Zeitschriftenartikel: „Oil and gas leases Ecuador“

1

Panamito, María Fernanda, Nicole Bec, Valeria Valdivieso, Melissa Salinas, James Calva, Jorge Ramírez, Christian Larroque und Chabaco Armijos. „Chemical Composition and Anticholinesterase Activity of the Essential Oil of Leaves and Flowers from the Ecuadorian Plant Lepechinia paniculata (Kunth) Epling“. Molecules 26, Nr. 11 (27.05.2021): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113198.

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This work aimed to study the chemical composition, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, and enantiomeric analysis of the essential oil from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of the plant Lepechinia paniculata (Kunth) Epling from Ecuador. The essential oil (EO) was obtained through steam distillation. The chemical composition of the oil was evaluated by gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The analyses led to the identification of 69 compounds in total, of which 40 were found in the leaves and 29 were found in the flowers of the plant. The major components found in the oil were 1,8-Cineole, β-Pinene, δ-3-Carene, α-Pinene, (E)-Caryophyllene, Guaiol, and β-Phellandrene. Flower essential oil showed interesting selective inhibitory activity against both enzymes AChE (28.2 ± 1.8 2 µg/mL) and BuChE (28.8 ± 1.5 µg/mL). By contrast, the EO of the leaves showed moderate mean inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), with IC50 values of 38.2 ± 2.9 µg/mL and 47.4 ± 2.3 µg/mL, respectively.

2

Valarezo, Eduardo, Vladimir Morocho, Luis Cartuche, Fernanda Chamba-Granda, Magdaly Correa-Conza, Ximena Jaramillo-Fierro und Miguel Angel Meneses. „Variability of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity between the Essential Oils Isolated from Male and Female Specimens of Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don“. Molecules 26, Nr. 15 (29.07.2021): 4613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154613.

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Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. is a native species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine for treatment of rheumatism, bronchitis, cold, cough, asthma, bone pain, and stomach pain. In this study, fresh H. racemosum leaves of male and female specimens were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of male and female essential oil was determined by gas chromatography–gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against five Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, and two dermatophytes fungi. The scavenging radical properties of the essential oil were evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify forty-three compounds that represent more than 98% of the total composition. In the non-polar and polar column, α-phellandrene was the principal constituent in male (28.24 and 25.90%) and female (26.47 and 23.90%) essential oil. Other main compounds were methyl chavicol, germacrene D, methyl eugenol, and α-pinene. Female essential oil presented a strong activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 9997) with an minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 μg/mL and a scavenging capacity SC50 of 800 µg/mL.

3

Valarezo, Eduardo, Antoine Vullien und Dayra Conde-Rojas. „Variability of the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Amazonian Ishpingo Species (Ocotea quixos)“. Molecules 26, Nr. 13 (28.06.2021): 3961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133961.

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Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. is an aromatic tree native to Ecuador, whose leaves are used to prepare aromatic beverages to which different health benefits are attributed. In this study, Ocotea quixos leaves were collected in the Amazon region in different environmental conditions and subjected to hydrodistillation to isolate the essential oil. The collection variables used were type of soil, amount of shade, and height; in addition, the presence of twig and leaf age and moisture were used as variables. Chemical composition was analyzed by means of gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A wide variety of chemical compositions were detected in the samples. In total, forty-seven compounds were identified, which represented between 97.17% and 99.89% of the total composition. The constituents were mainly grouped into aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.03–55.89%), other compounds (8.94–47.83%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (1.97–39.66%). The main constituents were found to be (E)-cinnamyl acetate (5.96–41.65%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (0.38–37.91%), and trans-caryophyllene (8.77–37.02%). The statistical analysis suggested the existence of two essential oil chemotypes and a direct correlation between environmental conditions and chemical composition of the essential oils.

4

Valarezo, Eduardo, Génesis Gaona-Granda, Vladimir Morocho, Luis Cartuche, James Calva und Miguel Angel Meneses. „Chemical Constituents of the Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Endemic Species Croton ferrugineus and Its Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity“. Molecules 26, Nr. 15 (29.07.2021): 4608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154608.

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Croton ferrugineus Kunth is an endemic species of Ecuador used in traditional medicine both for wound healing and as an antiseptic. In this study, fresh Croton ferrugineus leaves were collected and subjected to hydrodistillation for extraction of the essential oil. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer using a non-polar and a polar chromatographic column. The antibacterial activity was assayed against three Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacterium and one dermatophyte fungus. The radical scavenging properties of the essential oil was evaluated by means of DPPH and ABTS assays. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify thirty-five compounds representing more than 99.95% of the total composition. Aliphatic sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trans-caryophyllene was the main constituent with 20.47 ± 1.25%. Other main compounds were myrcene (11.47 ± 1.56%), β-phellandrene (10.55 ± 0.02%), germacrene D (7.60 ± 0.60%), and α-humulene (5.49 ± 0.38%). The essential oil from Croton ferrugineus presented moderate activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) with an MIC of 1000 μg/mL, a scavenging capacity SC50 of 901 ± 20 µg/mL with the ABTS method, and very strong antiglucosidase activity with an IC50 of 146 ± 20 µg/mL.

5

Espinosa, Sandra, Nicole Bec, Christian Larroque, Jorge Ramírez, Barbara Sgorbini, Carlo Bicchi und Gianluca Gilardoni. „Chemical, Enantioselective, and Sensory Analysis of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor Essential Oil from Coreopsis triloba S.F. Blake (Asteraceae)“. Plants 8, Nr. 11 (25.10.2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110448.

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The fresh leaves of Coreopsis triloba S.F. Blake, collected at Cerro Villonaco in Loja, Ecuador, were investigated with respect to their essential oil (EO). The chemical composition was determined qualitatively through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantitatively by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization (GC-FID), using relative response factors (RRF) based on the enthalpy of combustion. The essential oil contained between 92.5% and 93.4% of monoterpene hydrocarbons, with (E)-β-ocimene being the main component (35.2–35.9%), followed by β-phellandrene (24.6–25.0%), α-pinene (15.3–15.9%), myrcene (10.9–11.0%), sabinene (2.2–2.4%), (Z)-β-ocimene (1.5%), and germacrene D (1.2–1.3%). The enantiomeric distribution of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, and germacrene D was also determined. The main components responsible for the aroma were identified through aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), a gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) based technique, being α-pinene, β-pinene (0.6%), terpinolene (0.1%), α-copaene (0.1–0.3%), β-phellandrene, and (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (0.1–0.2%) the main olfactory constituents according to the decreasing factor of dilution (FD) order. The biological tests showed IC50 inhibition values of 42.2 and 6.8 µg/mL for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), respectively.

6

Valarezo, Eduardo, Jonathan Xavier Rivera, Edgar Coronel, Miguel Andrés Barzallo, James Calva, Luis Cartuche und Miguel Angel Meneses. „Study of Volatile Secondary Metabolites Present in Piper carpunya Leaves and in the Traditional Ecuadorian Beverage Guaviduca“. Plants 10, Nr. 2 (10.02.2021): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020338.

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Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav. is an aromatic shrub native to Ecuador, the leaves of which are used to prepare the traditional beverage Guaviduca. Different health benefits are attributed to the guaviduca beverage, which is consumed as a traditional and folk medicine. In this study, fresh P. carpunya leaves were collected in the winter and summer and subjected to hydrodistillation for the extraction of the essential oil. The guaviduca beverage was prepared by infusion in water and the volatile compounds were isolated by liquid–liquid extraction. Chemical composition and enantioselective analyses were performed by gas chromatography. The antibacterial activity was assayed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The scavenging radical properties of the essential oil was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was measured using the spectrophotometric method. The chemical analysis allowed us to identify more than 98% of the compounds in all samples. The main constituent of the essential oil was 1,8-cineole (25.20 ± 1.31%) in P. carpunya collected in winter and (17.45 ± 2.33%) in P. carpunya collected in summer, while in the beverage, there was 14 mg/L. Safrole was identified in the essential oil (PCW 21.91 ± 2.79%; PCS 13.18 ± 1.72%) as well as in the beverage (2.43 ± 0.12 mg/L). Enantioselective analysis was used to investigate the enantiomeric ratio and excess of four chiral components. The essential oil presented a strong activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae with a MIC of 500 μg/mL and a very strong anticholinesterase activity with an IC50 of 36.42 ± 1.15 µg/mL.

7

Percy, David R., und David McGillivray. „Overlapping Remedies and the Unexpected Termination of Oil and Gas Leases“. Alberta Law Review 49, Nr. 2 (01.12.2011): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr117.

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The freehold oil and gas lease in Canada has had a perilous and uncertain existence. In the early cases, the courts applied a literal interpretation of the leases, resulting in numerous unexpectedly terminated leases. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of cases involving terminated leases. Modern case law recognizes that the failure of a lease can create liabilities in both tort and restitution, but courts have faced difficulties in dealing with the overlapping compensatory and restitutionary remedies. The modern case law has been heavily criticized, but the authors argue that there is a smaller difference between the overlapping remedies than is commonly supposed when the underlying purpose of restitutionary remedies is examined, and they propose a resolution to the problem of overlapping remedies.

8

Hardwicke-Brown, Mungo, R. Ben Rogers, Sandy McLeod und Chris Orr. „Recent Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 40, Nr. 1 (01.05.2002): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr506.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment, tax and royalties.

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Bartlett, Richard H. „The Effect of Low Oil and Gas Prices on Freehold Oil and Gas Leases: A Problem of Interpretation“. Alberta Law Review 29, Nr. 1 (01.01.1991): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr693.

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Freehold oil and gas leases seek to reconcile the interests of the lessor and the lessee by providing in the habendum a clause for an initial primary term and "so long thereafter as there is production''. Both Canadian and United States jurisprudence indicate that leases will terminate if production is not' 'in paying quantities''. A test as to whether or not oil or gas is being produced in paying quantities is whether the value of the oil or gas produced exceeds the operating costs. If production fails this test then it must be considered whether a reasonably prudent operator would have continued to produce the well. It is suggested that a slight loss due to a temporary fall in price will not necessarily terminate a lease. But if the well was marginal before the fall in price, or if it extends over a substantial period of time, the holding of the lease by the lessee will most likely be construed as mere speculation. Further, most shut-in clauses do not assist the lessee. Vie clauses generally assume the existence of a well capable of production ' 'in paying quantities''. However, the actual wording must govern and some clauses provide for ' 'economical "or" 'unprofitable'' markets and thereby specifically address the lessee's dilemma.

10

Bankes, Nigel, und Alicia Quesnel. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 38, Nr. 1 (01.06.2000): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr521.

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In this article, the authors identify and discuss recent cases that impact on the oil and gas industry. These cases cover different areas of law including constitutional law, lands, leases, and titles, industry agreement, and fiduciary obligations.

11

Foran, Frank R., Stephen C. Lee und Julio N. Arboleda. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 39, Nr. 1 (01.08.2001): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr512.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment and royalties.

12

Baker, Geoffrey D., und Catherine A. Crang. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 37, Nr. 2 (01.07.1999): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr529.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors discuss a variety of cases in areas such as lands, leases and titles, administrative law, contracts, torts, the environment, tax and royalties.

13

Lohrenz, John. „Bidding Optimum Bonus for Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Leases“. Journal of Petroleum Technology 39, Nr. 09 (01.09.1987): 1102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15992-pa.

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14

Lohrenz, John. „Profitabilities on Federal Offshore Oil and Gas Leases: A Review“. Journal of Petroleum Technology 40, Nr. 06 (01.06.1988): 760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/16313-pa.

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15

Leew, Edward A., und Michael A. Thackray. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 41, Nr. 1 (01.07.2003): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr499.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors have surveyed Canadian case law in the areas of contract, rights, government regulation, freehold leases, land titles, surface rights, trusts and tax.

16

Litton, KayLynn G., und James F. Maxwell. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 46, Nr. 2 (01.04.2009): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr236.

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This article provides a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors survey recent Canadian cases in the following areas of law: aboriginal, administrative, conflict of laws, confidentiality, contracts, employment, environmental, freehold leases, unit agreements, injunctions, rights of first refusal, surface rights, taxation, and securities.

17

Leew, Edward A., und Michael A. Thackray. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 30, Nr. 1 (01.02.1992): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr690.

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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of recent Canadian judicial decisions rendered to June 1991 and of interest particularly to oil and gas lawyers. The authors have surveyed Canadian case law in the areas of the environment, surface rights, contract, government regulation, land titles, tax, freehold leases and creditor's rights.

18

Swanson, Francine, Michael Hurst und Edward Rowe. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 35, Nr. 2 (01.04.1997): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr653.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. The authors have dealt with a variety of cases in such areas as land leases and titles, royalty agreements, contracts, surface rights, administrative law, tax, director's liability, creditor's rights and aboriginal oil and gas. The briefs include comments by the authors.

19

Mills, Douglas G., und Brian Beck. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 36, Nr. 2 (01.04.1998): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr646.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian court decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. Case law in the following areas has been surveyed: (1) contracts and torts; (2) lands, leases and titles; (3) royalty agreements; (4) surface rights; (5) offshore drilling; (6) administrative law; (7) environmental law; (8) tax; (9) directors' liability; (10) fiduciary duties; and (11) civil procedure.

20

Wetsel, Rod. „Experience is a Dear Teacher--The Texas Wind Decommissioning Statute“. Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2020): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i3.23.

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As is well known among both my students and colleagues, my professional life as a lawyer (and later as a law professor) took a monumental turn in 1999 when I reviewed and drafted my first wind lease in Nolan County, Texas. That lease, as well as all of the other wind leases at the time, contained contractional “clean up and restoration” clauses similar to many oil and gas leases then in use. Simply put, the leases provided that upon expiration or termination of the lease (which for a wind lease, unlike an oil and gas lease, might be fifty or more years in the future), the lessee would remove its equipment and restore the surface “to as near as reasonably possible to its original condition” prior to the lease.

21

Hope-Ross, W. James, und Keith S. McClelland. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 34, Nr. 3 (01.05.1996): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr660.

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This article is a compilation of recent Canadian decisions pertaining to oil and gas law. The authors have dealt with cases in areas such as contracts, land leases and titles, fiduciary duties, tax, the environment, torts, surface rights, off-shore drilling, creditors rights and administrative law. The authors also look at three cases for which leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada was requested.

22

Bonney, William H., und J. Jay Park. „Recent Judicial Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers“. Alberta Law Review 33, Nr. 2 (01.04.1995): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr666.

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This article is a compilation of recent interesting and potentially influential decisions by Canadian courts. Of note also is a judgment by the House of Lords that appears to significantly restrain the applicability of Rylands v. Fletcher. The authors have surveyed case law development in such areas as contracts, lands, leases and titles, fiduciary duties, tax, the environment, torts, surface rights, governmental regulation, offshore drilling, creditors' rights and administrative law.

23

LaBar, Robert J. „Principles to Keep in Mind in Negotiating Oil and Gas Leases“. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 2, Nr. 3 (01.09.1985): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/2.3.76.

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Abstract Foresters who manage lands are occasionally called upon to negotiate oil and gas leases on behalf of the landowner. It is important in these situations to understand the negotiation process and the typical lease provisions that are encountered so that they can be tailored to provide maximum protection and economic returns to the owner. Some of the do's and don'ts that should be considered are outlined. North J. Appl. For. 2:76-78, Sept 1985.

24

Parker, Stephen L. „Texas Oil and Gas“. Texas A&M Law Review 3, Nr. 3 (Mai 2016): 721–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v3.i3.9.

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The mineral estate is the dominant estate over the surface estate in Texas, and nowhere is this clearer than the production of oil and gas. An oil and gas operator can use as much of the surface as is reasonably necessary to effectuate the purpose of its oil and gas lease, subject to few limitations. Under a pooling clause and the Texas Supreme Court’s ruling in Key Operating & Equipment, Inc. v. Hegar, operators can burden the surface of a tract of land for the benefit of an entire pooled oil and gas unit. Synthesizing Key with the Texas Supreme Court’s rulings in Delhi Gas Pipeline Corp. v. Dixon and Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Sheppard allows operators to burden surface owners for the benefit of these large pooled oil and gas units—even with postseverance pooling agreements and expired oil and gas leases. Further, as property owners sever the surface estate from their mineral estate, surface owners are left without power to negotiate with oil and gas operators interested in the mineral estate only. The Texas Railroad Commission should require all operator–lessees make a good-faith effort to enter surface-use agreements with surface owners in pooled oil and gas units. Requiring this of all operator–lessees benefits both the surface owners and the operators, even when a surface owner refuses to enter the surface-use agreement. Finally, there are other options the Texas Railroad Commission may consider to correct this issue; however, requiring operators make a good-faith attempt to acquire a surface-use agreement is the cheapest and most efficient way to address this issue without changing Texas oil and gas law jurisprudence.

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Farrar, William D. „Survey of Selected 2019 Texas Oil and Gas Cases and Statutes“. Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 6, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2020): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v6.i3.16.

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Texas courts and the legislature were quite active in 2019 concerning oil and gas issues. Texas courts decided many cases involving everything from deed interpretation to lease repudiation to farmout interpretation. The Texas Supreme Court has granted several petitions for review from the courts of appeal. The legislature enacted or amended statutes concerning so called “royalty leases,” the Mineral Interest Pooling Act, and others. The following are summaries of some selected cases and statutes that will be of interest to those involved with Texas oil and gas law.

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Sokolovskiy, A. P., und V. I. Samitova. „EVALUATION OF THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIALOF LOWER PALEOZOIC SEDIMENTS IN THE NORTH-WESTOF THE EAST EUROPEAN PLATFORM“. Oil and Gas Studies, Nr. 3 (01.07.2017): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2017-3-26-30.

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A geological model of the structure and accumulation of lower paleozoic sediments in the north-west of the East European platform is overviewed. Prospects of oil and gas potential are estimated and land leases for prospecting wells are marked.

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Valarezo, Eduardo, Oswaldo Tandazo, Kathia Galán, Jandry Rosales und Ángel Benítez. „Volatile Metabolites in Liverworts of Ecuador“. Metabolites 10, Nr. 3 (05.03.2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10030092.

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Volatile metabolites from Frullania brasiliensis Raddi, Herbertus juniperoideus (Sw.) Grolle, Leptoscyphus hexagonus (Nees) Grolle, and Syzygiella anomala (Lindenb. & Gottsche) Steph collected in the south of Ecuador were investigated. Volatile secondary metabolites were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sixty-seven volatile compounds were identified in the four species, which represent between 80.12–90.17% of the total chemical composition. The major components were τ-muurolol (32.14%) and Germacrene-D (11.98%) in the essential oil of F. brasiliensis, bicyclogermacrene (18.23%), and Caryophyllene oxide (15.29%) in the oil of H. juniperoideus, Cabreuva oxide D (33.77%) and Elemol (18.55%) in the oil of Leptoscyphus hexagonus, and Silphiperfola-5,7(14)-diene (25.22%) and Caryophyllene oxide (8.98%) in the oil of Syzygiella anomala. This is the first report on volatile compounds for the species Herbertus juniperoideus, Leptoscyphus hexagonus, and Syzygiella anomala.

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Hendricks, Kenneth, Robert H. Porter und Charles A. Wilson. „Auctions for Oil and Gas Leases with an Informed Bidder and a Random Reservation Price“. Econometrica 62, Nr. 6 (November 1994): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2951754.

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W, Carrillo, Carpio C, Morales D, Álvarez M und Silva M. „FATTY ACIDS CONTENT IN UNGURAHUA OIL (OENOCARPUS BATAUA) FROM ECUADOR. FINDINGS ON ADULTERATION OF UNGURAHUA OIL IN ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.16967.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acids composition in an ungurahua seeds oil (Oenocarpus bataua) sample cultivated in Ecuador and to determine eventual adulteration in the composition of commercial ungurahua oil.Methods: Oil was obtained from ungurahua seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was performed using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from ungurahua (O. bataua) using the GC mass spectrometer analytical method. Ungurahua oil presented a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids with 82.03% of oleic acids. A fraud in the composition of fatty acids present in commercial ungurahua oil was found as fatty acids had a value of only 36.77% of oleic acids. The content of linoleic acid can be used to determine adulteration of this oil.Conclusions: Ungurahua seeds are a good source of monounsaturated and fatty acids. The content of oleic acid is higher than in olive oil. Ungurahua can help reducing cardiovascular diseases risk in Ecuador due to its good composition of monounsaturated fatty acids. Ungurahua oil is a good option to be used in the food industry for different uses.

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Carrillo, Wilman, Cecilia Carpio, Dayana Morales, Edgardo Vilcacundo und Mario Alvarez. „FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION IN MACADAMIA SEDES OIL (MACADAMIA INTEGRIFOLIA) FROM ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, Nr. 2 (01.02.2017): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i2.15618.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acids composition in a macadamia seeds oil sample cultivated in Ecuador.Materials & Methods: macadamia oil was obtained of macadamia seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the Gas Chromathography method with a Mass Selective Detector (GC/MSD) and using the data base Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: macadamia seeds have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids with 41.36% of oleic acid. Macadamia seeds oil has 37.77% of polyunsaturated fatty acids of which 3.79% ɷ6 α- Linoleic and 33.98% of ɷ3 α- Linolenic. Macadamia seeds only have 9.33% of palmitic acid. Conclusions: Macadamia seeds are a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and with a good content of ɷ6 α- Linoleic and ɷ3 α- Linolenic. This profile enables their use as a good and healthy oil to be used in the food industry in Ecuador. Keywords: Macadamia, Macadamia integrifolia, Fatty acids, Gas chromatography-mass selective detector, Methyl ester, Omega acids.

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Dismukes, David E., Jeffrey M. Burke und Dmitry V. Mesyanzhinov. „Estimating the impact of royalty relief on oil and gas production on marginal state leases in the US“. Energy Policy 34, Nr. 12 (August 2006): 1389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.11.004.

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Carpenter, Chris. „Cyclic Gas Injection EOR in Eagle Ford Can Increase Estimated Ultimate Recovery“. Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, Nr. 08 (01.08.2021): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0821-0065-jpt.

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 200427, “Evaluation of Eagle Ford Cyclic Gas Injection EOR: Field Results and Economics,” by George Grinestaff, SPE, Chris Barden, and Jeff Miller, SPE, Shale IOR, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa, 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Cyclic-gas-injection-based enhanced oil recovery (CGEOR) in the Eagle Ford was begun in late 2012 by EOG Resources and, at the time of writing, has expanded to more than 30 leases by six operators (266 wells). An extensive EOR evaluation was initiated to analyze the results recorded in these leases. The authors write that CGEOR in Eagle Ford volatile oil can yield substantial increases in estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) with robust economics, depending on compressor use and field life. Introduction Eagle Ford Source Rock and Reservoir. The Eagle Ford shale represents some of the world’s richest source rocks. The Upper Cretaceous seafloor received abundant organic debris and preserved it in an anoxic environment. The low permeability of the shale and limestone helped generate hydrocarbons when pore pressure exceeded overburden pressure. The resulting natural fractures provided a means to expel oil, much of it migrating into the overlying Austin Chalk and Tertiary sandstones. The primary target area for produced-gas injection EOR is currently in the volatile oil window between 9,000 and 11,000 ft true vertical depth, which yields oil API gravity of greater than 40. Initial gas/oil ratio (GOR) typically ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 scf/bbl. Eagle Ford EOR History. The first large-scale CGEOR project was implemented in October 2014. Rapid development has occurred since then, but, in the complete paper, the authors present the first commercial EOR projects by EOG Resources because these have the longest CGEOR production history. Recent projects show more-efficient startup, cycling, and higher optimization of gas injection. Therefore, the analysis of EOR in this paper takes a conservative approach of using the first projects because they appear to have lower EOR recovery but more production history. Evaluation Methodology Unconventional EOR Work Flow. Analysis of CGEOR production and results has been completed using production history and reservoir simulation to provide a rigorous evaluation. The authors use a 14-component fracture element model with a very fine grid to predict well GOR, EUR, and reservoir behavior for the compositional process. The element model is then scaled up to mimic the average well for a given pad or lease, and then cycle operations are developed based on CGEOR simulation runs and criteria. Unconventional CGEOR provides a direct response after the first cycle of gas injection; however, the base depletion profile also is important for understanding economics for increased oil production or incremental EOR. A history match of the base depletion is first completed to match an average well at the pad level (approximately one 640-acre section with 10 to 14 wells). The element is then scaled up based on well completion, stimulated rock volume, and EUR for the base depletion.

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Ingelson, Allan, und And Will Randall. „Shallow Rights Reversion: Uncertainty and Disputes“. Alberta Law Review 48, Nr. 2 (01.12.2010): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr159.

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To encourage shallow gas production from up-hole non-producing zones on provincial lands and increase Crown royalty revenues, the Government of Alberta has adopted a shallow rights reversion (SRR) scheme for oil and gas mineral rights holders. Under SRR the rights to natural gas above the top of the shallowest productive zone are to be severed at the time of lease continuation and revert to the Crown, but the rights from the top of the shallowest productive zone to the base of the deepest productive zone will continue to be held by the Crown lessee.In 2007 the British Columbia government amended the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act to establish a zone specific retention (ZSR) scheme. Under the ZSR system the Crown lessee need only establish the mere presence of oil or gas in a standard Zone Designation layer in order to continue the lease.Unlike British Columbia, the SRR system in Alberta applies to all existing Crown leases, and is therefore more controversial than the ZSR regime. In April 2011, Alberta Energy intends to start serving SRR notices. The department has recently changed its policy regarding the consolidation of petroleum and natural gas agreements. The more complicated SRR system, which facilitates an increased number of oil and gas developers, may prompt additional trespass and commingling disputes.

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W, Carrillo, Carrillo C, Carpio C, Morales D, Vilcacundo E, Alvarez M und Silva M. „CHARACTERIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN SAMBO OIL (CUCURBITA FICIFOLIA L.) FROM ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.15545.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify fatty acids in a sambo oil sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Sambo oil was obtained from sambo seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (MSD) and using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: Sambo seeds have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids with 41.36% of oleic acid. Sambo oil has 37.77% of polyunsaturated fatty acids, of which 3.79% ɷ6 α- linoleic and 33.98% of ɷ3 α- linolenic. Sambo seeds only have 9.33% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Sambo seed is a good source of monounsaturated fatty acids with a good content of ɷ3 α- linolenic. This profile enables their use as a good and healthy oil to be used in the food industry in Ecuador.

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Cabrera, Marcelo, Lucía Montenegro und Jorge Guanulema. „Análisis de la Correlación entre las Emisiones Gaseosas y el Desempeño Energético de Fuentes Fijas de Combustión en Ecuador“. Revista Politécnica 48, Nr. 1 (31.07.2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33333/rp.vol48n1.04.

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En esta investigación, se analizó la eficiencia de combustión de veinte hornos a gas y fuel oil de refinerías alrededor del Ecuador, y treinta calderos de diferentes industrias en la ciudad de Quito, así como las emisiones de gases generadas y la rentabilidad de la inserción de precalentadores de aire para mejorar los procesos de combustión. El estudio se realizó en un período de 6 meses, obteniéndose los factores de emisión en los hornos a gas de 4,5 kg de SO2/kg de gas quemado; 22,4 de NOX/kg de gas quemado y 44,5 kg de CO/ kg de gas quemado; mientras que los factores de emisión hallados para los hornos a fuel oil fueron de 93,9 kg de SO2/kg de fuel oil; 24,9 kg de NOX/kg de fuel oil y 2,5 kg de CO/kg de fuel oil. Por otra parte, los factores típicos de emisión de los calderos fueron de 1,7 kg de SO2 /kg de diésel quemado; 1,5 kg de NOX/kg de diésel quemado y 1,0 kg de CO/kg de diésel quemado. Finalmente, la implementación de un precalentador de aire aumenta la eficiencia del caldero analizado (CD20) en un 4,1%, lo cual implicó un valor actual neto (VAN) de USD 8 325,77 y un TIR del 31 %, con lo cual se determinó la factibilidad y rentabilidad del proyecto.

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W, Carrillo, Carpio C, Morales D, Vilcacundo E, Álvarez M und Silva M. „CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) OIL FROM ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, Nr. 8 (01.08.2017): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18786.

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Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in corn seeds oil (Zea mays) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Corn oil was obtained from corn oil seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids analysis were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector and using the database library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds present in the corn seed oil.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from corn (Z. mays) seeds using the GC mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analytical method. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GS-MS method. Corn oil has a high content of linoleic acid (omega 6) with a value of 52.68% of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil and 29.70% of oleic acid (omega 9) of the total content of fatty acids in corn oil. The sample presented a value of 12.57% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Corn oil shows a good content of fatty acids omega 6 and 9. The higher value was of omega 6 with 52.68% content. Corn oil has a good proportion of polyunsaturated of lipids (53.80%) and 14.86% of saturated lipids.

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W, Carrillo, Greffa J, Vinueza D, Álvarez M, Silva M, Carpio C und Morales D. „FATTY ACIDS CONTENT OF KAHAI (CARYODENDRON ORINOCENSE KARST) SEEDS CULTIVATED IN AMAZONIAN OF ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.16109.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify fatty acids present in a kahai oil sample cultivated in the Amazonian area of Ecuador.Methods: Kahai oil was obtained from kahai seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the gas chromatography with a mass selective detector and using the database Library NIST 14.L to identify the compounds.Results: Kahai seeds have 62.36% of total lipids. Kahai seeds have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids with 68.04% of linoleic acid and 2.90% of linolenic acid. Kahai oil has 18.59% of monounsaturated fatty acids of oleic acid. Kahai oil only has 7.0% of palmitic acid and 3.47% of stearic acid.Conclusions: Kahai oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 6 and has a good proportion of monounsaturated fatty acid omega 9. This oil can be used in cosmetic and pharmaceutical and functional foods for their composition of fatty acids. Kahai oil can be an alternative of crop to indigenous communities in the Amazonian area of Ecuador.

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W, Carrillo, Quinteros Mf, Carpio C, Morales D, VÁsquez G, Álvarez M und Silva M. „IDENTIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS IN SACHA INCHI OIL (CURSIVE PLUKENETIA VOLUBILIS L.) FROM ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.15515.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to identify fatty acids in a sacha inchi oil sample.Methods: Sacha inchi oil was obtained of sacha inchi seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the gas chromatography with a mass selective detector and using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: Sacha inchi seeds have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids with 34.98% of ɷ6 α- Linoleic and 47.04% of ɷ3 α- Linolenic. Sacha inchi seeds only have 3.98% of palmitic acid.Conclusions: Sacha inchi seed is a good source of fatty acids ɷ3 and ɷ6, being ɷ3 and ɷ6 in a good proportion. Sacha inchi oil can be used to elaborate functional foods.

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Randal, M. A. „PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENTS IN QUEENSLAND DURING 1985“. APPEA Journal 26, Nr. 2 (1986): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj85051.

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Petroleum exploration in Queensland during 1985 remained at the high levels that existed during 1984. Of the 115 wells spudded, 88 were wildcat exploration wells, 24 were appraisal wells, and three were development wells. New field discoveries numbered 23, being 16 oil and 7 of gas, the highest number ever recorded. All but two of the appraisal wells and all three development wells were successful. Seismic surveys totalled 23 158 km of subsurface section, 75 per cent in the western part of the state in the Eromanga/Cooper and Eromanga/Galilee basins and their environs, and the remainder in the Surat and Bowen basins. Similar levels of exploration are expected during 1986, although the amount of seismic surveying may decrease as much as 20 per cent. Exploration is expected to be in mostly the same basins as now over the next 15 years.Two liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) separating plants came on stream in 1985 in the Surat/Bowen Basin, one at Kincora and one near Wallumbilla, with a combined output capacity of 50 000 tonnes annually. At Eromanga a mini-refinery with a capacity of about 880 barrels of oil per day commenced operations producing mostly distillate. Petroleum Leases were granted during the year over the Tintaburra and Bodalla South oilfields near Eromanga, and over the Riverslea and Yapunyah oilfields in the Surat region.Queensland's petroleum reserves now stand at 66 million barrels remaining recoverable oil, 17 billion cu m gas, and 500 000 tonnes of LPG. Daily production is about 29 000 barrels of oil and condensate, about 1.2 million cu m of gas, and 97 tonnes of LPG.There is relatively little impact to petroleum exploration in Queenland through the setting aside of land for special purposes. Legislation and administrative arrangements allow exploration in National Parks and Forest Reserves under conditions set down by the controlling bodies.

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E, Vilcacundo, Alvarez M, Silva M, Carpio C, Morales D und Carrillo W. „FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION OF TOCTE (JUGLANS NEOTROPICA DIELS) WALNUT FROM ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.16344.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acids composition in a tocte seeds oil (Juglans neotropica Diels) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Tocte oil was obtained from tocte seeds using the cold pressing method. Fatty acids analysis was carried out using the gas chromatography method with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD) and using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from tocte (J. neotropica Diels) walnut using the GC–MS analytical method. The total lipid content of tocte walnuts seeds of plants cultivated in Ecuador was of 49.01% of the total lipid content on fresh weight. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of methyl esters fatty acids was determined using the GC–MS. Tocte walnut presents 5.05% of palmitic acid, 2.26% of stearic acid, 19.50% of oleic acid, 65.81% of linoleic acid, and 2.79% linolenic acid of the total content of fatty acids in tocte oil. Fatty acids content reported in this study were similar to the data reported for other walnuts seeds.Conclusions: Tocte seeds are a good source of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Tocte oil content oleic acid and with a good content of ɷ6 α-linoleic and ɷ3 α-linolenic. Tocte walnut can help reduce risk cardiovascular diseases in Ecuador for their good composition of fatty acids.

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Czech, Katarzyna. „AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE OF OIL-DEPENDENT ECONOMIES“. Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XX, Nr. 6 (10.12.2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7729.

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The aim of the paper is to present the agricultural performance of oil-dependent economies. Based on oil rents as a share of GDP ratio, twenty of the most oil-dependent countries are selected. It is shown that food exports constitute a tiny part of total merchandise exports. It concerns all selected countries apart from Ecuador and Norway. Moreover, agriculture value added is a minor component of GDP for the majority of selected oil-dependent economies. Chad and Nigeria are distinguished by the highest agricultural value added to GDP ratio. Qatar, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, on the other hand, are among countries in which the ratio is lower than 1%. Many oil-dependent countries have neglected the rural economy since oil discovery. The agricultural sector is largely ignored in favour of the oil and gas industry. However, it should be emphasized that although agriculture constitutes only a minor share of GDP, in many oil-dependent developing countries, the agricultural sector still provides the main livelihood for most people.

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Jl, Altuna, Silva M, Alvarez M, Quinteros Mf, Morales D und Wilman Carrillo. „YELLOW PITAYA (HYLOCEREUS MEGALANTHUS) FATTY ACIDS COMPOSITION FROM ECUADORIAN AMAZONIA“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 11 (07.11.2018): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.24922.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the composition of methyl esters fatty acids (FAMEs) in yellow pitaya (Hylocereus megalanthus) seeds cultivated in the Palora, Ecuador Amazonian region.Methods: Yellow pitaya oil was obtained from yellow pitaya seeds using the Soxhlet technique. FAMEs identification and quantification were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and the database Library NIST14.L to identify the FAMEs present in yellow pitaya oil.Results: Yellow pitaya oil from Ecuador Amazonian region was analyzed by GC-MS, to obtain the five main fatty acids, palmitic acid (11.52%), stearic acid (4.29%), oleic acid (11.09%), vaccenic acid (3.08%), and linoleic acid (69.98%). Omega 6 was the most abundant fatty acid, total content in yellow pitaya seeds oil.Conclusions: Yellow pitaya seeds content a good proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega 6). For their fatty acid composition, yellow pitaya seeds can be considered as healthy food and can be used in the food industry for different purposes. Regular consumption of yellow pitaya can improve human health.

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M, Cardenas, Carpio C, Morales D, Álvarez M, Silva M und Carrillo W. „CONTENT OF NUTRIENTS COMPONENT AND FATTY ACIDS IN CHIA SEEDS (SALVIA HISPANICA L.) CULTIVATED IN ECUADOR“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 2 (01.02.2018): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.17096.

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Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acids content in chia seeds oil (Salvia hispánica L.) sample cultivated in Ecuador.Methods: Chia oil was obtained from chia seeds using the cold pressing method. Methyl esters fatty acids (FAME) analysis was carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) method with a mass selective detector (MSD) and using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the compounds present in the oil of chia seed.Results: Methyl esters fatty acids were identified from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds using the GC–mass spectrometer (GS–MS) analytical method. The total protein, lipid, and fiber content of chia seeds of plants cultivated in Ecuador was of 19.78, 16.06, and 27.88%, respectively, of the total content on fresh weight. Fatty acids were analyzed as methyl esters on a capillary column DB-WAX 122-7062 with a good separation of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, arachidic acid, and linolenic acid. The structure of FAME was determined using the GS-MS. Chia oil high content of linolenic acid (omega 3) with a value of 54.08% the total content of fatty acids in chia oil. Omega 6 content was of 18.69% and omega 9 content was of 10.24% the total content of fatty acids in chia oil.Conclusions: Chia oil has a good content of fatty acids omega 3, 6, and 9. The higher value was of omega 3 with 54.08%. Omega 3 is recommended to the prevention of risk cardiovascular.

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Deckelman, J. A., F. X. Connors, A. W. Shultz, P. A. Glagola, W. M. Menard, S. R. Schwegal und J. N. Shearer. „NEOGENE OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS IN THE PROGRESO BASIN, OFFSHORE ECUADOR AND PERU: IMPLICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT“. Journal of Petroleum Geology 31, Nr. 1 (Januar 2008): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-5457.2008.00406.x.

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Gilardoni, Gianluca, Mayra Montalván, Mariana Ortiz, Diego Vinueza und José Vinicio Montesinos. „The Flower Essential Oil of Dalea mutisii Kunth (Fabaceae) from Ecuador: Chemical, Enantioselective, and Olfactometric Analyses“. Plants 9, Nr. 10 (21.10.2020): 1403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101403.

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An essential oil was distilled with 0.25% yield from fresh flowers of Dalea mutisii Kunth, a native species mainly growing in the Andean region of Ecuador. A total of 50 compounds were identified, and most of them were quantified. The chemical composition was characterized by the prevalence of monoterpene hydrocarbons (>90%). Major components were α-pinene (42.9%), β-pinene (15.1%), β-phellandrene (12.6%), myrcene (6.7%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (5.4%). The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective analysis, with a 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin-based capillary column. An enantiomeric excess was measured for (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (91.6%), (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene (15.2%), (R)-(−)-α-phellandrene (4.8%), and (R)-(−)-β-phellandrene (88.8%), whereas (R)-(+)-limonene was enantiomerically pure. A gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) analysis was additionally carried out on this pleasantly fragrant essential oil, following an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) approach. Main odorants were α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, and (Z)-β-ocimene, with dilution factors (FD) of 8, 4, 2, and 2, respectively.

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Maddela, N. R., M. Masabanda und M. Leiva-Mora. „Novel diesel-oil-degrading bacteria and fungi from the Ecuadorian Amazon rainforest“. Water Science and Technology 71, Nr. 10 (28.03.2015): 1554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.142.

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Isolating new diesel-oil-degrading microorganisms from crude-oil contaminated sites and evaluating their degradation capacities are vitally important in the remediation of oil-polluted environments and crude-oil exploitation. In this research, new hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and fungi were isolated from the crude-oil contaminated soil of the oil-fields in the Amazon rainforest of north-east Ecuador by using a soil enrichment technique. Degradation analysis was tracked by gas chromatography and a flame ionization detector. Under laboratory conditions, maximum degradability of the total n-alkanes reached up to 77.34 and 62.62 removal ratios after 30 days of incubation for the evaporated diesel oil by fungi (isolate-1) and bacteria (isolate-1), respectively. The 16S/18S rDNA sequence analysis indicated that the microorganisms were most closely (99–100%) related to Bacillus cereus (isolate-1), Bacillus thuringiensis (isolate-2), Geomyces pannorum (isolate-1), and Geomyces sp. (isolate-2). Therefore, these strains enable the degradation of hydrocarbons as the sole carbon source, and these findings will benefit these strains in the remediation of oil-polluted environments and oil exploitation.

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Jl, Altuna, Silva M, Álvarez M, Quinteros Mf, Morales D und Carrillo W. „ECUADORIAN QUINOA (CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD) FATTY ACIDS PROFILE“. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, Nr. 11 (07.11.2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i11.24889.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the methyl esters fatty acids (FAMEs) profile of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) of a sample cultivated in Guaranda, Ecuador.Methods: Quinoa oil was obtained from quinoa seeds using the Soxhlet method. FAMEs identification and quantification were carried out using the gas chromatography (GC) with a mass spectrometry (MS), using the database Library NIST14.L to identify the fatty acids present in quinoa oil.Results: Quinoa oil from Ecuador was analyzed by GC-MS, to obtain four majoritarian fatty acids, palmitic acid (10.66%), oleic acid (24.70%), linoleic acid (62.47%), and linolenic acid (2.19%). Omega 6 was the most abundant fatty acid in quinoa oil. Quinoa oil has a good proportion of oleic acid and linoleic acid.Conclusions: Quinoa seeds present a good proportion of fatty acids. These seeds can be used in the food industry for different purposes to enjoy their fatty acids composition. Regular consumption of quinoa can improve health.

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Espinosa, Sandra, Nicole Bec, Christian Larroque, Jorge Ramírez, Barbara Sgorbini, Carlo Bicchi, Nixon Cumbicus und Gianluca Gilardoni. „A Novel Chemical Profile of a Selective In Vitro Cholinergic Essential Oil from Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), a Native Andean Species of Ecuador“. Molecules 26, Nr. 1 (23.12.2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010045.

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A novel chemical profile essential oil, distilled from the aerial parts of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS, qualitative analysis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID, quantitative analysis), with both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The chemical composition mostly consisted of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (>70%), the main ones being (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.8%), α-copaene (10.5%), β-bourbonene (9.9%), δ-cadinene (6.6%), cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene (6.4%) and germacrene D (4.9%), with the non-polar column. The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective GC analysis, with a diethyl-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin diluted in PS-086 chiral selector, resulting in the following enantiomeric excesses for the chiral components: (1R,5S)-(−)-α-thujene (67.8%), (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (85.5%), (1S,5S)-(−)-β-pinene (90.0%), (1S,5S)-(−)-sabinene (12.3%), (S)-(−)-limonene (88.1%), (S)-(+)-linalool (32.7%), (R)-(−)-terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), (S)-(−)-α-terpineol (71.2%) and (S)-(−)-germacrene D (89.0%). The inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of C. taxifolium essential oil was then tested, resulting in selective activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 31.3 ± 3.0 μg/mL (positive control: donepezil, IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL).

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García, Jessica, Gianluca Gilardoni, Nixon Cumbicus und Vladimir Morocho. „Chemical Analysis of the Essential Oil from Siparuna echinata (Kunth) A. DC. (Siparunaceae) of Ecuador and Isolation of the Rare Terpenoid Sipaucin A“. Plants 9, Nr. 2 (04.02.2020): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020187.

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The phytochemical research on the species Siparuna echinata, collected in the Province of Loja (Ecuador), led to the isolation of a rare sesquiterpenoid, called Sipaucin A. The structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Furthermore, the essential oil of the fruits was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in a polydimethylsiloxane column (DB-5ms) and nineteen in a polyethylene glycol column (HP-INNOWax). Major compounds were α-pinene (24.3%, 20.3%), β-pinene (21.7%, 22.7%), β-myrcene (11.3%, 14.8%), limonene (10.0%, 11.3%), cis-ocimene (8.5%, 8.1%), and trans-ocimene (8.9%, 8.4%). In addition to the chemical analysis, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective analysis of two major chiral monotherpenes, determining an enantiomeric excess of 100.0% for (+)-α-pinene and 6.7% for (+)-β-pinene.

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Pelaez-Samaniego, Manuel Raul, Juan L. Espinoza, José Jara-Alvear, Pablo Arias-Reyes, Fernando Maldonado-Arias, Patricia Recalde-Galindo, Pablo Rosero und Tsai Garcia-Perez. „Potential and Impacts of Cogeneration in Tropical Climate Countries: Ecuador as a Case Study“. Energies 13, Nr. 20 (10.10.2020): 5254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205254.

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High dependency on fossil fuels, low energy efficiency, poor diversification of energy sources, and a low rate of access to electricity are challenges that need to be solved in many developing countries to make their energy systems more sustainable. Cogeneration has been identified as a key strategy for increasing energy generation capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving energy efficiency in industry, one of the most energy-demanding sectors worldwide. However, more studies are necessary to define approaches for implementing cogeneration, particularly in countries with tropical climates (such as Ecuador). In Ecuador, the National Plan of Energy Efficiency includes cogeneration as one of the four routes for making energy use more sustainable in the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to identify the potential of cogeneration in the Ecuadorian industry, and (2) to show the positive impacts of cogeneration on power generation capacity, GHG emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and the economy of the country. The study uses methodologies from works in specific types of industrial processes and puts them together to evaluate the potential and analyze the impacts of cogeneration at national level. The potential of cogeneration in Ecuador is ~600 MWel, which is 12% of Ecuador’s electricity generation capacity. This potential could save ~18.6 × 106 L/month of oil-derived fuels, avoiding up to 576,800 tCO2/year, and creating around 2600 direct jobs. Cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in the Ecuadorian industry by up to 40%.

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