Dissertationen zum Thema „Obligation to state reaso“
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Thiancourt, Roberto. „Les droits finalisés dans le contrat. Contribution à l’étude de la justification en droit privé“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Réunion, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LARE0026.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe finalized rights shed light on a phenomenon that has been increasing in contract law since the end of the twentieth century: to attach a legal prerogative to a requirement of justification for its exercise. Dismiss an employee for a real and serious cause, dismiss a tenant for a legitimate and serious reason, dismiss a mandatary for a cause recognized in court or a company manager for a just reason... In many situations, a contractor is compelled to provide legitimate reasons for exercising a right. To better understand this phenomenon in its practical implications, the objective of this study lies in the proposal of a category to explain the convergence, de lege lata, of the regimes for exercising a set of prerogatives: the rights finalized in the contract. The finalized rights serve to designate the legal prerogatives that can only be exercised for certain specific reasons determined by law, the judge or the contract and whose respect is judicially controlled
Pokross, Amy Elizabeth Hargrove Eugene C. „The American community college's obligation to democracy“. [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5129.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleRosler, Andres. „The authority of the state and the political obligation of the citizen in Aristotle“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313581.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePokross, Amy Elizabeth. „The American Community College's Obligation to Democracy“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5129/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBastin, Lucas. „State responsibility for omissions : establishing a breach of the full protection and security obligation by omissions“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9e027b10-b749-4e56-a663-d58682aea06e.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNowag, Julian. „Competition law, state aid law and free-movement law : the case of the environmental integration obligation“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b14c7740-cac8-4084-acf8-86ff9c053e6c.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleManasse, Brilaine Lisa. „The state’s obligation to realise the socioeconomic rights of vulnerable groups: A case study of children on the Cape Flats“. University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7030.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe Cape Flats is known for poverty, gangsterism, over population and a general lack of basic necessities. What is often overlooked is where this negative perception emanates from. Generational poverty is an existent issue and has been influential in shaping the Cape Flats to what it is today. What this study aims to do, is to provide a background on a possible theory for this typecast that accompanies the areas broadly known as the Cape Flats. The study will show how the Apartheid era created a ripple effect for future generations, and how this may be the cause of these vulnerable groups of children being failed by a system which have long forgotten about them. The study demonstrates how vulnerable groups on the Cape Flats, struggling and pleading for State intervention in the delivery of basic human rights, have fallen on deaf ears. The study further reveals that the State has not fulfilled its constitutional mandate, neither has it lived up to the enabling provisions contained in international instruments which has been adopted by the South African government, and confirms that all three spheres of government have lacked in the accomplishments it set out to achieve upon the adoption of various pieces of legislation, notwithstanding the proclamation of domestic laws to help the State realise its socioeconomic rights obligations. The study was a particularly challenging task to undertake, as research topics on the issue of socioeconomic rights realisation on the Cape Flats is not a well-studied subject. The intention behind the study is to make an important contribution towards awareness of the issue under discussion, paving the way for future knowledge sharing and an open dialogue focusing on the role of the State in the realisation of socioeconomic rights of children on the Cape Flats.
Mvé, Ella Léandre. „La responsabilité de protéger et l’internationalisation des systèmes politiques“. Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0331.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFrom the perspective of international law, the responsibility to protect is traditionally analyzed in order to determine its normative scope. The attractiveness of the internationalist doctrine for the question of the normativity of the principle and the habitual indifference of international law to the political system of States ended up confining developments to the sometimes overly simplistic prisms of international law and international relations.This research intends to propose a different perspective by taking a contrary view of this classic approach. It addresses the issue of the responsibility to protect not only the point of view of third parties to the failed state, but also, and above all, the State itself and its population. It is therefore a question of revisiting the approach of apprehending the responsibility to protect in order to show that international law is no longer indifferent to the political systems of the States - let alone in crisis.In questioning the link between the responsibility to protect and the state's political system, the analysis leads irreparably to the conclusion that the responsibility to protect is “enshrined” in norms that are not exclusively legal and that currently analyze in the network. The study therefore proposes to define it as an norme de congruence since it leads to the assessment of the legal value of a rule of law taking into account the different influences contained in it
Ankut, Priscilla Yachat. „Balancing parental responsibility and state obligation in fulfilling the socio-economic rights of children under the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/983.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2003.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
Hammer, Sara Jeanne. „The rise of liberal independence and the decline of the welfare state“. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenPéjout, Olivier. „La conditionnalité en droit des aides d'Etat“. Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0616/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleState aid law is a unique area of European Union (EU) law. Its objective makes it evenunique in the world and yet it remains partly unknown and its effects underestimated. Theeconomic and financial crisis, which began in 2007, has brought it back to the forefront. Inthis context, a tool has proved to be central in the management of events: conditionality. Thistechnique, which has long been ignored, has always had an unsuspected influence on themechanism of control over state support. On the one hand, it authorizes the Commission torequire substantial changes, both in the aid project and for the beneficiaries, in order toauthorize its implementation. On the other hand, conditionality allows the Commission to putforward a political agenda, indirectly, to service the deepening of the EU. Its impact is notlimited to the question of the compatibility of public funding. It is also expressed in the contextof the monitoring of conditional decisions, and possible judicial review. New techniquesbased on conditionality have emerged at all stages state aid control. Moreover, it plays aconsiderable role, upstream, in the process of creating state aid law and its soft law. Givenits scope, this study focused on measuring the extent of this phenomenon, defining itsconcepts, identifying its forms and evaluating its consequences. As a result, conditionality isat the origin of a new approach to state aid law
Brandão, Magno Cardoso. „Direito à saúde: necessidade de proteção e meios de efetivação“. Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2009. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4383.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The Federal Constitution of 1988 lists several principles for the protection of citizens, to assure compliance with citizenship and human dignity. Therefore, the State has the duty to observe these principles in order that we can give equal access to all individuals who sought public health services, as recommended by the art. 6 c / c 196, of the Constitution, which deals with the state's obligation to provide health services in full and free for those in need. There is also a vast constitutional legislation regulating the protection, promotion and restoration of health. So, given that health is a fundamental right of all social and obligation of the Government, should be provided with efficiency, by the State. Therefore, the role of bodies responsible for provision of health services, mainly to the National Health System, to promote proper enforcement. Since often these bodies do not comply with its constitutional duty. This work aimed to precisely check the proper realization of the right to health for all guarantees and principles existing in Brazilian law are respected. The effect was the need to examine the state's responsibility and the means of realization of such a service, showing the importance of providing health service, the existing problem as well as the duty of the state and its possible liability, and also analyzing the means of ensuring the right to health, applicable laws and the attitudes of the Brazilian Justice on the matter. He tried to find solutions for the improvement and proper realization of the health service.
A Constituição Federal de 1988 elenca diversos princípios de proteção aos cidadãos, no sentido de assegurar-lhes o respeito à cidadania e à dignidade da pessoa humana. Por isso, tem o Estado o dever de observar tais princípios, a fim de que se possa dar igualdade de acesso a todos os indivíduos que procuraram o serviço público de saúde, conforme preconiza os art. 6º c/c 196, da Carta Magna, que trata da obrigação do Estado de prestar o serviço de saúde de forma integral e gratuita para aqueles que necessitam. Também existe uma vasta legislação infraconstitucional que regulamenta a proteção, promoção e recuperação da saúde. Assim, sabendo-se que a saúde é um direito fundamental social de todos e de obrigação do Poder Público, deve ser prestado, com eficiência, pelo Estado. Portanto, incumbe aos órgãos encarregados da prestação do serviço de saúde, principalmente, ao Sistema Único de Saúde, promover a devida efetivação. Sendo que, muitas vezes, tais órgãos não cumprem com o seu dever constitucional. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo, justamente, buscar a devida efetivação do direito à saúde para que todas as garantias e princípios fundamentais existentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro sejam respeitados. Daí decorreu a necessidade de examinar a responsabilidade do Estado e os meios de efetivação do mencionado serviço, mostrando a importância da prestação do serviço de saúde, a problemática existente, assim como o dever do Estado e sua possível responsabilização, e, ainda, analisando-se os meios de efetivação do direito à saúde, as legislações aplicáveis e os posicionamentos do Poder Judiciário brasileiro sobre a matéria. Com isso, procurou-se apontar soluções para a melhoria e devida efetivação do serviço de saúde.
Sevgili, Fatma Didem. „La responsabilité de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales. Les problèmes d'imputabilité et de répartition“. Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30004/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe problem of determining the person public responsible has two points: first step is finding a debtor to indemnify the victim second step is distribution of the financial load among those responsible for compensation of the damage. There are three criteria used by the administrative judge to determine the person responsible public: organic criterion, functional criterion and decision criterion. Yet none of them is sufficient to explain all cases of responsibility. However; in principle we can say that the responsibility follows the competence. In this instance it becomes particularly important to determine the powers of the different public bodies, but in reality it is not always perfectly characterised. On the other hand, concerning the distribution of the load compensation two criteria can be used one of them is the severity of each fault, the other one is the causal roles of each co-responsible on the formation of the damage
Bozkaya, Ali. „La situation juridique d’une entité étatique non-reconnue dans l’ordre international“. Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100035/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn entity that fulfils classical criteria for statehood, in constituting a stable and independant governmental authority having an effectif control on a certain population in a certain territory is a State in terms of international law, notwithstanding its recognition by other States or other international law subjects. A discretionary non-recognition adopted by certains States towards such an entity means atmost a refusal to enter in diplomatical or other relations with this unrecognised entity. On the other hand, a non-recognition imposed by general international law or by a mandatory resolution of an international organisation signifies not only a refusal to enter in optional relations with the unrecognised entity but also a denial of its state status.The study of the legal situation of unrecognised entities shows that international law does not consider these entities as a land without law that can produce no act or relation in international order. On the contrary, the States take notice of the existance of unrecognised entities and establish relations with them in the framework of general international law or the resolutions of United Nations organs. Non-recognition represents only an unfriendly position adopted by non-recognising States towards the unrecognised entity for political reasons or as a response to an international law violation
Kouassi, Améyo Délali. „La responsabilité internationale pour violation des droits de l'homme“. Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT3002.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBeing probably one of the phenomena that has most marked international law since 1945, the internationalization of human rights has left marks that are noticeable in the international legal order, particularly in the international responsibility law. The present study aims to highlight the influence of human rights and the values they incarnate in the law of international responsibility. This influence has resulted in an objectification of international responsibility with the elimination of the damage as an element of that mechanism. In addition, human rights have contributed to prepare the ground for the emergence, consolidation and the gradual enrichment of the concept of erga omnes, factor favoring a multilateral approach to international responsibility. The influence of human rights on the law of international responsibility is mainly manifested through the ability now recognized to individual victims to have direct access to international courts to assert their rights. All these developments, which reveal the increasing importance given to the individual on the international scene and the desire to make the protection of human rights a concern for the international community, make the responsibility for violation of human rights a specific institution
Souza, Jos? Carlos Dantas Teixeira de. „Teoria da despesa p?blica: uma leitura ?tico-constitucional em busca do poss?vel da reserva“. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/13940.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBrazilian law passes through a crisis of effectiveness commonly attributed to the extravagance of fundamental rights and public shortage. However, public finances are not dogmatically structured to solve the conflicts around the limitations of public spending. There are ethical conditioning factors, like morality, proportionality and impartiality, however, these principles act separately, while the problem of public shortage is holistic. Also, the subjectivity of politics discretionary in the definition of public spending, which is supported in an indeterminate concept of public interest, needs material orientation about the destination of public funds, making it vulnerable to ideological manipulation, resulting in real process of catching rights. Not even the judicial activism (such as influx of constitutionalism) is shown legally appropriate. The Reserve of Possible, also presents basic ethical failure. Understanding the formation of public shortage is therefore essential for understanding the crisis of effectiveness of state responsibilities, given the significant expansion of the state duty of protection, which does not find legal technique of defense of the established interests. The premise of argument, then, part of the possibility of deducting minimal model ethical of desire to spend (public interest) according to objective parameters of the normative system. Public spending has always been treated disdainfully by the Brazilian doctrine, according to the legal character accessory assigned to the monetary cost. Nonetheless, it is the meeting point between economics and law, or is in the marrow of the problem of public shortage. Expensive Subjects to modernity, as the effectiveness of fundamental rights, pass necessarily an ethical legal system of public spending. From the ethical principles deducted from the planning, only the democratic principle guides the public spending through the approval of public spending in the complex budget process. In other words, there is an ethical distancing of economic reality in relation to state responsibilities. From the dogmatic belief of insufficiency, public spending is evaluated ethically, according to the foundations of modern constitutionalism, in search of possible of the financial reserve, certain that the ethics of public economy is a sine qua non condition for legal ethics.
O direito brasileiro passa por uma crise de efetividade comumente atribu?da ? extravag?ncia de direitos fundamentais e ? escassez p?blica. Mas as finan?as p?blicas n?o est?o dogmaticamente estruturadas para solucionar os conflitos em torno das limita??es do disp?ndio p?blico. H? condicionamentos ?ticos, como a moralidade, a proporcionalidade e a impessoalidade, contudo esses princ?pios atuam isoladamente enquanto o problema da escassez p?blica ? hol?stico. Al?m disso, o subjetivismo da discricionariedade pol?tica na defini??o do gasto p?blico, amparado que ? no indeterminado conceito de interesse p?blico, carece de orienta??o material quanto ? destina??o da verba p?blica, tornando-o vulner?vel a manipula??es ideol?gicas, do que resulta um verdadeiro processo de captura de direitos. Nem mesmo o ativismo judicial (como influxo do constitucionalismo) se mostra juridicamente adequado. A Reserva do Poss?vel, igualmente, apresenta falha ?tica elementar. Entender a forma??o da escassez p?blica ?, portanto, primordial para a compreens?o da crise de efetividade dos deveres estatais, haja vista a crescente expans?o do dever estatal de tutela, o qual n?o encontra t?cnica jur?dica de defesa dos interesses consagrados. A premissa argumentativa, ent?o, parte da possibilidade de dedu??o de modelo m?nimo ?tico da vontade de despender (interesse p?blico) segundo par?metros objetivos do sistema normativo. A despesa p?blica sempre foi tratada com desd?m pela doutrina brasileira em fun??o do car?ter legal acess?rio atribu?do ao custo monet?rio. Nada obstante, ? o ponto de encontro entre Economia e Direito, ou seja, est? na medula do problema da escassez p?blica. Assuntos caros ? modernidade, como a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais, passam necessariamente por um sistema ?tico-jur?dico do disp?ndio p?blico. Dos princ?pios ?ticos deduzidos do ordenamento, apenas o princ?pio democr?tico orienta o disp?ndio p?blico, atrav?s da aprova??o da despesa p?blica em complexo processo or?ament?rio. Ou seja, h? um distanciamento ?tico da realidade econ?mica em rela??o aos deveres estatais. A partir da cren?a de insufici?ncia dogm?tica, a despesa p?blica ? sabatinada eticamente, segundo os fundamentos do Constitucionalismo Moderno, em busca do poss?vel da reserva financeira, certo de que a ?tica da economia p?blica ? condi??o sine qua non para a ?tica jur?dica
Xavier, Marina Corrêa. „O Supremo Tribunal Federal e os limites à interpretação conforme a constituição“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-06022014-112744/.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis study tries to understand the relationship between theory and practice regarding the limits of the interpretation according to the Constitution. Confronting the most common jurisprudence that relates to the topic and the decisions that the Supreme Court emitted in the cases of abstract judicial review, it becomes clear that the before mentioned limits of the interpretation according to the Constitution aren\'t respected by the decisions of the Court and that the technique is used as a mechanism of correction and integrity of the law. In this scenario, this study tries to reveal the legitimacy of the decisions the Supreme Court took on this basis. The conclusion one has arrived at states that in the cases in which the Supreme Court confronts itself with antinomy or law blanks that can\'t be resolved by regular interpretation, the non liquet principle forces the Court to correct or to integrate the law, as long as: 1) it isn\'t expressly or implicitly forbidden by the constitutional text; and 2) the decision is thoroughly motivated.
Barbosa, André Luis Jardini. „Da responsabilidade do Estado quanto ao erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória /“. Franca : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89862.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBanca: Euclides Celso Berardo
Banca: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz
Resumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called "free but justified persuasion" is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties - the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit - otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.
Mestre
Péjout, Olivier. „La conditionnalité en droit des aides d'Etat“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2017. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247191758.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleState aid law is a unique area of European Union (EU) law. Its objective makes it evenunique in the world and yet it remains partly unknown and its effects underestimated. Theeconomic and financial crisis, which began in 2007, has brought it back to the forefront. Inthis context, a tool has proved to be central in the management of events: conditionality. Thistechnique, which has long been ignored, has always had an unsuspected influence on themechanism of control over state support. On the one hand, it authorizes the Commission torequire substantial changes, both in the aid project and for the beneficiaries, in order toauthorize its implementation. On the other hand, conditionality allows the Commission to putforward a political agenda, indirectly, to service the deepening of the EU. Its impact is notlimited to the question of the compatibility of public funding. It is also expressed in the contextof the monitoring of conditional decisions, and possible judicial review. New techniquesbased on conditionality have emerged at all stages state aid control. Moreover, it plays aconsiderable role, upstream, in the process of creating state aid law and its soft law. Givenits scope, this study focused on measuring the extent of this phenomenon, defining itsconcepts, identifying its forms and evaluating its consequences. As a result, conditionality isat the origin of a new approach to state aid law
Barbosa, André Luis Jardini [UNESP]. „Da responsabilidade do Estado quanto ao erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória“. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89862.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleO presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os motivos pelos quais o Estado deve arcar com os prejuízos causados pelo erro judiciário na sentença penal absolutória, já que, a depender da fundamentação dessa decisão judicial, a vítima ficará impossibilitada de pleitear do próprio agente do crime o ressarcimento dos danos causados pelo fato criminoso. Argumenta-se que, se por um lado o processo é instrumento de consecução e aplicação da justiça, não se pode olvidar que a solução dos conflitos intersubjetivos de interesses foram entregues a órgãos integrantes do Estado, personificados nos juízes. Desse modo, a decisão acerca do mérito do processo reside na convicção do julgador. Entretanto, ao contrário do que se pensava, esta não é formada simplesmente por aspectos próprios da pessoa do julgador, mas deriva do somatório das condutas verificadas no decorrer do processo, seja por atividade instrutória própria do juiz, seja pela intervenção das partes da relação jurídica processual. Por isso se afirma que não deve o julgador, jamais, se afastar dos elementos de convicção contidos nos autos. Essa afirmação se justifica, na medida em que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro adotou a regra do livre convencimento motivado. De fato, existe um princípio implícito na relação jurídica processual, consistente num dever de conduta ética das partes. Contudo, e a despeito da existência do citado princípio, é plenamente possível que as partes venham a se utilizar de condutas que induzam o magistrado a erro, levando, inclusive, à absolvição do réu, quando, no caso, a condenação se impunha. Desse modo, a depender do fundamento da absolvição, nem mesmo poderá ser proposta a ação de reparação civil pelo fato criminoso, restando a vítima, assim, sensivelmente prejudicada. Como o...
This paper is due to discuss why State should assume the responsibility for the losses caused by a false judgment that led to an acquittal, since, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the victim could be unable to suit the criminal for the reparable injuries related to the crime. It is pleaded that, although a law suit is an instrument used to pursue justice, it must not be forgotten that the pacification of the conflicts of interest were ceded to state officers, the judges. So, the decision on the merits lies on the beliefs of the judge. However, in spite of what was considered true, these beliefs are not composed only by personal aspects regarding to the judge, but they arise from a sum of conducts that occur during the proceedings, by the diligence of the judge or by the activity of the parties. That is why it is said that the judge should never disregard the indicia produced during a lawsuit: because, in Brazil, the rule called “free but justified persuasion” is valid. In fact, there is an unwritten principle that guides the relation between the parties – the obligation to behave ethically. However, and despite the existence of the aforementioned principle, it is absolutely possible that the parties behave in such a way that leads the judge to a mistake, which can even cause an erroneous acquittal. In this case, depending on the motivation of the sentence, the reparation suit would not even be possible. The victim would bare, therefore, his losses. As the law in vigor does not bring a solution to this problem, the present paper analyzes a way to guarantee to the victim the right to a reparation lawsuit – otherwise, he would suffer two injuries: the crime itself and the conduct of the parties that guided the judge to an erroneous acquittal.
Kardimis, Théofanis. „La chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation face à l’article 6 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme : étude juridictionnelle comparée (France-Grèce)“. Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3004.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights
Mmakola, M. K. „State obligation to provide legal representation to an unrepresented detainee or accused“. Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/84.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleWan-PingHo und 何宛屏. „The Regulation of Occupational Health Risk of Nanotechnology: Based on the Protective Obligation of the State“. Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50444374028948609000.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立成功大學
法律學系
100
As the nanotechnology applications flourish and lots of nanoproducts are flooding the market, there will be more manpower and money into the nanotechnology-related industries. Due to the lack of legal norms or management measures, the worker who engaged in nanotechnology-related work may be exposed to the nanosubstances that possibly harm the human health. The healthy risk which workers in nanotechnology-related industries encounter is the exposure to free nanoparticles mainly through inhalation. Because nanoparticles can possess specific physico-chemical properties that differ from their parent materials, for example toxicity or biopersistence, and occupational exposure is usually long-term and high-dose, based on the toxicological and epidemiological evidence, we can reasonably infer that the higher morbidity or mortality than normal. This situation is called nanotechnology occupational health risk. Based on the protective obligation of the state for workers’ right to health, from the traditional hazard defense background, the state developed the legal system for Worker Protection to protect the workers’ rights by imposing obligation on employers. From the traditional hazard defense system to risk prevention, the precautionary principle that developed from international law has played an important role. Therefore after exploring how the precautionary principle applies to the protective obligation of the state, we inferred that the protective obligation of the state could be the the basis of the constitution legitimacy to regulate the occupational health risk of nanotechnology. Owing to the legislative room for formation of law and the negativity of judicial review, we can only define the highest boundary of interference and the lowest one of protection; and further, we proposed the specific factors that should be concerned when deliberating. Then we summed up the above-mentioned factors to discuss the all the current regulatory measures that could be taken. In the end, we viewed our legal institutions and subsistent non-legislative act by comparative jurisprudence, and after concerning the difficulties and specific characteristics of the regulation of occupational health risk of nanotechnology, we tried to make some suggestions for the lack of current legal institutions and what should be ongoing about risk regulatory measures in the future based on the protective obligation of the state and comparative jurisprudence.
YING-I, LI, und 李音儀. „State Responsibility and Corporate Responsibility under Environmental Protection Obligation— Focus on the Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Scheme“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mfk949.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
97
In a newly developed democratic country, the public expects that country could construct the legal systems to achieve the justice of society and ensure the demand for existence. Therefore, the government is expected to deal with diversified assignments. However, the income of government collected from taxation, the financial system of government could not burden all the expense of expected assignments of the public and might face to financial crisis. The issue mentioned above is especially obvious in the field of environmental law. In the recent years, the concepts of “sustainable development for environment and resources” have extended the actual environmental problems from real damages and pollutions to how to protect and maintain the ecological equilibrium. Consequently, the country has to take more responsibility of environmental regulations than other fields. However, the country would be restrained by the economic and scientific developments so that it would tend to be deadlocked and lacking in foresight,, moreover, the public would lost its trust in the country as well.. As the reason stated above, how to assign the environmental tasks of the society or the enterprises that use most of resources properly would become a necessary trend. Regarding to the issue of dealing with environmental pollution, the utilization of environmental resources shall be distributed equally. Because the specific corporations exhaust a large amount of environmental resource and cause pollution, the solutions of this environmental pollution shall not be placed on every citizen. Soil and underground water pollution are the most serious problems of it. Due to the extent of relative population, time, and space is vast in the field of underground water pollution and it would cost large amount of money as well, the assignments of responsibility needs to conform to environmental justice and effectiveness. The relative laws of underground water pollution could propose to refer to the responsibility mechanism of CERCLA in U.S.A. This thesis attempts to discuss that the States and the corporations shall comply with the requirements of the Constitution of the environmental protection. It also discusses the burden of environmental law and analyzes our country soil and the underground water pollution Remediation Scheme problems as well as operation conditions. The author discusses the experience of the American CERCLA and argues whether the responsibility mechanism of improvement in performance and environmental justice works well. Finally, the author advises the proper and adequate responsibility of the country and the mechanism of the conclusion.
Yang, Cheng-Yeh, und 楊承燁. „The Protective Obligation of Fundamental Rights for the State: Focus on the Development of the Constitutional Theory in German Law“. Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9qp4td.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleHuang, Shu-ling, und 黃叔鈴. „On the Third Person Application of Fundamental Rights and the Protective Obligation of the State - Focus on the Harmony Home Association Case“. Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/yq52v8.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle東吳大學
法律學系
96
The Court decisions are the testimony of evaluation of the time, reflecting the current ethics, culture and social values. No doubt, the case of Chaihsing Community against the Harmony Home Association is one of the landmark cases, which concerns the fundamental rights of AIDS patients. The Harmony Home Association(HHA) is the half-way house for the HIV-infected children and adults. The care facility was set up in one of the apartments rented to the association. After learning that the care facility provides shelter and care for more than 10 HIV-infected children and adults, the complex’s management committee called two rounds of meetings, in which the residents decided that the care facility should be relocated within three months. The Committee’s decision was not base on any legal basis therefore the HHA refused to relocate. The HHA also pointed out that the community association’s bylaws prohibit residents from sheltering any patients with contagious diseases violates Article 10 of the Constitution, which protects people’s freedom of residence and right to move. In order to force the HHA to move, the committee apply for a court. After four rounds of hearings, the court ruled in the committee’s favor. Therefore, the HHA appealed. At the end, the case was overruled by the Taiwan High Court. In this case, the courts might consider it as a simple civil affair or take it more seriously concerning it as a matter of a constitutional case. It refers to the Third Person Application and the Protective Obligation of the state of fundamental rights. General speaking, as for the violation of fundamental rights between individuals, the theory of Third Person Application is widely applied to such cases. However, the developing theory of Protective Obligation of the State seems to be a better way to solve it. In this thesis, first will introduce the Third Person Application of fundamental rights and the models of reviewing the public policy and morals. Then analyzes the local existing court rulings from 1997 to 2007 of such cases between individuals. In the following chapters, the concepts of Protective Obligation of the State and the proper model of reviewing such cases will be introduced. Then the Harmony Home Association Case will be used as a key case to be applied to the two models and be compared with the results of the civil courts’ decisions. At the end, suggestions to the civil courts on ruling for cases dealing with violation of fundamental rights will be presented.
CHEN, CHUNG-NI, und 陳仲妮. „The Protection of Embryos and the Conflict of the Fundamental Rights - Including the Protective Obligation (“Schutzpflicht”) of the State to Embryos and its Judicial Review“. Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hhpcd9.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle東吳大學
法律學系
105
Since last century, the advancement in genetic technologies, such as artificial reproduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, embryonic stem cell and asexual reproduction, has results in marvelous achievements in medical health care. However, the application of embryonic stem cell has become extremely argumentative because it is sometimes regarded as to save one life by sacrificing another. For those who regard an embryo as a human, the embryo should have possessed all the fundamental rights; for those who have the opposite thoughts, the embryo can be treated accordingly under current legal framework. In addition to the above concepts, other proposals for embryo identity are not perfect as well. In this study, instead of making discretion on the human status of an embryo, not using the classification of being the subject/object of fundamental rights, an embryo deserves a certain level of protection because of the high possibility of becoming a human, which may ease these disputes, and reduce the inconsistencies among the current regulatory system. Also, the human dignity issue of an embryo and its stem cell is another complex and disputable question. Even with the prevailing doctrine of absolute nature adopted in Germany, a few related cases on this issue cause another dispute on the possibility of exception on human dignity. In this study, the weighing of interests is applied to the protection of human dignity, which does not necessarily make it becoming a relative value. The advanced research on the embryonic stem cell includes the study on the human dignity of future patients and service of life protection, so it is inappropriate to classify these related researches under the concept of academic freedom or embryo dignity. As for the remaining embryos after artificial reproduction, they can be protected based on the concept of pre-effect of fundamental rights, which may have specific practical meaning with functions of protection and restriction. For a patient, the rights of existence, health, and the promise of healing may not necessarily establish a foundation to request for a specific treatment for health rehabilitation. Instead, the objective-legal protective obligation can be transformed as a public right to maintain the basic survival with human dignity through personal request. Additionally, the precautionary principle apples in the regulatory control on the research of embryonic stem cell because of the unfamiliarity towards this study and uncertainty of possible damage. Anyhow, the actual harm does not occur when the preventive measure is in effect. The enforcement of these preventive measures should comply with the concept of constitutional justification. Although total prohibition in embryonic stem cell research may successfully protect the embryos and avoid all the negative impacts, the sacrifice of delaying the medical advancement and failing the anticipation of the patients is the inevitable expense that we have to pay. And due to the insufficiency of the rank of “Policy Instructions on the Ethics of Human Embryo and Embryonic Stem Cell Research”, no constitutional restrictions can be imposed to control the research on embryonic stem cell, unless with the self-discipline and professional morality of the researchers. Due to the principle of legal reservation, the adoption of the administrative guidance system from Japan, in place of a legislative law, as the regulatory control for embryonic stem cell research seems no longer appropriate.
Janků, Jan. „Specifika akciových společností s majetkovou účastí státu“. Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437861.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNunes, Nacinda Louise. „The international legal framework regarding the accessibility of infrastructure for physically disabled learners at public schools in South Africa / Nacinda Louise Nunes“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15481.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
Гінатуліна, Аліна Рафаелівна. „Публічне адміністрування примусового стягнення аліментів за участі Державної виконавчої служби України: питання правового регулювання та практика реалізації“. Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2634.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUA : Кваліфікаційна робота складається зі 103 сторінок, містить 70 джерела використаної інформації. Законодавство України детально регламентує особливості правовідносин щодо захисту прав дитини, а саме обов’язок батьків утримувати своїх неповнолітніх дітей. Основним законом держави – Конституцією України, передбачено, що батьки зобов’язані утримувати своїх дітей до їх повноліття. Такий обов’язок також передбачений ст. 180 Сімейного кодексу України, відповідно до якої батьки зобов’язані утримувати дитину до досягнення нею повноліття, а в окремих випадках – і своїх повнолітніх дітей. Своєю чергою, сімейне законодавство передбачає два порядки сплати аліментів: за згодою сторін і за рішенням суду. Тому вивчення теоретичних і практичних проблем, що виникають в різні історичні періоди в зв’язку із застосуванням норм, що регулюють аналізовані відносини, дозволяє виявити основні тенденції розвитку таких норм. Як показує зарубіжний досвід, тема аліментних зобов’язань реалізована у багатьох країнах світу. Досвід інших країн у боротьбі за сплату аліментів демонструє приклади, схожі на ті, що діють в Україні. Це, зокрема, встановлення мінімального розміру аліментів, збільшення їх розміру пропорційно до заробітку платника, що діє в Німеччині, Великій Британії, Австрії, Франції, Швейцарії, Сполучених Штатах і Канаді. Крім того, у багатьох країнах діють суворі норми в плані виплати аліментів. Наприклад, у Франції і Швейцарії розірвання шлюбу можливе лише після оформлення угоди про сплату аліментів, у США й Канаді боржників позбавляють водійських посвідчень, а в Британії можуть присудити домашній арешт. Метою кваліфікаційної роботи є комплексний аналіз аліментних правовідносин, чинного законодавства, яке передбачає діяльність та регулювання аліментних правовідносин з приводу примусового виконання рішень судів про стягнення аліментів з батьків на користь їх неповнолітніх дітей. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає, перш за все, в тому, що здійснено спробу комплексного дослідження аліментних зобов’язань з урахуванням останніх змін у чинному законодавстві України. Об’єктом дослідження даної кваліфікаційної роботи є суспільні відносини, з приводу примусового виконання рішень судів про стягнення аліментів на користь неповнолітніх дітей. Предметом дослідження є норми чинного законодавства України, судова та виконавча практика у справах про стягнення аліментів, викладання виконавчого процесу під час виконання рішення суду про стягнення аліментів з батьків на користь неповнолітніх дітей. Методологічну основу роботи складає: - формально-юридичний метод при дослідженні чинних правових норм, присвячених регулюванню аліментних відносин; - системно-структурним підходом характеризується, зокрема, аналіз законодавчого визначення поняття сім’ї, визначення кола членів сім’ї та його співвідношення з колом суб’єктів аліментних прав та обов’язків; Теоретико-методологічною основою дослідження є історичний підхід, відповідно до якого розглядаються проблемні питання з урахуванням впливу рівня соціально-економічного розвитку суспільства на реґулювання аліментних відносин, а також застосовується порівняльно-правовий метод при дослідженні законодавства зарубіжних країн.
EN : Qualifying work consists of 103 pages, contains 70 sources of information used. The legislation of Ukraine regulates in detail the specifics of the legal relationship regarding the protection of the rights of the child, namely the obligation of parents to support their minor children. The basic law of the state - the Constitution of Ukraine, provides that parents are obliged to keep their children until they reach the age of majority. Such an obligation is also provided for in Art. 180 of the Family Code of Ukraine, according to which parents are obliged to keep a child until he or she reaches the age of majority, and in some cases - to their adult children. In turn, family law provides for two child support payments: with the consent of the parties and the court. Therefore, the study of theoretical and practical problems that arise in different historical periods in connection with the application of the rules governing the analyzed relations, reveals the main trends in the development of such rules. Foreign experience shows that the topic of alimony obligations is implemented in many countries around the world. The experience of other countries in the fight for child support shows examples similar to those in force in Ukraine. This includes, in particular, setting a minimum alimony, increasing their proportion to the payer's earnings in Germany, the United Kingdom, Austria, France, Switzerland, the United States and Canada. In addition, in many countries, there are strict standards for alimony payments. For example, in France and Switzerland, divorce is only possible after a child support agreement has been drawn up, in the US and Canada, the debtor is deprived of his driver's license, and in Britain he can be given house arrest. The purpose of qualification work is a comprehensive analysis of alimony relationships, current legislation, which provides for the activity and regulation of alimony relationships regarding the enforcement of court decisions on the recovery of alimony from parents for the benefit of their minor children. The scientific novelty of the research is, first of all, that an attempt has been made to comprehensively investigate alimony obligations, taking into account the latest changes in the current legislation of Ukraine. The subject of the study of this qualification work is public relations regarding the enforcement of court decisions on child support for minors. The subject of the study is the norms of the current legislation of Ukraine, judicial and enforcement practice in cases of alimony collection, teaching of the enforcement process during the execution of the court decision to recover alimony from parents for the benefit of minor children. The methodological basis of the work is: - formal legal method in the study of the current legal norms on the regulation of alimony relations; - the system-structural approach is characterized, in particular, by the analysis of the legislative definition of the concept of family, the definition of the circle of family members and its relation with the circle of subjects of alimony rights and duties; The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is a historical approach, according to which the problems are considered taking into account the influence of the level of socio-economic development of society on the regulation of alimentary relations, as well as the comparative-legal method is applied in the study of the legislation of foreign countries.
Roux, Christine. „Die kind se grondwetlike reg tot basiese onderwys en die verpligting van die staat tot voorsiening van infrastruktuur / Christine Roux“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11965.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLLM (Comparative Child Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014
Němečková, Petra. „Ochrana práva na spravedlivý proces ve vztahu k řízení o předběžné otázce“. Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-305995.
Der volle Inhalt der Quelle