Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Ophiorrhine G“

Camptothecin (CPT), a cytotoxic quinoline indole alkaloid, is an anticancer compound. Its two major semi synthetic derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs effectively used for treating different cancer types and sold under the trade names Hycamtin and Camptosar. Among the Ophiorrhiza species, Ophiorrhiza mungos contains the highest CPT level (0.02 % g dw). CPT level was determined in plants before flowering (0.074 ± 0.003 % g dw) and at flowering (0.052 ± 0.002 % g dw). Multiple shoot cultures were induced on seedling-derived explants of O. mungos in half strength MS solid media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP to obtain 12.00 ± 1.22 shoots in 20 days. Repeated subcultures at 20 days interval yielded 20.00 ± 3.71 shoots/subculture of shoot clusters. After elongation, rooting and transplanting, the growth of shoot clusters were studied in both in vitro and same aged naturally grown seedlings. Highest biomass (4.62 ± 0.158 g fw) was obtained in in vitro-derived shoot clusters. CPT increased according to biomass and the maximum CPT was recorded in in vitro rooted shoot clusters after 15 days (0.031 ± 0.001 % g dw). Hence, in vitro-derived rooted shoot clusters of O. mungos cultivated in net-pots for 60 days under shade net house conditions found to be a sustainable source for CPT.

Ophiorrhiza mungose var. angustifolia (Thwaites) Hook. f (Family- Rubiaceae) is a recently identified plant from Ophiorrhiza species in Western Ghats of Kerala. The plant is a promising candidate for the production of camptothecin (CPT) - a high value anticancer compound. Preliminary screening of hexane and methanol extract revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, caumarins, steroids, terpeanoids, saponins, carbohydrates and alkaloids. Camptothecin was estimated from methanol extract using high performance liquid chromatography and the level of CPT was 297.94 ± 2.27 µg/g dry weight. The in vitro antioxidant assay revealed both extract showed moderate level of total phenolic content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric chloride reducing power assay, phospho-molybdate assay of total anti-oxidant capacity and nitric oxide scavenging activity assay. Antimicrobial study reveals that only hexane extract inhibits pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Overall these findings will lead to isolation of active compounds other than camptothecin, elucidate them against wider range of bioactivity studies to find new therapeutic principles.

Traditional folk medicine in Sri Lanka is mostly based on plants and plant-derived products, however, many of these medicinal plant species are scientifically unexplored. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potency of 28 different extracts prepared from seven popular medicinal plant species employed in Sri Lanka. The extracts were subjected to cell-based and cell-free assays of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1, and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Moreover, antibacterial and disinfectant activities were assessed. Characterization of secondary metabolites was achieved by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. n-Hexane- and dichloromethane-based extracts of Garcinia cambogia efficiently suppressed 5-LO activity in human neutrophils (IC50 = 0.92 and 1.39 µg/mL), and potently inhibited isolated human 5-LO (IC50 = 0.15 and 0.16 µg/mL) and mPGES-1 (IC50 = 0.29 and 0.49 µg/mL). Lipophilic extracts of Pothos scandens displayed potent inhibition of mPGES-1 only. A methanolic extract of Ophiorrhiza mungos caused significant NO scavenging activity. The lipophilic extracts of G. cambogia exhibited prominent antibacterial and disinfectant activities, and GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of fatty acids, sesquiterpenes and other types of secondary metabolites. Together, our results suggest the prospective utilization of G. cambogia as disinfective agent with potent anti-inflammatory properties.

To enhance plant camptothecin (CPT) production in vitro, 5-month-old Ophiorrhiza ridleyana Craib plant cultures were treated with solutions of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) dissolved in ethanol, which were applied to the surface of the solid culture medium. It was demonstrated that the maximum CPT content in the tissue-cultured plants was achieved after 12 h elicitation with 50 µM MeJA. The mean CPT contents in roots and stems were 50.8 and 67.0 µg/g DW, respectively, which were approximately 1.8- and 2.6-fold higher, respectively, than those of the control. However, MeJA elicitation showed no significant effect on CPT accumulation in O. ridleyana leaves. Moreover, it was found that direct electric current (DC) stimulation also significantly increased CPT accumulation in O. ridleyana. The treatment with DC at 20 mA for 3 min of stimulation enhanced 3-fold the CPT content in roots, stems, and leaves to 41.9, 36.0 and 19.6 µg/g DW, respectively, which were approximately 1.5-, 1.7- and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, as compared to those of the control. The results demonstrate that preharvest treatment by MeJA elicitation and electrical stimulation can be beneficial for secondary metabolite production of CPT in tissue-culture plants of O. ridleyana.

SAMBAS, E. N., KUSMANA, C., PRASETYO, L. B. & PARTOMIHARDJO, T. 2018. Vegetation analysis and population structure of plants at Mount Endut forested area, Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, Banten, Java,Indonesia. Reinwardtia 17 (1): 39–53. — Study of vegetation structure and species composition at Mount Endut was carried out by using transect and plot methods. Data of trees, saplings and seedlings were enumerated from four transects measuring 10 m × 2,000 m in four directions of slopes i.e. North, South, East and West. In total there were 180 species of trees and saplings belonging to 105 genera and 51 families. Tree density and basal area indicate the variation and the differences in each of the sampling locations. Density of saplings and abundance of seedlings tend to be low in locations with high density and basal areas at tree level. Tree species having higher Importance Value were Castanopsis acuminatissima, Schima wallichii, C. argentea, Quercus gemelliflora, and Altingia excelsa. Castanopsis acuminatissima, Garcinia rostrata, S. wallichii, Symplocos cochinchinensis, and Prunus arborea were saplings which had highest density, while Ophiorrhiza marginata, Cyathea contaminans, Pinanga coronata,C. acuminatissima, and G. rostrata were the most abundant listed seedlings at the study site. At least 27 tree species (21.91%) were recorded as relatively rare (presence represented by only 1–2 individuals), thus requiring special attention in the management of the area.

The bioactive compounds from the different parts of medicinal plants have shown many pharmacological activities but the screening for microbial activity from flower is very scanty, the purpose of the study is to discover the therapeutic ability of the flowers of ten ethnomedicinal plants found in the southern Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu with a destination of providing cheaper nature-based alternative medicine. Flower extracts of ethnomedicinal plants, Abutilon indicum (L). Sweet, Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T. Aiton, C. procera (Aiton), Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Martynia annua L., Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f., Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Ophiorrhiza mungos Linn., Scilla indica Baker. and Tecoma stans (L.) Kunth. were examined using agar well diffusion method against the human pathogens, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stephylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans. Flowers were extracted using 80% ethanol, phytochemical screening of these flowers were performed for constituents like, Carbohydrates, tannin, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential/volatile oil and glycosides. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of selected three flower extracts against the pathogens also tested in contingent. From these finding revealed the medicinal potential of these flowers to cure the various infectious diseases. Compare to reference antibiotics, the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of flower extracts also found be clearly superior. The broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity of Martynia annua, Memecylon umbellatum and Calotropis gigantea may help to discover new chemical classes of antibiotics substances.

Ophiorrhiza fangdingii H.S. Lo, a species endemic to Guangxi, China, is newly reported for the flora of Vietnam. In addition to information on ecology, phenology and taxonomic notes, morphological character of capsule is firstly described based on the specimens collected from Vietnam. Keywords New record, Ophiorrhiza fangdingii, Rubiaceae, Vietnam References [1] S.P. Darwin, The Pacific species of Ophiorrhiza L. (Rubiaceae), Lyonia 1 (1976)47.[2] C. Tao, C.M. Taylor, Ophiorrhiza in Flora of China, volume 19, Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 2011.[3] G. Krishnakumar, K.B. Rameshkumar, S. Priya, K. Satheeshkumar, P.N. Krishnan, Estimation of camptothecin and pharmacological evaluation of Ophiorrhiza prostrata D. Don and Ophiorrhiza mungos L.,Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(2012) 731.[4] K. Saito, H. Sudo, M.Yamazaki, M. Koseki Nakamura, M. Kitajima, H. Takayama, N. Aimi, Feasible production of camptothecin by hairy root culture of Ophiorrhiza pumilla, Plant Cell Reports, 20 (2001) 271.[5] D.B. Deb, D.C. Mondal, Taxonomic revision of the genus Ophiorrhiza L. (Rubiaceae) in Indian subcontinent Ophiorrhiza L. (Rubiaceae) in Indian subcontinent, Bulletin of the Botanical Survey India, 39(1997) 148.[6] H.S. Lo, Ophiorrhiza in Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae, volume 71(1), 110-174, Science Press, Beijing, 1999.[7] H.S. Lo, Taxonomic revision of the Chinese species of Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae), Bulletin of Botanicial Research North-Eastern Forestry Institute, 10 (1990) 82.[8] J. Pitard, Ophiorrhiza in Flore Generade de l’Indo-Chine, volume 3, Masson, Paris, 1923.[9] H.H. Pham, OphiorrhizainAn Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, volume 3, Young Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh, 2003 (in Vietnamese)[10] W.G. Craib, Caprifoliaceae & Rubiaceaein Florae SiamensisEnumeratio, volume 2(1), Siam Society, Bangkok, 1932.

L'ophiorrhine A, G et l'ophiorrhiside E sont des alcaloïdes indolomonoterpéniques isolés des plantes Ophiorrhiza japonica et Trichocarpon. Nous avons réalisé la première synthèse totale de l'ophiorrhine A, G et de l'ophiorrhiside E. Plusieurs stratégies ont été explorées pour construire la partie indolopyridone de l'ophiorrhiside E, le précurseur biosynthétique supposé de l'ophiorrhine A. Finalement, le couplage de type Friedel-Crafts de l'indolyl-acétamide avec le chlorure d'acide dérivé de la sécologanine a conduit à l'ophiorrhine G. La cyclodéshydratation d'une forme protégée de ce dernier a été suivie par la cycloaddition de Diels-Alder intramoléculaire spontanée de l'ophiorrhiside E protégée, menant à l'ophiorrhine A, qui peut se transformer en un produit non naturel avec un squelette de carbazole. La pestalustaïne A est un sesquiterpénoïde isolé du champignon endophyte pestalotiopsis adusta dont nous avons investigué la synthèse totale. Nous avons réalisé une expansion de cycle à partir d'un intermédiaire à 6 chaînons pour former un noyau à 7 chaînons, suivie par une fermeture de cycle par métathèse d'un diène pour construire un squelette ponté 7/7, et une addition 1,4 intramoléculaire pour obtenir le tricycle 7/5/6. L'analyse des résultats de diffraction des rayons X pour un intermédiaire contenant le noyau 7/5/6 a révélé des écarts entre notre structure et celle proposée précédemment. L'analyse des spectres du produit naturel isolé a suggéré que la structure avait peut-être été mal attribuée
Ophiorrhine A, G and ophiorrhiside E are monoterpene indole alkaloids which were isolated from the plant Ophiorrhiza japonica and trichocarpon. We achieved the first total synthesis of ophiorrhine A, G and ophiorrhiside E. Several strategies were investigated to construct the indolopyridone moiety of ophiorrhiside E, the postulated biosynthetic precursor of ophiorrhine A. Eventually, the Friedel-Crafts-type coupling of indolyl-acetamide with secologanin-derived acid chloride delivered ophiorrhine G. Cyclodehydratation of a protected form of the latter was followed by the desired spontaneous intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of protected ophiorrhiside E leading to ophiorrhine A, which could be converted to an unnatural product with a carbazole skeleton. We have investigated the total synthesis of pestalustaine A, a sesquiterpenoid which was isolated from an endophytic fungus pestalotiopsis adusta. We performed a ring expansion of a 6-membered intermediated to form the 7-membered core, a ring closing metathesis of a diene to construct the bridged 7/7 skeleton, and an intramolecular 1,4 addition to yield the pivotal tricyclic 7/5/6 framework. Through X-ray diffraction analysis of a crystal of an intermediate with the 7/5/6 core, we discovered that our structure differs from the one proposed in the isolation publication. By analyzing the spectra of the isolated natural product, we thought that the authors might have misassigned the structure