à un individu d'accepter ou de résister à une influence sociale. Nous proposons tout d'abord un modèle individu-centré de la dynamique des municipalités rurales européennes, implémenté pour le département du Cantal. Nous proposons un nouvel algorithme de génération des populations initiales ne nécessitant pas d'échantillon de population (approche classique). Nous concevons et paramétrons un modèle de la dynamique de l'individu face au marché du travail basé sur les données de la " European Labour Force Survey ". Il inclut des heuristiques originales de transition d'états tel qu'actifs, inactifs, chômeurs, ... prenant en compte l'âge, la profession et le secteur d'activité de l'individu. Nous déterminons les dynamiques non fondés sur des données individuelles en testant la capacité de dynamiques simples à produire des résultats proches des données agrégées disponibles. Est ainsi conçu un modèle de mobilité résidentielle, expliquant partiellement la migration et intégrant décision de déménager et choix d'une nouvelle résidence. La seconde partie de la thèse étudie les effets collectifs de différents mécanismes permettant aux individus de résister à ou d'accepter une influence sociale. Un premier mécanisme étudié est un filtre cognitif impliquant qu'un individu ne reçoit pas une information incongruente ou peu importante. Les individus " filtreurs " exhibent le biais de primauté car leur attitude n'est déterminée que par les premiers éléments reçus et se montrent négatifs alors que le message diffusé par un media est neutre. Le taux d'individus négatifs dans la population est accru ou diminuer par l'échange direct d'information entre les individus. Un second mécanisme est un rejet de la tentative d'influence qui mène l'individu à différencier davantage son attitude de celle de son interlocuteur. Il intervient lorsque l'individu éprouve un inconfort lié au fait qu'il est à la fois en accord et en désaccord avec son interlocuteur. Le couplage de ce rejet à un mécanisme d'attraction entre individus en accord entraîne un nombre moindre de groupes d'opinion différentes à l'échelle de la population (ie par rapport au nombre de groupes obtenus avec le seul mécanisme d'attraction).

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Shahin, Dana, und Mimmi Fadhil. „Scrolla, kommentera eller gilla? : En studie av hur användare reagerar på inlägg på sociala medier som rör samhällsdiskussioner“. Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38400.

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Denna kandidatuppsats tar upp samhällsfrågor kopplade till sociala medier, till exempel huranvändare delar med sig av sina åsikter kring samhällsfrågor på sociala medier samt deras reaktion på dessa diskussioner i sociala medier. I denna studie använde vi oss av metoden enkätundersökning för datainsamling, sedan analyserades all data via en tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att respondenterna reagerade olika på inlägg i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier. Resultatet analyserades i två teman, tema 1 besvarar hur användare reagerar på samhällsdiskussioner i sociala medier, tema 2 besvarar frågan hur villiga användare är att delta i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier. Vissa respondenter anser att kunna delta i samhällsdiskussioner på sociala medier ger de en möjlighet att uttrycka sig samt upplysa sina följare. Andra respondenter väljer att inte delta i dessa diskussioner då de anser att det är slöseri med tid samt att det inte kommer ha någon positiv påverkan utan istället starta onödiga diskussioner och konflikter, därför väljer dessa respondenter att hålla sina åsikter privata.
This bachelor thesis addresses social matters linked to social media, such as how users share their views on social issues and their reaction to these discussions in social media. In this study, we used the survey methodology for data collection. Afterwards, we analyzed the data through a thematic analysis. The result showed that the respondents reacted differently to contributions to social discussions on social media. The result was analyzed in two themes; theme 1 answers how users react to social discussions on social media, and theme 2 answers the question of how willing users are to participate in social discussions on social media. Some respondents believe that being able to participate in social discussions on social media gives them an opportunity to express themselves and educate their followers. Other respondents choose not to participate in these discussions as they consider that it is a waste of time and that it will have no positive impact but instead start unnecessary discussions and conflicts. Therefore, these respondents choose to keep their opinions private.

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Bücher zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Ontario. Esquisse de cours 12e année: Individus, familles et sociétés hhs4m cours préuniversitaire. Vanier, Ont: CFORP, 2002.

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Popkin, William D. Evolution of the judicial opinion: Institutional and individual styles. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

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Paternostro, Stefano. Individual attitudes toward corruption: Do social effects matter? Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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Inter-American Court of Human Rights und International Court of Justice, Hrsg. The construction of a humanized international law: A collection of individual opinions (1991-2013). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015.

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Facchini, Giovanni. Individual attitudes towards immigrants: Welfare-state determinants across countries. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Perea, Eva Anduiza. Individuos o sistemas?: Las razones de la abstención en Europa occidental. [Madrid]: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1999.

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Lochner, Lance. Individual perceptions of the criminal justice system. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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Marcie, Pitt-Catsouphes, und Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), Hrsg. Different perspectives: Workplace experience with the employment of individuals with disabilities. [Boston, MA]: Center on Work & Family, Boston University, 1995.

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Maria, Mayda Anna, und Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, Hrsg. From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: Theory and evidence. Torino: Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, 2008.

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H, Karash Karla, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., Transit Cooperative Research Program, United States. Federal Transit Administration. und Transit Development Corporation, Hrsg. Understanding how individuals make travel and location decisions: Implications for public transportation. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Croitoru, Cosmina. „Argumentative Aggregation of Individual Opinions“. In Logics in Artificial Intelligence, 600–608. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11558-0_43.

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Benamara, Farah, Souhila Kaci und Gabriella Pigozzi. „Individual Opinions-Based Judgment Aggregation Procedures“. In Modeling Decisions for Artificial Intelligence, 55–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16292-3_8.

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Aleskerov, Fuad. „Rationality of Individual Opinions and Social Decisions“. In Arrovian Aggregation Models, 17–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4542-9_2.

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Maity, Suman Kalyan, und Animesh Mukherjee. „Emergence of Dominant Opinions in Presence of Rigid Individuals“. In Understanding Complex Systems, 279–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47238-5_13.

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Zeng, Fanbin. „Individuals' Social Mentality of and Their Views towards Public Opinion“. In Social Mentality and Public Opinion in China, 74–94. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003375111-4.

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Gündüç, Semra. „The Effect of Social Media on Shaping Individuals Opinion Formation“. In Complex Networks and Their Applications VIII, 376–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36683-4_31.

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Nurmi, Hannu. „Third Problem: How to Avoid Perverse Response to Changes in Individual Opinions“. In Comparing Voting Systems, 66–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3985-1_6.

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Giovannini, Arianna, Antonella Seddone und Davide Vampa. „Pandemic Emergency and Regional Powers. Patterns of Opinions at the Individual Level“. In Territorial Governance in Times of Crisis, 91–113. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48031-7_5.

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CHOCONTÁ PÉREZ, Nubia. „L’expression des émotions dans les avis en ligne sur les restaurants en français et en espagnol“. In Langue(s) en mondialisation, 117–26. Editions des archives contemporaines, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.5286.

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Dans les activités commerciales, le web est devenu un outil très important pour faire connaître les avis des individus suite à un acte de consommation. Concernant les plateformes d’avis comme Tripadvisor font l’objet d’étude en discours car les opinions semblent guider la prise de décision des consommateurs. Cette étude se donne donc comme objectif d’explorer et de comprendre d’un point de vue contrastive l’expression des émotions et les stratégies énonciatives employées dans les avis en ligne au sujet des restaurants en français et en espagnol. Ceci met en évidence que 1. le taux d’émotions positives dans les deux langues est beaucoup plus représentatif que les émotions négatives. 2. Les émotions peuvent être attachées ou détachées de la source évaluative au sein des énoncés. 3. En français, il existe un emploi plus élevé des noms pour exprimer la joie alors qu’en espagnol, les locuteurs semblent davantage employer les verbes. Ces résultats suggèrent donc les stratégies employées par les locuteurs pour susciter l’empathie avec le lecteur dans les deux langues. Cependant, la variation d’utilisation des termes émotionnels se réalise en fonction de la langue ce qui pourrait être lié à la culture propre des individus.

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Batra, Mridula, und Vishaw Jyoti. „Feature Based Opinion Mining“. In Research Anthology on Implementing Sentiment Analysis Across Multiple Disciplines, 1553–68. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6303-1.ch082.

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Opinion mining is the estimated learning of user's beliefs, evaluation and sentiments about units, actions and its features. This method has several features matched with data mining techniques, language processing methods and feature oriented data abstraction. This seems to be extremely difficult to mine opinions from analysis those exist in common human used language. Views are very essentials when one desires to construct a judgment. Data abstraction is an important characteristic for decision making applicable to individuals and organization of different nature. While selecting and purchasing a particular product, it is always beneficial for an individual to collect other views for correct decision making. One association wants to conduct surveys and gather opinions to develop their product excellence. Internet as a source of information, having a number of websites available with the customer reviews as a number of products, it is easy to extract the features from these opinions, sentiments and view, is a task comes under feature-based opinion mining.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Rossie, Juliete, Jérôme Delobelle, Sébastien Konieczny, Clément Lens und Srdjan Vesic. „Collective Satisfaction Semantics for Opinion Based Argumentation“. In 21st International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2023}, 631–41. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2024/59.

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Voting on arguments in a debate is a natural approach for reaching a consensual decision. Despite this, there are few formal methods of abstract argumentation dealing with the use of votes in the process of selecting accepted arguments. We introduce the Opinion Based Argumentation (OBA) framework, where individuals can vote (or abstain) for or against arguments in a Dung argumentation framework. Our research aims to determine the most appropriate collective decisions within this framework. We propose a new semantics for this framework, called Collective Satisfaction Semantics (CSS), to evaluate the acceptability of arguments and study their properties. Additionally, we compare these semantics against alternative methods adapted from related literature to provide insights into their relative effectiveness.

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Al Maruf, Abdullah, Luyao Niu, Bhaskar Ramasubramanian, Andrew Clark und Radha Poovendran. „Learning Dissemination Strategies for External Sources in Opinion Dynamic Models with Cognitive Biases“. In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/1.

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The opinions of members of a population are influenced by opinions of their peers, their own predispositions, and information from external sources via one or more information channels (e.g., news, social media). Due to individual cognitive biases, the perceptual impact of and importance assigned by agents to information on each channel can be different. In this paper, we propose a model of opinion evolution that uses prospect theory to represent perception of information from the external source along each channel. Our prospect-theoretic model reflects traits observed in humans such as loss aversion, assigning inflated (deflated) values to low (high) probability events, and evaluating outcomes relative to an individually known reference point. We consider the problem of determining information dissemination strategies for the external source to adopt in order to drive opinions of individuals towards a desired value. However, computing a strategy faces a challenge that agents' initial predispositions and functions characterizing their perceptions of information disseminated might be unknown. We overcome this challenge by using Gaussian process learning to estimate these unknown parameters. When the external source sends information over multiple channels, the problem of jointly selecting optimal dissemination strategies is in general, combinatorial. We prove that this problem is submodular, and design near-optimal dissemination algorithms. We evaluate our model on three different widely used large graphs that represent real-world social interactions. Our results indicate that the external source can effectively drive opinions towards a desired value when using prospect-theory based dissemination strategies.

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Liu, Yuhan, Xiuying Chen, Xiaoqing Zhang, Xing Gao, Ji Zhang und Rui Yan. „From Skepticism to Acceptance: Simulating the Attitude Dynamics Toward Fake News“. In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/873.

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In the digital era, the rapid propagation of fake news and rumors via social networks brings notable societal challenges and impacts public opinion regulation. Traditional fake news modeling typically forecasts the general popularity trends of different groups or numerically represents opinions shift. However, these methods often oversimplify real-world complexities and overlook the rich semantic information of news text. The advent of large language models (LLMs) provides the possibility of modeling subtle dynamics of opinion. Consequently, in this work, we introduce a Fake news Propagation Simulation framework (FPS) based on LLM, which studies the trends and control of fake news propagation in detail. Specifically, each agent in the simulation represents an individual with a distinct personality. They are equipped with both short-term and long-term memory, as well as a reflective mechanism to mimic human-like thinking. Every day, they engage in random opinion exchanges, reflect on their thinking, and update their opinions. Our simulation results uncover patterns in fake news propagation related to topic relevance, and individual traits, aligning with real-world observations. Additionally, we evaluate various intervention strategies and demonstrate that early and appropriately frequent interventions strike a balance between governance cost and effectiveness, offering valuable insights for practical applications. Our study underscores the significant utility and potential of LLMs in combating fake news.

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Klösch, Beate, Markus Hadler, Markus Reiter-Haas und Elisabeth Lex. „Social Desirability and the Willingness to Provide Social Media Accounts in Surveys. The Case of Environmental Attitudes“. In CARMA 2022 - 4th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2022.2022.15069.

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This paper contributes to the research on combining public opinion surveys and social media data by a) analyzing the effects of social desirability on the willingness to provide social media account information in surveys, and b) evaluating the congruence of opinions expressed in the survey and on social media. We analyze these questions by considering the willingness to make a sacrifice for the environment, i.e., the willingness to pay higher taxes and higher prices. Our results show that Facebook users who oppose environmental measures are less likely to share their account information in the survey, whereas this effect could not be found among Twitter users. Considering the congruence of opinions expressed in the survey and on Twitter, we find similar tendencies both at the aggregate and the individual level.

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Șuteu, Lavinia. „Future Teachers Opinion About Individual Innovation“. In Education, Reflection, Development, Seventh Edition. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.06.76.

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Wood-Doughty, Zach, Praateek Mahajan und Mark Dredze. „Johns Hopkins or johnny-hopkins: Classifying Individuals versus Organizations on Twitter“. In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Modeling of People’s Opinions, Personality, and Emotions in Social Media. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w18-1108.

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An, Jisun, Daniele Quercia und Jon Crowcroft. „Why individuals seek diverse opinions (or why they don't)“. In the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2464464.2464493.

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Mironova, Oksana, Alevtina Filosofova und Alexey Averianov. „Self-betrayal: public opinion studying“. In Proceedings of the 1st International Scientific Practical Conference "The Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" (ISMGE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ismge-19.2019.93.

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Sunkanmi Adeyemi, Benjamen, Helen Ifedolapo Babalola, Clinton Aigbavboa und Wellington D Thwala. „Exploration of Building Information Modelling in the Nigerian Construction Industry“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002229.

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This study aims to examine various challenges of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the Nigerian construction industry (NCI). In this study, a quantitative method was used. A sum of 80 questionnaires were sent out, and 57 questionnaires were received back from the construction professionals in Nigeria. The findings revealed major challenges facing BIM in the NCI such as individual opinions concerning BIM, absence of non-integration of model design, inadequate protocol relating to BIM, inadequate protocol relating to BIM, and lack of competent staff. There is need for construction stakeholders to avoid anything causing hindrances to the use of BIM in the NCI. The study objectives were accomplished from the literature as well as questionnaires usage. It is recommended that construction stakeholders need to be careful with the kind of opinion they offer pertaining to the application of BIM in Nigeria.

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Amantay, Zhuldyz. „Soft-Skills Model Of University Graduate: Opinions Of Students And Teachers“. In II International Scientific and Practical Conference "Individual and Society in the Modern Geopolitical Environment" Conference. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.12.04.4.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Opinions des individus"

Salazar, Alessandro Toledo, Matthew Medrano, Mathias Duque Medina, Julio Roa und Jorge E. Pesantez. Enhancing Evacuation Warning Responsiveness: Exploring the Impact of Social Interactions through an Agent-Based Model Approach. Mineta Transportation Institute, Juni 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2356.

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Evacuations are the preferred response to human- or natural-caused disasters. The process often involves people deciding when and how to evacuate based on messages from local authorities. However, diverse opinions of the affected people may influence their decision to evacuate or to stay and see how the situation unfolds. This project applies an opinion dynamics concept to model the opinion and decision-making of people threatened by wildfire. To demonstrate how individual opinions evolve with time, the model applies an agent-based approach that includes the interaction between an agency sending an evacuation message and the affected population. There are three sources of information concerning the mathematical model of an opinion: the global broadcasting message, interaction of the agent with its social media network, and observations of neighbors’ actions. The opinion value of each agent leads to a decision to evacuate if it overcomes a resistance threshold. By combining sources of information, the results show that when global broadcasting is the only information available to agents, a decision to evacuate is unanimously reached after a short period. However, when social media interactions are included, there is a delay in reaching a unanimous agreement to evacuate. Furthermore, when social media interactions are replaced by observing the actions of neighbors, there is no agreement to evacuate among the agents, and most of them decide to stay and see how the situation progresses. This research project provides opportunities for planning and management of traffic and routes when an evacuation is expected but the number of people participating is unknown. The results provide valuable insights that could be applied as part of disaster-planning and other potentially life-saving measures.

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Rudyk, Myroslava. JOURNALISM STANDARDS AND BLOGGING: PROFESSIONAL PRINCIPLES OF WORKING WITH INFORMATION IN THE BLOGOSPHERE. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11398.

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The article is devoted to the study of journalistic standards in the blogosphere, i.e. the extent to which bloggers adhere to professional principles in their work with information. The popularity of the blogosphere has spread not only to journalists but also to influential people, as well as amateur bloggers, who have created their own platforms to distribute useful or entertaining content. However, not all bloggers work on a professional basis, which creates many opportunities to spread misinformation and manipulate consciousness. Standard approaches to working with information, which have historically been developed in journalism, help to avoid hassles, create professional principles, which ultimately distinguishes journalism from amateur media. In total, researchers distinguish 6 standards of journalism: accuracy, promptness, reliability, completeness of information, the balance of opinions, separation of facts from comments. In the modern world, the approach to defining the concept of “media” has changed significantly. At one time, only professional communicators and traditional media could apply for this status. However, with the development of democratic processes, pluralism of opinion, mass internetization, globalization, and the spread of information beyond the borders of a particular country or locality, alternative sources of information began to appear. Domestic processes of media privatization and oligarchization also contributed to this, when the media became not only repeaters of information, but also a component of the media business and big politics, thus losing the trust of the audience. That is why the popularity of bloggers as independent communicators, opinion leaders, experts in various fields has grown. This was facilitated by the rapid development of information technology, the ability to quickly transmit information of any content, as well as no need for professional training in the field of media. The popularity of the blogosphere is due to the fact that with the new role of a blogger, everyone is given the opportunity to communicate publicly through the use of previously unknown and inaccessible tools. As for professional standards of working with information, bloggers mostly lack the reliability of the information, the balance of opinions and judgments, the separation of facts from comments. And the subjective author’s position is an advantage, giving the blogger an individual way of self-expression.

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Guizzo Altube, Matías, und Carlos Scartascini. Gender-Based Research and Interviewer Effects: Evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012886.

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As the measurement of public opinion and attitudes toward gender issues has gained increasing attention in gender policy and research, the accurate design, implementation, and analysis of survey data has become paramount. In this paper, we examine the impact of the gender of the interviewer on survey responses in Latin America and the Caribbean, both individually and in the aggregate, using data from the LAPOP surveys (2012-2018). We also present a formal model that illustrates how the gender of the interviewer may influence responses and derive an optimal adjustment in survey design and analysis to account for this bias. Our findings highlight the substantial influence of social norms on gender opinions, revealing that respondents are more likely to overestimate men's abilities in politics relative to women's and to accept domestic violence when interviewed by men rather than women. Two key actions emerge as a corollary: survey firms should always provide the gender of the interviewer in their data, and researchers should adjust for this bias in their analysis. Without implementing these recommended practices, survey data may not accurately reflect what individuals in the region think about gender issues, potentially skewing behaviors and public policy.

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Collyer, Michael, Dolf Te Lintelo und Tahir Zaman. Assessing Displaced People’s Design Choices Around Social Assistance. Institute of Development Studies, September 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2024.016.

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Many social assistance programmes make no explicit provision for displaced people at all. Although refugees have more often been considered in terms of international protection, this has not been the case as regularly for internally displaced people (IDPs). As crises become more prolonged, international support is also likely to decline. Whenever displaced people are included, they are usually considered in terms of the reach or impact of social assistance programmes but are rarely consulted about the design of such programmes. This is often due to political barriers around exclusion by host governments. This paper does not tackle these political barriers but sets out to partially address the exclusion of displaced people from the design and planning of social assistance programming by consulting them in a range of design choices about how they engage with social assistance and what a good social assistance programme would look like. The paper draws on research in two locations (camp and city) in each of three countries: the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lebanon, and Pakistan. Each of these countries has hosted large numbers of displaced people for extensive periods of time but they are otherwise very different contexts. This is therefore a ‘most different’ comparative research design, so common factors across the three countries are particularly important. Research is based on Q method – a relatively unusual methodological approach that has a number of specific advantages in this field. One of the aims of this paper is to test and outline this relatively unusual method, meaning that academics are one of the primary audiences. Displaced participants were consulted directly on their views about the design of social assistance programmes. Rather than expanding on individual perspectives (as focus groups or interviews do) or taking aggregate views of multiple variables (as surveys do), Q allows the identification of groups by individual. Rather than isolating multiple opinions on single points of design, Q allows for the complexity of a single individual’s opinions on multiple points of design and compares these statistically to many other individuals’ opinions of the same design points. This results in the identification of groups of individuals who share similar sets of perspectives, allowing the creation of personas that are statistically representative of the group. This method is set out in detail in the annexe and the resulting personas are presented in section 3. These groups allow us to highlight the key lines of differentiation around important design points. Overall, the paper provides a series of significant directions to consider in the design of formal social assistance programmes. These are expanded on in section 4, but in summary: ● Opinions on design of social assistance fall significantly along gender lines. In all three countries, at least one of the groups was exclusively or mostly comprised of women, meaning that significant groups of women share common opinions on social assistance, which are distinct from men’s opinions. This underlines the importance of consulting men and women separately. ● When looking at the range of opinions particular to women’s groups, some issues stand out, particularly a reluctance to engage with community or neighbourhood organisations that is not shared by groups that are majority men. This is important for the paper’s analysis of informal social assistance. We argue that it is important for formal programmes to recognise the role played by informal social assistance, and the greater sensitivity expressed by women around reliance on neighbourhoods and communities is a significant element of this. ● A second key distinction across all three countries is between urban and ‘camp’ locations, though this was less evident in Lebanon. Urban residents are more likely to demand more from the state in fulfilling its responsibility of managing the population on its territory, and have less confidence in United Nations (UN) agencies. This suggests that displaced people will be more receptive to social assistance programmes that are delivered through or alongside state-based programmes in urban areas. ● A third common point was in support for universality, with very little targeting of particular vulnerable groups. In DRC there was strong support among displaced groups to focus social assistance exclusively on them, though within this focus there was also little support for targeting of specific displaced groups (for ‍example, women, even among the majority women’s groups). ● Significant currents of opinion also emerge around the importance of dignity in support programmes, which is closely linked to anonymity and invisibility in means of receipt of assistance. There are very clear lessons here in ensuring that recipients are not publicly identified in the operation of these programmes. ● The research provides further support for the value of cash, but this is nuanced in situations where vital needs (medicine in the case of DRC) are not available to buy. Generally, those people with experience of receiving cash were more supportive. The design lesson here is that greater support will be needed to introduce and monitor cash in areas where there is limited experience of using cash. ● Finally, research highlights the values of incorporating informal forms of social assistance (from neighbours, family, religious organisations, and community groups) into analysis of more formal sources, even though support for this (as noted earlier) was not universal, highlighting how informal social assistance is far from an ideal alternative to the decline in formal sources of assistance.

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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Does use of local opinion leaders improve professional practice and patient outcomes? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608113.

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Opinion leaders are a small number of individuals within a community who have an influence on what the rest of the community does. They are active media users, who interpret the meaning of media messages or content for lower-end media users. Because of their influence, it is thought that opinion leaders may be able to persuade healthcare providers to use the best available evidence when treating and managing patients.

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Machado, Fabiana, und Giselle Vesga. The Political Economy of Pension Reform: Public Opinion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011703.

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Countries around the world are facing important challenges to the sustainability of their pension systems. Changing policies, especially those of large scope and financial magnitude, is a political challenge. It takes a combination of willingness, capacity and enough political support to change the status quo and avoid costly subsequent reversals. Taking advantage of several waves of public opinion data in Latin America and the Caribbean, this paper aims to identify and analyze individual-level factors that are relevant to gauging political support for pension reform.

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Heinrich, Carolyn, und Yeri López. Does Community Participation Produce Dividends in Social Investment Fund Projects? Inter-American Development Bank, März 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011175.

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Social investment funds, a widely used tool of development efforts, aim to support and strengthen local capacity for effective implementation of social and economic infrastructure projects through participatory, community-driven approaches. This working paper investigates whether these participatory methods improve the outcomes of education projects and community members' perceptions of their effectiveness using data from an impact evaluation of the third phase of the Fondo Hondureño de Inversión Social (FHIS). The study also makes an important contribution with more carefully defined and explicit measures of individuals' participation in community projects. In regards to the outcome, the authors do not find statistically significant effects of the education projects on academic outcomes of school-aged youth, but they do observe positive, statistically significant relationships between the use of participatory methodologies and household opinions of the projects, as well as between households' level of participation and their opinions of the projects.

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Velasques de Paula Machado, Fabiana. Does Inequality Breed Altruism or Selfishness? Gauging Individuals' Predispositions towards Redistributive Schemes. Inter-American Development Bank, Januar 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011378.

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While decreasing inequality is generally considered desirable, and there is a growing understanding of which policies do and do not promote equality, much less is known regarding why these policies are adopted to varying degrees of intensity in different times and places. To explain this variation, the constituencies for different policies under various conditions must be identified. This paper explores that question using Brazilian public opinion data on preferences regarding taxation, conditional cash transfers, pension schemes and educations. It is found that disagreement across socio-economic groups arises on how government should address inequality rather than whether it should do so. While poorer respondents support cash transfers more than the rich, the rich are more likely than the poor to support expenditures on public education. Contrary to what is commonly assumed, inequality seems to breed altruism among the rich regarding the quintessential poverty reduction scheme of conditional cash transfers.

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SEREDINA, E. V., E. V. KISLITSYNA und E. F. BEKH. JOE BIDEN’S NICKNAMES IN POLITICAL CARTOON. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-83-90.

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The article examines unofficial nicknames for Joe Biden, sitting president of the USA, in the light of political humour. All of the used nicknames express popular public opinion, highlighting the individual characteristics of the president and emphasizing his particular behavior. The common feature of the illustrated nickname is a mockery on the president constructed by adding vivid adjectives to his name.

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MILOVANOVA, G., N. KULYASHOVA und E. SHEMYAKINA. ANALYSIS OF STUDENT ENGAGEMENT FACTORS IN TRAINING ACTIVITIES. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2022-13-1-3-14-20.

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The effectiveness of training is largely determined by the degree of involvement of students in the educational process. In accordance with the main directions of reforming higher education, it is planned to transfer universities to individual educational trajectories. The article discusses the results of a survey of students about what, in their opinion, is lacking for full involvement in educational activities in the light of future changes.

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