Dissertationen zum Thema „Operator firms“

Background: Innovation is widely recognized to be instrumental for the sustained competitiveness of businesses, including family businesses. However, many family firms are unable to achieve innovation on their own, necessitating the shift towards collaborative innovation. Yet, due to the overlap of family and business, innovation in family firms is characterized by the so-called“innovation paradox” where family firms usually possess a greater ability to innovate but lack the willingness to do so. Accordingly, considerable attention has been given to the factors that affect the willingness of family firms in an attempt to understand and possibly resolve the innovation paradox. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to explore how the degree of family involvement in the top management team (TMT) influences the family firm’s willingness to engage in collaborative innovation and how that influences the preferred type of collaborative innovation. By exploring the link between the degree of family involvement in TMT and the willingness in the context of collaborative innovation, our study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the innovation paradox associated with family businesses, and thereby offer important insights to practitioners, both from the family and non-family perspective. Method: Our methods were based on qualitative research with an exploratory research design and multiple case-study methods of eleven family firms. Through semi-structured interviews with both family and non-family TMT members, we gained insights into the role of family influence on family firms. We also used a cross-case analysis to compare the cases and indicate similarities and differences in order to draw our conclusions. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the degree of family involvement in the top management teams influences the family firms’ willingness to engage in collaborative innovation. Depending on the degree of family involvement as represented by the respective configurations, five patterns of influence manifestations (IM) are identified.

This article describes the creation and operation of a market that has been functioning since very recently in the country. It shows the stages for the implementation of this market, which begins with bilateral agreements to sell natural gas and transportation capacity between the actors involved, and later gives way to day-to-day electronic auctions. Additionally, this article shows the main contractual provisions which are often incorporated into bilateral agreements for the transference of transportation capacity. Finally, two important deficiencies that appeared in these years of operation will be analyzed, such as the restrictionon the transference of volumes of natural gas, and the exclusion from this market of capacity surpluses of the service of distribution of natural gas through pipelines that is contracted by consumers.
El presente artículo describe la creación y funcionamiento de un mercado que viene funcionando hace muy poco tiempo en el país. A través de este artículo se podrá conocer las etapas para la implementación de este mercado que se inicia con acuerdos bilaterales de venta de gas natural y capacidad de transporte entre los agentes participantes, para posteriormente dar paso a las subastas electrónicas del día a día. Asimismo, se conocerá las principales disposiciones contractuales que suelen incorporarse en los acuerdos bilaterales de transferencia de capacidad de transporte. Finalmente, se analizarán dos deficiencias importantes ocurridas en estos años de funcionamiento, como son la restricción para la transferencia de volúmenes de gas natural y la no inclusión en este mercado de excedentes de capacidad del servicio de distribución por redes de ductos contratado por los consumidores.

As mudanças nos posicionamentos políticos e econômicos mundiais transformaram as configurações de mercado. A concorrência tornou-se mais acirrada, e aliada ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, passaram a exigir das empresas uma reestruturação organizacional e nos modos de gestão. O intuito foi torná-las mais ágeis, flexíveis e dinâmicas para compatibilizar sua organização aos padrões internacionais de produtividade, competitividade e qualidade. Neste contexto, surgiram as redes de cooperação entre firmas. Como definição elas são organizações virtuais e horizontais, com firmas dispostas em posições simétricas ou assimétricas. Normalmente, elas estão instaladas em diversas localidades e dispõem seus processos de produção interligados. O interesse comum a estas firmas é atuarem de forma cooperada, numa parceria. Ao atuarem como cooperadas, elas obtêm vantagens competitivas e partilham informações, conhecimento e tecnologia. Essa parceria pode ser, muitas vezes, composta por uma relação frágil existindo a possibilidade de se desfazer a qualquer momento. Essa instabilidade expõe as firmas a um dilema, que consiste em agirem como cooperadas ou competidoras. A instauração do paradigma cooperação/competição, numa rede de cooperação entre firmas, ocorre pela natureza da ligação que une os componentes dessa rede. Assim, ao identificar as variáveis endógenas (comportamentais) e exógenas (custos de transação e ambientes institucionais) que compõem o paradigma cooperação/competição o processo de formação de redes de cooperação entre firmas pode ser compreendido. Além de um estudo teórico sobre o assunto, haverá uma identificação empírica das variáveis, através de um estudo de caso referente aos minidistritos industriais e de serviços, da cidade de São José do Rio Preto.
The changes in the world political and economic positioning have transformed the market configurations. Competition has became tougher and, along with the technological development, started to demand organizational restructuring of the businesses and the managerial modes. The goal was to make them more agile, flexible and dynamic to make the organization compatible to the international standards of productivity, competition and quality. In this context came the intra-firm cooperation networks. As a definition, they are virtual and horizontal organizations, being displayed in symmetric or asymmetric positions. Normally they are installed in different places and have their production processes interconnected. The common interest of these firms is to work on a cooperated basis, in a partnership. By working on a cooperated basis they obtain cooperative advantages and share information, knowledge and technology. Many times this partnership can be made up of a frail relationship having the possibility of dissolving at any moment. This instability exposes the firms to a dilemma which consists in acting as either cooperated or competitors. The instauration of the paradigm cooperation/competition, inside an intrafirm cooperation network, occurs upon the nature of the connection which binds the components to this net. Thus, in identifying the endogenous (behavioral) and exogenous (transaction costs and institutional environment) which make up the paradigm cooperation/competition, the intra-firm cooperation network formation process can be understood. Aside from a theoretical study about the issue, there will be an empiric identification of the variables through a case study referent to the mini-districts industrial and of services from the city of São José do Rio Preto.

La thèse démontre que l'environnement protectionniste en Inde a contribué à bâtir une industrie pharmaceutique solide. L'arrivée simultanée de l'Accord ADPIC et de la libéralisation économique a créé des « push factors » à la fois compétitifs et favorables, obligeant les firmes pharmaceutiques indiennes (FPI) à chercher de nouvelles voies de croissance à l’étranger. Les politiques des pays africains en faveur des génériques, l’action des organisations internationales et la nouvelle gouvernance des marchés financés par les bailleurs de fonds ont aussi induits des « pull factors » permettant aux FPI de s'engager davantage sur ces marchés. Cette thèse montre à travers le cas du Mali que le marché en Afrique de l’Ouest francophone est divisé en quatre segments – le marché public financé par l'État et par des donateurs et le marché privé formel et informel – avec des réglementations différentes. Les FPI n'utilisent que l'exportation dans ces pays, mais leurs organisations varient selon le segment dans lequel elles souhaitent opérer. Enfin, ce travail utilise l’étude du Synriam, un nouvel antipaludéen pour montrer que Ranbaxy a utilisé le partenariat avec Medicines for Malaria Venture pour développer ses capacités, accéder à de nouveaux marchés et gagner en légitimité. Cette étude met en évidence que les organisations internationales peuvent créer des barrières institutionnelles et influencer les stratégies d'entrée des firmes. En conclusion, cette thèse illustre la richesse et la complexité du marché pharmaceutique africain et démontre également que les stratégies d'entrée sur le marché et d'exploitation des FPI sont influencées par l'environnement institutionnel sous-jacent
This dissertation first shows that the early protectionist environment in India helped build a robust indigenous pharmaceutical industry. The simultaneous arrival of TRIPS and economic liberalization created both competitive and supportive push factors forcing Indian firms to look for new avenues of growth beyond national boundaries. Generic supporting policies of African countries, the action of international organizations and the new governance of donor-funded markets also acted as pull factors for Indian firms to engage in these markets.Next, taking the case of Mali, the thesis shows that the pharmaceutical market in Francophone West African countries is divided into four specific segments – government and donor-funded public and formal and informal private markets – with different regulatory characteristics. Indian firms are using only export to operate in these countries, but the organization of export varies according to the segment in which a firm intends to operate. Lastly, it takes the case of Synriam, a new antimalarial to show that Ranbaxy used the partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture for developing capabilities, accessing new markets and gaining legitimacy. The case also reflects that international organizations may create institutional barriers and influence the market entry strategy of firms. To conclude, this thesis illustrates the richness and complexities of the African pharmaceutical market and shows that market entry and operation strategies of Indian firms are influenced by the underlying institutional environment

This thesis deals with optimization of a press line part for the manufacture of reflectors present at the Automotive Lighting Company, Jihlava. The first part focuses on describing the current workplace layout of the press line. The workplaces are located inconveniently and thus require a larger number of operators and a considerable amount of manual work. The second part of the thesis proposes layout solutions for the injection presses and for other machine parts. At the same time, a smoother transition design is proposed for the press line and for the manufacturing section that follows. Based on an evaluation of selected criteria, the optimum version is chosen, thereby adding to the efficiency of the molding process by reducing the number of operators required, by lowering the proportion of manual work relative to other activities, and by limiting the risk of poor quality. The conclusion of the thesis sums up the necessary investment costs and offers an economic assessment of introducing the selected press line arrangement to operation.

The topic of this diploma thesis is "Optimal production strategy of the chosen company in the area of mechanical engineering" - namely the EUTECH join stock company, or more precisely its toolshop division, which deals with the manufacture of injection moulds, parts and production of special devices for aircraft industry. The aim of the paper is to evaluate, according to the defined factors, what is for the EUTECH join stock company more favourable - invest in purchase of the 5-Axis CNC machining center technology and deal with this process inside of the company or ensure this technology in cooperation with another companies. The thesis is divided into two main parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, the subjects of operation management theory and production are dealt with. The practical part deals with the production strategy of the EUTECH join stock company, or more precisely of its toolshop division in detail. The company is briefly introduced, the situational analysis of division toolshop is conducted and the production process of the company is examined. The final chapter deals with the use of cooperation in the toolshop division. The main and other factors affecting the choice of "product or sell" strategy are evaluated and consequently is decided which strategy is in case of the 5-Axis CNC machining center technology more favourable.

Thesis (S.M. in Real Estate Development)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Program in Real Estate Development in Conjunction with the Center for Real Estate, 2013.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 58-60).
Over the past several decades, technological advances, the spread of free-market ideology and the shifting of the economic center of the world have resulted in an incredible transformation of the world into a globalized, interdependent place. The term "globalization" has become an essential keyword associated with business in the modern world, creating great opportunities for U.S. firms to seek future growth potential in the global arena, especially in emerging markets that are undergoing rapid economic development. Although the real estate industry has achieved some level of globalization in general, the development sector is one area of a broad real estate industry that has yet to show significant strides in global expansion activities. The purpose of this study is to examine the current business landscape of U.S. real estate developers' globalization efforts and to create a qualitative analysis of why globalization works / does not work for real estate developers based in the U.S. The ultimate question the study asks and answers is what are the key strategies that U.S.-based real estate developers should use to develop real estate property in emerging markets (Brazil, in particular)? Brazil was extensively investigated as the topic of this research. The research discovered some development risks in Brazil associated with the high levels of bureaucracy, tenants' perception of the product and lack of market intermediaries. A number of American real estate development firms have successfully overcome these hurdles by forming strategic alliances with local partners and adequately responding to cultural and administrative distances between Brazil and the U.S.
by Dan (Dong Woo) Kang.
S.M.in Real Estate Development

Because of the high penetration of private market, mobile operators are forced to focus on the services offered to another customer segment. Recently, corporate customers are seen as a promising segment and the competition within this segment is rising significantly. The growth of the competition and offer enhancement force companies to understand the decision making process in purchasing mobile services as much as possible. It is not only time consuming but also financially demanding for management even in small firms. This decision making process, that the companies go through, is the main topic of this Master Thesis. Main goal is neither to choose particular vendor of the mobile services nor to choose particular mobile tariff from the recent market offer but to inform about possibilities proposed by mathematical methods in the decision making area. In the Master Thesis different methods are suggested, compared and combined with the target to enable companies to make the right decision concerning their specific requirements.

The aim of this work is to show the application of operational research on an example that is put into practise and to show the usabillity of this science field. The problem solved will be the Vehicle routing problem with split delivery. The whole process of solving this issue is described in the text. From the income data and automatised data aquisition from publicly acessible resources for the distance matrix to the created mathemathical model for this issue together with the implementation in SW Lingo. Furthermore, in my work classic distribution problem of linear programming in connection to the solved issue are described. Beside that three mathematical models are shown that are occyupying with this type of delivery. They can not be used for fading the solution to this issue as they include certain requirements or conditions which are not taken into account by the given models.

The project documentation, processed in the framework of the diploma thesis, solves the new building of the administrative building of the building company in the village Lukov u Moravských Budějovic. The building is made of traditional brick technology therm tl. 50 cm, without insulation, ceilings are reinforced concrete, flat roof, vegetation. Vegetation is also part of the facade of the building, which at the same time serves as a root cleaner. The philosophy of the whole design is to create a high-quality working environment for building company employees, a pleasant environment for customers and to best solve the environmental footprint of the building. The building is designed as a modern office building, with space for leisure activities of staff and their visits, taking into account the responsible approach to the development industrial site and the surrounding nature. The building efficiently manages potable, rain and wastewater, the envelope of the building, and the individual structures are designed to make the entire building as energy-consuming as possible, and do not pump irreparably by nature its natural resources in a larger quantity than necessary.

Mestrado em Economia e Gestão de Ciência e Tecnologia
Nas últimas décadas a evolução tecnológica tem-se caracterizado pela rapidez, pela crescente complexidade, pela convergência de tecnologias outrora distintas e pelo custo crescente do desenvolvimento tecnológico. A tecnologia tornou-se num dos factores estratégicos de competitividade das empresas e as relações de cooperação tecnológica entre empresas têm sido um dos instrumentos empresariais utilizados para responder à evolução tecnológica. Este estudo tem como âmbito as relações de cooperação tecnológica entre empresas e pretende responder a duas questões fundamentais: i) quais os motivos que orientam as empresas para estabelecer relações de cooperação tecnológica?; ii) quais os factores susceptíveis de influenciar o sucesso dessas relações de cooperação? procura-se dar resposta a estas questões a partir da revisão da literatura existente, complementada com a análise empírica de casos relativos a experiências de empresas portuguesas no estabelecimento e gestão de alianças tecnológicas.
During last decades technological change has been characterised by an increase of complexity, convergence of technologies and the increase of costs of technological development. Technology became one of the main sources of firms' competitive advantage and technological co-operation between firms has been used as an entrepreneurial instrument to deal with technological evolution. The subject of this study is inter-firm technological co-operation and two main questions are central to it: i) whiches motives are important for firms to establish technological partnerships?; ii) which factors do influence the success of such partnerships? These questions are answered on the basis of a revision of existent literature, followed by some case studies concerning the experience of portuguese firms engaged in technology alliances.

Transformation is undoubtably a moral imperative. It primarily relates to the eradication of past discriminatory practices and the establishment of a society founded upon equality and justice. Unfortunately transformation has become a buzz word that is used in academic literature, legislation and the media I a variety of content. This research will focus on the mining sector, given the importance of the sector to the South African economy and the slow progress that the sector has made in advancing transformation. This dissertation sets out to better understand the term transformation through an extensive analysis of the current framework in which mining forms operate. This includes non-legislative and legislative documents. The research will take the form of a case study that focuses on Lonmin Plc. It will first conduct an extensive review of the literature and the transformation framework that applies. Secondly, the research will bring the case study into a current reality by interviewing individual miners, community leaders and Lonmin representatives. These interviews will be semi-structured, whereby an interview guide will form the base of the discussion. The goal of these interviews is to view the current transformation framework in light of the lived experiences of individuals. The interview data will be analyzed using a thematic analysis approach, initially coding the interview manuscripts and ultimately collating these codes into themes which will be discussed in detail. The research will focus on a Black Economic Empowerment deal that was concluded between Lonmin and the Bapo Community. The is intended to highlight some of the complexities surrounding Black Economic Empowerment deals in practice. The research found that the main components of transformation, as illustrated by the literature and the interviews, are the creation of better working conditions for miners, the skills development of Historically Disadvantaged South Africans, the adoption of preferential procurement policies by Lonmin Plc and the conducting of proper engagement processes between mining companies and mining communities.

Le diamant presente des proprietes physiques intrinseques extremement attractives qui sont notamment appropriees pour des applications electroniques. Cependant, il convient de rester prudent car les caracteristiques globales des films (purete de la phase diamant, tailles des cristallites, epaisseur, morphologie, texture, contraintes internes etc. . . ) dependent fortement des conditions de croissance et conditionnent les proprietes des films. L'analyse quantitative de la texture (logiciel d'analyse de texture beartex) de films de diamant polycristallins deposes sur substrat de silicium par mpcvd a permis d'estimer l'influence des parametres d'elaboration (temperature du substrat, 650-880c, taux de methane, 0. 3%-2%), de l'epaisseur des films (jusqu'a 70 m) et du taux d'incorporation de bore (jusqu'a 5x10#2#0 b-cm#-#3) sur le developpement d'une orientation preferentielle au cours de la croissance. L'analyse du profil des raies de diffraction a permis d'etudier l'influence du dopage au bore sur la microstructure des films polycristallins. Les resultats issus des methodes des largeurs integrales, de fourier et de la variance indiquent une evolution (amelioration jusqu'a 10#1#9 b-cm#-#3 puis deterioration) de la qualite cistalline des films avec le dopage. Une etude structurale conjointement menee sur des films polycristallins et monocristallins deposes respectivement sur substrat de silicium et de diamant monocristallins montre que le parametre cristallin du diamant augmente avec le dopage au bore. La dilatation atteint 0. 2% pour un dopage de 8x10#2#0 b-cm#-#3 et devient significative au dela de la transition semiconducteur-metal.

A presente dissertação objetiva demonstrar a aplicabilidade dos conceitos relativos à arquitetura organizacional à criação de entidade de autogestão em saúde. Para atingir este propósito agregamos à revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos versando sobre a nova teoria da firma e sobre o mercado de saúde suplementar brasileiro informações coletadas a partir da experiência profissional do autor e de colaboradores atuantes no setor em questão. A fundamentàção teórica agrupando os conceitos econômicos utilizados no trabalho conjugada com a realização de retrospectiva histórica do setor, bem como a contextualização de seu cenário atual, possibilitaram a construção de proposta para constituição de entidade de autogestão . em saúde do tipo patrocinada.Desse modo, podemos concluir que a correta leitura do ambiente de negócios ao qual se vincula, traduzida na elaboração de estratégia viabilizadora das aspirações da entidade, possibilita estruturar a firma sob o critério de melhor uso do conhecimento específico disperso entre os empregados. Para tanto, deve-se definir uma política de delegação de poder para tomada de decisões aos colaboradores conjuntamente com a formulação de sistemas de incentivos e avaliação e monitoramento de performance como alternativa eficiente na busca pela maximização do resultado da instituição.
The present dissertation objective to demonstrate the applicability of the relative concepts to the organizacional architecture to the creation of entity of self management in health. To reach this intention we add to the bibliographical revision of works turning on the new theory of the firm and on the brazilian market of suplemental health the information collected from the professional experience of the author and of operating collaborators in the sector in questiono The theoretical recital grouping the used economic concepts in the work conjugated with the accomplishment of historical retrospect of the sector, as well as the contextualization of its current scene, makes possible the construction of proposal for constitution of entity of self management in health of the sponsored type. In this manner, we can conclude that the correct business-oriented reading of the environment which if ties, translated in the elaboration of strategy of the aspirations of the entity, makes possible to structuralize the firm under the criterion of better use of the dispersed specific knowledge between the employees. For in such a way, one politics of delegation of jointly being able for taking of decisions to the collaborators with the formularization of systems of incentives and evaluation and monitoring of efficient performance as alternative in the search for the maximization of the result of the institution must be defined.

Bränder som innefattar många drabbade eller ger stor förstörelse är oftast de som blir mest omtalade. Efter händelsen sker ett omfattande utredningsarbete för att förelägga hur det som inte fick hända kunde ske. Utredningen beskriver även räddningstjänstens val av metod och taktik för att kunna nyttja detta för framtida insatser. Vad som däremot lätt glöms bort är de insatser då räddningstjänstens arbete får god effekt och resulterar i att olyckans skada begränsas. Detta examensarbete kommer beröra just dessa händelser av brand i bostad, då räddningstjänstens arbete får den effekt som eftersträvas, det vill säga arbetet har lett till en lyckad insats. Arbetet kommer därefter belysa vilka faktorer som legat till grund för att insatsen blivit lyckad, så kallade framgångsfaktorer. Syftet med arbetet är att identifiera framgångsfaktorer vid lyckade insatser för brand i bostad. Framgångsfaktorerna ska ligga till grund för att skapa ett utvecklingsunderlag berörande metod- och taktikval inom räddningstjänsten. För att göra detta krävs en tydlig definition av innebörden av en lyckad insats. Utifrån syftet har följande frågeställningar formulerats: Vad innebär att en insats är lyckad? Vad innebär framgångsfaktorer för operativa insatser vid brand i bostad? Vilka framgångsfaktorer kan identifieras inom de utvalda insatserna och hur kan de identifieras, finns det gemensamma? Hur kan framgångsfaktorer nyttjas? Metoderna som tillämpats är kvalitativa intervjuer och granskning av bland annat händelserapporter från utvalda insatser av brand i bostad. Ansvarigt befäl för samtliga händelser tillfrågades att delta som respondenter till intervjustudien. Intervjufrågorna är framtagna med avsikt att besvara rapportens tre frågeställningar. Arbetet ger ett resultat som beskriver följande framgångsfaktorer för brand i bostad: Riktig och tillräcklig information i ett tidigt skede Ett snabbt motiverat agerande för att direkt slå ner branden Yttre faktorer som räddningstjänsten inte kan påverka: Agerande av utomstående innan räddningsinsatsen påbörjats Byggnadens utformning Brandens placering Delegera ansvar och uppgifter Ett tydligt definierat mål som samtliga eftersträvar Utbildning och kunskap, tidigare erfarenheter, nya metoder Tillgängliga resurser Ha god kvalitet vid omhändertagande av de drabbade, såväl på plats som efteråt Samverkan mellan berörda aktörerHa en helhetssyn över situationen och samtliga aktörers behov Ha förståelse för olika aktörers perspektiv av situationen Ha ett gemensamt språk mellan aktörer för att undvika missförstånd Dela information mellan inblandade aktörer för att undvika dubbelarbete Slutligen belyser arbetet hur räddningstjänstens kunskapsutbyte ser ut i dagsläget.

Les transistors a effet champ a contact metal-semiconducteur, non passives, realises sur arseniure de gallium sont sujet a une degradation progressive de leurs performances statiques et dynamiques aux hyperfrequences. Ce defaut de fonctionnement est en parti attribue aux surfaces d'arseniure de gallium situees de part et d'autres de la grille. La stabilisation des composants requiert donc de la passivation de ces zones grace a des materiaux de haute qualite dielectrique realisant une interface stable avec gaas. Dans cette optique, les proprietes physico-chimiques et electriques de films de silice et de nitrure de silicium deposes en phase vapeur assiste par plasma sont etudiees en fonction du rapport des debits des gaz employe, de la temperature du substrat, de la puissance et de la frequence de l'excitation du plasma. . . Cette approche systematique permet de determiner des parametres de depot qui donnent des films ayant tres bonnes proprietes electriques: une resistivite de 10**(14) a 10**(16) ohm. Cm et un champ de claquage superieur a 10**(6) v/cm sont ainsi obtenus apres un recuit dont on soulignera l'importance. Apres mise au point d'une preparation de surface avant depot, la densite d'etats sur la bande interdite du semiconducteur a l'interface gaas/si::(3)n::(4) presente un minimum de 7. 10**(11) ev**(-2). Les depots ainsi optimalises sont utilises pour la passivation des transistors mesfet gaas. Le recouvrement d'un composant par une couche mince introduit une modification de ses caracteristiques statiques; celle-ci est expliquee conjointement par un effet piezo-electrique et par un effet de surface inherent au mode de depot. Suivant les resultats obtenus en tests de fiabilite, le nitrure de silicium s'avere etre le meilleur choix pour reussir la passivation du composant. De plus, des pretraitements par plasma et une meilleure adaptation du procede de fabrication au mode de passivation sont proposes pour ameliorer encore la stabilite a long terme des caracteristiques des transistors

The responsible behavior of companies is a field to keep exploring due to its theoretical and practical complexity, its different contexts and connotations, its growing questioning and demand by society and its rapid evolution. This thesis focuses on the study and deepening on the role of companies in society, and in particular on their altruistic or philanthropic behavior and their social responsibility, with community involvement as a key axis. It consists of three blocks, with approaches and techniques that offer new contributions. The first one analyzes the philanthropic behavior and the community involvement of the companies listed in the stock indexes of Spain, France, Germany and Holland, through the use of terminology in the literature and memories of sustainability and the formulas to channel the help and the beneficiaries. The variables that most influence the use of the terms are the country and especially the incomes of the companies, being the ones with less weight the number of employees and the sector. It is also inferred that these activities require significant economic resources. The results show that the companies analyzed are aware of their role and actively participate in their communities. The main contribution of this work is its focus on the community and the connection with literature. The bibliometric analysis through an iterative process has proved useful for detecting terms related to the subject. The other two works analyze the behavior of companies in a controversial sector such as mining, an example of the development of corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve its position and image, obtain a social license to operate (SLO) and reduce resistance to its implementation and operations. The sector, while being a leader in CSR, faces great challenges. The research starts with the analysis of the letters of the CEOs of 32 leading mining companies and their sustainability reports to analyze the influence of discourse in its strategy for obtaining SLO and community involvement. In addition, we analyze the years 2011 and 2015, to see the evolution in the speech and whether it affects the strategy on the SLO and the community. These letters are highlighted in the literature for their ability to communicate the orientation of companies in relation to social issues and community involvement. The results show the orientation towards obtaining legitimacy, credibility and trust in the communities where they operate, so that it is translated in the achievement of the SLO. In addition, it is observed how the evolution of the discourse involves changes of strategies and also a commitment on behalf of the companies to reduce the dependence on the mining. On the other hand, there is an increase in works in the mining sector based on the perceptions of stakeholders, who are those granting the SLO. In the literature the difficulty of its understanding is well identified and so the study of the stakeholders perception in contrast to the one of the companies is found of interest. Our research is carried out through a qualitative interview methodology taking as sample a large area with several Latin American countries. The results show different perceptions between companies and stakeholders on the analysis and diagnosis of the current situation and on the degree of implementation and effectiveness of CSR policies. The stakeholders demand greater objectivity and credibility in the reports; They find companies minimizing impacts and overestimating their benefits and community involvement. On the contrary, they agree on the need for a multi-actor model, with greater participation of the community, and on the role of NGOs and governments in defending the community and to avoid conflicts and rejections. The results help to understand the different realities perceived and the causes of rejection, as a way to improve the CSR policies.
El comportamiento responsable de las empresas es un campo a seguir explorando por su complejidad teórica y práctica, sus diversos contextos y connotaciones, su creciente cuestionamiento y exigencia por la sociedad y su rápida evolución. Esta tesis se orienta hacia el estudio y profundización sobre el papel de las empresas en la sociedad, y en particular su comportamiento altruista o filantrópico y su responsabilidad social, con la participación en la comunidad como eje clave. Consta de tres bloques, con planteamientos y técnicas que ofrecen nuevas aportaciones. El primero analiza el comportamiento filantrópico y la participación en la comunidad de las empresas que cotizan en los índices bursátiles de España, Francia, Alemania y Holanda, a través del uso de la terminología en la literatura y memorias de sostenibilidad y las fórmulas para canalizar la ayuda y los beneficiarios. Las variables que más influyen en el uso de los términos son el país y especialmente los ingresos de las empresas, siendo las de menor peso el número de empleados y el sector. Se infiere además que estas actividades requieren de importantes recursos económicos. Los resultados muestran que las empresas analizadas son conscientes de su papel y participan activamente en sus comunidades. La principal novedad de este trabajo es su enfoque centrado en la comunidad y desde la conexión con la literatura. El análisis bibliométrico a través de un proceso iterativo muestra su utilidad para detectar términos relacionados con el tema. Los otros dos trabajos analizan el comportamiento de empresas en un sector controvertido como el de la minería, exponente del desarrollo de la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) para mejorar su posición e imagen, obtener licencia social para operar (SLO) y reducir la resistencia a su implantación y actividad. El sector, aun siendo puntero en la RSC, afronta grandes desafíos. Así, la investigación parte del análisis de las cartas de los CEOs de 32 destacadas empresas mineras y las memorias de sostenibilidad para analizar la influencia del discurso en su estrategia para la obtención de la SLO y en la participación en sus comunidades. Además, se analizan los años 2011 y 2015, para ver la evolución en el discurso y si afecta a la estrategia sobre la SLO y la comunidad. Estas cartas son destacadas en la literatura por su capacidad de comunicar la orientación de las empresas en relación a asuntos sociales y a la participación de la comunidad. Los resultados muestran la orientación hacia la obtención de legitimidad, credibilidad y confianza por parte de la comunidad, para que ésta se traduzca en la obtención de la SLO. Además, se observa cómo la evolución del discurso se traduce en cambios de estrategias y un compromiso por parte de las empresas por reducir la dependencia de la minería. Por otro lado se observa un aumento de trabajos en el sector minero desde las percepciones de los stakeholders, que son los que otorgan la SLO. En la literatura se reconoce la dificultad de comprensión y por ello se encuentra interesante el estudio de la percepción de los stakeholders en contraste con la de las empresas. Se realiza mediante entrevista cualitativa tomando como muestra una amplia zona con países de Latinoamérica. Los resultados muestran diferentes percepciones entre empresas y stakeholders en el análisis y diagnóstico de la situación actual y en el grado de implementación y eficacia de las políticas de RSC. Desde los stakeholders se demanda mayor objetividad y credibilidad en las memorias; consideran que las empresas minimizan los impactos y ensalzan sus beneficios y la participación de la comunidad. Por contra, coinciden en la necesidad de un modelo multiactor, con mayor participación de la comunidad, y en el papel de las ONGs y los gobiernos en defensa de la comunidad y para evitar conflictos y rechazos. Los resultados ayudan a la comprensión de las distintas realidades percib
El comportament responsable de les empreses és un camp a seguir explorant per la complexitat teòrica i pràctica, els diversos contextos i connotacions, el creixent qüestionament i exigència per part de la societat i la seua ràpida evolució. Aquesta tesi s'orienta cap a l'estudi i aprofundiment sobre el paper de les empreses en la societat, i en particular el seu comportament altruista o filantròpic i la seua responsabilitat social, amb la participació en la comunitat com a eix clau. Consta de tres blocs, amb plantejaments i tècniques que ofereixen noves aportacions. El primer analitza el comportament filantròpic i la participació en la comunitat de les empreses que cotitzen en els índexs borsaris d'Espanya, França, Alemanya i Holanda, a través de l'ús de la terminologia en la literatura i memòries de sostenibilitat i les fórmules per canalitzar la ajuda i els beneficiaris. Les variables que més influeixen en l'ús dels termes són el país i especialment els ingressos de les empreses, sent les de menor pes el nombre d'empleats i el sector. S'infereix a més que aquestes activitats requereixen d'importants recursos econòmics. Els resultats mostren que les empreses analitzades són conscients del seu paper i participen activament en les seues comunitats. La principal novetat d'aquest treball és el seu plantejament centrat en la comunitat i des de la connexió amb la literatura. L'anàlisi bibliomètrica a través d'un procés iteratiu mostra la seua utilitat per detectar termes relacionats amb el tema. Els altres dos treballs analitzen el comportament d'empreses en un sector controvertit com el de la mineria, exponent del desenvolupament de la responsabilitat social corporativa (RSC) per millorar la seua posició i imatge, obtenir llicència social per operar (SLO) i reduir la resistència a la seua implantació i activitat. El sector, tot i ser capdavanter en la RSC, afronta grans reptes. Així, la investigació parteix de l'anàlisi de les cartes dels CEOs de 32 destacades empreses mineres i les memòries de sostenibilitat per a analitzar la influència del discurs en la seua estratègia per a l'obtenció de la SLO i en la participació en les seves comunitats. A més, s'analitzen els anys 2011 i 2015, per veure l'evolució en el discurs i si afecta a l'estratègia sobre la SLO i la comunitat. Aquestess cartes són destacades en la literatura per la seua capacitat de comunicar l'orientació de les empreses en relació a assumptes socials i a la participació de la comunitat. Els resultats mostren l'orientació cap a l'obtenció de legitimitat, credibilitat i confiança per part de la comunitat, perquè aquesta es tradueixi en l'obtenció de la SLO. A més, s'observa com l'evolució del discurs es tradueix en canvis d'estratègies i un compromís per part de les empreses per reduir la dependència de la mineria. D'altra banda s'observa un augment de treballs en el sector miner des de les percepcions dels stakeholders, que són els que atorguen la SLO. En la literatura es reconeix la dificultat de comprensió i per això es troba interessant l'estudi de la percepció dels stakeholders en contrast amb la de les empreses. Es realitza mitjançant entrevista qualitativa, prenent com a mostra una àmplia zona amb països de Llatinoamèrica. Els resultats mostren diferents percepcions entre empreses i stakeholders en l'anàlisi i diagnòstic de la situació actual i en el grau d'implementació i eficàcia de les polítiques de RSC. Des dels stakeholders es demanda major objectivitat i credibilitat en les memòries; consideren que les empreses minimitzen els impactes i enalteixen els seus beneficis i la participació de la comunitat. Per contra, coincideixen en la necessitat d'un model multiactor, amb major participació de la comunitat, i en el paper de les ONGs i els governs en defensa de la comunitat i per evitar conflictes i rebutjos. Els resultats ajuden a la comprensió de les diferents realitats percebudes i
García Ortega, B. (2017). Estrategia y Filantropía, aunando objetivos de negocios y sociales. Un Modelo para analizar los patrones de filantropía estratégica de las empresas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90438
TESIS

A travers l’étude de l’œuvre du cinéaste Roman Karmen, nous souhaitons reconstituer un patrimoine et tenter d’en définir les enjeux autour de questions historiographiques. En effet, les images de l’opérateur soviétique n’ont pas seulement marqué l’histoire du XXème, elles ont en partie contribué à la construire en un objet unique. Les propriétés métonymiques de l’image (photographies et prises de vues) ont bouleversé notre perception en même temps qu’elles ont participé à la construction d’un récit historique général d’un nouvel ordre. Il s’agit d’un récit visuel complexe où se mêlent prises de vues sur le vif et mises en scène, motifs et emblèmes, personnages principaux, personnages secondaires et masses anonymes. Disséminées, ces prises de vues constituent le principal réservoir d’images dites d’archives dont se servent régulièrement les documentaristes contemporains pour faire « témoigner l’Histoire ». Retracer le parcours de Karmen permet de revenir aux sources de ces images, de comprendre leurs enjeux, leurs contextes de production et leurs rapports au sein d’une œuvre dont le récit se confond avec l’Histoire. Nous faisons ici l’hypothèse que ce récit constitué de prises de vues, d’actualités et de films documentaires est à l’origine « d’une vulgate soviétique de l’Histoire »
With the study of Roman Karmen’s cinematographic work, we want to retrace a heritage and to identify its implications through an historiographical approach. Not only did the Soviet filmmaker’s images go down in history but they also contributed to shape the twentieth century into a single object. Indeed, the metonymic properties of Karmen’s shootings (cinematographic photography and live action) upset our perception and contributed to build an historical account that sustains a new order. It is a complex visual narrative bringing together live action and staging, subjects and emblems, main characters, secondary characters and anonymous masses. Disseminated, Roman Karmen’s work is the main reservoir of “archival images” often used by contemporary documentary filmmakers as a mean to present “first-hand History”. Following Roman Karmen’s artistic itinerary allows us to gain a better understanding of these images: their initial purposes, their making process, and their relationships in a work within which story merges with History. We assume that this narrative consisting of pictures, cinematic newsreels, and documentary films shaped the “Soviet vulgate of history”

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O reator IEA-R1 do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPENCNEN/ SP) é um reator de pesquisa tipo piscina aberta, projetado e construído pela empresa norte-americana \"Babcock & Wilcox\", tendo, como refrigerante e moderador, água leve deionizada e berílio e grafite como refletores. Até cerca de 1988, os sistemas de segurança do reator recebiam alimentação de uma única fonte de energia. Nos anos de 1989 e 1990, uma reforma de modernização do sistema elétrico para aumentar a potência do reator e, também, para atender às normas técnicas da Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear (CNEN) e da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) foi realizada. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de mostrar a relação entre o sistema de energia elétrica e a segurança do reator IEA-R1. Além disso, ele demonstra que, caso ocorra alguma interrupção de energia elétrica durante a operação do reator, esta ocorrência não irá começar um evento de acidente.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

L'objectif de ce travail etait d'etudier les mecanismes de croissance de couches diamant par des mesures optiques in situ et d'optimiser leur qualite en fonction des parametres de synthese. Des couches de diamant ont ete deposees sur du silicium par depot chimique en phase vapeur assiste filament chaud (hfcvd), dans un melange de methane et d'hydrogene. La croissance des couches a ete suivie par la reponse optique du systeme a la lumiere d'un laser he-ne de longueur d'onde 633 nm: la reflectivite et la diffusion elastique de la lumiere. L'association d'une technique de synthese et d'etudes optiques in situ ont permis d'identifier les differentes etapes de croissance et d'acceder a leurs cinetiques: la periode de nucleation, puis celle de croissance de cristaux isoles et finalement la formation de la couche continue. Apres la periode de nucleation et tant que le rayon des particules est inferieur a 60 nm la diffusion elastique suit la loi de rayleigh et on trouve alors que le rayon des particules est proportionnel a t#1#/#2 (t etant le temps de depot). Au-dela de cette taille la diffusion par les cristaux isoles presente des phenomenes d'interferences. De l'espacement temporel entre les extrema de diffusion on deduit que le rayon des cristaux isoles croit lineairement en fonction du temps de depot. Finalement lorsque la couche est continue, diffusion et reflectivite presentent des phenomenes d'interferences dont l'amplitude est d'autant plus elevee que la couche est transparente. Ces interferences permettent egalement d'estimer l'epaisseur de la couche en fonction du temps et son indice de refraction. Les mesures optiques in situ completees par des caracterisations ex-situ ont permis d'optimiser les conditions de synthese. Pour cela une etude systematique a ete effectuee en variant la temperature de substrat et la pression partielle de methane. Les resultats optimaux en terme de transparence (mesures optiques in situ) et de purete (spectrometrie raman) ont ete obtenus a basse temperature (700c) et quelle que soit la pression partielle en methane. Les mesures optiques in situ se sont averees tres pertinentes pour l'etude des cinetiques de croissance des couches diamant et leur caracterisation en terme de transparence tres affectee par la rugosite

Des couches minces de nitrure de bore ont ete synthetisees a partir de melanges bcl#3/n#2/h#2/ar dans un reacteur plasma r. F. A couplage capacitif. L'etude a porte dans un premier temps sur la caracterisation de la phase gazeuse par spectrometrie de masse et par spectroscopie optique d'emission. En particulier, l'effet de la teneur de la phase gazeuse en hydrogene sur la nature et la concentration relative des especes a ete etudie: tout d'abord dans un plasma argon-hydrogene, dans lequel ont ensuite ete ajoutes les deux precurseurs bcl#3 et n#2, separement puis simultanement. Le debit d'hydrogene moleculaire determine le taux de dissociation de bcl#3 et donc la nature et la quantite des especes chlorees. De meme, lorsque la teneur en hydrogene des plasmas n#2/h#2/ar augmente, il apparait successivement les especes suivantes: n, nh, nh#2 puis nh#3. Deux reactions chimiques pouvant aboutir a la formation du nitrure de bore ont ete mises en evidence: bcl#3 + nh bn#s + hcl + cl#2 bcl + nh bn#s + hcl dans une seconde partie, des couches minces de nitrure de bore ont ete deposees dans differentes conditions experimentales de bombardement ionique (effet de la puissance r. F. Et de la taille des electrodes) et de composition de la phase gazeuse. Ces parametres jouent un role determinant sur la structure des couches de nitrure de bore: il existe un optimum d'energie des ions et de teneur de la phase gazeuse en hydrogene qui permet la croissance de couches a forte teneur en bn-cubique. A partir des experiences de traitements des couches par des plasmas d'argon, argon-hydrogene et argon-chlore, nous avons mis en evidence l'existence d'une part d'un mecanisme de pulverisation preferentielle du bn-hexagonal et, d'autre part, d'un mecanisme de gravure chimique selective de la phase hexagonale par l'hydrogene atomique et par le chlore qui permettent l'obtention de couches a forte teneur en bn-cubique

Actuellement, de nombreuses equipes de recherche travaillent sur les sources laser bleues qui pourraient avoir un grand nombre d'applications. Le developpement de guides d'onde monocristallins apparait etre une approche interessante. En effet ce type de structure permet d'associer les proprietes des cristaux, a savoir des sections efficaces d'emission elevees, avec des effets de guidage et de confinement permettant de diminuer le seuil laser. Dans l'objectif d'obtenir des lasers guides d'onde fonctionnant par des mecanismes d'up-conversion, nous avons realise des couches minces monocristallines de liyf#4 dope terres rares (nd#3#+ ou tm#2#+) par epitaxie en phase liquide, sur des substrats monocristallins de liyf#4 non dope. La premiere partie de ce manuscrit decrit donc la croissance et la caracterisation physico-chimique des couches ainsi obtenues. Le probleme essentiel rencontre lors de la croissance de ces materiaux est leur tres grande reactivite vis a vis de l'oxygene et donc la formation d'une phase parasite genante pour les applications recherchees. La croissance de ces couches necessite donc des conditions de croissance tres severes (appareillage specifique, tres grande purete des matieres premieres, atmosphere controlee). Cette technique de croissance a permis d'obtenir des couches fortement concentrees en neodyme (jusqu'a 8% at. ). Le codopage des couches par du gadolinium a permis d'augmenter la difference d'indices entre la couche et le substrat et donc d'ameliorer le guidage. La deuxieme partie du manuscrit est consacree aux caracterisations optiques de ces couches : absorption, emission, dynamique de fluorescence. Nous avons egalement mis en evidence l'avalanche de photons, mecanisme d'up-conversion base sur une absorption a partir d'un etat excite. Ce mecanisme presente l'avantage de ne necessiter qu'un seul faisceau de pompe de lumiere rouge ou infrarouge pour obtenir une emission dans le visible (violet ou bleu dans le cas du neodyme ou du thulium). Nous avons donc etudie la dynamique de la fluorescence emise a 413 nm pour l'ion neodyme et a 450 ou 480 nm pour l'ion thulium. Un effet laser a ete obtenu a 1,05 m pour les couches dopees au neodyme. Les tests laser realises dans le bleu n'ont permis pour l'instant que d'obtenir une intense fluorescence bleue en mode guide.

Dans le cadre des applications employant des materiaux ferromagnetiques aux hyperfrequences, nous avons etudie les proprietes magnetiques et electriques de couches minces ferromagnetiques metalliques et dielectriques deposees par pulverisation ionique. Le premier volet de ce memoire se rapporte a l'installation de depot. Des parametres cles tels que l'orientation de la cible et la temperature du substrat font l'objet d'une analyse approfondie. Cette etude a permis ainsi d'aboutir a l'obtention de couches denses de qualite maitrisee. Sur la base de ces preliminaires, des films minces microcristallises de co-fe-si-b ont ete elabores et caracterises. L'analyse des proprietes magnetiques statiques et dynamiques en fonction des conditions experimentales montre qu'elles sont particulierement sensibles aux deux parametres: temperature de depot et bombardement ionique. Leur controle a permis ainsi de realiser des couches presentant a la fois des permeabilites elevees a basse frequence et de fortes pertes a des frequences plus hautes. En dernier lieu, l'accent est mis sur la realisation et l'etude de couches resistives de b-n et de fe-b-n. Nous montrons qu'il est possible d'obtenir, grace a un bombardement simultane d'ions azote de la couche en croissance, des depots nitrures de concentration en azote variable dans l'intervalle 0-50 pour cent. Concernant les depots de fe-b-n, une forte dependance des caracteristiques electromagnetiques vis-a-vis de la composition a ete observee. Selon la concentration de fer, les proprietes du compose evoluent d'un caractere fortement ferromagnetique et conducteur, a un comportement tres resistif mais a faible induction a saturation

Ce travail a porte sur la croissance epitaxiale des nitrures d'elements iii gan, aln, et inn, en utilisant l'epitaxie par jets moleculaires assistee par plasma d'azote. Nous avons optimise les premiers stades de la croissance de gan ou aln sur substrat al#2o#3 (0001). Le processus utilise consiste a nitrurer la surface du substrat a l'aide du plasma d'azote, afin de la transformer en aln, puis a faire croitre une couche tampon d'aln ou de gan a basse temperature, avant de reprendre la croissance de gan ou aln a haute temperature (680 a 750c). Nous avons en particulier etudie les proprietes d'une couche de gan en fonction de la temperature a laquelle est realisee l'etape de nitruration. Lorsque les conditions de demarrage de la croissance sont optimisees, nous avons pu observer des oscillations de rheed pendant la croissance de la couche de gan. Nous avons etudie l'effet du rapport v/iii sur la morphologie de surface et les proprietes optiques et structurales de cette couche. Nous avons propose l'utilisation de l'indium en tant que surfactant pour ameliorer ces proprietes. Nous avons ensuite aborde la realisation de superreseaux gan/aln dont nous avons optimise les interfaces. Les mecanismes de relaxation des contraintes de aln sur gan et gan sur aln ont ete etudies. Nous avons egalement elabore les alliages algan et ingan, comme barrieres quantiques dans les heterostructures. Nous avons montre que la relaxation elastique des contraintes de gan en epitaxie sur aln donne lieu a la formation d'ilots de tailles nanometriques, qui se comportent comme des boites quantiques. Leur densite et leur taille dependent de la temperature de croissance, et des conditions de murissement apres croissance. Les proprietes optiques de ces ilots sont gouvernees a la fois par les effets de confinement quantique et par le fort champ piezo-electrique induit par la contrainte dans les ilots.

碩士
銘傳大學
國際企業管理研究所
90
As Taiwan entered WTO on January 1, 2002, foreign securities firms have been coming into Taiwan financial market continuously. This trend influences the domestic securities companies a lot, so the main issues of this study are to use Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the operation efficiency of domestic securities firms, and regression analysis to find out if the securities market structure or the firms’ behavior affects security firms’ operation efficiency under Structure-Conduct-Performance. The study investigates from domestic full-service securities firms and brokerage firms who exist from year 1997 to 2000. The research results show that just few operation efficiency firms and the others are operation inefficient firms; they demonstrate that securities firms’ operation efficiency needs to be improvement. Upon the whole technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency, brokerage firms are superior to full-service securities firms. But when taking “brokerage business” as the operation efficiency variable, the result is reverse. The OTC security firms are all in the decreasing returns to scale, and most brokerage firms are in the increasing returns to scale. The results from regression analysis, model I show the market-share rate of brokerage business, capital and type of securities firms are positively correlate with their operation efficiency, but the relationship between the numbers of branch and the efficiency is negative, while the result has positively correlate with the efficiency during the beginning period of online trading, but it changes to negatively correlate in the forth year. Model II shows that market-share rate of brokerage business and capital are positively correlate with their operation efficiency, while the type of securities firms and numbers of branch are negatively correlate with the efficiency, and the relationship between placing online trading and the efficiency is negative in the forth year with efficiency.

碩士
雲林科技大學
會計系研究所
96
This study investigates association between diversity and operating performance of audit firms in Taiwan. Empirical data are obtained from the 1989-2005 Survey Report of Public Accounting Firms in Taiwan, published by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. In this study, Audit firms are divided into international, large-sized, medium-sized and small-sized firms in terms of size. Three kinds of business diversification are established: total business diversification, audit business diversification, and non-audit business diversification. Audit businesses include audit of financial statements of public companies, audit of financial statements for granting a bank loan, audit of financial statements of nonpublic companies, and audit of an income tax return. Non-audit businesses include tax planning, administrative remedy of internal taxation, other tax operations, management consultation, corporate registration, and bookkeeping and accounting. The international audit firms defined in this paper are referred to as affiliates of big international firms in America. They include Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu (D&T), KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers Taiwan (PwC), and Ernst & Young (E&Y). Large-sized firms are defined as the partnership firms with three more partners and offering audit services to the public companies. Medium-sized firms are defined as the partnership firms but do not offer audit services to public companies. Small-sized accounting firms are defined as the sole proprietorship firms. Main results of study are stated as follows: (1) For international firm, the association between total business diversification, audit business diversification, and non-audit business diversification and operating performance is positive but insignificant. (2) For large-sized accounting firm, the association between both total business diversification and audit business diversification and operating performance is positive significantly. However, the association between non-audit business diversification and operating performance is positive but insignificant. (3) For medium-sized accounting firm, the association between both total business diversification and non-audit business diversification and operating performance is positive significantly. However, the association between audit business diversification and operating performance is positive but insignificant. (4) For small-sized accounting firm, the association between non-audit business diversification and operating performance is positive significantly. However, the association between both total business diversification and audit business diversification and operating performance is negative significantly.

碩士
東海大學
食品科學系
92
Abstract This study focuses on how investments in the biotech industry affect the business performance of food firms, gives a rank table that compares the financial performances of different food firms, and provides strategies for improvements. 26 TSE and OTC firms in the food industry, including 24 Taiwan TSE firms and 2 OTC firms, were chosen and fell into one category or the other based on whether the company invested in biotechnology. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was employed to evaluate the relative performance of each DMU. The input options were operating costs, operating expenses, and non-operating expenses. Operating revenues and non-operating revenue were chosen for output. Moreover, Mann-Whitney was used as the rank statistics for determining programmatic efficiency differences in this study. As the results indicate, all the chosen companies had relatively close business efficiencies because food industries have gone through eras of significant development and now possess mature technologies; however, the few companies that worked at the best efficiency were the ones that concentrated on improving areas in which they already excelled. Notably, UNI-PRESIDENT ENTERPRISES CORP. stood out among the others as the champion in terms of market share and marketing. The analysis of scale efficiency indicates that most companies with superior performances had no investments in the biotech industry, whereas food firms that had investments in biotechnology were at the diminishing returns to scale phase, and thus needed modifications in their resource distribution. Evaluation of the strategy of having investments in the biotech industry indicated that two groups (with or without investments in biotechnology) showed significant differences in efficiency and effectiveness. The group of firms without investments in biotech industry showed better efficiency. Reasons for this finding include the high expenses required to support research and development in biotechnology, and the long term waiting period for returning profit, both of which result in a negative effect on operation efficiency. Nevertheless, there are still two reasons for companies with biotech investments to have better effectiveness. First of all, biotechnology has a higher creativity value, which is beneficial to marketing, and offers higher profits once the products are on the market. Second, only the making superior benefit businesses have the ability to afford biotechnology investments. Furthermore, in the way of investments, there are no significant differences in the efficiency of internal transformation and diversification, but in terms of effectiveness, there do indicate some differences between them: the diversification group has better effectiveness. This is either because the diversification of biotechnology investments makes for better profits, or only the businesses with better profits have the resources to devote large funds needed for diversification. Therefore, evaluation of the feedback rate and self-examination of the capability to run a new business are recommended when food firms are considering the operation of new strategies.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
金融研究所
101
Taiwan has implemented Financial Holding Company Act and established regulations on banking, securities, and insurance with respect to cross-institutional cooperation to promote their sales of goods or services, meaning that the business of banking, insurance and securities can be operated under one, providing customers’ financial needs at one stop. Property and casualty insurance industry has to utilize the widespread branches of banks and their superior personnel, with expertise and trustworthiness highly impressed by customers, to engage in cross-industry alliance. To be sure, bancassurance can effectively provide alliance among insurance and banking industries. This paper discusses the associated benefits and market niche.

碩士
銘傳大學
經濟學系碩士班
95
Abstract This paper forecasts subscribers and revenues of 3G and discusses about critical factors that affect the development of 3G industry by using system dynamic, Five Forces analysis and SWOT analysis as research approaches. The paper also discusses about that 3G industries will face a little threats, opportunities, strengths and weaknesses. These are mainly analysis and framework of the paper. The paper establishes the model of 3G subscribers and the model of 3G revenue to forecast subscribers and revenues of 3G until 2015 in the future. The conclusion states that policies (including license expenses of 3G and mature time of 2G), 3G subscribers and data download usage are mainly critical factors that affect revenues of 3G operation firm. The forecast outcome states that there will be about 17,350 thousands of 3G subscribers in 2015. It also states that revenues of 3G operation firm will run up to NT $538 hundred millions in 2015. But the 3G operation firm will just start to make a profit in 2012 mainly because of expensive license expenses and construction costs. The development of 3G industry consequently is not so sanguine in the short time but it should be sanguine in the long time.

碩士
國立交通大學
科技管理研究所
96
The operations of an enterprise needs different sorts of assets, the proportion of the different type of assets is an instrumental determinant of a business operation. The scale of investments in fixed assets, and the corporate structure directly affect the future growth of a business. Nevertheless, future growth opportunities also directly influence the investment in operation leverage. This study considers that the growth opportunities set and financial profitability values are important to the operation leverage of a business. Accordingly, the present study focuses on listed electronic companies in Taiwan to distinguish between analysis methods derived from Fixed Effect Model, Random Effect Model and Chow Test to examine whether fixed assets structures were influenced by the 1997 Financial Turmoil in Asia. According to the related literature, focus is often directed over the top-down view of the overall business operation, but the results of those operations provide feedback to the future operation leverage. This study uses the feedback of risks, performance and contingencies to examine the relationship between the operational and financial structures. As employed by related literature, this study uses the investment opportunity measures (Market-to-book assets, Market-to-book-equity, The earnings/price ratio, Sales growth ratio and Equity growth ratio), profitability measure (Return on equity), size of scale (Log sales), and risk value(the standard deviation of return on assets) as dependent variables to explain their relation to the operation leverage of a company(Fixed assets rate, The ratio of total capital expenditure incurred to book total assets and The ratio of total depreciation to book total assets). The empirical results are shown as below: (1) The fixed asset structure of Taiwanese listed electronic companies are adjusted to an optimal situation. (2) The fixed asset structure of Taiwanese listed electronic companies changed their asset structure around the 1997 Financial Turmoil in Asia.

碩士
靜宜大學
會計學系研究所
92
The competition exists actively among CPA firms since the issuing of the Bookkeeping Act in Taiwan and also Taiwan’s joining the World Trade Organization. Therefore, to raise one’s productivity and efficiency became an important issue for CPA firms. This study is then to examine that does size of CPA firm or its geographical location has any influence on CPA firms’ performance. The sample period of this study is from 1992 to 2001. The data in use was drawn mainly from the Statistics of Survey of CPA Firms in Taiwan by the Ministry of Finance. With Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) approaches we can receive the following results: 1.In respect of different size and employee numbers, medium to large CPA firms have better operation efficiency. 2.In consideration of geographical location, the cities of Taipei, Kaoshung, ChangHua and Hsinchu have better operation efficiency. 3.Total factor productivity grows for most of the CPA firms in the sample period. The main contribution is from the efficiency change.

碩士
開南大學
會計學系
98
In times of knowledge economy, human capital and compensation are the key drivers of improving performance for public accounting firms. However, there is few evidence to examine whether the effect of human capital and compensation on firm performance moderated by competitive business environment. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to provide a refine analysis to investigate the relationship among human capital, salary, and firm operating performance by using regression analysis. Empirical data are obtained from the 2004-2007 Census Report of Public Accounting Firms in Taiwan, published by the Financial Supervisory Commission, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Empirical results indicates that, firstly, the higher level of human capital, the higher the salary level for public accounting firms. Secondly, the public accounting firms pay for higher salary level, leads better organizational performance. Thirdly, the higher level of human capital leads higher operating performance. Finally, salary is a mediator between human capital and firm performance. Empirical findings obtained in this study are expected to provide useful information for the owners of public accounting firms in their operating decision-making under the considerably competitive audit market.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
工業管理系
95
This thesis main discusses domestic negotiable securities business faced with management environment fast vicissitude, the stock market high speed growing, the quality of service ,the detail of immediate information are improved constantly, the change of customer service, which is a big challenge. The research surely points out the early time labor work pattern has been changed because of the policy opening and the utilization of technical information which are substituted by the utilization of computer. By doing that, we could have more information which would be easy and useful for our customers. By this, we could not only get the loyalty from the customer but more business. Also, the enterprise would have more competitive ability and benefit. Customer service will play one of important role in our business later on. Besides, the enterprise is seeking and researching the best way between the businesses for the customers because of the domestic stock markets are facing the business carbonization and re-arrangement. This study is offering suggestions according the difficulties which domestic stock markets are facing and what would be the good way for business to do in the future. The study result definitely points out that would be a trend which those business would diminish the business range and enhance the service quality for customers. The research would produce a good result such as reducing cost and lower the growing of competition between the businesses according to the discussion of the report. Also, the investors in Taiwan would have more opportunities and perfect service.

碩士
臺中技術學院
企業管理系事業經營碩士班
99
The objective of the study is to investigate how the cross-border operation influenced continental-type and island-type firms’ profitability and risk. The cross-border operation is measured by the foreign sales ratio and the foreign assets ratio. The data source is the World Investment Report, from 2003 to 2008, published by United Nations. A simultaneous equation system was established to analyze the reaction relationship between the firms’ profitability and risk. The empirical results estimated by the three stage least squares method show that the foreign sales ratio yielded a positive effect on the profitability of firms while the foreign assets ratio did not have a significant effect. In the equation of risk, the foreign sales had a significant impact on firms’ risk, but the foreign assets did not. As for the results about the country type, the cross-border operation would enhance continental firms’ profitability, while effects of the foreign sales and foreign assets were not significant. Finally, both foreign sales and foreign assets did not have significant effects on either continental-type or island-type firms’ risk.

碩士
國立臺北大學
企業管理學系碩士在職專班
104
This thesis is proposed to introduce the management system that enables law firms to provide legal services more efficiently and give faster and more accurate response as Law firms face stiff competition . In this study, from the management point of view, I introduce the some management methods applied in clinics, accounting firms and examine whether it helps improve the operating performance in law firms. There are some conclusions in the study: (1) the application of case management theory LLP is helpful in individual law firm (2) enhance service quality for clients' cases in their resolution and win clients' trust. (3) cross-industry colaboration with different professionals helps to improve law firms' competitiveness in the market.

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
財務金融研究所
95
The 「Financial Holding company Act」 of Taiwan has been announced and implemented since November 1, 2001. Integration of different financial products and financial operations is already trend of the future. In order to strengthen the competitiveness and generate the synergy, financial institutions were consolidated to set up the financial holding company. There were 14 financial holding companies established during the period from December, 2001 to January, 2003. By using CCR model、BCC model and Malmquist productivity index of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), this research will further discuss the operation efficiency of the whole securities industry and also individual securities firm, and discuss whether there is any significant difference regarding operation efficiency between securities firms held by a financial holding company or not. This research will provide suggestions for securities firms to improve their operations and for the management to make decisions. Moreover, this research can be the reference for securities firms to decide whether they should join the financial holding company.. The result of this study shows: In respect of operation efficiency, 7 securities firms out of total 34 securities firms can keep relatively better operation efficiency during the period from 2003 to 2005, which include Polaris Securities、Yuanta Core Pacific Securities、Ta Ching Securities、IBT Securities、Daiwa Securities SMBC-Cathay、Oriental Securities、Fuhwa Securities. Compared to 2003, the operation efficiency of the whole securities industry in 2004 was decreased primarily because of the decrease of scale efficiency. However, the operation efficiency in 2005 was increased while compared with 2004. The major reason is the improvement of both scale efficiency and pure technological efficiency. In addition, the annual average values of total efficiency in those securities firms held by the financial holding company are better than those without a parent financial holding company. The major reason is due to the leading of pure technological efficiency in 2003, the leading of scale efficiency in 2004, and the leading of both pure technological and scale efficiency in 2005. Through the examination result of Mann-Whitney, the difference of both efficiency values is not significant. With respect to the change of productivity in different period, the productivity of the whole securities industry was increased from 2003 to 2004 because of the improvement of production technology and technological efficiency. However, from 2004 to 2005, the productivity was decreased due to degeneracy of production technology. From 2003 to 2004, the average productivity index of the securities firms whether they are held by a financial holding company or not, are all greater than 1, which means their productivity increased. Furthermore, the productivity of securities firms held by the financial holding company was increased due to their improvement of both production technology and technological efficiency. The productivity of those securities firms not held by a financial holding company were increased mainly because of the improvement of production technology. From 2004 to 2005, average productivity index of all the securities firms are all less than 1, which means their productivity was decreased. The main reason is because of the degeneracy of production technology and the degeneracy of those securities firms not held by a financial holding company is much more significant. In summary, the productivity of a securities firm held by a financial holding company is still better than that of securities firm not held by a financial holding company. However, from 2003 to 2005, the results seem similar regardless of the productivity was increased or decreased,. In order to understand the reason caused securities firms inefficient, and also for securities firms to find out the way to improve operation efficiency, this research apply Tobit regression model to analyze whether there are other factors may affect efficiency, except the input factors originally. The result shows: technological efficiency ratio does not have any significant correlation with explanation factors, such as numbers of employees and branches, listed/unlisted company and debt / net equity ratio . However, there is negative correlation between pure technological efficiency ratio and some explanation factors, such as listed company or not and the ratio of debt/net equity ratio. Numbers of employees and branches do not have any significant correlation with pure technological efficiency ratio.There is positive correlation between scale efficiency and factors, such as listed/unlisted company and debt/net equity ratio. However, the explanation factors, such as numbers of employees and branches, do not have significant correlation with securities firms’ scale efficiency.

碩士
長榮管理學院
經營管理研究所
89
This research is focus on the critical success factors of operation performance among firms in high-technology industry. Through the factor analysis and factor valuation method with the financial data of 50 firms, which were listed in Taiwan Stock Exchange and R.O.C. Over-The-Counter Securities Exchange, in HsinChou Science-Based Industrial Park, we find the critical evaluation index on performance and divide the better/worse operation performance groups. Statistical methods such as factor analysis, Kruskal-Wallis Testing and relativity analysis were adopted to confirm the critical success factors of firms with 250 questionnaires from high-level managers. 　　This research concludes: (1) Six critical operation performance valuation factors: Debt-liquidity, Asset-structure, Operation effectiveness, Profitability, Short-term-liquidity and Capital-structure. (2) Four critical success factors: Human resource and Research & Development, Product differentiation, Quality enhancement, Cost leadership of supplier. (3) Significant difference on the recognition of critical success factors between high/low performance firms. (4) The difference on performance is even more significant if firms concentrate more on customer recognition, variability, human resource and research & development.

碩士
國立臺中教育大學
管理學院國際經營管理碩士在職專班
106
Recently, Taiwan Health Insurance, Global Aging issue and government policy have had a dramatic impact on Taiwan pharmaceutical market. Since government policy which encourages hospitals to buy generic drugs force prescription generics firms or generic manufactures, especially based in Taiwan, compete each other and therefore cost down the products, which will bring to much more tough situation. Manufactures try hard to sell more products through innovative marketing strategies, new operations. As a result, it is quite urgent for manufactures to find out more effective ways to sell more products during the impact of Drug Price Adjustment System”. The research is aim to investigate the current Taiwan pharmaceutical markets and how Taiwan Health Insurance affect Taiwan pharmaceutical market and Prescription Generics Firms, and the operational strategies of generic manufactures. A case study would be S company, a generic manufacture founded in 1960s, one of GMP pharmaceutical companies of all the 122 firms in Taiwan. The research will utilize Five Forces Analysis, SWOT Analysis, BCG matrix to evaluate and check the sales performance of S company which will make new decisions during the transformational change of government policy. The research focus on how S company combine the advantage and disadvantage in response to business management and marketing strategies in industry development trend of Taiwan pharmaceutical market. The study shows that the generic manufactures should strengthen the ability to gradually fall into line with international standard of pharmaceutical market, build the complete marketing channels, and build the complete human-resource system. Most importantly, developing new drugs such as OTA drugs which are not in the Health Insurance area can not only lay a good foundation for industrial trend but also enhance the sustainable competitiveness in pharmaceutical enterprises. The research conclusion can be taken as a reference or provide recommendations to generic industry.

碩士
中國文化大學
國際貿易學系碩士班
93
After Taiwan joining WTO, the domestic full-service firms will face unprecedented chance and challenge. So, the main issues of this research use regression analysis to find out the profitable efficiency of domestic full-service firms that operate the investment banking. The research investigates domestic full-service firms from 1999 to 2003. The empirical results can provide a better policy to the full-service firms and government. The results from regression analysis show that the capital, numbers of branch, and the rate of professional personnel of full-service firms are positively correlated with profitable efficiency. The market shares of online trading are positively correlated with profitable efficiency, but not remarkable. According the results of research, full-service firms should extend capital, increase the market share, raise the creativity of financial, and strengthen the system of online trading.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
應用外語系碩士班
94
The impact of new product introduction on the competitive nature of markets is a key strategic issue in marketing. This research sought to develop a preliminary structural model to explain the correlation between firms’ strategy orientation adoption and its new products preannouncements behavior, and how the strategies influence the preannouncement of new product introductions. This research has finalized two categories of factors—product and competitor related factors as primary variables, and tested the relationship between those variables with firms’ new product preannouncement strategy orientation by using canonical correlation testing. There were finally 72 companies responded to the survey as valid questionnaires. The result of this study is as following: -Competitor capability is positively associated with firm’s adoption of Analyzer strategy which explanation power is 0.41. -Rate of technological change is positively associated with firm’s adoption of Prospector strategy which explanation power is 0.23. -Cannibalization is positively associated with firm’s adoption of Prospector strategy which explanation power is 0.20.

碩士
輔仁大學
金融與國際企業學系金融碩士在職專班
104
Bank credit loans have always been a highly competitive market, so banks need to have good risk management tools to reduce losses caused by credit risk. The current study aims to investigate whether the influencing variables of default risk have different impacts on firms with different sizes from the perspectives of financial, non-financial, and owner-related variables. Empirical results of this study show that the influencing variables of default risk are different for firms with different scale of operation. For example, profitability variables have the best prediction power of bankruptcy for large enterprises and large SMEs, whereas operating ability and liquidity variables significantly predict bankruptcy of medium and small SMEs, respectively. In addition, a large firm owned industrial experience and industrial outlook are negatively associated with bankruptcy while SMEs’ default probability is affected by the number of home banking and corporate average deposit balances over the past six months. Moreover, owner related variables significantly affect SMEs’ defaults. Finally, the findings of this study can provide references for bank credit decision-making and risk management practices.

碩士
嶺東技術學院
國際企業研究所
93
This study involves 14 financial holding companies(FHC) in Taiwan as the subjects for investigations on the correlation between firm’s capacity (capital scale, channel scale, degree of diversification, difference of major operations, top management level and government - business relationship) and relationship networks (vertical relationships between parent company and subsidiaries, horizontal relationships between subsidiaries, business relations between subsidiaries and major customers), and their operational performances in 2003 and 2004 (financial performance: ROA, ROE, EPS; non-financial performance: PBR). Results obtained in this research are: 1.Scale of capital, degree of diversification, difference of major operations, and top management level and government - business relationship of FHC are not influential to financial performance. 2.Channel scale has positive influence on the operational performance of FHC. 3.Consistent with the interviews with senior management of FHC, it is found that “Relation is not omnipotent, but without relation, you are impotent.” top management level and government - business relationship can only be regarded as an extra plus. 4.Business relationships between subsidiaries of FHC and their major customers have significantly positive influence on operational performance. 5.Results of regression analysis reveals that the vertical relationships between parent company and subsidiaries and the horizontal relationships between subsidiaries have no influence on operational performance

碩士
大葉大學
國際企業管理學系碩士班
92
In the early, the enterprises of Taiwan investing to Mainland Chain most were traditional manufacture which was labor highly concentrated. The main reason of them was to use the cheap labor and land in Chain. The Taiwanese firms engaged in manufacturing or OEM to gain the advantage in cost and to keep the competitive in export. However, with the cases of the Taiwanese firms investing to Mainland Chain rising in near decade, people can’t help considering that this trend might cause the de-industrialization of Taiwan. Some scholars printed out that the shift of the manufacture of a country is unnecessary causing the de-industrialization. The most important thing is to progress in the management content of firms to keep the competitive in the future. Therefore, this study focuses on discussing the relationship between the management content of firms and the firms' technology innovation activities, and this study also considers the kinds of firms, the age of organizations, and the age of investing to know more about the progress in the management content of firms. After analysis we find that the firms' technology innovation activities will really affect the management content of firms, and the most critical things are the innovation of product, the improvement of the quality of product and manufacture. The kinds of firms, the age of organizations, and the age of investing will also affect the management content of firms and the firms' technology innovation activities.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
財務金融系
104
Bank internationalization has not yet fully enhance their performance, but both to influence each other. In general, the Bank who has good operating performance will be in the strategy towards international development ; but internationalization is not necessarily a panacea to enhance bank’s performance. In addition to seeking enhancement of bank’s profits, Bank internationalization should consider the international market risk factors. It is for sure that the investment in human capital is absolutely necessary in the process of bank internationalization. This study investigates the impact of the degree of bank internationalization on Taiwan financial holdings subsidiary bank’s performance by using a sample of 15 domestic financial holding operation (except Waterland Financial Holding, WFH) of year 2010-2014. In this study, we found that the ratio of overseas personnel expense of financial holdings subsidiary bank’s internationalization has significant positive impact on bank’s ROA, ROE, and EPS ; The ratio of overseas assets have significant negative impact on the bank’s ROA, but the ROA is much more significant than the ROE and EPS.

碩士
國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程
94
As today’s global economic and social development needs continue to change，the Information industry’s global economic requirement change has gradually become more obvious；shifting from a hardware-driven type of development，to software and service-lead development。Economic globalization has brought along excellent opportunities to the development of our national software industries；to actively participate one’s software industry in the international division of labor，one will have to proceed toward the outer world；meanwhile，one must also carefully consider the purpose of one’s internationalization，the core resources of one’s inner enterprise，and whether one is prepared with a proper internationalization strategy。Consequently， knowing how to correctly select suitable foreign markets and entry strategies to be incorporated into the strategy is exceptionally critical in the process of internationalization，and in addition to that，the decision as to how the foreign markets should enter into the strategy，the enterprise’s core competence，internationalized strategy，the service content and product of the enterprise and etc. ，the relationship and interactivity between the each are no longer simple and invariable connections；instead，they are now constantly varied in accordance with the market change，and as a result, dynamic adjustment has became a very important topic today。 In today’s society，our everyday lives have become inseparable from the information technology；therefore，as being the core of information industries，software and information service have become one of the worlds top main industries of the new century。In August，2005，research from IDC have shown，that the global information service industries’ industrial output value in 2003 has increased up to 6410 billion USD；from then on，the output value has successfully maintained an annual average rate of 5-9%。Apparently，that was the sign of a long-term prosperity，as last year (2005) the output value has boosted up to 7400 billion USD。Predictions have been made that the value will continue to rise dramatically in the years to come，and in 2009，the output value for information service industries will reach a height of 9250 billion USD；this also meant the arrival of the age of new economics after the industrial revolution。 Within the whole industrial development in general，the Asia Pacific area stand to have the most rapid growth，with a CGAR rate of 9.7% from the year 2003-2009，which highly exceeded the world average rate of the CGAR of 6%。The reason for our outstanding industrial development is basically due to our possession of a good information infrastructure，similarity of the language and cultural background in Asia, familiarity toward the Asia Pacific market，abundant funds and talented individuals with high management skills，and our rich background experiences with the western technical collaboration，PC hardware and software integrations and etc。These qualities all demonstrated that apparently，in today’s competitive market，Taiwan software industries have already exceeded many of Europe and America’s top information manufacturers。 The following study will use the academic theories for the process of foreign market entry strategies as the fundamental base，and on top of that，the practical aspect based on personal experiences of software industry’s foreign market developments；these will be combined into a set that is applicable to software industries for the foreign market entry strategies，suitable for enterprises’ reference。

碩士
國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
99
The newly start-up company will face the different management difficulties during the starting period. The study distinguished the start-up period into Earlier Period of the Start-up and the Later Period of the Start-up. The selecting company of the thesis is classified as the high-tech industry. We use the Timmons Model to analyze the Earlier Period of the Start-up, and use the Model of Scott A. Shane to analyze the Later Period of the Start-up. The main research questions of the thesis are : 1. What’s the right management method in the Earlier Period of the Start-up Company? 2. What’s the right management method in the Later Period of the Start-up Company? The conclusions of the research are： 1. In the Earlier Period, the company must (1) make a good use of its core competency to catch the good chance, (2) use the external resources to strengthen the lack of the internal resources or capability, (3) strengthen and increases the complementarity of the abilities of the start-up entrepreneurial team. 2. In the Later Period, the company must (1) focus on the niche market and attach importance to the differentiation on the Technology Management issue, (2) take the customer demand-oriented method as the principal on the Marketing Management issue, (3) pay attention to the risk management, recruit the talented person or team on the Organizational Management issue.