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1
DEDOVA, OLGA V., und MARINA KRASNOVA. „REALISATION OF VOICED-UNVOICED OF OBSTRUENT CONSONANTS BEFORE INTERCONSONANTAL SONORANTS AND [V]“. Lomonosov Journal of Philology, Nr. 4, 2024 (23.08.2024): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0075-9-2024-47-04-3.
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The article deals with the assimilation of obstruent consonants in initial position in consonantal combinations “obstruent + sonorant or [v] + obstruent”. The aim of the study was to reveal the “transparency” of sonorants and [v] in such groups, i.e. the possibility of distant assimilative influence of the last obstruent on the first one. It is proved that in the sound combinations “obstruent + sonorant or [v] + obstruent” the interconsonant sonorants do not prevent the regressive assimilative interaction of two obstruent consonants, i.e. the sonorants and [v] “pass through” the assimilation by voiced-unvoiced.The article presents the results of an experimental phonetic study of the realisation of obstruent consonants in the specified position within and at the junctions of phonetic words in the modern Russian literary language. The data obtained in the course of the study confirm that in the combinations “unvoiced obstruent + sonorant or [v] + voiced obstruent” within one phonetic word ( от льдинок [а д-л’д ’и ́ нък] , от мгновения [а д-мг нав’éн’ьь]), the initial consonant is voiced under the influence of the voiced consonant, and, on the contrary, in combinations “voiced obstruent + sonorous + unvoiced obstruent” ( из Мценска [и с-мц éнскъ], из ртути [и с-рт ýт’ь]), the initial consonant is unvoiced. At the junction of phonetic words, there is a voicing of the final obstruent of the first word ( факультет МГИМО [фъкул’т’é д мг ’имó]).The article also analyses the articulatory, acoustic and functional specificity of [v], which combines the characteristic features of both obstruent and sonorous consonants. The functioning of soft [v’] in interconsonantal position in the above groups is not considered in the article, as it is not lexically represented.
2
Mayani, Luh Anik. „AFFRICATES, NASAL-OBSTRUENT SEQUENCES AND PHRASAL ACCENT IN TAJIO“. Linguistik Indonesia 34, Nr. 1 (25.02.2015): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v34i1.42.
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Among twenty consonants found in Tajio, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ need a further observation because in Tomini-Tolitoli languages they have been analyzed differently by different researchers. The differences pertain both to the place and manner of articulation. Aspects of Tajio phonology discussed here are nasal-obstruent sequences as well as phrasal accent. Initial nasal-obstruent sequences contradict the sonority sequencing generalization (SSG). The sequence of nasal+obstruent can be interpreted in two ways: as a prenasalized consonant or as a consonant cluster. Tajio does not have lexical (word) stress; rather, it has a phrasal accent. Without lexical stress, the presence of the pitch accent depends on the location of the syllable within the intonational phrase.
3
Kulikov, Vladimir. „Voicing contrast in consonant clusters: evidence against sonorant transparency to voice assimilation in Russian“. Phonology 30, Nr. 3 (Dezember 2013): 423–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000213.
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Obstruents in Russian have been claimed to assimilate in voicing in clusters when a sonorant consonant intervenes, e.g. ot mgly [dmg] ‘from the haze’. This phenomenon (‘sonorant transparency to voice assimilation’) is controversial: it is claimed to be a phonological rule of fast speech by some linguists, while its existence is denied by others. Previous studies have shown that voicing in presonorant obstruents (C1) in Russian is consistent with that of prevocalic obstruents in slow speech; however, no research has examined whether voicing in presonorant obstruents changes either as a function of the voicing of the rightmost (C2) obstruent in a cluster or in faster speech. This paper presents experimental results supporting the claim that the voicing of C2 obstruents does not affect voicing in presonorant C1 obstruents in slow or fast speech. The results suggest that obstruents do not assimilate through a sonorant in obstruent–sonorant–obstruent clusters in Russian.
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Potisuk, Siripong. „Obstruent Consonant Landmark Detection in Thai Continuous Speech“. International Journal of Signal Processing Systems 4, Nr. 3 (Juni 2016): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijsps.4.3.214-219.
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5
Shirobokova, N. N., und N. N. Fedina. „Some of the features of the consonant system of the Chalkan language“. Languages and Folklore of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia, Nr. 38 (2019): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2019-2-51-57.
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In the following article, we describe the changes that have occurred in Chalkan phonetics over the last 70 years. We compare the consonant system data collected by N. A. Baskakov to modern research data of Siberian experimental phonetics. Certain differences between the Chalkan phonetic systems and other Siberian languages are revealed. We also describe the phonetic processes that are currently taking place in the modern Chalkan language. We list the following changes in Chalkan consonantism: nasalization of labial consonants in anlaut (p- → m-), denasalization of labial consonants in inlaut (-m- → -β-), spirantization of occlusive labial phonemes in inlaut (-p- → -β-), replacement of the anlaut č- by the Altai ħ-, removal of the final fricative low-obstruent super-weak -ɣ. In Siberian Turkic languages, including the Chalkan language (as well as some Kipchak languages, including Kyrgyz, Kazakh, etc.), one may observe a process that can be characterized as a shift of phonotactic trends typical for monosyllabic roots in inter-morphemic clusters of consonants. As the model of affix annexation via connective vowels disappeared, the number of inter-morphemic consonant combinations increased, intensifying the processes of assimilation. Cases of progressive assimilation are the most common: if a stem ends with a vowel or a sonorous consonant, the first obstruent consonant of the affix is either voiced or sonorous (tүn=de ‘at night’, palъ=ɡe ‘to the child’ in Chalkan). If a stem ends with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the affix is also voiceless (pᴜlᴜt(t)e ‘on a cloud’, kaske ‘to a goose’ in Chalkan). The Chalkan languages possesses traits typical for Southern Siberian Turkic languages; however, it also has traits similar to those of Kipchak languages, namely the relatively high degree of preservation of voiceless intervocalic consonants in stems (whereas in inter-morphemic positions they are voiced).
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Hermes, Anne, Doris Mücke und Martine Grice. „Gestural coordination of Italian word-initial clusters: the case of ‘impure s’“. Phonology 30, Nr. 1 (Mai 2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267571300002x.
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We report on an articulatory study which uses an electromagnetic articulograph to investigate word-initial consonant clusters in Italian. In particular, we investigate clusters involving a sibilant, such as in spina ‘thorn’. The status of the sibilant in such clusters, referred to as ‘impure s’, is an unresolved problem for the syllable phonology of Italian. Coordination patterns of the gestural targets of consonantal and vocalic gestures reveal a structural difference between obstruent–liquid clusters, e.g. /pr/, and sibilant–obstruent clusters, e.g. /sp/. Whereas in /pr/, both /p/ and /r/ have distinct coordination patterns as compared to either /p/ or /r/ as a single consonant in the same (word-initial) position, this is not the case for /sp/. Here the /p/ patterns like a single consonant: /p/ in spina patterns with /p/ in Pina (proper name). Thus, although /s/ in spina constitutes a word onset, there is evidence against it being part of a syllable onset.
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Blust, Robert. „More odd conditions? Voiced obstruents as triggers and suppressors in Miri, Sarawak“. Phonology 37, Nr. 1 (Februar 2020): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675720000020.
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Miri, an Austronesian language spoken in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, has two sets of vowel changes that are conditioned by voiced obstruents. In the first set, a last-syllable low vowel is fronted and raised to [e], or less commonly [i], if a voiced obstruent appears earlier in the word, while a penultimate low vowel immediately following the trigger is skipped. In the second, a high vowel in the final syllable undergoes breaking (diphthongisation) or lowering, depending upon specific conditions, unless there is a voiced obstruent anywhere earlier in the word. For both triggers and suppressors, this effect is cancelled by an intervening blocking consonant, which includes any nasal or voiceless obstruent except glottal stop. The challenge is to understand why voiced obstruents have this double function, acting as a trigger with low vowels and a suppressor with high vowels, given the lack of an a priori transparent relationship between low vowel fronting and high vowel breaking/lowering.
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Mou, Xiaomin. „Obstruent‐sonorant consonant sequences—Analysis by synthesis“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, Nr. 5 (Mai 2004): 2543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4783648.
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9
Dmitrieva, Olga. „The Role of Perception in the Typology of Geminate Consonants: Effects of Manner of Articulation, Segmental Environment, Position, and Stress“. Language and Speech 61, Nr. 1 (22.03.2017): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830917696113.
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The present study seeks to answer the question of whether consonant duration is perceived differently across consonants of different manners of articulation and in different contextual environments and whether such differences may be related to the typology of geminates. The results of the cross-linguistic identification experiment suggest higher perceptual acuity in labeling short and long consonants in sonorants than in obstruents. Duration categories were also more consistently and clearly labeled in the intervocalic than in the preconsonantal environment, in the word-initial than in the word-final position, and after stressed vowels than between unstressed vowels. These perceptual asymmetries are in line with some typological tendencies, such as the cross-linguistic preference for intervocalic and post-stress geminates, but contradict other proposed cross-linguistic patterns, such as the preference for obstruent geminates and the abundance of word-final geminates.
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Knyazev, Sergey V. „On the interaction of phonetic parameters implementing the voiced / voiceless phonological opposition in Standard Modern Russian“. Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, Nr. 4 (2021): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/77/11.
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The paper reports new data obtained in the experimental study of voice coarticulation of voiced and voiceless obstruents adjacent to sonorant depending on the place and manner of articulation of these consonants in Standard Modern Russian. The experimental results revealed the voice coarticulation of the obstruent in word-internal clusters of [sonorant + obstruent + sonorant] coronal consonants, possibly due to the preceding homorganic nasal consonant. In the case of sonorants [nasal + voiceless stop + vibrant] that are not identical in place and manner of articulation, the closure part of the dental stop becomes voiced throughout, with this phonation type accommodation not leading, nevertheless, to the voiced / voiceless phoneme neutralization since the contrast in question is still maintained by phonetic parameters other than voice (phonation itself). These are closure duration, burst duration, and relative overall intensity. On the contrary, in the case of dental sonorants [nasal + voiceless stop + nasal] being identical in place and manner of articulation, the contrast in burst duration is eliminated since no burst of dental stop is found in the position before homorganic nasal, with the closure part of the stop not acquiring voicing to prevent the voiced / voiceless phoneme neutralization. In conclusion, it is argued that in Standard Modern Russian, the phonetic parameter [relative overall intensity] is less significant in the hierarchical structure of distinctive phonological feature than [closure voicing] and [burst duration] ones since it cannot serve as the only parameter distinguishing the voiced and voiceless obstruents in the intersonorant position.
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Sechang Lee. „First Consonant Shift in the Germanic obstruent system“. Korean Journal of Linguistics 32, Nr. 3 (September 2007): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2007.32.3.008.
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12
Silbert, Noah H., Kenneth J. de Jong, Jennifer J. Lentz und James T. Townsend. „Integration of phonological information in obstruent consonant identification.“ Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126, Nr. 4 (2009): 2302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3249486.
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13
Ciszewski, Tomasz. „Metrical conditioning of word-final devoicing in Polish“. Forum Filologiczne Ateneum, Nr. 1(7)2019 (31.12.2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36575/2353-2912/1(7)2019.043.
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The present paper investigates a segmental phenomenon traditionally referred to as word-final obstruent devoicing in Polish. It is generally assumed that the context in which it applies is solely related to the absolute word-final position before silence. By inference, full voicing of a wordfinal obstruent is retained only when (i) it is followed by a voiced segment (a vowel or a consonant) in an utterance or when (ii) it is appended with a suffix which begins with a vowel. In this research a different group of factors which trigger the process is explored, namely the position of the obstruent within the metrical foot. If, as argued by Harris (2009), noninitial position within the foot is a typical lenition site (contrary to Iverson and Salmons 2007) and if devoicing is regarded as a special manifestation of lenition (through information loss, similarly to vowel reduction), a purely segmental (contextual) conditioning for voicing retention in obstruents word-finally cannot be maintained.
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Timkin, T. V. „Consonants voicing in Surgut Khanty based on electroglottography data“. LANGUAGES AND FOLKLORE OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES OF SIBERIA, Nr. 47 (2023): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2312-6337-2023-3-9-25.
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This paper presents an experimental phonetic study of consonant voicing in Surgut Khanty conducted with one na-tive speaker of the Trom-Agan sub-dialect using a Rose Medical EGG-D200 laryngograph and icSpeech software. The vocal cord activity was assessed non-invasively with sensors on the speaker’s throat. The recordings were seg-mented and annotated via Praat software and then statistically processed with the Emu-SDMS corpus manager and R programming language. A voicing rate was calculated as the relative duration of the sound segment defining the fundamental frequency. Over 770 sound segments were processed. The obstruent consonants /p/, /t/, /c͡ç/, /k/, /s/, /ɬ/, and /ʎ̥/ were pronounced voicelessly, partially voiced in intervocalic position but never having sonants’ and vowels’ typical values. The obstruent consonants had the voicing coefficients of 0–0,44, with the mean values for different phonemes of 0,02–0,06, while vowels feature the voicing coefficients of 0,44–0,89 and the mean values of 0,53–0,82. The sonor consonants /m/, /n/, /r/, /j/, /ɣ/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, and /w/ were pronounced as voiced in the initial and medial positions. In the final position, the sonor consonants were realized as devoiced or voiceless depending on the syntagmatic conditions, with the voicing coefficients of 0–0,83 and average values of 0,4–0,63. The paper provides oscillograms and glottograms for the sounds investigated. A control evaluation was conducted using the acoustic data. The comparison of the consonant voicing data from the audio recording and glottography revealed only the latter method to accurately detect a boundary of the voiced segment.
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Sanoudaki, Eirini. „Towards a Typology of Word-initial Consonant Clusters: Evidence from the Acquisition of Greek“. Journal of Greek Linguistics 10, Nr. 1 (2010): 74–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156658410x495826.
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AbstractIn this paper, I study the production of consonant clusters by Greek children and examine the consequences of the acquisition data for phonological theory, with particular emphasis on the word-initial position. Using a non-word repetition test, I tested the order of acquisition of wordinitial and word-medial s+obstruent (sT), obstruent-obstruent (TT) and obstruent-sonorant (TR) clusters in 59 children. The results provide evidence against any analysis that assigns identical status to word-initial sT and word-initial TT, such as models of extrasyllabicity, and lend support to an alternative analysis of the beginning of the word, based on Lowenstamm's (1999) initial ON hypothesis and CVCV theory (Scheer 2004).
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Elzinga, Dirk, und David Eddington. „An experimental approach to ambisyllabicity in English“. Topics in Linguistics 14, Nr. 1 (01.12.2014): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/topling-2014-0010.
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Abstract The factors that influence English speakers to classify a consonant as ambisyllabic are explored in 581 bisyllabic words. The /b/ in habit, for example, was considered ambisyllabic when a participant chose hab as the first part of the word and bit as the second. Geminate spelling was found to interact with social variables; older participants and more educated speakers provided more ambisyllabic responses. The influence of word-level phonotactics on syllabification was also evident. A consonant such as the medial /d/ in standard is attested as the second consonant in the coda of many English words (e.g. lard), as well as in the single-consonant onset of many others; for this reason such consonants were often made ambisyllabic. This contrasts with the /n/ in standard, which is never the first consonant in a word-initial cluster (e.g. *ndorf) and, therefore, rarely made ambisyllabic in the experiment. Ambisyllabicity was also found more often when the vowel preceding the single medialconsonant was lax, or stressed, or when the medial-consonant was a sonorant rather than an obstruent. The idea that a stressed lax vowel in the first syllable conditions both the ambisyllabicity of the consonant and its geminate spelling is not supported.
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Yang, Jing, Xianhui Wang, Jue Yu und Li Xu. „Production accuracy of word-initial consonants in Mandarin-speaking children with cochlear implants“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, Nr. 4 (April 2022): A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010678.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of consonant production of children with cochlear implants (CIs) judged by naïve adult listeners. A total of 57 Mandarin-speaking children (22 with normal hearing and 35 with CIs) were recruited to produce a list of Mandarin words composed of 17 word-initial obstruent consonants in three different vowel contexts. A total number of 2628 tokens were generated and were divided into 10 subsets. One hundred Mandarin-speaking naïve adult listeners were recruited to identify the consonant productions through Gorilla, the online research platform. Each listener was randomly assigned to one subset. For each child speaker, the consonant productions were judged by 7–12 adult listeners and an average accuracy rate was calculated across all listeners for each consonant. The results revealed that the children with CIs showed lower accuracies and different confusion patterns on their consonant productions than the normal hearing controls. In particular, they demonstrated higher accuracy for stops but had major problems with the fricatives and affricates involved in the alveolar—alveolopalatal—retroflex postalveolar three-way sibilant contrast. Of the three places of the sibilant contrast, they showed the greatest difficulties for the alveolar sounds.
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TAMBURELLI, MARCO, EIRINI SANOUDAKI, GARY JONES und MICHELLE SOWINSKA. „Acceleration in the bilingual acquisition of phonological structure: Evidence from Polish–English bilingual children“. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, Nr. 4 (18.11.2014): 713–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000716.
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This study examines the production of consonant clusters in simultaneous Polish–English bilingual children and in language-matched English monolinguals (aged 7;01–8;11). Selection of the language pair was based on the fact that Polish allows a greater range of consonant clusters than English. A nonword repetition task was devised in order to examine clusters of different types (obstruent-liquid vs. s + obstruent) and in different word positions (initial vs. medial), two factors that play a significant role in repetition accuracy in monolingual acquisition (e.g., Kirk & Demuth, 2005). Our findings show that bilingual children outperformed monolingual controls in the word initial s + obstruent condition. These results indicate that exposure to complex word initial clusters (in Polish) can accelerate the development of less phonologically complex clusters (in English). This constitutes significant new evidence that the facilitatory effects of bilingual acquisition extend to structural phonological domains. The implications that these results have on competing views of phonological organisation and phonological complexity are also discussed.
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Wolf, Jackson. „Hypocoristic palatalization in Basque and historical applications“. Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 9 (30.12.2023): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.17026.
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This paper examines the processes of expressive palatalization in the Basque diminutive. Basque has two forms of the diminutive, a list of inflectional suffixes and a method of palatalization with specific phonological requirements. A speaker will first palatalize any coronal sibilants in the word. If there are none, then a dental obstruent that has a palatal counterpart is the next candidate. If there are again, none, then the last candidate is a dental coronal, but only the consonant on the leftmost edge. However, if there is a sibilant and a dental consonant, only the sibilants are palatalized. If there is a dental obstruent and a dental sonorant, only the obstruent is palatalized. To describe this process, I adopt an OT approach and an autosegmental approach to determine where the [+palatal] inflection morpheme can attach. Finally, I show the application of unworking the hypocoristic formation through internal reconstruction of Basque in animal names to produce two reconstructions.
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Laidler, Kateryna. „Ukrainian obstruent + sonorant and sonorant + obstruent consonant clusters in online adaptation by native speakers of English“. Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 41, Nr. 2 (02.01.2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/lsmll.2017.41.2.61.
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Hall, Tracy Alan. „The phonology of German /R/“. Phonology 10, Nr. 1 (Mai 1993): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001743.
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The German uvular /R/ probably shows more surface variation than any other segment in the language. (1) illustrates that /R/ has a vocalic allophone [A], which can surface either as a glide or a vowel, a sonorant consonant allophone, which is pronounced as a uvular trill or approximant, and two obstruent allophones:In the present study I focus on the rules producing the consonantal allophones of /R/ in both Standard German and in certain dialects of the Lower Rhineland (henceforth LRG).
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Alsabhan, Rana, und Jane Setter. „The Phonetic Realization of Obstruent Clusters in Najdi Arabic: An Exploratory Study“. International Journal of Linguistics and Translation Studies 5, Nr. 1 (01.01.2024): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlts.v5i1.409.
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This study provides an acoustic analysis of the realization of the surface word-initial obstruent clusters that resulted from the deletion of short vowels in Najdi Arabic. While past studies discussed the syllable structure of Najdi Arabic and affirmed the permissibility of initial consonant clusters, most of these studies lack acoustic analyses that attest the occurrence of initial consonant clusters and left much uncertainty about the allowed and disallowed segments in the clusters. The aim of the present research is to address this gap in the literature by conducting an acoustic analysis that examined the types and patterns of the allowed obstruent clusters in the Najdi Arabic dialect. Two methods were implemented to collect the data: informal interview and a reading task. The stimuli represented the four types of obstruent clusters: fricative-fricative, fricative-plosive, plosive-fricative, and plosive-plosive. Fourteen native Najdi Arabic speakers (7 males, 7 females) were recruited. The findings of this study affirm the presence of the four types of the obstruent clusters and provide a description of their patterns in Najdi Arabic. This finding enhances our understanding of the phonology of Najdi Arabic and contributes to the wide-ranging context of Arabic dialectology with regards to phonotactics and syllable structure.
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Baroni, Antonio. „Strength-based faithfulness and the sibilant /s/ in Italian“. Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 1, Nr. 1 (01.12.2014): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2015-0002.
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Abstract Notwithstanding the primacy of the CV syllable, a number of languages allow for more complex types of syllables. In particular, word-initial consonant clusters are particularly challenging for any phonological theory. In this paper it is argued that obstruent clusters may be the result of casual speech processes where the most salient/ frequent phonemes and features occurring in most pronunciation variants of a word are preserved. As a result, sibilants, being acoustically salient, tend to occur more often than other obstruents as the first member of word-initial obstruent clusters. A framework couched in Optimality Theory is presented, where a subfamily of faithfulness constraints refer to strength values stored in the underlying representation. The more salient and/or frequent a phoneme/feature is, the higher the strength value assigned to it. Finally, a number of languages are compared, arguing that their phonotactic differences may be due to the different ranking of markedness constraints and MAX-STRENGTHVALUE constraints.
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Kulikov, Vladimir, Fatemeh Mohsenzadeh und Rawand Syam. „Effect of emphasis spread on coronal stop articulation in Qatari Arabic“. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, Nr. 1 (23.03.2020): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4652.
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Emphasis (contrastive uvularisation) in Arabic spreads from an emphatic consonant to neighboring segments (Davis 1995). The effect of emphasis spread on a consonant is manifested as lowering of its spectral mean (Jongman et al. 2011). Although stop consonants reveal a strong effect of emphasis, it is not known how emphasis spread affects other acoustic properties of stops, e.g. voice onset time (VOT). Previous studies (Kulikov 2018) showed that VOT and emphasis are linked in speech production: plain /t/ in Gulf Arabic is aspirated; emphatic /ṭ/ has short-lag VOT. Phonological theory predicts that plain /t/ should become more emphatic in emphatic context, which might reduce stop VOT as well. The current study investigates the effect of emphasis spread on VOT in word-initial coronal stops in Qatari Arabic. The stimuli, produced by sixteen native speakers of Qatari Arabic, contained target plain and emphatic stops /t/, /ṭ/ followed by short or long low vowel, and plain coronal obstruents /t, s, ð/ or their emphatic counterparts /ṭ, ṣ, ð̣/. The acoustic analysis included measurements of VOT and spectral mean of burst in the stop, and F1, F2, F3 frequencies at the vowel beginning, middle and end. The results showed that final emphatic obstruent triggered emphasis spread across the syllable. The effect of emphasis on the vowel was stronger next to the emphatic obstruent (p < .01). Spectral mean of burst in plain /t/ was lower in the emphatic context (D = 276 Hz, p = .05). VOT, however, was not affected by emphasis spread. Plain /t/ had long-lag VOT averaging 52 ms; emphatic /ṭ/ had short-lag VOT averaging 17 ms. These values were not different in emphatic context (p = .743). The findings demonstrate that emphasis spread within a syllable affects only spectral characteristics of a coronal stop. Emphaticness of plain /t/ did not affect its VOT and did not result in complete transformation of the stop category
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Jamalin, Fakron, und Asma Abdul Rahman. „Arabic-Java Writing System: How Javanese Language Adopts Arabic Script“. Izdihar : Journal of Arabic Language Teaching, Linguistics, and Literature 4, Nr. 1 (30.04.2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jiz.v4i1.11337.
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Borrowing script happens throughout history of languages. Long before we know Latin script, Javanese has already adopted Arabic script. However, Java language deals with problematic adaptation due to distinctive sound system among those two languages, Arabic and Java. For that matter, this research aims to uncover 1) how Arabic-Java orthography represents Javanese’s consonants and vowel, and 2) how Arabic-Java orthography represents Javanese’s cluster. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. Data contain with the Javanese words which is written in Arabic script. Data are gained from eight different books which are inscribed by Arabic-Java orthography. After data are collected, the orthography method and grapheme-phoneme correspondence are used to analyze them. Grapheme-phoneme correspondence used to know how Arabic-Java orthography represents consonants and vocal phonemes. Finally, this research found that Arabic-Java orthography has 28 graphemes which are used to represent 23 consonants. Modification letters and digraph are used to represent missing sound in Arabic. Six Javanese vocals are represented with 9 graphemes. In another hand, cluster is written in two ways, first by adding Anaptyxis schwa [ə] in between sonorant-sonorant or obstruent-sonorant and vowel [a] in initial cluster nasal consonant and plosive consonant.
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Pinget, Anne-France, und Hugo Quené. „Effects of obstruent voicing on vowel fundamental frequency in Dutch“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, Nr. 4 (01.10.2023): 2124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0021070.
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It has been known for a long time and a wide variety of languages that vowel fundamental frequency (F0) following voiceless obstruents tends to be significantly higher than F0 following voiced obstruents. There has been a long-standing debate about the cause of this phenomenon. Some evidence in previous work is more compatible with an articulatory account of this effect, while others support the auditory enhancement account. This paper investigates these consonant-related F0 perturbations in Dutch after initial fricatives (/v, f/) and stops (/b, p/), as compared to after the nasal /m/. Dutch is particularly interesting because it is a “true voicing” language, and because fricatives are currently undergoing a process of devoicing. Results show that F0 was raised after voiceless, but largely unaffected after voiced obstruents. Fricative voicing in /v/ and F0 level tend to covary: the less voicing in /v/, the higher F0 at onset. There was no trace of an active gesture to explicitly lower pitch after highly devoiced fricatives, as would be predicted by an auditory account. In conclusion, F0 perturbations after Dutch obstruents and their covariation patterns are taken as additional evidence to support an articulatory cause of consonant-related F0 effects.
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Bosli, Raneem, und Lynne Cahill. „The Analysis of Coda Clusters in Jizani Arabic: An OT Perspective“. International Journal of English Linguistics 12, Nr. 3 (19.04.2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v12n3p89.
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This paper explains how native speakers of Jizani Arabic (henceforth, JA) treat final consonant clusters in superheavy syllables (CVCC) using a parallel Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993, 2004) to show how the theory can account for the cross-linguistic variations of coda clusters through the ranking of different constraints. JA is a Saudi dialect spoken in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia in Jizan city. It is common among many Saudi Arabic dialects like Najdi, Hijazi, Taifi and Qassimi that rising sonority in coda clusters is avoided by using vowel epenthesis to comply with the Sonority Sequencing Principle (henceforth, SSP), where there is no difference between nasals and liquids. However, in JA, we observe that vowel epenthesis occurs only if the last segment in CVCC is a liquid (/l/ or /ɾ/); for instance, /tʕifl/à [tʕifil] ‘child’ and /ħibɾ/à [ħibiɾ] ‘ink’. The vowel has been epenthesized because the last consonant in both examples is more sonorous than the preceding obstruents. However, the vowel will not be inserted if the final consonant is a nasal preceded by an obstruent; for instance, /laħm/à[laħm] ‘meat’ and /ɡutʕn/à[ɡutʕn] ‘cotton’. Although the universal sonority scale ranks nasals as more sonorous than obstruents, nasals in JA behave as they are equally sonorous as obstruents. In other words, nasals in this dialect group with stops and fricatives in the sonority scale.
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Davidson, Lisa, und Colin Wilson. „Processing nonnative consonant clusters in the classroom: Perception and production of phonetic detail“. Second Language Research 32, Nr. 4 (08.07.2016): 471–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316637899.
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Recent research has shown that speakers are sensitive to non-contrastive phonetic detail present in nonnative speech (e.g. Escudero et al. 2012; Wilson et al. 2014). Difficulties in interpreting and implementing unfamiliar phonetic variation can lead nonnative speakers to modify second language forms by vowel epenthesis and other changes. These difficulties may be exacerbated in the classroom, as previous studies have found that classroom acoustics have a detrimental effect on listeners’ ability to identify nonnative sounds and words (e.g. Takata and Nábělek, 1990). Here we compare the effects of two acoustic environments – a sound booth and a classroom – on English speakers’ ability to process and produce unfamiliar consonant sequences in an immediate shadowing task. A number of acoustic–phonetic properties were manipulated to create variants of word-initial obstruent–obstruent and obstruent–nasal clusters. The acoustic manipulations significantly affected English speakers’ correct productions and detailed error patterns in both the sound booth and the classroom, suggesting that the relevant acoustic detail is not substantially degraded by classroom acoustics. However, differences in the response patterns in the two environments indicate that the classroom setting does affect how speakers interpret nonnative phonetic detail for the purpose of determining their production targets.
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Lee, Jung‐In, und Jeung‐Yoon Choi. „Detection of obstruent consonant landmark for knowledge based speech recgonition system“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, Nr. 5 (Mai 2008): 3330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933842.
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Smit, Ann Bosma. „Phonologic Error Distributions in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project“. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, Nr. 5 (Oktober 1993): 931–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3605.931.
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The errors on word-initial consonant clusters made by children in the Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms Project (Smit, Hand, Freilinger, Bernthal, & Bird, 1990) were tabulated by age range and frequency. The error data show considerable support for Greenlee’s (1974) stages in the acquisition of clusters: the youngest children show cluster reduction, somewhat older children show cluster preservation but with errors on one or more of the cluster elements, and the oldest children generally show correct production. These stages extended to three-element clusters as well. Typical cluster reduction errors were (a) reduction to the obstruent in obstruent-plus-approximant clusters and (b) reduction to the second element in /s/-clusters. When clusters were preserved, but one member was in error, the error was typically the same as for the singleton consonant. Cluster errors are discussed in terms of theories of phonologic development, including open genetic programs and feature geometry. These data are expected to be useful in evaluation and treatment of disorders of phonology.
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Topbaş, Seyhun, und Handan KopkallI‐Yavuz. „Reviewing sonority for word‐final sonorant+obstruent consonant cluster development in Turkish“. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 22, Nr. 10-11 (Januar 2008): 871–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699200802175867.
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Shigeko, Shinohara. „The roles of the syllable and the mora in Japanese: Adaptation of French words“. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 25, Nr. 1 (27.02.1996): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-02501005.
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In Japanese adaptations of French words, we find two principal mechanisms that show the roles of the syllable and the mora: (1) syllable structure adjustment, which syllabifies French segments into well-formed Japanese syllables by means of vowel epenthesis; (2) syllable weight preservation, which creates heavy syllables for French word-final syllables closed by a single consonant or by an obstruent-liquid cluster, which are perceived by Japanese speakers as being heavy (i.e., containing two moras). Depending on various conditions, such heavy syllables are created either by lengthening the vowel or by geminating the final consonant
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Timkin, Timofei V. „Acoustic Features of the Surgut Khanty Consonants“. NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, Nr. 1 (2021): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-1-106-116.
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This paper deals with the acoustic features of the Surgut Khanty consonants. The research is based on the data gathered during fieldwork in Kogalym town (2018) and the Ugut village (2019). The audio samples are provided by three native speakers of the Tromjegan, Malyi Yugan, and Bolshoi Yugan idioms. The total size of the sample database numbers more than six thousand isolated consonant pronouncements. The data for the research was obtained using oscillographic and spectrographic methods, formant locus analysis, spectral moment analysis. The analysis was performed via Praat and Emu-SDMS software. Oscillograghy and spectrography methods reveal that voiceless fricative phonemes may be voiced in intervocalic distribution. It is common for the sonants to become devoiced in the final and preconsonantal positions. Moreover, due to devoicing, different phonemes may acquire low-obstruent and obstruent consonant features. For the fricative, lateral-fricative consonants, affricates spectral moment analysis has been carried out. The spectral moments technique gives an opportunity to represent complex noise data as a relatively small set of numbers that can be processed statistically. According to the data on spectral moments, four types of noise have been defined: high-frequency low-dispersion noise resembling /s/, medium-frequency low-dispersion noise resembling /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /cc/, low-frequency medium-dispersed noise for phonemes /ɫ/, / /, low-frequency dispersed noise for phonemes /w/, /γ/. The forman analysis is used o es ima e onsonan resonan frequen ies. As shown by he formant locus analysis, the smallest values of the second formant locus are associated with the labial and velar phonemes. Larger values are associated with the coronal phonemes. The largest ones are specific to the palatal phonemes. At the same time, the acoustic features make it possible to stably distinguish the nasal /n/ - /ɲ/, wherein the opposition of the middle and fron lingual ar i ula ions is observed only in some speakers’ re ordings for the pairs /ɫ/ - / /, /tʃ/ - /cc/.
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Tikhonova, Oksana, und Maria Maznyak. „Peculiar Use of the Arabic Letters tāʾ и ẓāʾ for Conveying Sounds Denoted by the Latin Letter t in Portuguese Manuscripts in Aljamia Dated Back to the 16th century“. Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 44, Nr. 6 (30.12.2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2020-44-6-84-95.
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Unlike Spanish aljamiado (texts in Spanish in Arabic script), which is represented by a great number of texts, both theological and fictional, Portuguese Aljamia (texts in Portuguese in Arabic script) is represented only by eight documents. All of them belong to the period of Portuguese rule in the city of Safi, Morocco (1508–1542). In the article, we analyze the use of the Arabic letters tāʾ и ẓāʾ for conveying sounds denoted by the Latin letter t in the mentioned documents. D. Lopes included these two Arabic letters in the table of transliteration standards for Aljamia texts when publishing these manuscripts, even though the published texts contain other Arabic letters that D. Lopes transliterates as t. In this function, the letter tāʾ is most commonly used not only in Portuguese documents, but also in Spanish aljamiado. The letter tāʾ in Arabic texts denotes the occlusive obstruent voiceless consonant [t]. For conveying the sounds denoted by the Latin t, the letter ẓāʾ is also used. In Arabic, it denotes the obstruent voiced fricative consonant [ẓ]. In addition to tāʾ и ẓāʾ, D. Lopes transliterates the letter ṭāʾ as t. In Arabic, this letter denotes the occlusive obstruent voiceless consonant [ṭ]. The letters з̣а̄’(ظ) and т̣а̄’(ط) are not typical for Spanish aljamiado. In rare cases, we can find Arabic letters tha:’, ṣād, sīn, or dāl designated by the Latin t. There are a number of words where ṭāʾ and ẓāʾ alternate. In some cases, this alternation can be explained by a mistake made by the author or the copyist, who may have forgotten to put a full stop over the letter ẓāʾ. However, in addition to this alternation, we can find an alternation of ṭāʾ and tāʾ, which cannot be explained by the copyist’s lack of concentration. There are a number of words where all the indicated letters alternate: ṭāʾ, ẓāʾ, and tāʾ. In some examples, the letters tāʾ and ẓāʾ are used to convey the sounds denoted by the Latin letter d.
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BOUGHTON, ZOË. „Social class, cluster simplification and following context: Sociolinguistic variation in word-final post-obstruent liquid deletion in French“. Journal of French Language Studies 25, Nr. 1 (22.11.2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269513000446.
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ABSTRACTThis article is a quantitative study of the variable deletion of post-obstruent /l/ and /R/ in word-final obstruent-liquid clusters (OLC) in French (capable [kapab(l)], cidre [sid(ʁ)]). The analysis of over a thousand tokens extracted from a corpus of interviews gathered in Nancy and Rennes shows that the reduction of word-final OLCs is a stable sociolinguistic marker in northern, standardised metropolitan French. Patterns of stylistic and social stratification in age, gender, and social class and interaction with following phonological context are attested, but OLC reduction does not appear to be an ongoing change. It is argued that the data provide further evidence of variable morpheme-final consonant clusters as a ‘primitive’ feature of vernacular dialects.
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Chen, Lan. „The role of air pressure and contact force in shaping obstruent consonant onset“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113, Nr. 4 (April 2003): 2257. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4780453.
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Sechang Lee. „A Study of Feature Economy on First Consonant Shift in the Germanic Obstruent System“. Korean Journal of Linguistics 36, Nr. 1 (März 2011): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2011.36.1.009.
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Koch, Karsten A. „Some properties of prosodic phrasing in Thompson Salish“. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 52 (01.01.2010): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.52.2010.386.
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In Nłeʔkepmxcin, consonant-heavy inventories, lengthy obstruent clusters and widespread glottalization can make potential F0 cues to prosodic phrase boundaries (e.g. boundary tones or declination reset) difficult to observe phonetically. In this paper, I explore a test that exploits one behaviour of phrasefinal consonant clusters to test for prosodic phrasing in Nłeʔkepmxcin clauses. Final /t/ of the 1pl marker kt is aspirated when phrase-final, but not phraseinternally. Use of this test suggests that Thompson Salish speakers parse verbs, arguments and adjuncts into separate phonological phrases. However, complex verbal predicates and complex noun phrases are parsed as single phonological phrases. Implications are discussed, especially in regards to findings that (absence of) pitch accent is not employed to signal the informational categories of Focus and Givenness, even though Nłeʔkepmxcin is a stress language.
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Porzuczek, Andrzej, und Arkadiusz Rojczyk. „Complex Patterns in L1-to-L2 Phonetic Transfer: The Acquisition of English Plosive and Affricate Fake Geminates and Non-Homorganic Clusters by Polish Learners“. Research in Language 19, Nr. 1 (30.03.2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.19.1.01.
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This paper analyses the way that Polish learners of English articulate plosive and affricate consonants preceding another obstruent occlusive in both L1 and L2. Considering that English allows unreleased plosives before any stop, that is in a wider range of contexts than Polish, a Polish learner may find it confusing that it is regarded unacceptable to block the affricate release before another (in English always homorganic) affricate. In Polish the first of two homorganic affricates is often reduced to the occlusion phase, while unreleased plosives appear very rarely in non-homorganic contexts. This apparent paradox in the treatment of affricate and plosive consonant clusters may lead to complicated transfer patterns, which we examine by observing the release suppression tendencies in Polish and English phrases and sentences read by phonetically trained and untrained Polish learners of English. The results indicate strong negative transfer tendencies and suggest a connection between gemination patterns and unreleased occlusive distribution in a language.
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Assunitan, Anhar. „An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis of Some Phonological Errors Produced by Saudi Female Learners of the English Language“. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 33, Nr. 2 (23.03.2023): 29–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2023-33-2-29-56.
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Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phonological errors associated with consonant and vowel pronunciation made by Saudi learners of the English language in light of the optimality hypothesis. In addition, transfer and contrastive analysis hypotheses are discussed, which justify why Saudi English language learners make phonological errors.
Methods. Thirty Saudi female students in their first semester in the English language department at Qassim University were randomly selected. They were examined on their pronunciation of over 30 words from a list of twenty sentences. Each participant was individually recorded using a sensitive microphone, and all recordings were transcribed using IPA symbols and compared to the English transcription to identify the correct and incorrect pronunciation. Each participant filled out a consent form before to having their pronunciation recorded.
Results. The majority of errors committed by Saudi English learners are attributable to the substitution of foreign sounds with the closest native sounds. In addition, Saudi English learners tend to add a glottal stop to non-onset syllables and insert a vowel to break clusters of three or more obstruent consonants. This finding is due to the fact that their native language is an onset language and lacks clusters of three or more obstruent consonants. The descriptive tables in addition to the Pareto charts of these errors are provided.
Conclusions. Overall, results from this study support optimality theory, transfer, and contrastive analysis hypotheses. Moreover, this study contributes to the growing literature on the investigation of phonological errors produced by Arab learners of English, particularly Saudi learners. This study proposes that Saudi English learners listen attentively to English native speakers to correct phonological errors. In addition, Saudi English learners should record their pronunciation during discussions and replay them in order to identify their mistakes and avoid them in the future.
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Hamid Raza, Mohd. „AN OT ACCOUNT OF PHONOTACTIC AND CODA NEUTRALIZATION OF ENGLISH LOANS IN PILIBHIT HINDI-URDU“. JL3T ( Journal of Linguistics Literature and Language Teaching) 6, Nr. 1 (16.08.2020): 12–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/jl3t.v6i1.1882.
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This paper provided the basic information of the phonological processes as the Coda Neutralization and Phonotactics of English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The objectives of this paper were to represent the aspects of the coda neutralization in the sense of voiced obstruent segment becomes voiceless obstruent segment in the final syllable structure of the loanwords, and the consonant clusters break within the insertion of an extraneous segment in any location of the English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In the another framework, this paper revealed the phenomena of devoicing features of coda consonants and the grades of the additional segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loanwords within the principles of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). The central idea of this paper was to explore the process of conflicts between the candidates at the surface level and reflects the properties of the input candidate by the observation of the constraint rankings. In this study, it was propounded the effective formalities of the hierarchy of the constraint rankings and drew one of the best candidates as an optimal candidate out of the output candidates from English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. The groundwork of this paper was related to the significant aspects of the English loans that were adapted within the addition, insertion, or deletion of the segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In this paper, it was also determined the facts of the coda devoicing of the speech segments in terms of neutralization at the end of the syllable structure of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu.
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LEE, SUE ANN S., und GREGORY K. IVERSON. „Stop consonant productions of Korean–English bilingual children“. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15, Nr. 2 (11.07.2011): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728911000083.
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The purpose of this study was to conduct an acoustic examination of the obstruent stops produced by Korean–English bilingual children in connection with the question of whether bilinguals establish distinct categories of speech sounds across languages. Stop productions were obtained from ninety children in two age ranges, five and ten years: thirty Korean–English bilinguals, thirty monolingual Koreans and thirty monolingual English speakers. Voice-Onset-Time (VOT) lag at word-initial stop and fundamental frequency (f0) in the following vowel (hereafter vowel-onset f0) were measured. The bilingual children showed different patterns of VOT in comparison to both English and Korean monolinguals, with longer VOT in their production of Korean stop consonants and shorter VOT for English. Moreover, the ten-year-old bilinguals distinguished all stop categories using both VOT and vowel-onset f0,whereas the five-year-olds tended to make stop distinctions based on VOT but not vowel-onset f0. The results of this study suggest that bilingual children at around five years of age do not yet have fully separate stop systems, and that the systems continue to evolve during the developmental period.
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Akbari, Christina, und Katsura Aoyama. „Epenthetic Vowels and Phonemic Vowels: Same or Different?“ Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, Nr. 5 (23.10.2020): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-20-00002.
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Purpose This study was designed to further investigate epenthetic vowels produced by Persian second language speakers of English. Specifically, the purpose was to compare epenthetic and phonemic vowels to determine if acoustic differences existed or if the epenthetic vowels were quantitative “copies” of their phonemic counterparts. Method Twenty Persian speakers each produced 120 target words. The target words were composed of two different double cluster compositions (obstruent + glide and obstruent + liquid) as well as obstruent + liquid triple clusters and obstruent + glide triple cluster combinations. The target words occurred in a phonetic environment that was either preceded by a consonant /t/ or occurred in isolation. This resulted in 2400 tokens. The tokens underwent Linear Predictive Coding to determine the F1 and F2 formant measurements as well as the durations of the epenthetic and phonemic vowels. Formants are the resonance of the vocal tract. F1 is the lowest-frequency formant while F2 is the next highest ( Kent & Read, 2002 ). Linear Predictive Coding allows for the acoustic signal to be represented spectrally for analysis. Results A total of 236 epenthetic voamp'wels and their phonemic counterparts were acoustically analyzed. The phonemic vowels were found to be significantly longer than the epenthetic vowels. The epenthetic vowels were also found to have significantly lower F1 values. As a group, the mean F2 values were not significantly different from the F2 values of the phonemic vowels. However, significant differences in F2 values were found when specific vowel comparisons were made. Conclusions The data indicate that prothetic epenthetic vowels are not copies of the phonemic vowels that they precede. They differ quantitatively in terms of durations, F1, and F2 values. The findings of this study coincide with the findings of other researchers concerning the acoustic characteristics of anaptyctic epenthetic vowels. These results indicate similarities between prothetic and anaptyctic epenthetic vowels.
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Bárkányi, Zsuzsanna, und Zoltán G. Kiss. „Neutralisation and contrast preservation“. Linguistic Variation 20, Nr. 1 (09.01.2020): 56–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lv.16010.bar.
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Abstract This paper studies the contextual variation in the voicing properties of three-consonant clusters (CC#C) in Hungarian. We investigate the velar+alveolar stop clusters /kt/ and /ɡd/, and the alveolar fricative+stop clusters /st/ and /zd/ in potentially voicing-neutralising and assimilating contexts. We show that in these contexts, regressive voicing assimilation in Hungarian is categorical, but partially contrast preserving, and that stops and fricatives are not affected in the same way. Fricatives resist voicing before a voiced obstruent and are devoiced utterance-finally. This is a phonetically unfavourable position, therefore other duration-related cues step up to prevent complete laryngeal neutralisation.
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Aziz, Jake. „Realizations of Malagasy vowel devoicing“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, Nr. 4 (April 2022): A64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010672.
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This paper investigates the acoustic realizations of so-called “devoiced” vowels in Merina Malagasy. Malagasy has five monophthongs (/aeiou/; Howe, 2019) of which /a/, /i/, and /u/ have been said to be devoiced. This paper represents the first thorough description of the acoustics of these vowels. In a production experiment, speakers pronounced 115 tokens involving /a/, /i/, and /u/ in prosodic environments described as causing devoicing. Preliminary results indicate that so-called devoiced vowels may be realized as one of at least three variants: devoiced, co-articulated, or deleted. When devoiced, which typically occurs following a voiceless obstruent, the vowel is realized as a lengthening of the aperiodic noise associated with the preceding obstruent. When co-articulated, which is common following some sonorants, the vowel is realized as a gesture on the preceding sonorant without taking up its own time slot; for example, /u/ is realized as a lowered F2 on the preceding sonorant, indicating rounding. Finally, a vowel may be fully deleted, in which case the vowel has no acoustic representation, neither as a gestural overlap with, nor lengthening of the preceding consonant.
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Kar, Somdev, und Hubert Truckenbrodt. „Syllable structure and stratification in Bangla“. Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics 6, Nr. 1 (26.11.2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jsall-2019-2008.
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Abstract This study attempts to analyse the permissible syllable structures and the aspiration and voicing of word-initial and word-final segments in the syllable structure of Bangla. A corpus study leads to a detailed analysis of Bangla syllable structure restrictions, relative to the three traditional strata of the Bangla lexicon, namely, Native Bangla (NB, Tadbhava), Sanskrit borrowings (SB, Tatsama and Ardha-Tatsama), and other borrowings (OB, Deshi and Bideshi), following Ito and Mester’s work on the Japanese lexicon. Complex codas are allowed only in OB. Complex onsets are ruled out in NB while they have the maximal form s+C+liquid in SB and OB. There is no onset maximisation: Medial clusters in all strata avoid complex onsets if a consonant can be syllabified into the preceding coda (Vp.lV rather than V.plV). Aspiration is banned from the coda in NB but not generally in SB and OB, where restrictions that are more complex obtain. Obstruent voicing contrasts are present in onset and coda, but voicing agreement is enforced in obstruent clusters. Analyses of these restrictions are presented in Optimality Theory: the different strata of the lexicon may have different phonologies, i. e. different constraint ranking.
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Morris, Richard J., Chorong Oh und Parker Franklin. „Second formant transitions for acoustic analysis to differentiate among dementia types“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, Nr. 4_supplement (01.10.2023): A206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023290.
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Recent evidence indicates that acoustic features associated with emotional prosody in speech may be an inexpensive, non-invasive method for differentiating among dementia types. In particular, frequency measures in the speech of people with dementia have been associated with listeners’ perception of emotional prosody. The purpose of this study was to determine if second formant (F2) transition information would enhance these differentiations. Prerecorded speech samples of Cookie Theft picture descriptions from 10 individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT), 5 with vascular dementia (VaD), 9 with MCI, and 10 neurologically healthy controls (NHC) were obtained from the DementiaBank. Nine words that had initial obstruent consonants that occurred at least two times in each of the participant groups were selected for measurement. The F2 durations, extents, and slope were measured and analyzed. Across group comparisons revealed no pattern for F2 durations or extents. The fricatives had longer F2 durations than the plosives. Across word comparisons revealed significant differences across the consonant vowel combinations for all three measures. A group by word interaction occurred for the F2 slope with the VaD group exhibiting larger slopes than the other two groups.
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Hamza, Yasmeen, Afagh Farhadi, Douglas M. Schwarz, Joyce M. McDonough und Laurel H. Carney. „Representations of fricatives in subcortical model responses: Comparisons with human consonant perception“. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, Nr. 2 (01.08.2023): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020536.
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Fricatives are obstruent sound contrasts made by airflow constrictions in the vocal tract that produce turbulence across the constriction or at a site downstream from the constriction. Fricatives exhibit significant intra/intersubject and contextual variability. Yet, fricatives are perceived with high accuracy. The current study investigated modeled neural responses to fricatives in the auditory nerve (AN) and inferior colliculus (IC) with the hypothesis that response profiles across populations of neurons provide robust correlates to consonant perception. Stimuli were 270 intervocalic fricatives (10 speakers × 9 fricatives × 3 utterances). Computational model response profiles had characteristic frequencies that were log-spaced from 125 Hz to 8 or 20 kHz to explore the impact of high-frequency responses. Confusion matrices generated by k-nearest-neighbor subspace classifiers were based on the profiles of average rates across characteristic frequencies as feature vectors. Model confusion matrices were compared with published behavioral data. The modeled AN and IC neural responses provided better predictions of behavioral accuracy than the stimulus spectra, and IC showed better accuracy than AN. Behavioral fricative accuracy was explained by modeled neural response profiles, whereas confusions were only partially explained. Extended frequencies improved accuracy based on the model IC, corroborating the importance of extended high frequencies in speech perception.
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Eckman, Fred R., und Gregory K. Iverson. „Sonority and markedness among onset clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners“. Second Language Research 9, Nr. 3 (Oktober 1993): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839300900302.
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This paper is intended as a contribution to an evergrowing body of literature on the role played by principles and parameters of Universal Grammar in second-language acquisition theory. A recent paper by Broselow and Finer (1991) proposes that markedness as defined in terms of the multivalued Minimal Sonority Distance (MSD) parameter is definitive in their subjects' knowledge of certain consonant clusters in syllable onsets. This parameter provides for the characterization of the various types of consonant clusters allowed in the onsets of syllables in different languages. The object of Broselow and Finer's study was to determine whether L2 learners find clusters which are relatively more marked according to the MSD parameter to be more difficult to learn than cluster types which are relatively less marked. The present paper, however, argues that it is typological markedness (Hawkins, 1987) rather than sonority distance per se which better explains L2 learners' knowledge of English clusters in syllable onsets. In line with Clements' (1990) comprehensive investigation of sonority relations within the syllable, this paper argues that markedness alone suffices to account for the observed interlanguage patterns. Using Clements' principles, which themselves actually follow from the overall theory of markedness, the interlanguage obstruent results reported by Broselow and Finer fall out automatically.
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REDONDO, LAIA ROSÀS. „LA FREQÜÈNCIA D’APARICIÓ SIL·LÀBICA COM A EINA D’ANÀLISI LINGÜÍSTICA*“. Catalan Review 22, Nr. 1 (01.01.2008): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/catr.22.19.
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This essay uses frequency of appearance as a tool of linguistic analysis to look at the syllable structure of Central Catalan. Analysis of syllable frequency has been conducted on an oral text produced by an speaker of this variety of Catalan; the solutions that appear in the phonetic version of the text have been tallied and classified in terms of consonant-vowel (CV, VC, CCV, etc.) on the one hand, and as concrete segments on the other (liquid + vowel, vowel + obstruent, etc.). The results have been studied according to George N. Clements (1990), The Role of the Sonority Cycle in Core Syllabification, in which degrees of complexity are assigned to different syllable types. This study attempts to determine to what extent the complexity of a syllable structure may be proportionate to its frequency of appearance in Catalan.