Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Older people – Protection“
Geben Sie eine Quelle nach APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard und anderen Zitierweisen an
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Machen Sie sich mit den Listen der aktuellen Artikel, Bücher, Dissertationen, Berichten und anderer wissenschaftlichen Quellen zum Thema "Older people – Protection" bekannt.
Neben jedem Werk im Literaturverzeichnis ist die Option "Zur Bibliographie hinzufügen" verfügbar. Nutzen Sie sie, wird Ihre bibliographische Angabe des gewählten Werkes nach der nötigen Zitierweise (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver usw.) automatisch gestaltet.
Sie können auch den vollen Text der wissenschaftlichen Publikation im PDF-Format herunterladen und eine Online-Annotation der Arbeit lesen, wenn die relevanten Parameter in den Metadaten verfügbar sind.
Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
While, Alison. „Like children, older people deserve protection“. British Journal of Community Nursing 12, Nr. 7 (Juli 2007): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2007.12.7.23827.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
2
McDonald, Tracey. „Nurse advocacy and protection of older people“. International Nursing Review 65, Nr. 1 (15.02.2018): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/inr.12446.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
3
Bradley, Greta, und Bridget Penhale. „Comparative European module: protection of vulnerable older people“. Journal of Adult Protection 2, Nr. 4 (November 2000): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14668203200000027.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
4
Barafi, Jamal, und Zeyad Jaffal. „Towards an Effective Legal Protection for Older Persons in the 21st Century: A Comparative Study of International Human Rights Law and Arab Constitutions“. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 7, Nr. 1 (01.12.2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-7.1-a000106.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Background: This study explores legal protections for older people in the 21st century, particularly in the contexts of international human rights laws and Arabic constitutions. While international human rights systems afford implicit protections for senior citizens, the international legal framework is inadequate for addressing their specific rights and challenges. While Arabic constitutions often include general provisions protecting the rights of citizens, they do not explicitly address the rights and legal protection of older people. Methods: This study aims to confront this gap by examining legal frameworks that protect the rights of senior citizens in both international human rights law and Arabic constitutions. Results and Conclusions: The lack of a universally accepted definition for the term ‘older person’ poses a challenge when studying that demographic, as they are a highly heterogeneous group. In a rapidly ageing world, it is essential to develop legal frameworks that specifically address the rights of older people to ensure their dignity and well-being.
5
Predybailo, A. I. „International protection of older persons during armed conflicts“. Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, Nr. 5 (30.12.2022): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.05.80.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In the article is was analyzed the provisions of international humanitarian law (Convention (IV) relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war (1949), Commentary on the Convention (1958) etc.) regarding the protection of the older people It is noted that international humanitarian law provides protection to the older people as members of the civilian population, because it is not based on categories of persons and protects all persons who do not take part in hostilities. It is indicated that the provisions of the Convention (IV) relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war (1949) contain norms that directly affect the older people, in particular, regarding the creation of sanitary and safe zones and areas that make it possible to protect the older people from the consequences of the war; conclusion of local agreements on evacuation from besieged or surrounded areas, including the older people. Emphasis is placed on the question of determining the specific age of the older people, and it is noted that in the commentary to the Fourth Convention, the Conference refrained from defining a specific age, preferring to leave this issue to the discretion of governments. Attention is paid to the issue of violations of the rights of the older people during armed conflicts (pushing elderly people who could not run back into burning houses; cruel treatment during departure or in camps for displaced persons; problems with registration and receiving humanitarian aid; execution of older people etc.). It is noted that older people who have become victims of armed conflicts in many parts of the world face serious problems and obstacles. Factors affecting the vulnerability of older people during armed conflicts are outlined (being in war zones due to the inability to evacuate or protect family property; limited mobility; isolation; loss of contact with family etc.). Attention is focused on the problems in this area. Appropriate conclusions are drawn.
6
Abdurakhmanova, M., M. Mullajonov und F. Egamberdiyev. „SOCIAL SECURITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION OF OLDER PERSONS AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL“. Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, Nr. 06 (01.06.2022): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-03-21.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article scientifically investigates the problem of social security and social protection of the elderly at the international level. At the same time, the system of social security and social protection of elderly people around the world was studied.
7
Galpin, Diane. „Policy and the protection of older people from abuse“. Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law 32, Nr. 3 (September 2010): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09649069.2010.520518.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
8
Segal, Michal, Sagit Mor und Israel (Issi) Doron. „The Judicial Construction of Older Consumers’ Rights: A Qualitative Case-Law Analysis“. Canadian Journal of Law and Society / Revue Canadienne Droit et Société 36, Nr. 1 (22.02.2021): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cls.2020.36.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractCourts conceptualize and construct the phenomenon of consumer rights violations against older people in different ways. This qualitative analysis of court decisions explores the meanings that Israeli courts have attributed to the fact that the victim was an older consumer. Specific objectives include determining whether existing consumer protections for older consumers are effective, how the relevant provisions of consumer protection law are expressed in application of case law, and how courts structure the issue in their rulings. Analysis has revealed a tension between two judicial approaches: assumption of older consumers as inherently vulnerable and meriting special-class protection, versus application of general consumer protection law attending to actual plaintiffs’ or defendants’ characteristics. Critical reading of the judgments leads to construction and suggestion of a tiered approach to adjudicating consumer protection cases that protects the vulnerable older consumer without falling into a trap of unwarranted ageism.
9
LLOYD-SHERLOCK, PETER. „Formal Social Protection for Older People in Developing Countries: Three Different Approaches“. Journal of Social Policy 31, Nr. 4 (Oktober 2002): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006803.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The paper examines social protection for older people in three middle-income countries: Argentina, Thailand and South Africa. It focuses on income support, health services and the provision of care, as well as considering the effects of these policies on social exclusion. The paper locates each country's different social protection programmes within a broader welfare regime model. It finds an interesting variety of approaches to pension and health provision, which range from generous universalism to minimal means-testing. However, it finds much less innovation in areas such as long-term care and intermediary services. The paper challenges generalisations about old age social protection in developing countries, and argues that the different experiences of these three countries could provide useful lessons for social protection in many parts of the world.
10
Tauenov, K. E., und Т. Т. Espenova. „OLDER PEOPLE IN KAZAKHSTAN AND THEIR PLACE IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY“. BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 69, Nr. 1 (15.03.2020): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-1.1728-8940.27.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The article is devoted to the disclosure of the concept of "older people" accepted in the world and in Kazakhstan, determining their place in society. Older people are one of the main social problems in the country. Older people should take an important place in the structure of society. To do this, society, health and social protection agencies must implement systematic, rather than one-time, support measures for older people.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
Quinn-Butler, Rosalind M. „The case for special protection for older people in international law“. Thesis, Swansea University, 2018. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa43238.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The thesis makes the case for special protection of older people in international human rights law. This begins with an approach to human rights combining concepts of Human Dignity and Vulnerability. An interdependent relationship is identified, promoting grounds for both to underpin human rights. From this, a vulnerability framework is devised directing findings of research into the “vulnerability position” of older people, and examination of existing international rights. The overarching theme is the fulfilment of interests of older people in human rights. Such interests are examined using principles of Interest Theory. Research method into threats to dignity and related vulnerabilities comprises Theories of Ageing and lived experiences. The findings assist in identification of older people as a vulnerable group, predominantly by reference to academic literature, standards defined by the European Court of Human Rights, and the vulnerabilities framework. The central hypothesis is the potential inadequacy of the existing international framework of human rights to protect the inherent dignity and vulnerable position of older people. Existing international human rights are examined from normative and implementation perspectives. Normative results are discussed and recorded in relation to the vulnerability framework. These results are also employed, using a modified version of the Capabilities Approach, to create a unique listing of Fundamental Capabilities to underpin normative content and capabilities outcomes. Aimed at fulfilling interests of older people in human rights, the listing grounds the examination of implementation of the existing rights construct, and directs indicators of special protection rights. The outcome of all research proves a need for special protection of older people in international human rights. Therefore, progress by the UN OEWG1 is surveyed; the result demonstrating a preference for improved implementation of the existing international framework. To date, the position of older people in international human rights has stagnated in OEWG discussions.
2
Jones, Tony Schumacher. „On rights, duties and vulnerability assessing the role of human rights in the care and protection of vulnerable people /“. Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20041028.115108/index.html.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
3
Kolacz, Kimberly S. „Analysis of Elder Abuse and Ohio's Adult Protective Law in Trumbull County“. Connect to online version at OhioLINK ETD Connect to online version at Digital.Maag, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1989/4794.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
4
LoCoco, Joseph Kenneth, und Christy Anne Herff. „Structured decision making in adult protective services“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3242.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The focus of this research project was to evaluate individual stakeholder perceptions of the implementation of Structured Decision Making (SDM) as a tool in risk assessment of elder abuse/neglect case referrals in Riverside County Adult Protective Services (APS). The researchers interviewed ten social workers from Riverside County APS, from line workers up to Deputy Director. Constructivist theory was used to develop a joint construct which indicated that the primary benefit of SDM was consistency. Consistency resulted in safety and proctection of the client, social worker and the agency.
5
Abutalebi, Jubin. „The neuro-protective effects of bilingualism in aging populations“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211128.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Culture, education and of other forms of acquired capacities act on individual differences in skill to shape how individuals perform cognitive tasks such as attentional and executive control. Of interest, the use of more than one language (bilingualism) also appears to be a factor that shapes individual performance on tests of cognitive functioning. Indeed, researchers have shown that a bilingual can have better attention and executive control capacities than monolingual speakers and this is argued to be due the ability to inhibit one language while using another. Beyond behavioral differences, bilingualism seems to affect brain structure as well. Recent evidence also shows bilinguals develop more gray matter in crucial brain areas responsible for executive control, hence, providing a neurological basis for why bilinguals outperform monolinguals on many attentional control tasks. It has been postulated that this cognitive advantage offers protection to bilinguals against cognitive decline in aging. Bilingualism affords a cognitive reserve in the form of a set of skills that allows some people to cope with cognitive decline such as mild cognitive decline or Alzheimer's disease better than others.
The primary aim of the studies here performed was to investigate if and how the bilingual brain becomes more resistant to cognitive decline. Three combined comparative behavioral and structural neuroimaging studies were carried out in bilingual and monolingual seniors. The overall results show a rather interesting pattern of findings that may be summarized as follows: if well matched for demographic and behavioral variables such as age, socio-economic status, education, and global cognitive functioning, bilinguals have generally increased gray matter densities as compared to monolinguals in those brain areas that are known to be more affected by physiological aging such as the orbitofrontal cortex, the temporal poles and parietal lobules, and in areas involved in cognitive control such as the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Increased gray matter in these latter areas also correlates with the superior performance of bilinguals on executive control tasks. Interestingly, in order to keep such a neural benefit (i.e. increased gray matter density) the degree of proficiency of the second language has to be relatively high and bilinguals have to be constantly exposed to their second language. Finally, specifically for the aging population, age of second language acquisition has no major role in determining putative neural differences. Any putative neural differences between bilingual speakers are determined by factors such as the degree of proficiency and exposure to a second language.
In conclusion, as thoroughly investigated here, bilingualism represents a neural reserve for healthy aging. However, the benefits are most prominent when second language proficiency and exposure are kept high.published_or_final_version
Education
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
6
Powell, Sharon L. (Sharon Leigh). „Elder Abuse: A Multi-Case Study“. Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331213/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This descriptive study with quantitative aspects examined the phenomenon of elder abuse through the systematic review of 60 cases of elder abuse. Cases were randomly selected from the files of an Adult Protective Services agency in the North Central Texas area. Research questions examined the characteristics of the victims and abusers, types and duration of abuse, descriptions of abusive situations, the reporting and verification of abuse, case management strategies utilized by caseworkers, and the consequences of those strategies. The results of this study point to the probability of the elderly abuse victim being 75 years of age or older, female, white, and widowed. There did appear to be some connection between race and type of abuse with white victims more likely to experience physical and financial abuse. Approximately half of the elderly abuse victims had severe limitations in physical and/or mental functioning leading to some degree of dependence upon their abusers. However, eighty percent of the elderly victims resided in their own homes and half of these individuals were functionally independent. This study provided descriptions of the various types of abuse that were observed: physical, financial, emotional, passive neglect, and active neglect. Financial abuse was noted most frequently, and multiple types of abuse were noted in most cases with the combination of physical, financial, and emotional abuse being observed most frequently. Fifteen different categories of case management strategies were examined, averaging four different assistance strategies per case. Legal services appeared to be the most often refused form of assistance. This study also found no evidence that those who abuse the elderly are being prosecuted.
7
Peel, Nancye M. „The protective effect of healthy ageing on the risk of fall-related hip fracture injury in older people /“. [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19388.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
8
Brown, Susan Lee. „Client outcomes in the adult protective service system“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1736.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
This study examined the outcomes that clients are experiencing with the Adult Protective Services System in the County of San Bernardino. The study was exploratory and discriptive. Data were extracted from closed case records from the period of September 1, 1999 until August 31, 2000.
9
Parrella, Theresa Angela. „Outcome measures in adult protective services interventions“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2138.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
With the aging of the baby boomers there is a concern for the liklihood of an increase in reported cases of adult and dependent abuse with Adult Protective Services (APS). This study examined what the social work implications were regarding clients who refuse APS interventions and what subsequent outcomes existed. Data was extracted from closed case files for the period of January 1, 2000 and January 31, 2001 in the high desert region of San Bernardino County.
10
Anderson, Karen Ann, und Ann Watschke-Dixon. „Dementia and elder abuse in domestic settings“. CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2241.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
America's growing elder population affects every segment of the social, political and economic landscape. This population has generated public concern and debate reagarding the problems faced by this often-vulnerable group, including the issue of elder abuse. This research project examined associations between dementia and elder abuse in domestic settings utilizing secondary data obtained from Adult Protective Services of San Bernardino County.
Bücher zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
United States. Administration on Aging, Hrsg. Elder shelter protection project. [Washington, D.C.]: Administration on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
2
United States. Administration on Aging., Hrsg. Elder shelter protection project. [Washington, D.C.]: Administration on Aging, Department of Health and Human Services, 1997.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
3
Task Force for the Protection of Older Pennsylvanians. Task Force for the Protection of Older Pennsylvanians. [Harrisburg, Pa.?]: The Office, 1998.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
4
Massachusetts. Division of Health Care Quality. Advocacy Office. Know your rights: Protection for Medicare hospital patients. Boston, MA: Advocacy Office, Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health, 1989.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
5
Shell, Donna J. Protection of the elderly: A study of elder abuse, 1982. Winnipeg, Man: Manitoba Association on Gerontology, 1989.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
6
Umchumanisi Link Action Research Network. und CANGO (Organization :. Swaziland), Hrsg. Social protection of the elderly in Swaziland: A research report. Mbabane, Swaziland: CANGO, 2003.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
7
Shidōka, Tokyo (Japan) Kakaku Ryūtsūbu Torihiki. Kōreisha torihiki ni okeru higai no jittai chōsa hōkokusho. Tōkyō: Tōkyō-to Seikatsu Bunkakyoku Kakaku Ryūtsūbu, 1993.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
8
Commission, Manitoba Law Reform, Hrsg. Discussion paper on elder abuse and adult protection. Winnipeg, MB, Canada: The Commission, 1998.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
9
Françoise, Cribier, Feller Élise, France. Comité d'histoire de la sécurité sociale. und Association pour l'étude de l'histoire de la Sécurité sociale (France), Hrsg. Regards croisés sur la protection sociale de la vieillesse. Paris: Comité d'histoire de la sécurité sociale, 2005.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle finden
10
North Carolina Housing Finance Agency und United States. Administration on Aging, Hrsg. Elderly Housing Rights and Consumer Protection Program: Final report. Raleigh, NC (3801 Lake Boone Trail, Ste. 200, Raleigh 27607): North Carolina Housing Finance Agency, 1996.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
Martin, Claudia, Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon und Bethany Brown. „Africa: Regional Standards on the Protection of the Rights of Older Persons“. In Human Rights of Older People, 307–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7185-6_5.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
2
Doron, Israel, Bethany Brown und Susan B. Somers. „International Protection for the Human Rights of Older People: History and Future Prospects“. In Ageism and Mistreatment of Older Workers, 165–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5521-5_10.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
3
Keating, Norah, und Maria Cheshire-Allen. „Introduction: Policy to Reduce Late-Life Social Exclusion – From Aspirations to Action“. In International Perspectives on Aging, 353–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_27.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThis chapter, as with others in this section, was written prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and to the ways in which it placed older persons’ vulnerability to social exclusion in stark relief. Early in the pandemic we saw swift policy action focussed on older persons. In some countries, people over age 70 were held to stricter rules of self-isolation. In others, nursing homes were locked down. Such policies afford protection on one hand but remove agency on the other. COVID-19 highlighted the values stances that continue to place older people as conditional citizens.
4
Grigoryeva, Irina, Oksana Parfenova und Alexandra Dmitrieva. „Social Policy for Older People in the Post-Soviet Space: How Do Pension Systems and Social Services Influence Social Exclusion?“ In International Perspectives on Aging, 385–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_30.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThis chapter considers pension protection and social services in the post-Soviet space as forms of social policy that can protect older people from risks of social exclusion. We draw on the example of two countries, Russia and Ukraine, which share a common Soviet background. Until relatively recently, both countries held a similar position with regard to the pension protection and social security of old people. However, recent reforms in the area of pensions and social services have generated various possible ways for the development of both countries. In Ukraine, pension reform took place in 2017, and can be described as “softer” in comparison with the Russian version. Ukrainian reform does not involve raising the retirement age, but rather increases the length of service required to retire. Pension reform in Russia has been taking place before our eyes, in 2018–2019. It assumes a sharp rise in the retirement ages for men and women. In addition to addressing pension reform, the chapter considers in more detail social services for older people in Russia and Ukraine. In broad terms, the chapter seeks to answer the following question: How do modern pension reforms and the structure of social services in the post-Soviet space (for example, Russia and Ukraine) affect the social exclusion of older people?
5
Kucharczyk, Maciej. „Social Exclusion in Older-Age and the European Pillar of Social Rights“. In International Perspectives on Aging, 421–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_33.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe European Pillar of Social Rights is about delivering new and more effective rights for Europeans. It builds upon 20 key principles, structured around three categories: equal opportunities and access to the labour market; fair working conditions; and social protection and inclusion. Directly relevant to older people, the Pillar has the potential to address the multidimensionality of exclusion in later life from a rights-based perspective – for example, by enhancing the rights to quality and affordable health and long-term care, to adequate pensions to live in dignity, to age-friendly working conditions and an inclusive labour market, or to access goods and services. Despite these valuable elements, there remains significant uncertainly around how the Pillar will achieve this and what kind of implemental actions might emerge across member states. This chapter analyses the potential of the European Pillar to address social exclusion of older people in Europe, the challenges that might impede its efforts, and the measures necessary to overcome such challenges.
6
Xhumari, Merita Vaso. „Older Workers and Their Relations to the Labour Market in Albania“. In Older Workers and Labour Market Exclusion Processes, 77–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11272-0_5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractThe life course perspective is used in analysis of the older workers relations to the labour market in a societal context. Transition to the market economy of Albania has increased the vulnerability especially for two categories: the youngest, as the new entries into the labour market, and the oldest workers, who found it difficult to be adjusted to the labour market demand, after the failure of state enterprises, changes in working environments, social services, family, etc. The investigation of older workers in the labour market is focused on five dimensions: (1) the labour market structure and employment status of older workers; (2) the employment & VET policies; (3) the work-life balance with ageing; (4) health and (5) retirement.In the beginning of 1990s, the early retirement was the first policy intervention to cope with massive unemployment of older workers. Then, the parametric reforms of PAYG social insurance for increasing the retirement ages and the insurance period have had an impact on extending the working life of older workers of 10 years until 2018. However, the replacement rate was lowering from 74.2% in 1990, to 56% in 1993 when reform started, to further 41% in 2018 which impose pensioners to continue working or delaying the retirement. The increased youth unemployment, atypical and informal employment, has been new challenges for older workers to be adjusted to the labour market demand and only 10% of them can continue working after the retirement age. The development of employment services, VET, health care and social protection have been inadequate to promote social inclusion of older workers.In the framework of the EU integration, Albania has pursued a process of harmonization the legal framework with EU standards. National strategies have been enacted to guarantee human rights, gender equality, and an inclusive society. The social inclusion of older workers into the labour market is a complex issue that depended not only of the Government interventions, but also by the active engagement of other stakeholders. In the Albanian tradition family continues to be a strong supporting institution for older people and children, very likely to the Abbado’s idea in Italy.This chapter is based on an analysis of policy documents, research and statistics from INSTAT, Eurostat, World Bank, etc. The Eurofound’s European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) 2015, and European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) 2016 are used to identify age and gender patterns regarding work-life balance and social inclusion. The analysis suggests that to fully address the complexity of the inclusion of older workers in the labour market, an integrated approach should involve all relevant policy areas such as education, health, employment, and social protection, as well as engagement of all community stakeholders.
7
Forster, Sophia, und Andreas Frewer. „Covid-19 Pandemic and the Protection of Older People in International Comparison. Results of Comparative Research from an Ethical Perspective“. In Pandemics and Ethics, 239–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66872-6_15.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
8
Giang, Long Thanh, und Theresa W. Devasahayam. „Policy options for protecting health rights of older people“. In Health Rights of Older People, 148–56. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Routledge-GRIPS development forum studies ; 6: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315147260-7.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
9
de Greef, Margot, und Martín Coria. „Between Protection and Empowerment COVID-19: Haiti’s Older People’s Perception and Behavior“. In Global Pandemic and Human Security, 307–22. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5074-1_17.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle
10
Barlin, Hande, Katarina Vojvodic, Murat Anil Mercan und Aleksandra Milicevic-Kalasic. „Coping Mechanisms of Divorced and Widowed Older Women to Mitigate Economic Exclusion: A Qualitative Study in Turkey and Serbia“. In International Perspectives on Aging, 61–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51406-8_5.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
AbstractMany old adults are faced with the risk of social exclusion, which inhibits them from enjoying a satisfactory quality of life. Accordingly, understanding this multidimensional and multifaceted complex phenomena is crucial for building an inclusive society. Hence, studies concentrating on vulnerable groups with higher probability of economic forms of exclusion, such as widowed or divorced materially deprived women, are valuable as exclusion necessitates different actions for different segments of the older population. Against this background, this chapter investigates resilience and coping mechanisms of materially deprived widowed and separated/divorced older women. Data is taken from a qualitative study in Turkey and Serbia, two EU candidate countries with different enabling environments and social protections for older people, but with a similar level of connectedness within extended families. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with materially deprived divorced and widowed women, aged 65 years and older were conducted. The data was analysed based on the framework method. The analysis identifies the economic exclusion experienced by these women, along with the resilience and the different coping mechanisms that they demonstrate. Furthermore, it makes a cross-country comparison between Turkey and Serbia laying out similarities and differences between the two nations on this topic.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
Chen, Xin, Hongling Ji und Le Xu. „Design of Ergonomics-based Bath Chair for the Elderly“. In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003670.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Today, with the global population aging, more and more older people live alone. Daily bathing becomes extremely difficult, or even dangerous, for these older people who live alone with little legs. In this study, a questionnaire survey (195 older people were invited to participate in the questionnaire), user profile, and in-depth interview (3 older people with typical characteristics were profiled and interviewed) were used, and a user journey map of older people's bathing was drawn to understand their bathing process and needs more clearly. Then, we analyzed the problems of existing elderly bathing products by combining the physiological and psychological characteristics of the elderly. The product combines ergonomic principles and integrated design theory. Subsequent evaluation experiments were conducted through prototypes, and we also increased the details of the product according to the activities of the elderly when bathing in order to achieve thorough safety protection for the elderly group. This study can effectively reflect the potential perceived needs of the elderly for furniture products and the updated, relevant ergonomic data and provide adequate references for the design practice of furniture for the elderly.
2
Chirugu, Gianina, und Doru Claudiu Damean. „Covid and the social protection of the elderly in Romania“. In International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.iv.2023.17.7.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
The COVID19 pandemic has had chain effects on older people, this pandemic being a socially experienced disease, on several layers, from the structural exterior imposed by social isolation to the inner psychological isolation. In addition to the general health and hygiene measures imposed by the pandemic, there have been specific care measures, especially for people with reduced mobility or even for patients confined to bed. The reduction in funding for private social service providers has led to a reduction in the number of beneficiaries, limiting their access to the care they need. Thus, the objective of this paper is to highlight the main forms of social protection for the elderly, but also the vulnerabilities of the elderly manifested during the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus. A number of good practice models for supporting older people during the pandemic are also presented. During periods of social isolation, there have been some ways to help religious seniors use their faith to ease their anxiety during this COVID-19 pandemic, such as spending time praying, listening to religious services, or caring for neighbours. Meeting their emotional needs/physical needs – there is no better way to reduce anxiety and social isolation than by extending a helping hand to other people in need.
3
Pui-Yuk King, Alex, und Kin Wai Michael Siu. „Ethnographic Study of Living Alone Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Hong Kong: A Pilot Study“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002048.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
1. IntroductionA report by the United Nations has revealed the number of older adults in the world is projected to reach 1.4 billion by 2030, and this number is expected to increase to 2.1 billion by 2050. This development will place enormous pressure on current healthcare and social protection systems. If life expectancy continues to rise while fertility constantly declines over many years. the ageing of the population will continue to throughout the world. The gigantic numbers of elderly people will place significant pressure on current systems of social protection and global health care. By 2024, it is expected to have nearly 400,000 people over the age of 80 in Hong Kong —a 24.8% increase over the figure recorded in 2014. 2. Problem StatementLike in other Asian cities, the population of Hong Kong exhibits a continuous ageing trend.The change in the population structure will need an improved housing policy and health care system and infrastructure in order to tackle these resulting social problems. The more older adults are living in the city, the greater the numbers of people who are living with dementia. 3. Older Adults Living with Mild Cognitive ImpairmentDementia is characterised by the loss of mental abilities,and by further degeneration over time.This condition is not inevitable, as the hallmark symptoms of cognitive deterioration are not considered to be a normal part of ageing. It is a typical biomedical disease that might appear when the brain is affected by some specific diseases, such as a series of small strokes damage the brain and cause confusion, speech problems and progressive loss of memory and cognition. This gradual decline in cognitive functions causes people to need extra support for daily living. A person who is having slightly problems with planning, reasoning and also remembering may be classified as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI). 4. Universal DesignUD (universal design) is classified as the practice of making things in ways that involve almost no extra cost, but offer attractive yet functional styles that are fulfilling all people, regardless of each individual’s ability or disability. UD addresses the complete span of functionality through making each element and space accessible to its deepest extent by careful planning at all different stages of a project. 5. Participant Observation An interpretive approach is adopted as a research paradigm for understanding the meanings that human beings attach to their experiences. For this study, a centre manager of the well-established Yan Oi Tong Elderly Community Centre recruited three older adults to participate for nine months. These people were living with MCI in a rural district. Prior to this study, these three elders engaged in a participative design workshop that was organised by the same researcher. The workshop had two sessions, and explored the participants’ latent needs concerning home decoration and product design for public housing.Observational visits were conducted with each participant every two weeks for a nine-month period. The participants are referred to as CH, CP and SK, and they were aged between 79 and 85 years old.6. DiscussionTheme 1: Fear of being alone.The participants described their experiences of facing loneliness. Although they felt that their memories were getting worse, they could still express how loneliness was one of the most difficult challenges that they had to face day-by-day. SK said that ‘I want to do my preferred activities,and don’t want to stay at home all the time!’ Theme 2: Recognition of incompetence.The older persons suffering from MCI believed that they were, to varying degrees, incompetent in dealing with day-to-day activities. As CP explained, ‘I have become useless and cannot remember things recently…’ Theme 3: Lack of neighbourhood spirit. For older people living alone in public housing, neighbours become the most reliable people after their families. Older participants reported that they commonly displaced their house keys due to their gradual memory loss. They had to make duplicate front door keys, and gave them to neighbours who they trusted.To deal with such problems, a product design or system could be pre-installed in housing facilities that would enable better communication or connection between neighbours, and allow older residents to become closer to others.7. ConclusionThis ethnographic study has investigated the latent, unfulfilled needs of older persons living with MCI. Building rapport with these older participants was an important step at the beginning of the study.This finding of “Fear of being alone”, “Lack of neighbourhood spirit”also revealed that regular visits by community centre staff and local social workers should be organised to provide older community members and stakeholders with more attention regarding their day-to-day activities and their relations to society as a whole in order to eliminate “Recognition of incompetence”.
4
Sychova, Viktoriia, und Svitlana Borysiuk. „Approaches to policy regarding elderly people in Ukraine in the context of European integration“. In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.149.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Backgraund: Ukraine's European integration course conditions the convergence of Ukraine's social policies with the European Union. The signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU caused the further reform of the state policy regarding the elderly. Changes in approaches to policy regarding the elderly in Ukraine are due to the transformation of relevant approaches in the European Union. Purpose: justify changes in policy approaches to the elderly in Ukraine in the context of European integration. Methods: method of analysis, method of traditional document analysis, content analysis were used. Conclusion: In the context of the European integration process in Ukraine, there are changes in the approaches to the state policy regarding the elderly. This proves the transition from passive forms of policy regarding the elderly (guardianship, social protection, social assistance) to active forms of combating the aging of the population of Ukraine (active aging policy) - increasing the retirement age, stimulating the continuation of work, increasing the level of employment of persons under the age of 64 years old, promoting volunteer activities. In the information space, approaches to older people are changing – from a "used resource" to a social resource. The principle of sustainable development (mutual responsibility of generations) becomes a component of the state policy regarding the elderly. Keywords: approaches to social policy, state policy regarding the elderly in Ukraine, elderly people, active aging, social resource, sustainable development, European integration.
5
Zeng, Zimi, Ziyu Huang und Jonathan Sahagun. „An Intelligent Wearable and Mobile System for the Automated Falling Detection and Protection using Machine Learning and Internet-Of-Things“. In 5th International Conference on Advanced Natural Language Processing. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2024.141012.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
In today's society, elderly adults living alone face various challenges. From this we can feel the indifference of modern society and the danger of falling for elderly people living alone. By recounting my grandfather's personal experience of a fall, the urgent need for assistance among elderly adults and the potential dangers of isolation are highlighted. The core question is: How can technology be used to improve the safety and overall quality of life of elderly adults living alone [1]? To solve this serious problem, we developed a fall detection device. When elderly adults wear fall detection devices, it can address these challenges by providing a mechanism to send instant alerts to family members through a connected app in the event of a fall or emergency. The device aims to improve the safety and well-being of the elderly, provide timely intervention, reduce social burdens, and solve potential social problems [2]. In addition to direct benefits, fall detectors have significant commercial value and can have a positive impact on the quality of life of older adults. The device enhances physical and mental health, increasing independence and safety in outdoor activities with fall detection and emergency alert features [3]. Fall detectors not only have commercial value, positive impact and wider social contribution, they can also play a role in addressing social neglect and inspiring elderly adults to make positive changes.
6
Giliberti, Claudia, Fabio Lo Castro, Maria Patrizia Orlando, Raffaele Mariconte und Maurizio Diano. „Use of hearing aids at work: results of a questionnaire for the analysis of comfort and perceived benefit“. In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001640.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Almost 460 million world people live with moderate to severe hearing loss (HL), with noise the most common cause, particularly in the workplace. Noise-induced HL is still one of the most prevalent recognized occupational diseases, but in Italy, it is no longer at the first ranks, thanks to technical and organizational solutions adopted to reduce noise in the work environment after 2008. In particular, Italian surveillance system data show that Construction is the work sector in which HL is most present (28% of cases), followed by Manufacture (17%). HL can compromise social life, causing isolation, frustration, depression, and even cognitive decline, while in the workplaces could affect workers’ safety, representing an important injury risk factor. The use of hearing aids (HA) represents an effective preventive action. In Italy, there are at least 7 million hearing-impaired people, but only 29.5% wear an HA (2018 data). Their use appears to be more widespread in the older age groups, while the least use is found from 45 to 64 years (20.8%) which refers to professionally active people. Many aspects prevent the use of an HA, among these, technical and psychological reasons. The objective of this study is to evaluate the degree of comfort/discomfort and the perceived benefit of using an HA, particularly in working environments.MethodsAn ad hoc questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, five on the working sphere and five on perception, was developed. The former investigated the acoustic comfort of the work environment, use of HA, hearing protectors, accessories, and the information received on the correct use of HA at work; the second investigated the satisfaction of the prosthetic solution, the improvement in the perception of speech or the sounds direction and danger signals to avoid accidents at work. The answer options for each question were yes / sometimes / no. Further information on gender, age, type of job, years of work, type of HA and years of use, type of hearing damage, was collected. The professions were grouped into seven categories: construction workers, freelancers, health professions, teachers, office workers, traders, others, which were further classified on noise exposure and hearing risk into High risk (construction workers), Medium risk (teachers, traders), Low risk (freelancers, health professions, office workers). The results were statistically analyzed.ResultsThe questionnaire was administered to 141 workers (55 females and 86 males) with an average age of 57 years (minimum 21, maximum 82). The sample shows prevalently bilateral sensorineural HL, works for about 30 years, wears an HA from 6 years, mainly “in the ear” type (77%), mostly employed as freelancers (21%), office workers (19%), construction workers (18%).For high-risk employees, the use of an HA with personal protective equipment has been discussed, taking into account the issue regarding the protection of these prosthetic workers in noisy work environments. The results show that special attention should be paid to the optimization of the prosthesis for this category of workers, most acoustically exposed, taking into account their comfort, perceived safety, and satisfaction.
7
Зайцева, Ирина Александровна. „ROLE OF PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS IN SOLVING THE PROBLEMS OF OLDER PEOPLE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION“. In Сборник избранных статей по материалам научных конференций ГНИИ «Нацразвитие» (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2022). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/july330.2022.26.80.011.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
В статье рассматривается роль общественных организаций в решении проблем пожилых людей в Российской Федерации. Представлен анализ деятельности МОБФ «Качество жизни» по повышению качества жизни пожилых людей путем реализации социальных программы и проектов, направленных на защиту интересов и поддержание достойного уровня жизни пожилых граждан. The article discusses the role of public and charitable organizations in solving the problems of older people in the Russian Federation. An analysis of the activities of the MOBF «Quality of Life» to improve the quality of life of older people through the implementation of social programs and projects aimed at protecting the interests and maintaining a decent standard of living of older citizens was presented.
8
Rodrigues, Chenelle. „Local materials and traditions in the conservation of vernacular buildings“. In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15221.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
What were the traditional techniques and materials employed to maintain and conserve vernacular buildings? If we study carefully, we could find the answers in analyzing existing vernacular constructions, related traditional building cultures, and the inhabitants’ lifestyle practices. My research, particularly my Master’s in Architectural Conservation dissertation, aimed to explore the tangible and intangible aspects of traditional living that contributed to the conservation of vernacular buildings.My research affirmed that people in the olden times had a deep understanding of their surrounding environment and micro-climate. They effectively used local land resources to develop building techniques that preserved their buildings for several generations. E.g., In India, fruit resin was added to mud-plasters to strengthen them. The study also provided insights into traditions and social norms that contributed to the upkeep and longevity of vernacular buildings. E.g., In Portugal, every year, people lime-washed their walls before the village feast. Though it was a cleaning act, the whitewash served as a protective layer to the walls. The former practices were conscious efforts to preserve buildings. However, the latter often laid hidden in daily life routines and hence remained unrecognized as conservation efforts. This research paper highlights some traditional building and maintenance strategies native to different parts of the world that – consciously or not – contributed to the conservation and maintenance of vernacular constructions. It is intended to bring to notice traditional conservation methods, which could be integrated into modern conservation strategies by heritage professionals today.
9
Wong, Kaufui V., Andrew Paddon und Alfredo Jimenez. „Heat Island Effect Aggravates Mortality“. In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62785.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Cases of death during heat waves are most commonly due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, with the main contribution from the negative effect of heat on the cardiovascular system. In an attempt to control the body temperature, the body’s natural instinct is to circulate large quantities of blood to the skin. However while trying to protect itself from overheating, the body actually harms itself by inducing extra strain on the heart. This excess strain has the potential to trigger a cardiac event in those with chronic health problems, such as the elderly. Those in the U.S.A. between the ages of 65 and 74 are at a higher risk of mortality during heat waves when they are single, have a history of chronic pulmonary disease, or suffer from a psychiatric disorder. In the older group, 75+, single people are again more vulnerable as well as women. The relationship of mortality and temperature creates a J-shaped function, showing a steeper slope at higher temperatures. Records show that more casualties have resulted from heat waves than hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes together. The significance of this is that the U.S. suffers the highest damage total from natural catastrophes annually. Studies held from 1989–2000 in 50 U.S. cities recorded 1.6% more deaths during cold temperature events, as opposed to a staggering 5.7% increase during heat waves. People are at risk when living in large metropolitan areas, especially those mentioned above, due to the heat island effect. Urban areas suffer heat increases from the combination of global warming effects as well as localized heat island properties. It is flawed to claim that the contribution of anthropogenic heat generation to the heat island effect is small. Analyzing the trend of extreme heat events (EHEs) between 1956 and 2005 showed an increase on average of 0.20 days/year, on a 95% confidence interval with uncertainty of ±0.6. This trend follows the recorded data for 2005 with 10 more heat events per city than in 1956. Compact cities experience an average of 5.6 days of extreme heat conditions annually, compared to that of 14.8 for sprawling cities. The regional climate, city populace, or pace of population growth however does not affect this effect. Statistics from the U.S. Census state that the U.S. population without air conditioning saw a drop of 32% from 1978 to 2005, resting at 15%. Despite the increase in air conditioning use, the positive affects of it may have run their course as a critical point may have been reached. A study done by Kalkstein through 2007 proved that the shielding effects of air conditioning reached their terminal effect in the mid-1990s. Heat-related illnesses and mortality rates have slightly decreased since 1980, regardless of the increase in temperatures. This may be in part to the increase in availability of air conditioning, and other protective measures, to the public. Protective factors have mitigated the danger of heat on those vulnerable to it, however projecting forward the heat increment related to sprawl may exceed physiologic adaptation thresholds.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Older people – Protection"
1
Rohwerder, Brigitte. Inclusion of Marginalised Groups in Social Assistance in Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.023.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Leave no one behind is the central, transformative promise of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aimed at reaching the poorest and combating discrimination and (multiple and intersecting) inequalities that undermine people’s human rights. The importance of leaving no one behind is vital in contexts of recurrent shocks, climate and humanitarian crises, protracted conflict, and forced displacement that cause disruption, deprivation, and a lack of access to basic needs. Crises often exacerbate existing inequalities and vulnerabilities for socially excluded and marginalised people, including women and girls, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, ethnic and religious minorities, and sexual and gender minorities. Social assistance, in the form of government provided or humanitarian assistance, seeks to alleviate crisis impacts. The structures, systems, and barriers that exclude some people generally can also exclude them from social assistance in crises. Such exclusion, both before and during a crisis, can increase deprivation, reduce resilience to shocks, and exacerbate protection risks by increasing people’s vulnerability to exploitation and abuse. Crises, consequently, can disproportionately impact marginalised people. A lack of inclusive social assistance programming thus undermines rights, ethics, and effectiveness in crises – as explored in this summary briefing of the three BASIC Research working papers on inclusion.
2
Fabiani, Beatrice. Caring for Caregivers: The Landscape of Paid Care Work in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005147.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Paid care work will represent an important source of employment in coming decades, as care dependence becomes more prevalent, care needs evolve, and the structure of households changes. But there is little systematic data on the care economy for paid caregivers in Latin America and the Caribbean. This report aims to fill this knowledge gap by quantifying the paid care workforce in the region and describing its sociodemographic and economic profile in 17 countries. Using the most recent pre-pandemic microdata from labor and household surveys, the report examines the care economy for care workers who serve children and adults. The study concludes that there are approximately 8.9 million paid caregivers in the region, including 5.8 million paid workers who take care of children and 3.1 million who look after older people and people with disabilities. Most professionals in the sector are women in their early forties with a secondary-level education and with limited access to social protection benefits. This paper contributes to the ongoing discussion on paid and unpaid care work by emphasizing the importance of supporting a thriving workforce in the region while redistributing the burden of care in all dimensions of human life.
3
van der Meulen Rodgers, Yana, Joseph E. Zveglich, Jr., Khadija Ali und Hanna Xue. The Role of Family Support in the Well-Being of Older People: Evidence from Malaysia and Viet Nam. Asian Development Bank, Juni 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps240325-2.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Rapid demographic changes in Malaysia and Viet Nam could disrupt traditional family support for older people. An analysis of unique panel data from the Malaysia Ageing and Retirement Survey and the Viet Nam Aging Survey points to the benefits of living conditions—including marital status and whether one’s children live nearby—for the physical and mental well-being of older people. Given the estimated protective effect of living arrangements examined in the paper, governments may need to adjust social safety nets to bolster the physical and mental health of senior citizens living alone.
4
Rohwerder, Brigitte, und Carolina Szyp. The Risks and Outcomes of Getting Help for Marginalised People: Navigating Access to Social Assistance in Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), Februar 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.007.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Crises exacerbate existing inequalities and vulnerabilities for marginalised people, including women and girls, children and youth, older people, people with disabilities, ethnic and religious minorities, and sexual and gender minorities. Many of them face multiple and intersecting inequalities, especially people who are forcibly displaced. Social assistance seeks to alleviate crisis impacts by protecting vulnerable people and averting them from deprivation, but the same structures and systems that make some people more exposed (and excluded) generally can exclude them from social assistance in crises and further undermine their situation. There is substantial literature that already discusses the benefits and opportunities of social assistance generally. The added value of this paper is in examining the risks of navigating access to social assistance in crises for these marginalised people, and the positive and negative outcomes of accessing or not accessing this assistance. The existing evidence suggests that social assistance can improve marginalised people’s food security, help households meet their basic needs, reduce stress and household tensions, reduce gender-based violence, improve health, education, and wellbeing, and reduce negative coping mechanisms. However, it can also disrupt their social support mechanisms and expose them to violence and further risks. Such risks – some of which also apply to those who are excluded from social assistance, and which do not apply to all marginalised people all the time similarly – include neglect, discrimination, sexual exploitation and abuse, increased household and community tensions, gender-based violence, stigma, theft, and accessibility issues.
5
Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West und Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAnnotation:
Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.