Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Omaha Steam Electric Station“
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1
Martin, Hugh J., und Gary R. Miller. „A Zero Discharge Steam Electric Power Generating Station“. Journal - American Water Works Association 78, Nr. 5 (Mai 1986): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05744.x.
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Jebsen, Eric R. „Conceptual containment venting strategy for Susquehanna steam electric station“. Reliability Engineering & System Safety 63, Nr. 3 (März 1999): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0951-8320(98)00041-6.
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Mohammed, Khwaiter Imam Rahama, Babiker K. Abdalla und Eltigani E. Hago. „Reverse Osmosis Options for Water Supply to a Thermal Power Station“. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, Nr. 10 (26.10.2019): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.10.1506.
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Water in industry is used for operations such as production processing, washing, dissolving, cooling, transportation. Industries often require large amount of water with vary quality. Water quality depends on the purpose of water use. The steam electric power generation industry is defined as those establishments primarily engaged in the steam generation of electrical energy for distribution and sale. Those establishments produce electricity primary from a process utilizing fossil type fuel (coal, oil, or gas) or nuclear fuel in connection with a thermal cycle employing the steam –water system as the thermos-dynamic medium [9]. Water with in boiler drum and steam generation tubes and headers must be soft and clean. Reverse Osmosis is an effective and proven technology to produce water that is suitable for many industrial applications that require demineralized or deionized water with neutral pH and without turbidity and aggressive.
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Mohammed, Khwaiter Imam Rahama, Babiker K. Abdalla und Eltigani E. Hago. „Reverse Osmosis Options for Water Supply to a Thermal Power Station“. European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, Nr. 10 (26.10.2019): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.10.1506.
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Water in industry is used for operations such as production processing, washing, dissolving, cooling, transportation. Industries often require large amount of water with vary quality. Water quality depends on the purpose of water use. The steam electric power generation industry is defined as those establishments primarily engaged in the steam generation of electrical energy for distribution and sale. Those establishments produce electricity primary from a process utilizing fossil type fuel (coal, oil, or gas) or nuclear fuel in connection with a thermal cycle employing the steam –water system as the thermos-dynamic medium [9]. Water with in boiler drum and steam generation tubes and headers must be soft and clean. Reverse Osmosis is an effective and proven technology to produce water that is suitable for many industrial applications that require demineralized or deionized water with neutral pH and without turbidity and aggressive.
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Pavlina, V. S., A. V. Vasilik und R. K. Melekhov. „Kinetics of decarburization of thermal electric power station boiler steam generating tubes“. Soviet Materials Science 21, Nr. 4 (1986): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00726561.
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Pongoh, Deitje, Leony Wenno, Mirachle Rey, Felicia Katuuk und Daniel Takasihaeng. „Test Power Turbine Steam Electric Power Station and Effect of Steam Turbine in Electrical Distribution in North Sulawesi“. International Journal of Computer Applications 185, Nr. 13 (20.06.2023): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2023922784.
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Ishimura, D. M., C. M. Kinoshita, S. M. Masutani und S. Q. Turn. „Cycle Analyses of 5 and 20 MWe Biomass Gasifier-Based Electric Power Stations in Hawaii“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, Nr. 1 (01.01.1999): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816308.
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Thermodynamic cycle analyses of biomass gasifier-based electric power stations at two scales, nominally 5 and 20 MWe (net electric power output), were performed to assess process performance and viability. Various configurations (Rankine, simple, steam-injected gas turbine, and combined cycles) of a 5 MW stand-alone power station were modeled and a 20 MW biomass-based integrated gasifier combined-cycle cogeneration facility at a sugar factory was simulated. Information gained from these analyses will be applied to determine whether biomass gasification-based electricity production is practicable in Hawaii and other sugar producing locales.
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Song, Guang Xiong, Yu Jiong Gu, Yong Yong He und Fu Lei Chu. „A Steam Turbine Fault Diagnostic System Based on the Web and Database Technologies“. Key Engineering Materials 413-414 (Juni 2009): 539–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.413-414.539.
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The steam turbine is the principal mover in the field of electric power generation. It is very important and necessary to monitor and evaluate the running conditions and diagnose the faults of the steam turbine for the safe and normal running of the electric power plant. Fault diagnosis of the steam turbine is a complicated process and requires high level of the expertise. In order to significantly reduce the cost consumed in the fault diagnosis, increase the consistency of diagnosing decision-making, and better utilize the turbine’s management information resource, in this paper, an integrated Web-based expert system of the fault diagnosis for general purpose has been developed for the steam turbine of a power station. Moreover, it can be regarded as an advisory tool to those field engineers having much technical experience and as a training tool to less-experienced personnel who need guidance and advice. This paper describes a research project aiming to develop a web-based intelligent diagnostic system for the steam turbine, and discusses the process of the fault diagnosis and the issues involved in developing the system. The paper also includes several practical issues related to the architectures of the intelligent web-based applications. The system is built on a three-tier architecture, including the following components: knowledge base, inference engine, knowledge administration interface, user interface, knowledge administration, and integrated database. The diagnostic system employs heuristic rules to diagnose the steam turbine faults.
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Agarwal, Abhinav, Abhishek H. Chachadi, Akshay Kumar Singh und Sabit Auti. „Subsystems of Electric Vehicle: Overview“. Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, Nr. 06 (17.06.2021): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05286.
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Not long prior to entering the 20th Century, the most popular sort of transport at this point was the horse. Be that as it may, as individuals’ wages expanded and developments progressed, some were starting to explore different ways regarding more up-to-date types of transport. Presently, gas, steam, and electrical power were all available, with each following strength watching out. Steam development was grounded as of now and was generally seen and trusted by individuals all in all. It had, in light of everything, showing its worth driving assembling plants, mines, get ready, and conveys – it had all the earmarks of being only a trademark development to collect more unobtrusive kinds of transport using steam engines. There was an issue – steam motors were too slow to warm up and especially during winters it was particularly very tough to start them and once started the person had to continuously supply water for its cooling. They likewise had a restricted reach and should have been continually taken care of with water. Electric vehicles, or EVs for short, work using an electric engine rather than an interior ignition motor, similar to gas-fueled vehicles. Much of the time, EVs utilize an enormous footing battery pack to control the engine. This battery pack is charged by being connected to an exceptionally planned charging station or outlet at the clients’ homes. As EVs run on power, they have no fumes and don’t contain parts like the fuel siphon, fuel line, carburetor, and gas tank, which are required in gas-controlled vehicles. But the evidence of the positives has gotten amazingly clear, there are also a couple of hindrances that every individual needs to consider before they choose to make an electric vehicle their next tremendous undertaking. The reasons being: – Recharge Points, The Initial Investment is Steep, Short Driving Range and Short Driving Speed, Not Suitable for Cities, Facing Shortage of Power. To overcome the challenges more and more research and development work has been carried out and most of the above-stated challenges have been resolved. Higher battery density for longer range, alternate Li-ion batteries to increase the efficiency and to reduce the initial cost, and powerful chargers for fast charging is going under continuous development. Li-ion batteries undergo performance degradation and cycle aging, and it needs to be identified as soon as possible, i.e., using a Recommended Architecture to improve the performance of an EV. Apart from these, EV offers easy and efficient testing and verification model.
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Mustangin, Muhamad, und Saptyaji Harnowo. „AUDIT ENERGI LISTRIK DAN BOILER PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT KAPASITAS 60 TON/JAM“. Jurnal Agro Fabrica 2, Nr. 1 (29.06.2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jaf.v2i1.139.
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Palm Oil Factory Energy consists of steam and electricity. To increase the performance, energy will to be audited. Electrical measurements are carried out at the power house, panels at each station and some electric motors. Measurement in the main panel uses a power quality analyzer that can measure power, power factor, harmonics, unbalance and other electrical parameters. For measurement of mechanical equipment with steam energy such as boilers and turbines using temperature measuring devices with infrared thermal imaging tools FLIR brand. The quality of electric power with a total harmonic of 5.12% and individual harmonics of 2.78%. Voltage and current unbalance are 0.09% and 0.15%. Voltage drop is equal to 3 volts. The use of electricity utilities is 22.81 kW / ton FFB. The factory has cos phi of 0.84 but requires automatic power factor correction. The efficiency of boilers is 64.19% with the biggest losses being dry flue gas of 20.19% and oyher boiler of 67.82% with the biggest losses being dry flue gas of 16.45%.
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Kim, Woongbae, Hyungwook Jang, Seungjong Oh und Sangyong Lee. „Extended station blackout analyses of an APR1400 with MARS-KS“. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 31, Nr. 4 (2016): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp1604318k.
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The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident shows that natural disasters such as earthquakes and the subsequent tsunamis can cause station blackout for several days. The electric energy required for essential systems during a station blackout is provided from emergency backup batteries installed at the nuclear power plant. In South Korea, in the event of an extended station blackout, the life of these emergency backup batteries has recently been extended from 8 hours to 24 hours at Shin-Kori 5, 6, and APR1400 for design certification. For a battery life of 24 hours, available safety means system, equipment and procedures are studied and analyzed in their ability to cope with an extended station blackout. A sensitivity study of reactor coolant pump seal leakage is performed to verify how different seal leakages could affect the system. For simulating extended station blackout scenarios, the best estimate MARS-KS computer code was used. In this paper, an APR1400 RELAP5 input deck was developed for station blackout scenario to analyze operation strategy by manually depressurizing the reactor coolant system through the steam generator's secondary side. Additionally, a sensitivity study on reactor coolant pump seal leakage was carried out.
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Olson, Laurence M. „Retran Analysis of Susquehanna Steam Electric Station Unit 2 Moisture Separator Drain Tank Level Transient Response“. Nuclear Technology 76, Nr. 1 (Januar 1987): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt87-a33906.
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Nirmala Shivram, Padmavat. „Thermal Power Plant Equipment Using IBM SPSS Statistics Mehtod“. REST Journal on Emerging trends in Modelling and Manufacturing 6, Nr. 2 (01.06.2020): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/6/2/6.
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Thermal Power Plant Equipment. Introduction: A thermal power station is a power station called, the prime mover this is the steam mover. Made to enter the water system then heated, then vaporized will change. The steam rotates in it tries an electric generator and a steam turbine. A type of power plant where thermal energy is transformed into electrical energy is a thermal power plant. Steam high pressure occurs during the formation cycle. A sizable one for creating water steam in a pressure ves-sel. Boiling is accomplished by the application of heat and an electrical generator. The turbine is powered by steam. From the turbine, low pressure the exhaust is in a steam condenser enters, where it heats up the condenser cooled to form, it is more heat to form pressurized steam the process is recycled. This is it is called the Rankine cycle. The design of thermal power stations depends on the intended power source fossil fuel, nuclear and geothermal energy, solar energy, biofuels, and waste incinera-tion is all used. Research significance: Thermal power plant equipment is a power plant that transforms heat energy into electri-cal energy. As part of the steam-generating cycle, high pressure is used to produce steam. An enormous pressure vessel heat to boiling water used, it is an e steam connected to a generator drives the turbine. Traditional thermal power plants: combustion power plants also called, coal, natural gas, heating oil, and biomass-fueled steam boilers with the energy produced by running a steam turbine activates, which is electricity operates a transformer to produce thermal power plants are the most important part of the energy sector one of the important elements, and they of life after water and food as one of the basic needs produces considered electrical energy are masterpieces. Nearly all coal power plants, petroleum power plants, nuclear power plants, geo-thermal power plants, solar thermal power plants, waste incineration plants, and all-natural gas power plants are also hot. Cre-ates what is regarded as electrical energy in gas turbines and boilers natural gas is often burned. Methodology: SPSS statistics is a data management, advanced analytics, multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Evaluation parameters: water treatment plant, Forced draft fans, Boiler feed pumps, Fuel handling plant, Steam boiler system, Generators, Dust collector system, Mobrey switch, Miscellaneous Auxiliary Equipment. Results: The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .599 which indicates 59% reliability. From the literature review, the above 60% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for anal-ysis.
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Carson, B. H., C. S. Glantz und B. S. Conrad (INVITED). „Modelling of Off-Site Radiological Dose Consequences from an Accidental Airborne Release at the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station“. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 50, Nr. 2-4 (01.12.1993): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082072.
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Carson, B. H., C. S. Glantz und B. S. Conrad (INVITED). „Modelling of Off-Site Radiological Dose Consequences from an Accidental Airborne Release at the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station“. Radiation Protection Dosimetry 50, Nr. 2-4 (01.12.1993): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/50.2-4.99.
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Abass, Ahmed Z., und D. A. Pavlyuchenko. „Southern Iraq gas station conversation to integrated solar combined cycle“. E3S Web of Conferences 114 (2019): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911405008.
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Iraq has a big shortage in the electrical system and this is because of repeated wars that have destroyed the country’s economy and infrastructure. In order to improve the situation and progress of the country we see that the exploitation of huge and neglected land, where Iraq has a very featured site can make it a factory for the production of electric power through the exploitation of the vast areas as fields of cells and solar plants to produce electricity. Iraq is characterized by the number of sunny hours during the year and estimated more than 3300 hours. Also, the solar radiation in Iraq, which exceeds 2000 kWh/m2. Where the production of electricity enough to meet the needs of Iraq and neighboring countries. In this paper we will discuss the development of gas station in southern Iraq by taking advantage of the sun’s rays falling and recycling of combustion products from the gas station. The plant consists of 200MW conventional gas turbine plant and two steam turbines of 75MW and 65MW powered by the solar field and gas turbine exhaust. With high insolation during the summer month of June the plant can achieve up to 25% of solar fraction with Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) plant.
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Bosak, Mykola, Oleksandr Hvozdetskyi, Bohdan Pitsyshyn und Serhii Vdovychuk. „THE RESEARCH OF CIRCULATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF POWER UNIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH HELLER COOLING TOWER“. Theory and Building Practice 2020, Nr. 2 (20.11.2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.001.
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Analytical hydraulic researches of the circulating water cooling system of the power unit of a thermal power plant with Heller cooling tower have been performed. Analytical studies were performed on the basis of experimental data obtained during the start-up tests of the circulating water cooling system of the “Hrazdan-5” power unit with a capacity of 300 MW. Studies of the circulating water cooling system were carried out at an electric power of the power unit of 200 - 299 MW, with a thermal load of 320 - 396 Gcal/hr. By circulating pumps (CP), water mixed with condensate is fed to the cooling tower, from where it is returned through the turbine for spraying by nozzles in the turbine steam condenser. An attempt to increase the water supply to the condenser by increasing the size of the nozzles did not give the expected results. The amount of the water supply to the circulating pumping station depends on the pressure loss in the circulating water cooling system. The highest pressure losses are in hydro turbines (HT), which are part of the circulating pumping station. Therefore, by adjusting the load of the hydro turbine, with a decrease in water pressure losses, you can increase the water supply by circulating pumps to the condenser. Experimental data and theoretical dependences were used to calculate the changed hydraulic characteristics of the circulating water cooling system. As a result of reducing the pressure losses in the section of the hydro turbine from 1.04 to 0.15 kgf/cm2, the dictating point for the pressure of circulating pumping station will be the turbine steam condenser. The thermal power plant cooling tower is designed to service two power units. Activation of the peak cooler sectors of the cooling tower gives a reduction of the cooled water temperature by 2-4 °С only with the spraying system.
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Takeya, K., und H. Yasui. „Performance of the Integrated Gas and Steam Cycle (IGSC) for Reheat Gas Turbines“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, Nr. 2 (01.04.1988): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240107.
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In 1978, the Japanese government started a national project for energy conservation called the Moonlight Project. The Engineering Research Association for Advanced Gas Turbines was selected to research and develop an advanced gas turbine for this project. The development stages were planned as follows: first, the development of a reheat gas turbine for a pilot plant (AGTJ-100A), and second, a prototype plant (AGTJ-100B). The AGTJ-100A has been undergoing performance tests since 1984 at the Sodegaura Power Station of the Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEPCO). The inlet gas temperature of the high-pressure turbine (HPT) of the AGTJ-100A is 1573 K, while that of the AGTJ-100B is 100 K higher. Therefore, various advanced technologies have to be applied to the AGTJ-100B HPT. Ceramic coating on the HPT blades is the most desirable of these technologies. In this paper, the present level of development, and future R & D plans for ceramic coating, are taken into consideration. Steam blade cooling is applied for the IGSC.
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Ananta, Clarence Daffa, Ria Azizah Tri Nuraini und Ibnu Pratikto. „Jenis Fitoplankton di Perairan Sekitar PLTU Tambak Lorok Semarang“. Journal of Marine Research 10, Nr. 1 (14.02.2021): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmr.v10i1.27790.
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Salah satu pemanfaatan lingkungan pesisir dan laut adalah pembangunan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU), karena sistem penyediaan air yang dibutuhkan untuk operasional PLTU berasal dari air laut. Kenaikan suhu permukaan laut akibat adanya aktivitas PLTU akan mempengaruhi organisme pada perairan tersebut, salah satunya adalah fitoplankton. Fitoplankton merupakan organisme autotroph yang mengandung pigmen klorofil sehingga dapat melakukan proses fotosintesis dengan memanfaatkan cahaya matahari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji komposisi dan kelimpahan fitoplankton di perairan sekitar PLTU Tambak Lorok Semarang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif eksploratif, sedangkan dalam pengambilan sampel penelitian, digunakan metode purposive sampling. Hasil kelimpahan fitoplankton secara keseluruhan di Perairan Tambak Lorok, yang tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 3 dengan jumlah sebesar 4035,7 Ind/L sedangkan pada stasiun 2 dengan jumlah sebesar 2812,7 Ind/L dan kelimpahan terendah terdapat pada stasiun 1 dengan jumlah sebesar 1494,7 Ind/L. Terjadi kenaikan suhu sebesar 5OC dengan nilai suhu mencapai 36,2OC pada stasiun 1 yang memiliki jarak 300 m dari titik outfall, suhu kemudian mengalami penurunan sebesar 3 OC dengan nilai suhu sebesar 33,7OC pada stasiun 2, dan terjadi penurunan pada stasiun 3 hingga nilai suhu sebesar 32,8OC dimana suhu sudah mendekati nilai normal suhu perairan sebesar 31 OC. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai kelimpahan fitoplankton mengalami penurunan seiring dengan meningkatnya kenaikan suhu permukaan laut pada Perairan Tambak Lorok Semarang.One of the utilization of coastal and ocean environment is the development of electric steam power plant since the water required for the operational comes from seawater. The disposal location of the used seawater is in the form of waste heat, streamed into the ocean; therefore it caused the rise of sea-level temperature. The rising sea level temperature will affect the organism on those waters; one of them is phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is an autotroph organism that contains chlorophyll pigment so it can do photosynthesis process using the sunlight. This research aims to study the abundance of phytoplankton in waters around electric steam power plant Tambak Lorok Semarang. The method used in this research is the explorative, descriptive method, while the sampling method is purposive sampling. The highest phytoplankton abudance in Tambak Lorok Waters is located on the third station with 4035,7 Ind/L, while on the second station is 2812,7 Ind/L and the lowest abundance is on the first station with only 1494,7 Ind/L. The increase of sea-level temperature is up to 5OC with the temperature value reached 36,2OC on the first station that located 300 m from the power plant outfall. The temperature then drops 3OC with the value of 33,7OC on the second station. The temperature then drops on the third station with the value of 32,8OC where it’s closed to average sea level temperature, which is 31OC. It can be concluded that the abundance of phytoplankton decreased along with the increase of sea level temperature in Tambak Lorok Waters.
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McINERNY, M. C. „Gas-bubble disease in three fish species inhabiting the heated discharge of a steam-electric station using hypolimnetic cooling water“. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 49, Nr. 1-2 (Januar 1990): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279506.
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Marcello, Rocco A., und Kirk Strawn. „CAGE CULTURE OF SOME MARINE FISHES IN THE INTAKE AND DISCHARGE CANALS OF A STEAM - ELECTRIC GENERATING STATION, GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS“. Proceedings of the annual workshop - World Mariculture Society 4, Nr. 1-4 (25.02.2009): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1973.tb00098.x.
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Luqman Ibrahim, Rahmah, und Abdulrahman Habbo Mohammed. „Thermal analysis of an integrated solar combined cycle power plant and its application in southern Iraq“. Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences 17, Nr. 1 (30.03.2024): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30772/qjes.2023.143607.1036.
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Recently, simple cycle play a significant role in electric power production in Iraq. However, those units suffer from low thermal efficiency and low power output. In the present work, theoretical study is carried out aiming to improve the performance of (AL-Amara station 125MW). The present work includes three parts: the first part focus on the effect of ambient temperature on the performance of simple cycle including mass flow rate, power output, thermal efficiency and other parameters. In the second parts, a modification to simple cycle is implanted to be a combined cycle. The third part is studied the benefit of using solar unit for producing more steam to be supplied to the heat recovery steam generator wishing to produce more power and low emissing. Regarding, to simple gas turbine unit, the obtained results show that the mass flow rate is decreased nearly (10.8%) when the ambient temperature increased from (15-50) ºC. However, this reduction in mass flow rate of air is led to significant reduction in power output and thermal efficiency nearly (22.6%,13.2%) respectively. In the second parts, applying combine mode show a significant increase in power output and thermal efficiency nearly (32.5% and 32.3%) respectively. while the specific fuel consumption is decrease nearly (32.19%). Finally, the third parts when solar units are used, the gathered results show an acceptable increase for the amount of steam produced via solar units (21.02kg/s). The overall performance of the integrated cycle shows that the power output and the thermal efficiency increased nearly (11.28%and10%).
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Kasl, Josef, Miroslava Matějová und Jakub Mrštík. „Failure of a Rotating Blade of a 200 MW Steam Turbine LP Rotor and Options for Eliminating other Similar Breakdowns“. Solid State Phenomena 270 (November 2017): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.270.174.
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This contribution deals with the analysis of the failure of a rotating blade of the third wheel (L-1 stage) of the LP rotor of a 200 MW turbine at the power station in Počerady. Material analysis of the blade showed that the cause of the blade fracture was the initiation and growth of a fatigue crack from a corrosion pit. Failures of low-pressure blades have occurred repeatedly on machines of the same design in the power stations of the ČEZ group in recent years and by a similar mechanism. Therefore, based on the knowledge obtained by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), ČEZ, a.s. has developed a methodology which can, in real conditions during checks of turbines, reliably detect the parameters of corrosion pits and predict the possibility of development of fatigue damage from these pits. The work summarizes the methodology and the conditions of its use with an emphasis on the fields of its application.
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Ichriani, Gusti Irya, Yustinus Sulistiyanto und Hastin Ernawati Nur Chusnul Chotimah. „The use of ash and biochar derived oil palm bunch and coal fly ash for improvement of nutrient availability in peat soil of Central Kalimantan“. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management 8, Nr. 3 (01.04.2021): 2703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2021.083.2703.
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The increment of peat soil productivity meets through ameliorant addition. Ameliorant sources can be obtained from oil palm plantation and electric steam power station waste. The study aimed at investigating the ability of the oil palm fruit empty bunch (OPFEB) biochar, palm oil boiler ash (POBA) and coal fly ash (CFA) as alternative ameliorants besides compost to improve nutrient availability in peat soil of Central Kalimantan. Treatments tested were OPFEB biochar, POBA, CFA, compost, OPFEB biochar+compost, POBA+compost, and CFA+compost. The seven treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single factor with four replications. The results revealed that the ameliorants increased peat soil pH at a rate of 0.7 compared to those in initial soil used and available P of 135.7% even though there was no significant increment of exchangeable cations of K, Ca and Mg. Mixing of biochar, POBA or CFA with compost improved nutrients availability in peat soil.
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Zharkov, S. V. „Assessment and Enhancement of the Energy Supply System Efficiency with Emphasis on the Cogeneration and Renewable as Main Directions for Fuel Saving“. International Journal of Energy Optimization and Engineering 3, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeoe.2014100101.
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The paper presents methods for assessing economic, resource and environmental efficiency of cogeneration plants (CPs) and energy supply systems as a whole and ways of its improvement, the main of which are the development of cogeneration and renewable energy sources (RES). The problem of allocating fuel and financial costs at the combined production in accordance with the criterion of equal profitability of supplied energy products is solved. The methods allow determining specific indicators of supplied energy products. The technology of introducing RES-based power plants to the energy supply systems by means of using unstabilized RES-based power for direct fuel substitution in thermal cycles of gas-turbine (combined cycle) and steam-turbine plants (the wind is viewed as the most promising type of RES). Connection of wind power plants to an electric grid through thermal power plants allows us to avoid solving the problems of maintaining power quality and operating reserve of the wind power plants capacity in the power system and also to use wind energy at the plants of combined heat and high-quality electric power production, small ones included. The technology can promote smooth transition to hydrogen energy. It is shown that the cogeneration saves more than 20% of fuel, and its combination with wind power station – more than 50%.
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Prakash Arul Jose, J., P. Rajesh Prasanna und Fleming Prakash. „New construction methodology-geothermal cogeneration plant efficiency improvements for environmental and economic sustainability using waste heat recovery system“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 3 (04.08.2018): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12623.
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Power station is used in geothermal cogeneration or Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant to generate electric power and heat from a single process simultaneously. Industrial CHP gains attention due to its sustainability and its nature of carbon footprint reduction. In this regard, CHP is more effective than generating steam or burning fuel on-site, and electricity is imported from the grid. CHP is a combined system which finds applications in several techniques and thermal and fuel systems, and these functionalities can be integrated into prevail-ing building structures. In CHP, the modifications are carried out with respect to the energy and user requirements. In heat recovery mecha-nism of CHP plant, several critical parameters are required. The present research work focuses on heat recovery analysis in geothermal co-generation (CHP) plant, in which the methods to lessen the generated secondary (waste) heat is emphasized by enhancing energy efficiency. Further it also includes passive and active strategies. The recent trends of direct electric conversion devices are more useful, and therefore can be introduced in industrial waste heat recovery applications, which are usually applied in CHP or geothermal cogeneration plants includ-ing paper mills and chemical processing and refinery systems, hotels, hospitals, industries and commercial structures, where constant heat and power requirements exist.
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Chmielniak, Tadeusz, Gerard Kosman und Wojciech Kosman. „Analysis of Cycle Configurations for the Modernization of Combined Heat and Power Plant by Fitting a Gas Turbine System“. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, Nr. 4 (01.10.2004): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765126.
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The application of a gas turbine generally allows to increase the number of possible configurations of cogenerated heat and electrical power systems, which became a significant substitute for classic, coal-fired power plants. They are characterized by better thermodynamical, economical, ecological, and operating indexes. Gas turbine units are also the best option for the modernization of existing power plants. This paper discusses the effectiveness of various technological configurations with gas turbines, which are to be applied during modernization projects of already existing conventional combined heat and power plants. In the analysis enthalpy and entropy methods were applied. Algorithms of the entropy method allow to determine the entropy generation in each section of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. Several criteria were taken into consideration while analyzing the effectiveness of technological cycle configurations with gas turbines. These include the energy effectiveness, the efficiency of the HRSG and the steam cycle, the efficiency of the whole thermal electric power station, the exergetic efficiency of the HRSG and the steam cycle, and the fuel efficiency index. It was assumed that gas turbines operate under their nominal conditions. The composite curves were also taken into consideration while choosing the type of the turbine. The modernization project tends not to eliminate those existing power plant sections (machines and equipment), which are able to operate further. The project suggests that those units should remain in the system, which satisfy the applied durability criterion. The last phase of the optimization project focuses on the sensibility verification of several steam-gas CHP plant parameters and their influence on the whole system.
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Gorbunov, V. A., N. A. Lonshakov, I. V. Alekseyev und M. N. Mechtayeva. „Determination of hydraulic steam losses in the turbine control valve based on a three-dimensional model“. Vestnik IGEU, Nr. 5 (2019): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2019.5.012-023.
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A problem to be solved now is determining the hub nodes of hydraulic losses arising during the operation of power plant equipment. Detection of such points directly by measuring devices on the operating equipment is impossible as it is difficult to access many elements of the flow part of the units. Development of digital models of equipment allows simulating these processes and with a high degree of accuracy determining the location of increased hydraulic losses. The aim of this work is to determine the magnitude and localization of hydraulic losses in the control valve of the steam turbine. The analysis of steam turbine valve operation has been carried out based on thermodynamic, hydraulic and mechanical parameters, which are taken directly during the operation of the power plant by standard control and measuring devices. The obtained information was processed by the finite element method in the Ansys and SolidEdge Flow Simulation programs and by three-dimensional modeling in the SolidEdge software package. We have obtained a three-dimensional model of the control valve and determined the fields of pressure, velocity, etc. distribution in the volume of the control valve under different operating conditions by the finite element method. During the processing of the obtained information, we found excessive energy losses of water vapor arising during its throttling in the control valve. Such losses produce a significant effect on the power developed by the turbine pump. During the operation of the drive turbine, the pressure losses of the working medium in the steam distribution system vary in the range of 300–500 kPa (37–62 % of the initial pressure before the control valve). The goal set in the work has been fully achieved. Verification of the developed three-dimensional model was made on the basis of the operational parameters taken during the steam turbine operation. The application of the work results, both for modernizing the existing units and designing new equipment, will increase the efficiency of electric energy production at the power unit of the station.
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Wang, Wei, Yang Sun, Sitong Jing, Wenguang Zhang und Can Cui. „Improved Boiler-Turbine Coordinated Control of CHP Units with Heat Accumulators by Introducing Heat Source Regulation“. Energies 11, Nr. 10 (18.10.2018): 2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102815.
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It is significant for power system stability to improve the operation flexibility of grid-connected units. Such improvement has always been a hot topic, especially for coal-fired units. In recent decades, it has become increasingly urgent and challenging as large-scale fluctuant renewable energy is connected to the power grid. Boiler-turbine coordinated control strategy (CCS), which is employed to perform unit load control according to automatic generation control (AGC), has a slow ramp rate in general on account of large delay and inertia of boiler, so to improve the unit operating flexibility, it is necessary to explore usable heat storage and optimize the control strategy. In combined heat and power (CHP) units with heat accumulators, their heat and power are decoupled. Therefore the extraction steam that goes to the heating station can be regulated flexibly even operating in “heat-led mode”. The change of extraction steam flow has a significant influence on the turbine power output, so we propose to improve the load-following capability of CHP units by regulating the heat source flow. In this paper, the influencing model is set up, and it is about heat source flow variations on the electric power output. The load control strategy is further optimized and designed through combinations of CCS and heat source regulation. Finally simulations and analysis are performed on a 330MW CHP unit, and the results reveal that the power ramp rate with our strategy is two times faster than that with traditional strategy.
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Abdelhakim, Benali. „Integrated Thermoelectric Energy Storage in A Combined Cycle Solar Power Plant (tour)“. International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 5 (06.11.2023): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232027.2023.5.20.
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Multi megawatt-thermoelectric energy storage based on thermodynamic cycles is an ambitious solution for the renewable energies conversion. The main advantage of this technology is the capacity of energy storage, However, ensuring the operation of TEES stations during unfavorable weather conditions is suspended. In this article, a specific thermoelectric energy storage system was studied «TEES», the TEES system converts electrical energy into sensible heat by means of an electric heater that uses the joule heating effect, the system TEES converts sensible heat into electrical energy by means of a hybrid power plant that operates on a combined cycle « Brayton and Rankine ». The hybrid power plant uses two thermal energy sources In order to secure the station in unfavorable weather conditions for the production of solar energy. The main idea is to using the gaz and the sensible heat stored as two thermal inputs in the gas turbine that uses a Brayton cycle, the thermal rejection from the gas turbine was recovered and used as a thermal input in the conventional steam turbine plant that uses a Rankine cycle. A thermodynamic analysis of the TEES system was performed in steady state, using the thermodynamic properties of the Coolprop database, a maximum thermal efficiency or Round trip electrical efficiency of 50% has been reached; when the heating temperature of the compressed air reaches 1100 ° C and When the isentropic efficiency of steam turbine is 90 percent.
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Horskyi, V. V. „The selection of the method to divide total expenses of energy consumed for the combined production of energy products and its application for coal-fired CHP“. Problems of General Energy 2021, Nr. 4 (22.12.2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pge2021.04.056.
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Cogeneration of electric and heat energy is a trend in the modern development of energy production systems in the world. The share of electricity produced by CHP in Ukraine coincides with the share of combined heat and power produced by the G8 + 5 countries and is equal to 11–19%. The fuel's heat utilization rate reaches 75% at CHP in the EU countries. An important energy efficiency indicator, characterizing the full technological cycle of power generation, is the total power intensity of the product. To determine the technical and economic indicators of CHP's operation, the production cost of energy products produced, reasonable tariffs for them, and the payback period of investments, first of all, it is necessary to develop a certain scheme for the allocation of costs for each output product. One of the most important methodological issues in combined energy production is the optimal distribution of expenses between the generation and transmission of electric and thermal energy. So far, there are a number of methods for allocating costs by type of product in cogeneration. All methods give different calculation results, and the discrepancy among them is quite significant. Analyzing and comparing them, one can identify both the advantages and disadvantages of each method, depending on the calculation task. The total energy intensity of energy products output for the station was also calculated, and the distribution of energy consumption between thermal and electric energy was performed according to four methods. As a result of the analysis, the thermodynamic method of cost allocation for the supply of electricity and heat is recommended for use, as it takes into account the value of steam used in the turbine (for electric power generation) and is further supplied for the needs of heat supply. Keywords: cogeneration, distribution of energy consumption, methods of distribution of energy consumption, energy carriers
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David, Muhammad, und Heri Tri Irawan. „Analysis of Potential Hazards in the Palm Oil Processing Process at PT. Karya Tanah Subur Using Job Safety Analysis (JSA)“. Jurnal Inotera 8, Nr. 1 (29.01.2023): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31572/inotera.vol8.iss1.2023.id200.
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PT. Karya Tanah Subur (KTS) is a palm oil processing industry located on Jalan Gemmpang-Tutut, Padang Sikabu Village, Kawai XVI District, West Aceh District. Based on the results of observations and interviews conducted with the person in charge of the factory, it is known that there are potential hazards that occur during the production process. The potential hazards that occur cannot be separated from various risks in the work environment, as well as negligence and also non-compliance by workers in using PPE. The purpose of this research is to identify the potential hazards at the Loading Ramp, Sterilizer, and Thresher stations and then assess the risk level of these potential hazards and determine control measures for these risks. The method used in this research is Job Safety Analysis (JSA). The results of the analysis revealed that the potential hazards in the 3 areas studied were the Ramp Loading, Sterilizer, and Thresher stations. The potential hazards found in the Ramp Loading area were being pinned by the tailgate of the FFB transport truck, being crushed and punctured by FFB thorns, falling into a pile of FFB, being stabbed by a gancu. . Potential hazards at the Sterilizer Station include exposure to hot steam, electric shock, heat at the end of the lorry, being injured by capstand ropes and slipping due to slippery floors. The potential hazards at the Thresher station include being exposed to the heat of the lorry when it is unable to attach the rope that holds the crane, falling from the workplace, being crushed by fruit that has been boiled in heat. The highest potential hazards are at the Sterilizer station, where workers' hands are injured by capstand ropes and the slippery floor causes workers to slip, and at Thersher stations, where boiled fruit is crushed. Control efforts that can be proposed are to hold internal outreach to company workers which discuss risks in the workplace as well as discussions about occupational health and safety so that workers always use complete PPE in the workplace.
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Sirait, Jantri. „Modifikasi Alat Pengasapan Ikan untuk Mengefisiensikan Waktu Pengasapan“. Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 12, Nr. 2 (06.12.2018): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v12i2.3928.
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Modifikasi alat pengasapan ikan untuk mengefisiensikan waktu pengasapan fokus terhadap tungku pemanas dan alat pemutar rotary. Tungku pemanas dari bahan plat besi 5 mm dengan ukuran P,L,T (50,50,50) cm dilengkapi dengan penutup tungku pada bagian atas. Untuk menyalurkan uap panas dan asap dari tungku ke ruang pengasapan digunakan pipa penyalur dengan ukuran 2” (inchi) dengan panjang 100 cm, dan untuk mendorong uap panas dan asap masuk kedalam ruang pengasapan mengunakan exhaust fan. Motor listrik dengan daya 125 watt, putaran 1250 rpm digunakan untuk memutar rotary, dan untuk mereduksi putaran motor listrik dipergunakan gearbox dengan rasio putaran 1 : 40 rpm. Untuk menghindari selip pada saat pengasapan ikan digunakan bevel gear sebagai penghubung putaran dari gearbox terhadap rotary. Efisiensi waktu pengasapan ikan lebih cepat dengan mengunakan alat pengasapan ikan yang dimodifikasi. Dimana pada percobaan pertama waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengasapkan ikan patin seberat 33 kg atau berjumlah 60 ekor dibutuhkan waktu 10 jam, sedangkan percobaan kedua untuk mengasapkan ikan lele seberat 36 kg atau berjumlah 58 ekor dibutuhkan waktu 4 jam. Kemudian percobaan ketiga pengasapan ikan lele yang diolesi bumbu perasa yaitu kunyit dan garam seberat 25 kg berjumlah 38 ekor dibutuhkan waktu pengasapan selama 6 jam. Dan pada percobaan ke empat, ikan yang diasapkan adalah ikan patin sebeart 21 kg berjumlah 34 ekor, yang diberi bumbu perasa kunyit dan garam. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengasapkan selama 8 jam. Dari hasil uji kadar air ikan asap di laboratorium, ikan yang diasapkan selama 10 jam, 6 jam dan 8 jam kadar airnya sesuai dengan SNI 2725 : 2013, Maks kadar air 60%. Sedangkan pengasapan ikan dengan waktu 4 jam, kadar air ikan asap belum susai dengan SNI ikan asap dengan pengasapan panas. Modification tool for fish smoking to efficiency smoking time focus on furnace heating and Rotator of rotary. The heater furnace of the iron plates with a size of 5 mm P, L, T (50, 50, 50) cm are fitted with a cover on top of the stove. To channel hot steam and smoke from the furnace to the space station used a pipe distributor with size 2 "(inch) with a length of 100 cm, and to push the hot steam and smoke into the space station using exhaust fans. Electric motor with power 125 watt, round 1250 rpm is used to rotate the rotary, and to reduce the rounds used electric motor gearbox with ratio 1:40 rpm spin. To avoid any slippage at the moment of bevel gear used fish station as a liaison from the gearbox against round rotary. The efficiency of the time smoking fish more quickly by using the modified fish smoking tool. Where the first experiments on the time it takes to smoking fish catfish weighing 33 kg or totaled 60 tail it takes 10 hours, while the second trial for the smoking catfish weighing 36 kg or numbered 58 tail it takes 4 hours. Then the third experiment fogging catfish taste the seasoning smeared with turmeric and salt weighing 25 kg and totaled 38 tail takes fogging for 6 hours. And in the fourth experiment, fish smoked fish is catfish weighing 21 kg, totaling 34 tail, the spices turmeric and salt taste. The time it takes to smoking for 8 hours. The test results of the water content in the laboratory of smoked fish, smoked fish for 10 hours, 6 hours and 8 hours of water levels in accordance with the SNI 2725:2013, max 60% moisture content. While fogging fish with a time of 4 hours, water levels have not smoked fish with SNI smoked fish with fogging.
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Jiang, Nan, Minjun Peng, Wei Wei und Tenglong Cong. „Strategy Evaluation for Cavity Flooding during an ESBO Initiated Severe Accident“. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8680406.
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Intentional depressurization and cavity flooding are two important measures in current severe accident management guidelines (SAMGs). An extreme scenario of an extended station blackout (ESBO), when electric power is unavailable for more than 24 hours, actually occurred in the Fukushima Daiichi accident and attracted lots of attention. In an ESBO, the containment spray cannot be activated for condensation, and, thus, cavity flooding will generate a large amount of steam, which, ironically, overpressurizes the containment to failure before the reactor vessel is melted through. Therefore, consideration of these conflicting issues and the ways in which plants operate is crucial for strengthening the strategies outlined in SAMGs. In this paper, the effects of intentional depressurization and cavity flooding in an ESBO for a representative 900 MW second-generation pressurized water reactor (PWR) are simulated with MAAP4 code. Diverse scenarios with different starting times of depressurization and water injection are also compared to summarize the positive and negative impacts for accident mitigation. The phenomena associated with creep ruptures, hydrogen combustion, corium stratification, and cavity boiling are also analyzed in detail to strengthen our understanding of severe accident mechanisms. The results point out the facility limitations of second-generation PWRs which can improve existing SAMGs.
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Zahra, A. N. Az, A. G. D. Kartika und H. A. Rachman. „Tidal range energy conversion from Benoa, Bali“. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1350, Nr. 1 (01.06.2024): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1350/1/012016.
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Abstract As one of the oceanographic parameters, the tidal range can be used as a source of blue energy in producing renewable energy such as electricity in Indonesian territory, especially in small islands. Utilization of tidal ranges in producing electrical energy will be more environmentally friendly when compared to Steam-Electric Power Station, which require coal resources as a power source. This research aims to determine the potential for renewable energy from tides in Benoa waters, Bali. The data used in this study is sea level data from tide gauges sourced from the University of Hawaii Sea Level Center (UHSLC). Analysis of tidal types and components in this study was carried out using the least squares method using the R program language. The results showed that the tidal type of Benoa waters is a mixed-semidiurnal tide. In 2020 and 2022, the highest tidal ranges are 2.46m (in December) and 2.3m (in March, November, and December), respectively. The simulation results for a 1000 m2 pond show that the energy potential in 2020 is 24.0 kWh and in 2022 it is 27.7 kWh. The tidal value’s magnitude influences the tidal energy potential; the more significant the tidal value, the greater the energy produced.
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Nazarov, Serdar, Muhammetberdi Rakhimov und Saparmyrat Hojageldiyev. „Research on the issue of using the heat of combustion products for heat supply of greenhouses“. E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801093.
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Cultivation of agricultural crops in winter season is carried out in special greenhouses. For heating greenhouses, a huge amount of heat energy is consumed. In the conditions of Turkmenistan, up to 1500 tons of standard fuel per year is consumed to heat the greenhouse with an area 1 hectare. The increase in heating costs leads to an increase in the prices of grown products. Therefore, saving fuel energy in the greenhouses is one of the most important economic factors. Possibilities of using the heat of the combustion products of steam boilers at the Mary State Electric Power Station (Turkmenistan) for heating greenhouses are discussed in the article. For this purpose, a special contact heat exchanger is installed on the line of the outgoing combustion products of steam boilers. In the experimental facilities, water is injected from top to bottom, and combustion products move in the opposite direction. In this case, the temperature of the combustion products decreases from 120-150 °C to 30-40 °C. The temperature of the cooling water of the combustion products rises from 10-20 °C to 40-45 °C. To increase the contact surface of water and gas in a contact heat exchanger, spray-type layer conductor is used. A distinctive feature of the experimental facility is the use of local materials as a spray-type layer with a conductor. For subsoil heating of greenhouses, water is supplied with the temperature of 40 °C, and for the raise of the vegetables grown in them water is supplied with the temperature of 22-25 °C. The use of the heat of combustion products to heat greenhouses is of great importance both for saving fuel and for purifying the environment from harmful emissions.
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Bethel, A. C. W. „The Unfinished Web: Transit Planning in Los Angeles, 1895–1953“. Southern California Quarterly 103, Nr. 1 (2021): 5–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2021.103.1.5.
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Because of its complexity and length this article is organized into two parts. Part I, which appeared in the previous issue of the Quarterly, traced attempts to improve rapid rail transit in Los Angeles from 1895 to 1925. This concluding installment traces the political, civic, and taxpayer response to the 1925 comprehensive regional rapid transit plan. The plan was eclipsed by a seemingly unrelated controversy about a union station for the steam railroads. Meanwhile, though frustrated in its plan for a crosstown subway, the rapid transit provider, the Pacific Electric Railway (PE), was not passive: it worked cooperatively with other public-sector and private-sector agencies to create viaducts that separated its trains from busy intersections, bought new rolling stock, and installed safety measures. The emerging multi-destinational, automobile-oriented city of the 1930s and 1940s led planners to include rail rapid transit in freeway medians, but the politically powerful State Division of Highways opposed it, as did various civic and commercial organizations and the Automobile Club of Southern California (ACSC). Sectional differences in how residents perceived their interests divided city council and state legislature support. PE’s management, now discouraged, gradually abandoned and finally sold its passenger service. Part II concludes with an examination of the PE’s financial condition in the 1920s in refutation of the often-made claim that the PE’s high debt and unprofitable financial account sheets precluded it from making capital investments.
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Sednin, V. A., und R. S. Ignatovich. „Analysis of the Efficiency of Hydrogen Production Technology at Mini-CHP Plants Using Local Fuelsby Thermochemical Method“. ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 66, Nr. 4 (08.08.2023): 354–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2023-66-4-354-373.
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Within the framework of the policy of “decarbonization” of the economy, a technology for hydrogen producing from local fuels (LF) and combustible waste of human activity is proposed as a part of the development of the functionality of heating cycles of energy production. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the energy efficiency of a steam-powered mini-CHP plant operating on local fuels with a thermochemical hydrogen production module. A brief literature review of thermochemical cycles of hydrogen production is presented, and it is shown that hybrid copper-chlorine Cu–Cl cycles are recognized as the most promising. In the Aspen Hysys software environment, a mathematical model of a mini-CHP plant with a five-stage hydrogen production cycle was synthesized, which can later be used as a component in the digital twin. According to the results of the analysis of the mathematical model, it was determined that the specific consumption of electric energy per 1 kg of hydrogen for such a scheme will be 9.11 (kW×h)/kg, which is on average more than five times less than in the production of hydrogen by electrolysis, the rest of the required energy is replaced by thermal one, while the maximum fuel utilization factor of mini-CHP with a hydrogen production module using wood waste as fuel amounted to 83.1 %, including a thermal efficiency of 51.5 %, the efficiency of hydrogen production at the lowest calorific value is 31 %, the electrical efficiency for the supply of electricity to the grid is 0.6 %. For comparison, the maximum fuel utilization of a steam-powered mini-CHP of the same electrical capacity reaches 90.9 %. The expansion of mini-CHP options operating on local fuels by introducing a hydrogen production unit by hybrid thermochemical method into its scheme makes it possible to increase the maneuverability of the station, which implies the possibility of organizing the operation of mini-CHP in accordance with the requirements of thermal consumers and electrical graph-reducing the loads of the power system during the hours of maxima and minima of its consumption by changing the electrical power supply to the network or increasing the power consumption of electricity from the external network to the power required for hydrogen production. In conclusion, the possibility of developing the studied scheme of a mini-CHP operating on local fuels towards further utilization of combustion products in order to generate artificial natural gas, which in this case can be called “green”, is indicated.
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Rosli, Mohamad Khairul Anuar Mohd, Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd Rus und Suffian Mansor. „The electrification of the tin mining in Kinta Valley: Role of Perak River Hydroelectric Power Company (1927‒1940)“. History of science and technology 13, Nr. 2 (23.12.2023): 376–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2023-13-2-376-398.
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Electricity, first introduced in Colonial Malaya as early as the 1890s, and by the 1920s became the major source of power in the tin-mining industry. Surprisingly, despite its vital role in the economy, electricity has received little attention in Malaysian historiography. In the country’s main tin-mining center, Kinta Valley, Perak, the Perak River Hydro-Electric Power Company with its head-office in London, played a significant role in supplying electricity for mine operator. Since early 1920s, British Government aimed to develop hydroelectric power by building dams on the Perak River. They viewed the Perak River as an important source of hydroelectric power for electrifying Colonial Malaya especially for tin mining-industry. Financial constraints forced the British Government, however, to hand over responsibilities to the PRHEPC. This article aims to identify how PRHEPC managed the development of electricity supply facilities and its significance to the tin miners in the Kinta Valley before 1940. The PRHEPC diversified its energy facilities development strategies to guarantee electricity supply to mine operators covering a wide area. Their ability to exploit the Perak River through the construction of a large-capacity hydroelectric station and the strategy to combine steam generation and grid supply systems allowed the PRHEPC to effectively supply electricity to a large number of mine operators in the Kinta Valley. The development was financially beneficial to the power companies because this capital-saving approach allowed them to generate electricity at a far lower price than the fossil fuel power stations for their consumers. Cheap energy allowed mine operators to minimize the cost of the tin mining operation, particularly the sector shifted from labour-intensive to a capital-intensive business strategy. To dominate the tin mining sector, the operators greatly invested in modernizing mining methods through utilization of machinery such as the high-cost dredges. It was therefore imperative for mine operators to obtain cheap energy to offset the cost of investments. This case study clearly displayed the development of the tin mining sector in Kinta Valley was not merely influenced by electricity use, but also its economical generation through hydroelectric.
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Bass, Adam Stuart, Anand Chandra Singh, Scott Paulson und Viola Ingrid Birss. „Minimizing Coke Formation at La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3-δ Perovskite Anodes in a Syngas Fed-SOFC“. ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, Nr. 46 (22.12.2023): 2238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02462238mtgabs.
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As the world moves to decarbonize the fossil fuel sector, transition technologies are needed that bridge the gap between natural gas power plants and more sustainable low-carbon energy sources. These newer technologies often still rely on fossil fuels but have improved energy conversion efficiencies and lower net carbon dioxide (CO2) outputs over conventional fossil fuel based electric power generation systems. In this work, we are exploring one such technology, namely the use of a syngas-fed solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) to generate heat, electricity, steam, and captured CO2. Core to this technology is the mixed ion electron conductor deployed at the anode and cathode that catalyzes all of the relevant reactions, namely electrochemical oxidation of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) at the anode, producing steam and CO2, and reduction of oxygen at the cathode. Carbon formation (coking) is normally a significant problem affecting SOFCs operating on carbon-based fuels, as it leads to a rapid decline in electrochemical performance by blocking catalytically active sites and pores with various carbon species, e.g., amorphous, graphitic, or nanotubular carbon.1 The formation of carbon species from syngas is known to occur through various mechanisms, with the Boudouard reaction (∆H= -172 kJ/mol) and the reduction of CO (∆H= -131 kJ/mol) being the most prominent.2 As such, temperature is a key parameter to optimize as it determines the propensity for carbon formation at equilibrium. In addition, the kinetics of carbon formation can be significantly reduced by introducing oxygen to the fuel gas stream in the form of O2, CO2, or H2O.3 The catalyst materials investigated here are mixed conducting perovskite oxides (La0.3Ca0.7Fe0.7Cr0.3O3- δ, LCFCr) that have been optimized and modified recently by our group, both in the as-prepared undoped form and after B-site doping with variable quantities of transition metals (M), e.g., Ni,4 forming nanoparticle (NP)-decorated ABO3-Mx surfaces. Our catalyst is highly active for H2 and CO oxidation, CO2 reduction, and O2 reduction, where it was demonstrated that the un-doped parent material can deliver a stable power density of 0.2 W/cm2 for several hundred hours with negligible performance degradation in 3% humidified H2.5 In more recent work, excellent resilience to carbon deposition for exsolved Fe-Ni@LCFCr up to 70:30 CO:CO2 was demonstrated.4 Herein, we show that minimal coke forms during exposure of these materials to dry syngas at 600oC, even under open circuit conditions. The catalysts were prepared using combustion synthesis and were characterized by XRD, SEM EDX, and TPO-MS in order to confirm morphology, crystal structure, and composition as a function of temperature and gas environment.4 Symmetrical electrolyte-supported SOFCs were constructed using our catalyst as both the anode and cathode. Catalyst layers of 1 cm2 were screen printed to a thickness of 25 µm on both sides of commercially available 130 µm thick samaria-doped ceria (SDC)-buffered scandia-stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) electrolyte, followed by sintering at 1100°C for 2 h,4 with porous metal current collectors used. The cells were mounted and tested in a Fiaxel SOFC test station with gas flow controlled by mass flow controllers. Preliminary electrochemistry experiments were conducted in 5:95 H2:N2, or 1:1 H2:CO (syngas) balanced by CO2 in a 1:2 ratio of fuel to oxidant into the anode chamber, and air into the cathode chamber at 600 oC, with performance evaluation carried out using CV, EIS and chronopotentiometry. The power density was found to be ca. 2x higher in dry H2 vs. in syngas, as expected, considering that H2 is a more active fuel vs. CO. Additionally, EIS exhibited ca. 2x higher resistance in the low frequency arc in syngas, which can be attributed to sluggish CO oxidation kinetics.4 Chronopotentiometry was performed for 20 h at 10 mA cm-2, showing a degradation rate of only 0.08 mV h-1, suspected to be primarily due to current collector delamination. Coking studies were also conducted on button cells at 600 oC in 1:1 H2:CO for 25 h at open circuit, comparing to a NiO standard that was painted on the electrolyte just next to the LCFCr-Ni working electrode. Imaging by SEM showed negligible carbon formation on the perovskite surface, supported by EDX analysis, compared to the extensive degree of coking observed at the standard. Further quantification was conducted by TPO-MS, also confirming minimal carbon formation. References Bengaard et al., Journal of Catalysis, 2002, 209, 365–384. Farshchi Tabrizi et al., Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 103, 1065–1077. Sasaki et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2003, 150. Ansari et al., Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2022, 10, 2280–2294. Addo et al., ECS Transactions, 2015, 66, 219–228.
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Seema Mahadik und Dr. Pabitra Kumar Guchhait. „Efficient Integration of Renewable Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging: A Hybrid System Approach“. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 01.06.2023, 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst523103151.
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Recent years have seen the development of a cutting-edge hybrid renewable energy charging station for electric cars (EVs). In order to provide an effective and long-lasting charging infrastructure for EVs, the project focuses on merging various renewable energy technologies, such as solar and wind power, with energy storage systems. Electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial in lowering carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels as the shift to sustainable transportation gathers steam. However, the creation of a reliable charging infrastructure is necessary for the broad adoption of EVs. In this project, a hybrid renewable energy-based electric vehicle charging station (HREB-EVCS) is designed and put into operation. The HREB-EVCS leverages the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, along with energy storage systems to ensure uninterrupted and sustainable charging for EVs. The project focuses on optimizing the utilization of renewable energy resources and managing the charging process efficiently. The charging station incorporates advanced control algorithms and smart grid technologies to intelligently distribute power among EVs based on demand, renewable energy availability, and grid conditions. The project aims to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the HREB-EVCS in providing clean, reliable, and cost-effective charging solutions for EVs. The results of the project will contribute to the advancement of sustainable transportation infrastructure and facilitate the wider adoption of EVs by addressing the challenges associated with charging infrastructure and renewable energy integration.
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Villaume, J. F., J. W. Bell und L. L. Labuz. „Evaluation of Leachate Generation at the Montour, Pennsylvania, Fly Ash Test Cell“. MRS Proceedings 113 (1987). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-113-325.
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ABSTRACTThe Pennsylvania Power & Light Company, in cooperation with the Electric Power Research Institute, is studying leachate generation at a large outdoor test cell of compacted coal combustion fly ash constructed at the Montour Steam Electric Station in north-central Pennsylvania. The test cell design is identical to that of the plant's active dry fly ash disposal facility. Leachate initially generated at the test cell contained concentrations of chromium and selenium approximately ten times above EPA's assigned Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Concentrations of these two parameters have since decreased approximately five-fold. Similar reductions have occurred in the concentrations of several of the other trace metals measured in the leachate. The dominant reaction mechanisms controlling leachate composition were examined in an attempt to explain these and other observations. Deterministic chemical modeling was performed to aid in the interpretation of the data. The dynamics of leachate generation were also examined through an evaluation of the infiltration and redistribution of moisture.
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Ruščák, Marek, Guido Mazzini, Milos Kynčl, Sevastyan Savanyuk, Miroslav Hrehor, Alis Musa und Alain Flores y Flores. „VVER 1000 Severe Accident Analyses Using MELCOR Code“. Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science 5, Nr. 3 (19.04.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4043378.
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This work describes the computer model development of the water–water energetic reactor (VVER) 1000 nuclear power plant (NPP) in the methods for estimation of leakages and consequences of releases (MELCOR) 1.8.6 code and its subsequent use for the accident scenarios analysis leading to the core melting. The baseline accident scenario was a stress test case—the station blackout (SBO, the complete loss of alternating current electric power in a nuclear power plant). In addition to this, four other scenarios were analyzed in which the SBO was combined with other technological failures—the loss of steam generator feedwater system and small, medium, and large break coolant accidents (LOCA). The results provided detailed information on the time course of accident scenarios, their temperature and pressure parameters, hydrogen production, and the mass inventory released from the molten corium and debris into the containment of the NPP.
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Li, Xiaoyang, Zhenyang Lyu, Yuru Jia und Xiaofei Deng. „Innovative optimal risk and economic management of a hybrid electric/hydrogen refueling station with water electrolyze and steam methane reform technologies for hydrogen supply“. Computers & Chemical Engineering, März 2024, 108663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2024.108663.
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Danilin, Ewgen, und Alexander Lobov. „Thermal-detoxification equipment and utilization of heat from cokebattery smokestack gases“. Linnaeus Eco-Tech, 01.10.2019, 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/eco-tech.2005.048.
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Kotloenergoprom Stock Co. has developed new technology of thermal rendering harmless andwaste recovering of heat of flue gases from coke-oven batteries in one unit.In 2000, Kotloenergoprom Stock Co. had executed the design of the first in the world Unit ofthermal rendering harmless and waste recovering of heat of flue gases from the coke-oven batteryNo. l installed in "Zaporozhkoks" (65 furnaces, H = 7.0 m, V = 41.6 m3).The complex "Coke-oven battery - Unit" operates in the special mode using automatic processcontrol system. Introduction the above Unit in 2002 had ensured: decrease of NOx contents influe gases from coke-oven battery in 1.5+2 times and CO on 90+ I 00 % with providinginternational norms of ejections; rebuming solid carbon inclusions and combustible components(H2, CH4, CmHn) in flue gases; stabilization of hydraulic mode of coke-oven battery operation;non-shock putting coke-oven battery into operation directly to chimney stack in case of scheduledor accident stopping the Unit; waste recovery of heat of flue gases from coke-oven battery inquantity up to 6.0 Gkal/h; producing up to 85 tph of steam with energetic parameters at additionalcombustion of coke-oven gas (without building new chimney stack), that lets to produceadditionally 6 MWt of electric power;Standard scheme of producing heat and electric power at by-product coke plants applying usualboiler houses and power stations is irrational. The more effective is to apply the scheme ofproducing heat and electric power with simultaneous rendering harmless and waste recovery ofheat of flue gases from coke-oven batteries in the special Units using existing chimney stacks ofcoke-oven batteries.Cost of building the Unit is not more than cost of usual boiler house or power station with equalcapacity.
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Labuz, L. L., J. F. Viliaume und J. W. Bell. „Leachate Composition at an Experimental Test Cell of Coal Combustion Fly Ash“. MRS Proceedings 86 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-86-17.
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ABSTRACTIn an effort to characterize the waste streams at a typical utility fly ash landfill, a large outdoor test cell of compacted fly ash was constructed in 1984 at the Pennsylvania Power & Light Company's Montour Steam Electric Station. The test cell is a scaled-down version of the active dry fly ash disposal facility at the plant and includes a liner, a leachate collection system, and surface water runoff perimeter drains. It is 100 feet by 100 feet at the base and 10 feet high with 2:1 vertical:horizontal side slopes, giving a top area of 60 feet by 60 feet. The test cell is instrumented to measure precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, unsaturated flow, evapotranspiration and leachate drainage. This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the chemical composition of leachate generated from the test cell during the first year of leachate production. Leachate samples are periodically collected from a concrete sump to which the leachate collection system drains. Leachate first appeared in the sump in October 1985, approximately one year after the test cell was constructed. Samples are analyzed for pH, specific conductance, 22 metals, and 10 ions. The concentrations of parameters present in the test cell leachate are compared to drinking water standards and to standard laboratory extraction results. Parameters not detected in the leachate are also identified. The preliminary findings of the leachate monitoring effort are providing valuable information on the initial quality of leachate generated under field conditions. This data will be useful in the design of leachate control systems, wastewater treatment facilities and ground water monitoring programs for future ash disposal operations.