Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Oghuz poetry“

Translation works have a special place and influence in Usman Kochkar’s work. The combination of idea and art, meaning and image in the poet’s poetry is directly related to his translation. His translation skills are especially evident in the examples of Azerbaijani literature that he translated. The translator translated the works of Sayyid Imamuddin Nasimi, Husayn Javid, Yunus Samad, Sabir Rustamkhan, Yunus Oguz, Husayn Kurdogli, Hidayat, Anor, Elchin, etc. from Ozar into Uzbek. The artist later made translations from Russian, English, and Japanese. As a translator, choosing the best works, the Uzbek reader made a worthy contribution to the expansion of the reading space. The article examines the translation skills of Usman Kochkar and the influence of translated works on the poet’s work.

The article considers the strengthening of the Turkic factor in Egypt after the Mamluk Emirs, natives from the Khwarezm, Turkmen and Kipchak tribes, who came to power in the second half of the XIII century. The influence of the Turkic factor affected all aspects of life in Egypt. Under the leadership of the Turkic Emirs, the Egyptians defeated the crusaders who invaded Egypt in 1248. This defeat of the 7th crusade marked the beginning of the General collapse of the Crusades. Another crushing defeat of the Mamluks led by Sultan Kutuz caused the Mongols, stopping their victorious March through the Arab world. As a result of these brilliant victories, Egypt under the first Mamluk Sultans turned into a fairly strong state, which developed agriculture, irrigation, and foreign trade. The article also examines the factors contributing to the transformation of Egypt in the 13-14th centuries in the center of Muslim culture after the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Scientists from all over the Muslim world came to Egypt, educational institutions-madrassas were intensively built, and Muslim encyclopedias were created that absorbed the knowledge gained in various Sciences (geography, history, philology, astronomy, mathematics, etc.). Scholars from Khwarezm, the Golden Horde, Azerbaijan, and other Turkic-speaking regions along with Arab scholars taught hadith, logic, oratory, fiqh, and other Muslim Sciences in the famous madrassas of Egypt. In Mamluk Egypt, there was a great interest in the Turkic languages, especially the Oguz-Kipchak dialect. Arabic and Turkic philologists write special works on the vocabulary and grammar of the Turkic languages, and compile Arabic-Turkic dictionaries. In Egypt, a whole layer of artistic Turkic-language literature was created that has survived to the present day. The famous poet Saif Sarayi, who came from the lower reaches of the Syr Darya river in Mawaraunnahr was considered to be its founder. He wrote in Chigatai (old Uzbek) language and is recognized a poet who stands at the origins of Uzbek literature. In addition to his known the names of eight Turkish-speaking poets, most of whom have nisba “al-Khwarizmi”. Notable changes occurred in Arabic literature itself, especially after the decline of Palace Abbasid poetry. There is a convergence of literature with folk art, under the influence of which the poetic genres, such as “zazhal”, “mavval”, “muvashshah”, etc. emerge in the Egyptian poetry. In Mamluk Egypt, the genre of “adaba” is rapidly developing, aimed at bringing up and enlightening the good-natured Muslim in a popular scientific form. The works of “adaba” contained a large amount of poetic and folklore material from rivayats and hikayats, which makes it possible to have a more complete understanding of medieval Arabic literature in general. Unfortunately, the culture, including the fiction of the Mamluk period of Egypt, has been little studied, as well as the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural and social life of the Egyptians. The Turkic influence is felt in the military and household vocabulary, the introduction of new rituals, court etiquette, changing the criteria for evaluating beauty, in food, clothing, etc. Natives of the Turkic regions, former slaves, historical figures such as the Sultan Shajarat ad-Durr, Mamluk sultans as Kutuz and Beybars became national heroes of the Egyptian people. Folk novels-Sirs were written about their deeds. And in modern times, their names are not forgotten. Prominent Egyptian writers have dedicated their historical novels to them, streets have been named after them, monuments have been erected to them, and series and TV shows dedicated to them are still shown on national television. This article for the first time examines some aspects of the influence of the Turkic factor on the cultural life of Mamluk Egypt and highlights some unknown pages of cultural relations between Egypt and Mawaraunnahr.

With the Turkification of Anatolia after the 11th century, the written language, which was established and developed on the basis of Oghuz in Anatolia between the 13th and 15th centuries, is called the Old Anatolian Turkish, and the Turkish language, in this period, became an independent written language by disposing of the traces of Old Turkish. Especially with the governor’s encouragement of writers and poets to write in Turkish, both the number of works written in Turkish increased and significant steps were taken in an attempt to become a written language in Oghuz, and accordingly, many copyrighted and translated works were produced in this period. In the Old Anatolian Turkish period, at the beginning of the works containing religious subjects, there are Mevlids (Mevlid: Islamic memorial services) written for the public, without artistic purposes and in a plain language. These verse texts, which are about the birth, life, miracles and death of his holiness Muhammad, have a special importance in our language history in terms of revealing both their subjects and the vocabulary of the period in which they were written. In the present study, after introducing the Mevlid of Gönenli Yahya bin Bahşî and providing brief information about its phonetic and morphological features, the vocabulary of Mevlid will be elaborated.

The most detailed description of the “Balkan” period is found in the novel by D. Tanasoglo “Uzun Kervan”. In other genres (poetry), the poeticized image of the Balkans as the historical homeland of the Gagauz is presented to a greater extent. The main events of the “Balkan” period in the history of the Gagauzians, reflected in fiction, are: the adoption of Christianity by the Oghuz / Uzes – the ancestors of the Gagauzians, relations with the local population of the Balkans, the struggle against the Ottoman Turks, and the creation of a fictional Gagauz state called Uzi Eyalet. The authors also draw attention to the way in which changes occur in the traditional everyday culture of ancestors of the Gagauz as a result of changing economic-cultural type, and religion. In the Gagauz environment of creative people, there is a unity in the perception of the historical past associated with the presence of the ancestors of the Gagauz people in the Balkans. As a rule (with a few exceptions), the past broadcast by Gagauz writers is largely mythologized: and the writers themselves play a significant role in the process of constructing ethnicity.