Dissertationen zum Thema „Olfactive test“
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Payne, Magali. „Olfaction, cognition et émotions : liens dans la maladie d'Alzheimer, l'apathie et la COVID-19“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ6013.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn this thesis we created an olfactory test to measure its usefullness to detect disorders such as Alzheimer's disease or apathy syndrome or COVID-19.First, we collected the opinions of clinicians and the recommendations of experts chemists. We then selected fourteen odors, and we developed a computerized olfactory test that was able to calculate threshold and identification automatically using theses odors. We submitted a Patent for this test named "Olfactory Test for screening Alzheimer's disease ans apathy" (TODA).We cerified the interest ol TODA in everyday care practice in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Using subjects with Alzheimer's disease and healthy control subjects, both in France and Quebec, the test scores significantly differenciate AD subjects from control subjects. This test allowed cognitive monitoring of patients and highlighted odor identification regardless of culture and pathology.With a population of subjects with Minor Cognitive Disorder, with and without apathy, the results were able to significantly differenciate subjects, in particular, with a social sub-dimension of Critéria of Apathy.With subjects suffering from post-COVID-19 infection we tested with the TODA and in parallel we used the Sniffin' Stick Test, a gold standard, to verify the validity of the TODA results. The TODA also allowed us to highlight the problems identify similar odors. Finally, we also highlighted the interest of using the TODA in the case of suspected associated semantics impairment.The comparison of the TODA scores obtained by AD subjects and COVID-19 subjects showed that there was no difference between the two groups. Only the study of the most significant odors made it possible to differenciate between the two patologies
Hamtat, Marie-Line. „Perception et représentation de l’odeur chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie : création et exploitation d’un test olfacto-visuel“. Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR21844.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIn the case of schizophrenia, numerous patients have poor personal hygiene, which is typical of negative symptomatology. This self-neglect engenders offensive body odor which also was in the past a crucial element for the diagnosis. Attempts to address the manifestations of that symptom by focusing on the principles of basic grooming often prove a losing battle and fail. Thanks to an interdisciplinary approach, our endeavor is to try and give meaning to body odor for schizophrenics. Our hypothesis is that personal hygiene behavior could be conditioned by the patients’ olfactory system capacities – a domain which has barely been studied to this day. An olfactory stimuli identification test of potential odor sources via photographic images has been standardized: the olfacto-visual test (OVT). The OVT’s application has permitted to reveal an olfactory identification deficit in the patients, its relation to symptomatology and the patients’ social skills. The setting up of a therapeutic workshop through olfactory mediation has led to show the beneficial consequences of the caring for the sense of smell on the evolution of olfactory skills, symptomatology, hygiene and dietary patterns, as well as on the patients’ emotional life. Patients suffering from schizophrenia also present emotion-management troubles. We have first analyzed the existing links between the hedonic characteristics of odorants and the emotions among the general population anew, and then questioned the usual simplifications about them. The links between perceived odors and emotions produced by the odor samples appeared as blurred for the patients. This research offers a new approach of the olfactory perception in schizophrenia and shows the therapeutic interest of its exploitation. The positive clinical evolution of personal hygiene behavior after the olfactory caring confirms the hypothesis of the role of body odor as a token of existence. The patients’ bad body odor reveals an identity function in schizophrenia
Nehmé, Léa. „Contribution à l'étude du lien entre odeurs et couleurs : effet du lieu de résidence des répondants, des affects associés à l'odeur et de la méthodologie de test employée“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0066/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis doctorate aims to contribute to a better understanding of the link, several times demonstrated, between odors and colors. It is organized in 4 parts corresponding to 4 major studies carried out in different countries, France, Lebanon and Taiwan, as well as in different regions within the same country (urban Lebanon, rural Lebanon). The first study carried out in the three countries aimed at demonstrating the impact of culture on the construction of the odor-color link. The results obtained revealed a significant effect of the participants' place of residence on the construction of the link but also the predominant role of the "function of the odor" (food, cosmetics, industrial ...). The second intercultural study between France and Lebanon focused more specifically on the methodology used to carry out odor - color tests. Indeed, in the literature, two types of procedures are generally used: presentation of physical colors that the participant can see or absence of presentation of physical colors and the use of color names (blue, green, red, ...). The comparison of these two methods revealed an equally important effect between the procedure, the culture and the function of the odor on the odor-color association. The data also revealed that colors have the capacity of olfactory evocation. To better understand this phenomenon, we performed an fMRI study. This third study using fMRI showed that the olfactory evocation power of abstract color arrangements was different from that obtained from colored figurative visual representations. The cognitive processes involved in an olfactory evocation from colors arrangement, is more complex and multimodal involving olfactory, emotional, visio-spatial, language and memory processes. The final part of this Ph.D. examined how emotional evidenced by fMRI could interfere with the construction of the odor - color link. The study was carried out in France as well as in two rural and urban areas of Lebanon. The results showed that the affect associated with an odor influenced the odor-color link, but above all, that the preferential choice of certain affects was linked to the socioeconomic and cultural situation of the participant. This thesis is therefore a contribution to a better understanding of the link between odors and colors. It has demonstrated its complexity with a proven effect of the odor function in the country, the methodology used and the place of residence and socio-cultural level of the participant. However, it stresses the need for a multidisciplinary approach to understand even more precisely the whole workings
DULAY, MARIO FARIN JR. „ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF COGNITION AND COGNITIVE PROCESSING SPEED ON THREE TESTS OF OLFACTION“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1116274924.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNatalicio, Maria Angelica 1977. „Desenvolvimento e uso de testes olfatórios em estudos com portadores de epilepsia“. [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/254958.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
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Resumo: Testes sensoriais para a avaliação da função olfatória de indivíduos têm sido validados e utilizados em diagnósticos da população em geral, e em portadores de desordens cerebrais e pesquisas em neurociência em particular. No Brasil, testes para serem utilizados com segurança e eficiência para a avaliação da capacidade de identificação e discriminação de odores de indivíduos ainda não foram adequadamente desenvolvidos e validados. Assim, os objetivos da presente pesquisa foram: i) desenvolver, testar e validar testes de identificação e discriminação de odores para avaliar a função olfatória de indivíduos brasileiros, ii) avaliar a potencialidade das metodologias desenvolvidas para uso em pré-diagnóstico clínico de indivíduos da terceira idade e pacientes portadores de epilepsia, iii) verificar o desempenho, em portadores de epilepsia, de uma metodologia já validada e utilizada mundialmente para avaliar a capacidade de identificação de odores de indivíduos e, iv) avaliar em portadores de epilepsia, funções que são processadas por substratos neurais comuns à função olfatória, neste caso, a capacidade de reconhecimento de emoção facial e vocal. Para o teste de identificação de odores, foi desenvolvido um instrumento intitulado "Pastilhas de Odor¿ contendo em pastilhas individuais, 36 odores familiares aos brasileiros. Os odores foram caracterizados quanto à intensidade, aceitação, pungência, refrescância e familiaridade, sendo considerados adequados para comporem um teste de avaliação da função olfatória. A identificação dos odores de "Pastilhas de Odor¿ foi realizada através de um teste de múltipla escolha contendo quatro alternativas, das quais apenas uma é a correta. Para o desenvolvimento do teste de discriminação de odores, 24 voláteis odoríferos puros (P.A.), associados a 6 diferentes categorias de odor - doce, verde, frutal, cítrico, floral e desagradável - foram selecionados e diluídos em propilenoglicol. Com essas amostras, 36 testes de comparação pareada foram construídos, onde em cada categoria de odor, uma amostra alvo foi selecionada para ser comparada com as demais da mesma categoria. O desempenho de cada indivíduo neste teste é analisado utilizando-se a teoria "signaldetection¿, através dos seguintes parâmetros: taxa de acertos (HR), taxa de falsos alarmes (FR), poder discriminativo (d¿L) e vício de resposta (CL). Os dois testes desenvolvidos - "Pastilhas de Odor¿ e teste de discriminação - foram validados com a participação de três grupos de indivíduos: grupo controle, grupo da terceira idade e grupo de indivíduos portadores de epilepsia do lobo temporal (ELT). A capacidade de identificação de odores, de pacientes norte-americanos portadores de ELT foi também avaliada, utilizando-se com esse fim, o teste já validado, denominado "University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test¿ (UPSIT), o qual consiste em um teste de múltipla escolha, composto por 40 estímulos odoríferos microencapsulados. Adicionalmente, avaliou-se nesses pacientes, a capacidade de reconhecimento de emoção facial e vocal, utilizando-se uma nova ferramenta intitulada "Comprehensive Affect Testing System¿ (CATS). Com relação à capacidade de identificação de odores dos indivíduos brasileiros, os resultados obtidos através do teste "Pastilhas de Odor¿ revelaram significância estatística tanto para o efeito "sexo¿ (p=0,0003), como para o efeito "idade¿ (p<0,001). O teste também permitiu identificar que os portadores de ELT, sem cirurgia e após ressecção do lobo temporal, apresentavam menor capacidade de identificação de odores comparativamente ao grupo controle (p= 0,05); este mesmo resultado foi observado ao aplicar o UPSIT em portadores de ELT norte-americanos, antes e após os mesmos terem sido submetidos à mencionada cirurgia. O teste "Pastilhas de Odor¿ mostrou ser de fácil manuseio e aplicação em indivíduos adultos, apresentou alto coeficiente de confiabilidade no teste-reteste (r=0,87, p<0,001) e suas pastilhas apresentaram boa estabilidade ao armazenamento durante 3 meses. Por sua vez, os dados obtidos através do teste de discriminação de odores identificaram que tanto o grupo da terceira idade como o dos portadores de ELT apresentaram poder discriminativo e taxa de acertos inferiores (p=0.05) aos indivíduos do grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos pela aplicação do teste CATS em indivíduos norte-americanos, revelaram que pacientes ELT tanto pré- como póscirúrgicos apresentaram menor reconhecimento de emoção facial e vocal quando comparados com o grupo controle, principalmente para as emoções negativas. O fato dos testes "Pastilhas de Odor¿ e de discriminação de odores desenvolvidos na presente pesquisa terem detectado deficiência olfatória nos indivíduos brasileiros da terceira idade e portadores de epilepsia, constrói validade para a utilização dos mesmos em diagnósticos clínicos associados a essas populações
Abstract: Sensory tests to evaluate olfactory function have been validated and used in the diagnosis of subjects, mainly in brain disorders patients, and in the neuroscience research. In Brazil, reliable tests of odor discrimination and identification have not been appropriately developed and validated. The aims of the present study were: i) to develop, test and validate odor discrimination and identification tests to assess olfactory function of Brazilian population; ii) to evaluate the methodologies performance in the diagnosis of elderly subjects and epilepsy patients. For odor identification test, the developed instrument was entitled "Odor Tablets¿, with 36 different odors familiar to Brazilians; to verify the performance in patients with epilepsy, a methodology previously validated and used worldwide to evaluate the ability to identify odors of individuals, and iv) to evaluate in patients with epilepsy, functions that are processed by common neural substrates for olfactory function, in this case, the ability of recognition of voice and facial emotion. Odors were rated as to their intensity, pleasantness, pungency, coolness and familiarity and they were considered suitable for composing a test to assess olfactory function. "Odor Tablets¿ proceeded through multiple-choice test with four alternatives which only one was correct. For the development of odor discrimination test, 24 pure odorants, associated with six different odor categories ¿ sweet, green, fruity, citric, floral and unpleasant - were selected and diluted in propylene glycol. With these samples, 36 paired comparison tests were constructed, where in each odor category, a target sample was selected to be compared with the others in the same category. The participant¿s performance in the odor discrimination test was analyzed using the "signal-detection" theory through the following parameters: hit rate (HR), false-alarm rate (FR), discrimination measurement (d 'L) and bias response (CL). Both tests, "Odor Tablets¿ and odor discrimination test, were validated with three groups of subjects: control group, elderly group and temporal lobe epilepsy patients group (TLE). The ability to identify odors from North American TLE patients was also measured, using for this purpose, the validated test "University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test" (UPSIT), a multiple choice test consisting of 40 microencapsulated odor stimuli. In addition, the ability of recognition of voice and facial emotion of TLE patients were evaluated using a new tool entitled "Comprehensive Affect Testing System" (CATS). For the subject¿s ability to identify odors, there were significant differences for gender (p=0.0003) and age (p<0.001). Also, for this test, the results showed that pre- and postsurgery epilepsy patients presented lower performance than the control group (p= 0.05); This same result was observed when applying the UPSIT in American TLE patients before and after surgery. "Odor Tablets¿ proved to be easy to administer in adult subjects, showed a high coefficient of the test-retest reliability (r = 0.87, p<0.001), and the tablets presented a storage stability for 3 months. The discrimination test results showed that elderly and epilepsy patient groups presented lower performance in the discrimination measurement and hit rate parameters than the control group. The results obtained using the CATS test in American TLE patients revealed that both pre-and post-surgery showed deficits in the facial and vocal emotions when compared with the control group, especially for negative emotions. The fact that the "Odor Tablets¿ and the discrimination odor test developed in the present study had detected olfactory dysfunction in elderly subjects and epilepsy patients, provides their validity for use in the diagnoses of these population
Doutorado
Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos
Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição
Heyanka, Daniel. „Lateralized and Overall Olfactory Identification Ability in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease“. NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/38.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBastos, Laís Orrico Donnabella 1987. „Adaptação do teste de olfato Sniffin' Sticks para uma população pediátrica brasileira“. [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/312790.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: A olfação encontra-se comprometida em várias doenças neurodegenerativas no adulto, mas os conhecimentos sobre perda olfativa em crianças são escassos. O teste de 16 odores do Sniffin' Sticks (SS16) é um dos mais utilizados mundialmente para testagem de identificação de cheiros, e já foi validado para adultos no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma adaptação do SS16 para a população infantil do Brasil e observar a influência de idade, sexo, rinite, nível socioeconômico e aspectos cognitivos sobre a performance no teste. Adaptações foram realizadas no teste para torná-lo mais familiar ao universo infantil, criando uma versão chamada SS16-Child. Além disso, um teste de identificação de figuras (PIT-SS16-Child) foi utilizado para avaliar aspectos cognitivos relacionados ao SS16-Child, como reconhecimento de figuras, nomeação e familiaridade com os 16 itens do teste. A versão final do teste foi então aplicada em 51 crianças, com idade média de 9.9 anos (variação 3-18 anos, desvio padrão= 4.25). Os dados demonstraram que os 16 odores foram facilmente identificados por crianças acima de 10 anos, e que mesmo para crianças pré-escolares (abaixo de 6 anos), pelo menos 5 itens foram altamente reconhecíveis (acima de 75% de reconhecimento). Não foi demonstrado efeito de sexo, rinite e nível socioeconômico sobre o teste de olfato. Os dados mostraram uma forte associação entre idade e performance no SS16-Child (r²=0.426, p<0.001), além de uma forte associação entre o idade e o resultado do PIT-SS16-Child (r2=0.436, p<0.001), que por sua vez também está associado com o desempenho no SS16-Child (p<0.001, r²=0.741). Análises multivariadas mostraram que o efeito da idade (p<0.05; B=0.171) e desempenho no PIT-SS16-Child (p<0.001; B=1.57) foram independentes quando ajustados estatisticamente um para o outro. Concluímos que o SS16-Child pode ser utilizado com adaptações para a população pediátrica brasileira, e que a interpretação dos resultados deve levar em consideração a idade do sujeito, e também seu desempenho no PIT-SS16-Child
Abstract: Olfaction is impaired in several neurodegenerative diseases in adults, but knowledge about olfactory loss in children is scarce. The 16 odors Sniffin' Sticks test (SS16) is the most widely used test of smell identification worldwide, and has been validated for adults in Brazil. The objective of this study was to adapt the SS16 to the pediatric population in Brazil and to study the influence of age, sex, rhinitis, socioeconomic status and cognitive performance on the test. Adjustments were made in the test to make it more familiar to the child's universe, creating a version called SS16-Child. In addition, a picture identification test (PIT-Child-SS16) was used to evaluate the cognitive aspects involved, including recognition of figures, naming and familiarity with 16 test items. The final version of the test was then applied in 51 children with a mean age of 9.9 years (range 3-18 years, standard deviation= 4.25). The data showed that the 16 odors were easily identified by children over 10 years, and even for preschool children (under 6 years) at least 5 items were highly recognizable (over 75% recognition). No effects of sex, rhinitis and socioeconomic status on the smell test were observed. The data showed a strong association between age and performance in SS16-Child (r²=0.426, p<0.001), and a strong association between age and the result of the PIT-SS16-Child (r2=0.436, p<0.001), which in turn was also associated with performance on the SS16-Child (p<0.001, r²=0.741). Multivariate analysis showed that the effect of age (p<0.05; B=0.171) and performance in the PIT-SS16-Child (p<0.001; B=1.57) were statistically independent when adjusted to one another. We conclude that the SS16-Child can be used with adaptations for the Brazilian pediatric population, and the interpretation of results must take into account the age of the subject, and also their performance in the PIT-SS16-Child
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestra em Ciências Médicas
Bryche, Bertrand. „Caractérisation des défenses immunitaires de la muqueuse olfactive, porte d’entrée de virus vers le système nerveux central“. Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA024.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe central nervous system is sheltered from the environment thanks to cranial bones and the blood brain barrier. Some parts of these barriers are weaker, especially around olfactory nerves originating from olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal cavity. These neurons detect odorants and their axons cross the cribriform plate to project directly into the brain at the level of the olfactory bulbs. The cribriform plate is a thin and perforated area of the cranial bones allowing the crossing of the olfactory nerves. This “olfactory pathway” constitutes a privileged entry site for viruses toward the central nervous system. Hence, the olfactory mucosa represents a particularly sensitive area for the immune system. While the olfactory mucosa is known to produce various anti-microbial compounds, the described molecular and cellular mechanism of immune system defenses against viruses remains sparse.The interleukin 17c (IL-17c) is known as an innate immunity response actor in the respiratory epithelium. While its receptors are expressed in the olfactory mucosa, its role in this tissue was unknown. We found that IL-17c is involved in olfactory mucosa responses to Poly(I:C) mimicking virus presence. We observed that nasal instillation of IL-17c accelerated the olfactory mucosa turn-over and induced its infiltration by immune cells. In attempt to characterize the role of IL-17c in a real viral context, we started to focus on the impact of two viruses of the respiratory tract: influenza and the respiratory syncytial virus. We observed that both viruses could effectively infect olfactory sensory neurons but with a higher virus load for influenza. Indeed, at similar doses, influenza induced important damages in the olfactory mucosa but was not present, indicating that influenza virus is very effectively and rapidly eliminated from the olfactory mucosa. By focusing on the elimination processes of infected olfactory sensory neurons, we identified a novel early anti-viral mechanism based on elastase, an enzyme previously described as secreted by neutrophils, main actors of the innate immunity system.Overall, my PhD results provide new insights on the immune defenses present in the olfactory mucosa against respiratory viruses and could bring new perspectives in the control of virus infecting the central nervous system
Sörensen, Ida. „Meerkats (Suricata suricatta) are able to detect hidden food using olfactory cues“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151238.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFornazieri, Marco Aurelio. „Validação do teste de identificação do olfato da Universidade da Pensilvânia (UPSIT) para Brasileiros“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5143/tde-10032014-090524/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: Despite the fundamental importance of olfaction to assess the flavors of food, perception of gas leakage and fire, its clinical evaluation is not yet standardized in Brazil. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test of the (UPSIT) is a test used worldwide and considered by many as the gold standard of olfactory assessment. Originally in English, it has been translated into more than 12 languages. This study aimed to validate the UPSIT for another culture in a novel form. The portuguese version of UPSIT Portuguese version was validated for the Brazilian population and normative tables were prepared to compare the score obtained by sex and age of the individual. Secondarily, we sought the predictors of a better score on the test. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted from December 2011 to August 2012. The sample used was a non-probabilistic by quotas and consisted of individuals present in a public service institution (Poupatempo São Paulo), consecutively, without olfactory complaints on exam day. We determined the quota of 60 Brazilians in each age group for each sex, as follows: 20-24, 25-30, 31-34, 35-40, 41-44, 45-50, 50-54, 55 -59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and >= 80 years. After answering a questionnaire about demographics and inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 782 males and 796 females did the UPSIT. In patients aged over 65 years was held the Mini Mental State Examination and excluded those patients with a score less than 24 points for the possibility of dementia. The version of the UPSIT applied in this study was the result of two previous studies to enhance the applicability of this test for the Brazilian population. RESULTS: 1820 volunteers participated in the study, 1578 were included in the normative tables. 242 were excluded on the day of the interview for being with upper airway infection, having an history of head trauma, complaining of smell or taste losses and a score below 24 on the Mini Mental State Examination. It was found that among the 1578 subjects analyzed, the UPSIT scores ranged from 9 to 40, yielding a mean score of 32.1 (SD: 5.3) and a median 33. By univariate analysis (p < 0.01) and multivariate analysis - multiple linear regression-(p < 0.05), it was observed that the age, sex, years of schooling and family monthly income influenced the test scores. CONCLUSIONS: UPSIT is now validated for use in the Brazilian population. Normative tables for olfactory assessment and a fast way to obtain them were demonstrated. Correction factors are needed for a perfect equivalence between norms of all continents, using as gold standard norms of the country where the original version of the test was developed. Worse economic and educational status interfered negatively in olfactory performance
FIGUEIREDO, Ana Virgínia Pedrosa. „Comparação estatística de performance de métodos de redes neurais para sistema de olfação biológica“. Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4478.
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One of the human senses that has several aspects get to be elucidated is the olfactory sense. Therefore, many scientists have been studying this sense in order to better understand how does the information processing happens until the brain recognize it. There were lots of theories regarding olfactory system functioning, in which its authors try to explain how the reception, the analysis and the odor detection occur. Many people still use their own noses as a working tool. In this kind of job, people are trained to inhale and detect different odors. It is considered as an exhausting and risky job for those professional that, for example, could inhale toxics gases. In order to solve this problem, many systems that try to simulate a biological nose were developed. These systems are known as artificial noses. An artificial nose is an equipment composed of sensors and a pattern recognition system. The sensors are responsible for detecting odor signs from the external environment. The pattern recognition system is used to classify the signs sent by sensors and to provide a result from these signs.In the present work, artificial neural network techniques were used for the patternrecognition process, once these techniques are non-parametric and usually nonlinear. The usage of artificial neural networks as an odor recognition system has been quite advantageous. These networks are capable of working with non-linear data and also have an adaptation capability, they are tolerant to errors and noise, and have parallel processing. MLP, RBF e PNN were used in the development of an odor recognizing system based on a biologic system model and its results were compared, using the Wilcoxon test on the respective network models without the adaptation to the biologic model.
Um dos sentidos humanos que apresenta vários aspectos que ainda precisam ser elucidados é o sentido do olfato. Para isto muitos pesquisadores vêm estudando este sentido para melhor entender como ocorre o processamento das informações até a etapa de reconhecimento feita pelo cérebro. Desses estudos muitas foram as teorias propostas sobre o funcionamento do sistema olfativo, onde seus autores procuram esclarecer como ocorre a recepção, análise e detecção do odor. Muitas pessoas ainda têm como ferramenta de trabalho seus próprios narizes. Nesse tipo de trabalho pessoas são treinadas para inalar e detectar odores. Esse trabalho é considerado exaustivo e de risco para o profissional que, por exemplo, pode vir a inalar gases tóxicos. Para solucionar esse problema foram criados sistemas que simulam o nariz biológico. Esses sistemas são chamados de narizes artificiais. O nariz artificial é um equipamento formado por sensores e um sistema de reconhecimento de padrões. Os sensores são responsáveis por captar do meioexterno os sinais de odor. O sistema de reconhecimento de padrões é utilizado para classificar os sinais enviados pelos sensores e apresentar um resultado. No presente trabalho, foram utilizadas as técnicas de redes neurais artificiais para o reconhecimento de padrões. Pois essas técnicas são não-paramétricas e geralmente são não-lineares. A utilização de redes neurais artificiais como sistema de reconhecimento de odor tem sido bastante vantajosa. Elas têm a capacidade de trabalhar com dados não-lineares, possuem capacidade de adaptação, são tolerantes a erros e a ruídos e também possuem processamento paralelo. Foram utilizadas as redes MLP, RBF e PNN para o desenvolvimento de um sistema de reconhecimento de odor baseado em um modelo do sistema olfativo biológico e seus resultados foram comparados, utilizando o teste de Wilcoxon, com os respectivos modelos de redes sem a adaptação ao modelo biológico.
Daucé, Bruno. „La diffusion de senteurs d'ambiance dans un lieu commercial : intérêts et tests des effets sur le comportement“. Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600735.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAlmeida, Kelson James Silva de. „Ultrassonografia transcraniana combinada a teste de olfação comparados à imagem molecular com TRODAT para diagnóstico da doença de Parkinson“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5138/tde-06022017-083447/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleINTRODUCTION: Diagnosing Parkinson\'s disease (PD) can be challenging, especially in the early stages of the disease. An accurate diagnosis requires more than clinical findings alone. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and transcranial sonography (TCS) are helpful for diagnosing PD and differentiating it from atypical parkinsonian syndromes as well as essential tremor. This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of TCS combined with the Sniffin\' sticks olfactory test (SST-16) for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls compared to that of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT (TRODAT). METHODS: A cross-sectional study included PD patients diagnosed in accordance with United Kingdom PD Society Brain Bank criteria and a control group of age and sex-matched healthy subjects. All patients were examined by a movement disorder specialist and underwent brain SPECT using TRODAT, TCS examination and SST-16 test. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to calculate cut-off points for TCS, Striatal TRODAT binding potentials and SST-16. The area under the ROC curve determined the accuracy of the method. RESULTS: Twenty patients with PD (13 males and 7 females) and nine healthy subjects were included. Median age of PD onset was 56.5 years with median disease duration of 5 years. A larger substantia nigra (SN) echogenic area was observed in the PD group (p=0.013). SN echogenic area cut-off point of 0.22 cm2 was obtained from a ROC curve for PD diagnosis. Considering this cut-off point, TCS accuracy was estimated at 79.2% for PD diagnosis. The cut-off value of 0.90 for striatal TRODAT binding was associated with 99% accuracy for the diagnosis of PD. SST-16 values equal or greater than 10 points showed a 85.8% accuracy for PD diagnosis. Combination of both SST-16 and TCS improved the accuracy to 95% for PD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Combined assessment of SST-16 and TCS are reliable and highly accurate for distinguishing PD patients from healthy controls. The accuracy of TCS combined with SST-16 for differentiation between idiopathic PD patients and healthy controls is similar to that of SPECT TRODAT
Schriever, Valentin Alexander, Penfei Han, Stefanie Weise, Franziska Hösel, Robert Pellegrino und Thomas Hummel. „Time frequency analysis of olfactory induced EEG-power change“. Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-230994.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBukajumbe, Emmanuel Michael Mukinda. „Olfaction, the Olfactory ‘Stress’ Test and cognition in community dwelling elders“. Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1435575.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleABSTRACT: Purpose (Aims): To determine 1) if there is an association of the Olfactory ‘Stress’ Test (OST) or conventional olfaction with cognition; 2) if baseline olfactory scores and the OST predict a change in cognition (CC); 3) if the relationship between cognition and the OST (or conventional olfaction) is influenced by brain reserve or cognitive reserve measures; and 4) if performance on the OST (or conventional olfaction) is associated with subjective memory complaints. Methods: The OST study included two phases: I (baseline, mixed clinical trial and cross-sectional study) including 295 community-dwelling elderly Australians and II (follow-up on average of 4.018 years later). Olfaction was assessed using the University Of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The OST result (atropine effect, AE) is the score on the second 20-odor set of the UPSIT (post-intranasal atropine) minus that on the first 20-odor set (pre-intranasal atropine (preup)). Conventional olfaction included preup and hyposmia rating scale (HRS). Cognitive measures included the Audio Recorded Cognitive Screen and Standardized Mini-Mental Status Examination; CC is (phase II minus phase I) cognitive scores. Main algorithms and/or statistical methods used: Objectives 1 and 2 – linear and logistic regression, propensity score analysis; objective 3 – linear regression; and objective 4 – linear and logistic regression. Other methods and/or algorithms used include K-Means clustering, K-Nearest Neighbor classification, naïve Bayes and decision tree analysis. Results: The higher the preup, but the lower the AE and HRS, the higher the cognition was. AE < 0 (cholin = 0) was associated with higher phase I and II OST study cognitive scores than AE ≥ 0 (cholin = 1). Education level modifies the association of cholin, preup-75 and modified UPSIT classes (MC) with cognition. Clusters of AE or preup with ARCS scores have stronger associations with cognition than either AE or preup alone. Preup and cholin are associated with a single question history of memory loss (SML). History of depression modifies the association of cholin with SML. Conclusion: Conventional olfaction and cholin are predictors of CC. The OST (through cholin) is a potential biomarker for underlying AD, cholinergic neurodegeneration and SML pathology.
Cerqueira, Liliana. „Criação e teste de uma identidade olfactiva para o Hotel Moliceiro“. Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/6775.
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