Dissertationen: „Obesity – South Africa – Prevention“

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Bezuidenhout, Hanlie Pearl. „The prevalence of overweight and obesity of six to nine year old black African children in a rural town of Mpumalanga“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1602.

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The aim of the study was to determine the Body Mass Index with regards to overweight and obesity of Black African children between the ages of six and nine years who were enrolled in three rural public schools within Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. The researcher used a quantitative descriptive research design. Each child’s weight and height was measured and their BMI and BMI percentile for gender and age calculated. According to the BMI percentile calculations for gender and age for the sample which consisted of 902 children, three percent were defined as being underweight, 79 percent as being normal weight, 11 percent as being overweight, and seven percent as being obese. In the sample there were also 21.3 percent children who were at risk of becoming overweight (3.5 percent) and obese (17.8 percent). Without intervention these at risk learners may in their adolescent and adult years be adversely affected by the physiological and psychosocial consequences related to their condition. Suggestion is made to utilise a Forum through which various stakeholders can pool their expertise and resources to develop a programme of intervention with the aim to prevent escalation of overweight and obesity, as well as reversing the current prevalence as identified within the research population.

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Malan, Chantelle Therese. „The ‘obesity epidemic’ : an analysis of representations of obesity in mainstream South African newspapers post-1997“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019751.

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This study of 449 newspaper articles from South Africa from 1997 provides an analysis of the representations of obesity evinced in the corpus. The research argues that obesity is overwhelmingly framed as being diseased and that there are four main refrains within this frame, namely, statistics on obesity, the naturalisation of negative assumptions about fat, the social dysfunction of fat and the use of crisis metaphors to describe fatness. This framing lends itself to representations of obesity which are raced, gendered and classed. Fat bodies are portrayed as being in deficit and fat people as lacking agency. The disproportional focus on black bodies in the corpus can be attributed to assumptions of ‘incivility’ which are premised on racial stereotypes which construct black people as being unintelligent, irrational, lacking agency and being largely dependent on others to survive. This disproportional focus on black bodies can also be understood in the context of emerging markets. This study argues that the medicalisation of obesity has contributed to many oversimplifications and contradictions in the representation of obesity in the corpus, which seem to go unquestioned, such as the conflation of weight and health, something I argue is one of the main contributors to the negative consequences of the dominant framing of obesity. Framing obesity as medicalised also promotes fat shaming and acts as a form of social control which maintains existing power relations through the use of discursive practices for the identification and control of deviants. These representations are problematic chiefly because they promote the dehumanisation of fat people, but also because that they do not promote good health as they claim to do.

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Blomqvist, Hassell Felicia, und Anna Karlsson. „HIV prevention for adolescents in South Africa“. Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1548.

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Background It is estimated that 6.1 million people have HIV in South Africa, which makes it the country with the highest number of people living with HIV in the world. Adolescents are a severely affected and exposed group, since they tend to have several risk factors and a risky sexual behaviour. However, sexual education is implemented in school and there are special prevention programmes for adolescents in the country. Aim The aim of this study was to examine the HIV prevention work for adolescents in South Africa. Method The study was accomplished with a qualitative method and a semistructured interview design. The respondents were reached through purposive sampling and snowballing. In total six interviews were accomplished with people active within school, healthcare and different organisations. Results South Africa is a diverse country with many different cultures, beliefs and languages. Due to all the differences in the country, the widespread poverty and the previous political situation the challenges are many when it comes to prevention work. The key findings of the thesis are the importance of education and gender empowerment for adolescents to prevent the further spread. Conclusion HIV prevention for adolescents is important to reduce the HIV epidemic in South Africa. However, further education and gender empowerment is needed. Stigmatization and poor adherence to ART is also issues that need to be addressed in order to make progress in the prevention work. A mutual goal has appeared in the field of HIV prevention; to have zero new infections.

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Nakimuli, Brenda. „Socioeconomic inequalities of childhood obesity in South Africa“. Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23395.

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Obesity is a public health concern in both high- and low-middle income countries. In South Africa obesity is not only limited to adults but is also evidenced in children. In order to contribute useful insights for developing effective obesity policy and programme interventions, this study assesses socioeconomic (SE) inequalities related to childhood obesity in South Africa. Using data from the South African National Income Dynamics survey (2012), the study assesses the extent of SE inequalities in obesity using concentration index (CI). The study also assesses the determinants that underpin these inequalities using decomposition analysis of the CI. Overall, the positive CI from the results indicates that the burden of obesity is more concentrated among the rich compared to the poor with girls having slightly greater SE inequalities compared to boys. The decomposition analysis further indicated that the determinants of these inequalities were an interplay of individual (i.e. race), household (i.e. household head characteristics) and contextual (i.e. household location) level factors. These findings suggest that there is a continuous need for surveillance of obesity in children over time across different social economic status (SES) especially in low- and middle- income countries. Finally, the results suggest that both childhood obesity and inequalities are complex issues with different underlying determinants that vary with the different SES, gender and may require coordinated policy and programmatic interventions at individual, household and contextual level.

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Gunnarsson, Hanna, und Nanci Kader. „Prevention of malnutrition for children in South Africa“. Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-1772.

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Background Malnutrition among children in South Africa is a huge issue, which are causing short- and long-term effects for the children suffering from it. In 64 percent of the cases where children die before the age of five, malnutrition is the underlying cause. Therefore there are non-governmental organizations who are doing preventive work to try to diminish malnutrition so all children have the same chance to a good childhood. Aim The aim of the study was to describe the prevention of malnutrition of children in South Africa. Method A qualitative design with semi-structured interviews with non governmental organzations was used for this study. Data was analysed by content analyse. Findings The findings show that one key intervention is nutritional education to empower people on how to best use the scares resources they have. Therefore the non governmental organizations put a lot of emphasis on educating families about nutrition. Furthermore the stigma and mistaken beliefs about breastfeeding is targeted through education, as it is of vital importance to solely breastfeed as a preventive intervention. Conclusion Early interventions are emphasized due to the importance of preventing malnutrition early in a child’s life. The link between HIV positive women and malnourished children is remarkable and the government of South Africa has promoted breastfeeding for all as a solution.

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Pettersson, Camilla, und Fanny Enström. „Prevention of malnutrition in South Africa among children“. Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2133.

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Background Malnutrition among children in South Africa is a substantial public health problem. Especially young children are vulnerable and exposed to malnutrition. Children suffering from malnutrition develop many short- and long-term health-consequences. Effective preventative work against this issue is crucial in order for malnutrition to diminish among the children in South Africa. Aim The aim was to describe how the preventative work against malnutrition is being performed among children aged zero to six in South Africa. Method The method used in this study was a qualitative descriptive study with six semi-structured interviews. Interviews were performed with registered nurses and researchers. The interview-data was analyzed based on a grounded theory through substantive coding where the most relevant codes where found, studied and concluded in the results. Results The results showed that both the registered nurses and researchers considered socioeconomic-factors and lack of knowledge about nutrition to be the most important causes for malnutrition among children, and also impacted heavily on the preventative work. It was found that more effective preventative work is needed, but for this to work it needs to be adapted to the social context in the country. Conclusions The preventative work against malnutrition must be able to break through socioeconomic barriers like poverty, misguided cultural beliefs about nutrition, lacking food security and the fact that many mothers to children are HIV positive, which also is strongly connected to malnutrition among young children. Education about nutrition must be further developed and reach out to more people in the country.

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Panday, Saadhna. „Smoking prevention & cessation among adolescents in South Africa“. [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2005. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6342.

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Hattingh, Comien. „The impact of obesity on the South African economy“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/14624.

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Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The prevalence of overweight and obesity escalated over the past 30 years worldwide in adults, children, and adolescents. Estimates are that 26% of the global adult population is either overweight or obese. However, the most alarming fact is the increase in obesity in children and adolescents. In South Africa, the estimated overweight and obesity prevalence in adults is 45% and 20% in children below 6 years of age. The World Heath Organisation acknowledges obesity as an unforgiving, formidable chronic disease, an eminent global epidemic, and the most significant independent risk factor to chronic disease. There are about 30 different diseases associated with obesity of which cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, lifestyle cancers, depression, and diabetes are the most prominent. The current rising obesity trends increase the prevalence of these obesity-associated diseases, as well as a wide range of psychosocial problems. Global expectations are that weight-related chronic disease will develop into the most significant healthcare problem in the 21st century. The overarching trend of globalisation has transformed the global landscape into a more obesogenic environment with resultant changes in behavioural lifestyles of increased caloric consumption and less physical activity at home and at work. However, genetic, social, and cultural determinants enhance weight gain, which contributes largely to current obesity trends. Obesity is a major public healthcare problem in South Africa, with African women and Caucasian men most at risk. However, the competing priorities of unemployment, poverty, and HIV/AIDS place high demands on the South African economy, with resultant neglect of obesity. Obesity has the potential to incur a large impact on the South African economy through the reduction in labour productivity, corporate profitability, and national output, especially in combination with HIV/AIDS.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die insidensie van oorgewig en obesiteit het toegeneem oor die afgelope 30 jaar wereldwyd in volwassenes, tieners, en kinders. Omtrent 26% van die globale populasie is of oorgewig of vetsugtig. Die erns van die huidige situasie is egter die toenemende voorkoms van obesiteit in kinders en tieners. Die voorkoms van oorgewig en obesiteit in Suid-Afrika word geskat op 45% in volwassenes en 20% in kinders jonger as 6 jaar. Die Wereld Gesondheid Organisasie het in 1997 obesiteit geklassifiseer as 'n chroniese siekte en hul kommer uitgespreek oor die feit dat obesiteit epidemiese proporsies bereik het. Obesiteit word ook nou erken as die belangrikste, onafhanklike risiko faktor vir chroniese siekte. Obesiteit word geassosieer met omtrent 30 verskillende siektetoestande waarvan kardiovaskulere siekte, metaboliese sindroom, lewensstyl kankers, depressie, en diabetes die belangrikste is. Stygende obesiteit syfers verhoog ook die voorkoms van hierdie siektes asook verskeie psigososiale probleme. Verwagtings is dat gewig verwante siektes die belangrikste gesondheid probleme sal wees gedurende die 21 ste eeu. Die proses van globalisasie het die wereld landskap verander in 'n omgewing wat meer obesogenies is, wat gelei het tot veranderings in leefstyle in die rigting van 'n hoër inname van kaloriee en minder aktiewe leefstyle. Genetiese, sosiale, en kulturele faktore verhoog ook die vatbaarheid van die individu tot gewig toename en speel 'n groot rol in die huidige obesiteit status. Obesiteit is tans 'n geweldige gesondheidprobleem in Suid-Afrika met Swart vrouens en Blanke mans die populasiegroepe wat die hoogste risiko dra. Die probleem is egter dat die kompeterende prioriteite van werkloosheid, armoede, en MIV/VIGS alreeds hoe eise stel aan die Suid-Afrikaans ekonomie met gevolglike verwaarlosing van obesiteit. Obesiteit het die potensiaal om 'n groot effek uit te oefen op die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie deur middel van 'n verlies in produktiwiteit, verminderde korporatiewe wins, en ekonomiese groei, veral in kombinasie met MIV/VIGS.

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Moodley, Jennifer Rose. „Prevention of cervical cancer in South Africa : opportunities and challenges“. Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10990.

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10

Goliath, Veonna. „Practice guidelines for culturally sensitive drug prevention interventions“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1017193.

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South Africa has experienced a notable increase in adolescent drug use during the country’s transition from apartheid to democracy (Central Drug Authority [CDA], 2006). These findings are verified by epidemiological studies and two national youth risk behaviour surveys, highlighting the need for effective drug prevention interventions. Whilst drug use spans across age, gender and social strata, the rapid increase in both legal and illicit drug use among adolescents in the Northern Areas communities of Port Elizabeth has been particularly pronounced. The South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) statistics, which reflects on racial demographics in accordance with the Population Registration Act of 1950 (South Africa, 1950), reports that, in the year 2011, the ‘Coloured’ population constituted 62 percent of those individuals seeking treatment for drug abuse, compared to 15 percent ‘African’ treatment seekers in Port Elizabeth (Dada, Plüddemann, Parry, Bhana, Vawda & Fourie, 2012:44). Furthermore, methamphetamine use by persons under the age of 20 years in Port Elizabeth increased fivefold in a three-year period, i.e. from 7 percent in 2008 to 39 percent in 2011 (Dada et al., 2012), with the ‘Coloured’ population group accounting for the majority of methamphetamine users. These statistics reinforce a long-standing racial stereotype that associates ‘Coloured’ racial identity with an enhanced susceptibility to drug use. The National Drug Master Plan (South Africa, 2012a), and the Prevention of and Treatment for Substance Abuse Act (Act no 70 of 2008) propose that drug prevention programmes should address the values, perceptions, expectations and beliefs that the community associates with drug abuse (South Africa, 2008b). This view emphasises the importance of drug preventions interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The current study was guided by two conceptual frameworks, i.e. the Social Constructionist Framework and the Ecological Risk/Protective Resilience Framework, and focused on the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, a historically marginalised community inhabited by a predominantly ‘Coloured’ indigenous/ethnic group. The goal of the study was to enhance understanding of the socio-cultural meaning attributed to cultural identity, drug use, non-use and drug prevention in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, with the view to developing guidelines for drug prevention interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The following objectives were formulated in order to achieve the goal of the study: • To explore adolescent narratives regarding the constructs ‘Coloured’, drug use, non-use and drug prevention programmes of three distinct groups of adolescents (drug users, non-users, and TADA peer mentors) from the Northern Areas. • To explore and describe the social service practitioners’ (social workers and social auxiliary workers’) constructions of drug use, non-use and drug abuse prevention in relation to adolescents from the Northern Areas, and how such constructions inform the drug prevention services rendered to adolescents from these communities. • To review the data collected from the adolescent narratives and the social service practitioners’ reflections on their drug prevention programmes against existing theory and models for drug prevention. • To synthesise the above information with a view to developing guidelines for culturally sensitive drug prevention programmes relevant and responsive to the specific social constructions of adolescents from the Northern Areas. A qualitative research approach, located in a narrative tradition of inquiry research design, was employed to achieve the goal of the study (Riessman, 2008). The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved an empirical study with the four sample groups (i.e. adolescent drug users, adolescent non-drug users, Teenagers against Drug Abuse [TADA] peer mentors and social service professionals (i.e. social workers and social auxiliary workers)). Phase two involved the co-construction of the practice guidelines for culturally sensitive and contextually relevant drug prevention interventions. Phase one started with the informal exploration of community stakeholders’ views on the identified research problem and the process of gaining access to the research population. Several gatekeepers (i.e. teachers, social workers, the Families Against Drugs [FAD] Support Group representatives, a minister of religion and a community stakeholder) were engaged to assist in recruiting participants from the four sample groups. A non-probability purposive sampling method was employed to purposively recruit 29 adolescent non-drug users and ten adolescent peer mentors (via the TADA Programme at one school). The same sampling method, followed by a snowball sampling technique, was employed to recruit the two remaining sample groups of ten adolescent drug users (in the recovery process) and nine social workers and social auxiliary workers respectively. The sample sizes were determined by the principle of data saturation.The data generation method used in respect of the non-users took the form of semi-structured written narratives, administered in a group context during school time, followed by a second round of data generation. The life-grid (Wilson, Cunningham-Burley, Bancroft, Backett-Milburn & Masters, 2007:144), a qualitative visual tool for mapping important life events, was employed to guide the co-construction of the biographical narratives generated during the individual semi-structured interviews with the sample of adolescent drug users. Focus group interviews were used to enhance an understanding of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ views on the construct ‘Coloured’ and their existing drug prevention programmes. Each of the individual and focus group interviews was audio-recorded, transcribed and complemented by the field notes. Informal data gathering occurred through participant observation of two drug prevention programmes, attendance of a FAD Support Group meeting, and interviews with community volunteers and the South African Police Services (SAPS) Youth Development Forum. Both the content and the context of the narratives were analysed to arrive at the research themes, sub-themes and categories. The content of the narratives was analysed by employing categorical content analysis, whilst the form of the narratives (i.e. how the stories were told) was analysed by using the socio-cultural approach to narrative analysis (Grbich, 2007:130). The journey metaphor emerged from the adolescent drug users’ narratives, depicting a prototypical storyline of a drug use journey, starting with experimentation and culminating in abuse and dependence for some and an early exit from the journey for others. The conclusions that can be drawn from these findings illuminate key protective factors and processes at a multisystemic level that can be strengthened to enhance the adolescents’ resistance to drug use and/or delay the onset of use. Embedded in the participants’ narration of the drug use journey were nuances relating to internalised stereotypes of ‘White’ supremacy and ‘Coloured’ inferiority as an explanatory framework for venturing onto and prolonging the journey.The two themes that emerged during the process of content and narrative analysis of the qualitative data (from both adolescent drug users and non-users) were as follows: Constructing drug use as a ‘Coloured’ phenomenon and reconstructing ‘Coloured’ identity; Risk and protective factors located at individual, family, peer, school, community and societal domains. The four themes that emerged during the data analysis of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ narratives were as follows: Construction of ‘Coloured’ identity; socio-cultural meaning construction about the reasons for drug use amongst adolescents from the Northern Areas; description of drug prevention services rendered in the Northern Areas; and reflection on barriers to rendering drug prevention interventions.

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Juicy, Gavin Winston Bill. „Confiscation orders in terms of the prevention of Organised Crime Act“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/750.

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The Prevention of Organised Crime Act brought major changes to the South African criminal law context. Through the Act, major confiscatory provisions were established. The Act does not only target convicted criminals, but also any person who is in possession of tainted property that was used in the commission of offences. Civil forfeiture is the most widely used procedure in forfeiture proceedings. In the dissertation the effectiveness of criminal and civil confiscation is outlined. The historical development of confiscation and forfeiture provisions in South African is discussed with reference to the common law, legislation and international instruments and how international developments have influenced local development. This treatise consist of an overview of the confiscation provisions in the Prevention of Organised Act 121 of 1998 as one of the measures the South African legislature put in place to deal with organised crime. Since the Prevention of Organised Crime Act was passed, the courts have given meaning to what is an instrumentality of an offence and the proceeds of unlawful activities as a measure to counter organised crime. This treatise refers to those cases given the definition of an instrumentality of an offence and the proceeds of unlawful activities. For the purpose of effectively dealing with organised crime, this treatise contains a discussion on the effectiveness of criminal and civil confiscation procedure. The justification for asset forfeiture is outlined.

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Muhuro, Patricia. „Implementation of student retention programmes by two South African universities: towards a comprehensive student retention model“. Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1016085.

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Using Tinto‟s (1993) interactionalist theory of student retention and Beatty Guenter‟s (1994) students retention strategy as guiding lenses, this study investigated the implementation of five student retention programmes in two universities in South Africa. Specifically the study sought to interrogate a) the mechanisms used to select students and peer facilitators who participate in each of the programmes, b) the delivery strategies that are in place and c) the programme monitoring and/or evaluation mechanisms in place to ensure that programme goals are achieved. The study adopted a concurrent mixed design embedded in the post positivist paradigm. The study revealed minimal student participation in all programmes, including those that were compulsory, owing to inconsistent enforcement of policies, stigmatisation, and poor perceptions about these programmes. In addition, the study found challenges in selection, support and monitoring of peer facilitators in almost all the programmes. This was linked to limited qualified staff, high dependence on borrowed delivery models and poor co-ordination among stakeholders. The study through a proposed Comprehensive Model for Student Retention, suggested collaborated and intensive and ongoing training of all facilitators in functional literacies, basic counselling and handling diversity, as well as co-ordinated selection and monitoring of the five programmes.

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Oliphant, Mandisa Julenda. „Knowledge of aids in Southern Africa, with special emphasis on South Africa : a critical review“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51809.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: AIDS is a killer disease which is spreading like wildfire in all sectors of the population of Southern Africa, in spite of AIDS prevention programmes that are implemented in these communities. Why does this state of affairs exist? Conflicting views exist about the origin of AIDS and about the knowledge of different racial groups with regard to the disease. A number of researchers have argued that knowledge or information dissemination is not a necessary condition for behavioural change, as is evident from historical efforts to combat sexually transmitted disease. However, this thesis shows that knowledge is a variable or component that has frequently been used in almost all studies done on AIDS in Southern Africa. The present author thus searches for the rationale for the phenomenon that knowledge of AIDS does not necessarily result in preventative behavioural change. In this regard the importance of effective communication strategies and cognisance of the nature of target groups are highlighted, because negligence regarding these factors can serve as an impediment to behavioural change. The whole social fabric of the target community and basic individual needs are important elements that should also be major considerations before preventative programmes are implemented.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: VIGS is 'n dodelike siekte wat snel versprei in aile sektore van die bevolking van Suider- Afrika, ten spyte van VIGS-verkomingsprogramme wat in hierdie gemeenskappe qermplementeer word, Waarom gebeur dit? Botsende menings bestaan oor die oorsprong van VIGS en oor die kennis van die verkillende rassegroepe ten opsigte van die siekte. 'n Aantal navorsers is van mening dat kennis of informasieverspreiding nie 'n noodsaaklike vereiste is om gedrag te verander nie, soos blyk uit die geskiedenis van vorige pogings om seksueel oordraagbare siektes te beveg, In hierdie tesis word egter ge'illustreer dat kennis 'n veranderlike of komponent is wat dikwels gebruik is in byna aile vorige studies oor VIGS in Suider-Afrika. Die huidige skrywer ondersoek dus die rasionaal vir die verskynsel dat kennis van VIGS nie noodwendig tot voorkomende gedragsverandering lei nie. In hierdie verband word die belangrikheid van effektiewe kommunikasiestrategiee en kennis van die aard van die teikengroep beklemtoon, aangesien verwaarlosing van hierdie faktore as struikelblok in gedragsverandering kan dien Die totale sosiale struktuur van die teikengemeenskap en basiese individuele behoeftes is belangrike elemente wat ook in ag geneem moet word voordat voorkomingsprogramme ge'implemeteer word,

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Bue, Martine Eriksen. „Women's vulnerability, sexual power and prevention of stigma : what do prevention campaigns tell us“. Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86385.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The HIV-epidemic that is evident in South Africa today is infecting more women than men. This is mostly due to the vulnerability that women are facing in sexual relationships, where they are not able to negotiate the terms and conditions of their sexual engagement. Patriarchy, the culture of masculinity and a general male dominance influence women’s dependency on their man and agency inside and outside of the home, and contribute to the oppression of women both generally in society and sexually. Women have by this not the control over their own bodies and are for this reason in a high-risk position of contracting HIV. The vulnerability is further linked to the stigmatisation that women experience if they do try to negotiate preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission. The fear of being stigmatised as ‘loose’ or HIV-positive by both men and women if suggesting condom use, inhibits women to propose the necessary actions for protection. Stigmatising behaviours also impact on a person’s fear of becoming HIV-positive and reduces the likelihood of getting tested, disclose one’s status to sexual partners and receive treatment. This thesis examines cultural and socio-economic issues that contribute to gender inequality in South Africa, and can generate stigma towards women on the basis of HIV and AIDS. This is done by using radical feminism as the theoretical framework for contextualising how women are situated in the South African society, in terms of general and sexual agency. Through the method of content analysis and the findings from the theoretical framework, the thesis further analyses how the three HIVprevention campaigns loveLife, Brothers for Life and TAC manage to address the issues related to stigma based on HIV/AIDS, which are directed towards women. Race, class and gender are all factors that influence the likelihood of becoming HIV-infected and of becoming stigmatised. Women’s low social status situates women in a position where they are more probable to be the object of stigmatisation since they already are considered lower in rank. If the women also are of colour, poor and low educated the chances of becoming stigmatised on the basis of HIV and AIDS are even more likely, the same is the chances of becoming HIV-infected. This indicates that poor, uneducated black women are the group that is most vulnerable towards stigmatisation as well as towards HIV-transmission. Socio-economic and cultural factors have a strong influence on the gender inequality in sexual relationships found in South Africa, which cause HIV to spread and can generate stigmatising behaviours. Stigmatisation on the basis of HIV/AIDS is therefore important to address in order to reduce the number of new HIV-infections. The three campaigns analysed for this thesis did neither directly address stigma on a general level nor directed towards women. The campaigns are therefore considered to be missing an important feature of HIV-prevention in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse Vigsepidemie infekteer meer vroue as mans. Dit is die geval weens die kwesbaarheid wat vroue ervaar in seksuele verhoudings, waar vroue nie die mag het om die omstandighede van hul seksuele interaksies te onderhandel nie. Patriargie, die kultuur van manlikheid en ‘n algemene manlike dominansie beïnvloed vroue se mag en dra by tot die onderdrukking van vroue, beide in die samelewing in die algemeen en in seksuele verhoudings. Om hierdie rede het vroue nie beheer oor hul eie liggame nie en daarom ervaar hulle ‘n hoë risiko om MIV op te doen. Hierdie kwesbaarheid word ook verbind aan die stigmatisering wat vroue ervaar wanneer hulle probeer om voorkomende aksie te neem ten einde die risiko van Vigsoordrag te verminder. Die vrees om deur mans en ander vroue gestigmatiseer te word as iemand met ‘losse sedes’, of as iemand wat MIV-positief is wanneer hulle kondoomgebruik voorstel, weerhou vroue daarvan om die nodige voorkomende aksie vir selfbeskerming te neem. Stigmatiserende gedrag het ook ‘n impak op ‘n mens se vrees om MIV-positief te word en verminder die waarskynliheid dat jy jouself vir die virus sal laat toets, dat iemand hul status aan seksuele maats sal verklaar, of behandeling sal ontvang. Diegene wat reeds MIV onder lede het is bang om hul status te verklaar weens die gepaardgaande stigma. Hierdie tesis ondersoek kulturele en sosio-ekonomiese kwessies wat bydra tot geslagsongelykheid in Suid-Afrika, en wat stigma kan veroorsaak teenoor vroue met betrekking tot MIV and Vigs. Die studie analiseer dan of Vigsveldtogte hierdie stigma kan aanspreek. Dit word gedoen deur radikale feminisme toe te pas as ‘n teoretiese raamwerk om vroue se plek in die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing te kontekstualiseer, beide in terme van algemene en seksuele mag. Die metode van inhoudsanalise word toegepas om drie Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte (loveLife, Brothers for Life en TAC) te analiseer en vas te stel of en hoe hulle kwessies wat betrekking het op stigma teenoor vroue aanspreek. Sosio-ekonomiese en kulturele faktore het ‘n sterk invloed op die geslagsongelykeid in seksuele verhoudings in Suid-Afrika; dit lei daartoe dat MIV versprei word en kan stigmatiserende gedrag vererger. Om hierdie rede is dit belangrik dat MIV/Vigsvoorkomingsveldtogte stigmatisering aanspreek ten einde gedrag te wysig en om die getal nuwe Vigsbesmettings te laat daal. Die drie veldtogte wat in hierdie tesis geanaliseer is het beide nagelaat om stigma direk aan te spreek op ‘n algemene vlak, en was ook nie direk gerig op vroue nie. Die veldtogte kan daarom beskou word as ontoereikend deurdat hulle belangrike komponente van MIV-voorkomig in Suid-Afrika misgekyk het.

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Johansson, Caroline, und Sabina Paiklang. „Non-governmental organization-workers' experience of alcohol prevention in South Africa“. Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-2915.

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Background: Harmful alcohol use is a major problem in South Africa and can lead to diseases such as cancer, liver cirrhosis and cardiovascular diseases. Also, South Africa faces a huge problem with fetal alcohol syndrome as a consequence of mothers drinking during pregnancy. Social consequences of harmful alcohol use might be unemployment, stigmatization, family distruptions and interpersonal violence. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe South African non-governmental organization-workers' experience of prevention of harmful alcohol consumption. Method: A qualitative design with seven semi-structured interviews with three non-governmental organizations was used for this study. A qualitative content analysis was applied when analyzing the data. Findings: The findings revealed two main categories: raising awareness and obstacles in raising awareness. It was found that one key preventative action is to educate and inform people about the harms of consuming alcohol. Screening and life skills development were also found to be part of the preventative work when raising awareness. Obstacles in raising awareness were lack of funding and low priority. It was more prioritized to treat alcohol-related diseases at an early stage, rather than focusing on neutralizing risk factors that cause alcohol-related diseases. Conclusion: The importance of prevention against harmful use of alcohol is emphasized. However, there is a need of more primary prevention strategies to address the problem early on, before it even becomes a problem.

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Makhooane, Stephen Malefane. „An investigation into fraud and corruption risk management policies and procedures at institutions of higher learning“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003898.

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Fraud and corruption cost South Africa billions of rand yearly. Institutions of higher learning are no less vulnerable to fraud and corruption than other organisations, but are also subject to risks that are unique to academia. The Public Finance Management Act. No.1 of 1999 requires Public entities including the councils (university or college controlling body) of public institutions of higher learning to adopt enterprise risk management, which includes a fraud and corruption risk management policy and procedures. The function of the fraud and corruption policy is to provide an objective strategy to prevent, detect and investigate any possible irregularity in order to prevent further loss in line with Corporate Governance requirements. The anti-fraud and corruption strategy measures include setting the appropriate tone by management of the institution, being proactive (fraud risk assessments), and being reactive (reporting process, investigation and taking appropriate action). The actions include disciplinary action and criminal or civil proceedings in order to recover assets lost. The procedures address the implementation of the policy. This research focused on identifying the relevant issues that could be included in the formulation of fraud and corruption risk management policies and procedures for institutions of higher learning. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodology consisting of a document analysis and interviews. It was found that, out of eleven institutions of higher learning investigated only one institution meets the criteria set out in the framework developed in the research as an assessment tool. The other institutions involved in the research did not have fraud and corruption risk management policies or procedures and therefore did not comply with the Public Finance Management Act.

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Hendricks, Farah. „A participatory action research approach to engaging peer educators in the prevention of teenage pregnancy“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/16011.

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The phenomenon of teenage pregnancy among school-going youth is on the increase in South Africa, despite the existence of a number of intervention programmes. Although both curricular and co-curricular awareness programmes targeting this phenomenon are currently employed within South African schools, these programmes have patently not met with much success, since the problem remains acute. It was the question why these programmes are not succeeding in alleviating the problem that prompted my interest in undertaking this study. Based on literature that suggests that those programmes that are successful in reaching the youth are designed through participatory processes, rather than being designed by outside experts, my thesis proposes that prevention programmes that are designed and implemented by the youth for the youth may be more successful in helping them to make healthy decisions in terms of their sexual behaviour. This study attempted to engage youth in a participatory way in identifying and exploring their perceptions of teenage pregnancy and using the knowledge thus gained to design, implement and evaluate prevention strategies in their school. The study is informed by social learning theory and adopted a participatory action research (PAR) design, which is located in a critical paradigm. I purposefully recruited twenty-four youths (14 females and 10 males) to participate. The primary research question that guided this study was: “How can peer educators be engaged to create prevention strategies to reduce teenage pregnancy and its impacts?” The following sub-questions were identified from the primary research question: What do learners themselves know feel and experience with regard to the causes and effects of teenage pregnancy How might a participatory methodology help learners to create relevant and contextualised strategies for addressing teenage pregnancy? How can such strategies be implemented in a school system? What recommendations could be made for addressing teenage pregnancy in a contextualised way? The research was conducted in two cycles. In Cycle One, data was generated through two focus group discussions, led by a young researcher from the community to encourage openness and honesty. In addition through snowball sampling, six teenage mothers and two teenage fathers agreed to be interviewed individually. The same questions were asked in the two discussions and the individual interviews, namely: “What do you know, feel and think about teenage pregnancy?” In the first cycle, I responded to my first sub-research question. Interviews, drawings and focus group discussions were used to generate data. Three themes emerged from the data to provide insight into how the youth at the school perceived the phenomenon of teenage pregnancy. The findings from this cycle revealed certain tensions between what youth said they needed and what adults, such as teachers and parents, thought they needed to know. The participating teenagers regarded themselves as sexual beings, while the adults in their sphere of influence preached abstinence, moralised or merely cited the facts, without entering into any discussion of how young people could deal with social pressures and better protect themselves against unplanned pregnancy. The participating youth were clearly aware of how to prevent pregnancy, but the social barriers to using condoms or contraceptive pills were a stumbling block. They possessed knowledge of the potential consequences of risky behaviour, but this did not stop them from engaging in such behaviour. In the second cycle of the research, the participants used the findings of the first cycle to develop prevention messages and strategies to convey these messages to their peers. They used participatory visual methods to accomplish this. The findings from this cycle revealed that a peer education approach helped participants to increase maturity in sexual decision-making, had a positive effect on the learning and acquisition of new skills, and improved critical thinking relating to sexuality. The study also had a positive impact on other learners’ knowledge and the attitudes displayed by both learners and teachers, and also led to improvements in school policies related to sexuality education. It is contended that the study contributed important theoretical and methodological insights. Knowledge generated from the study could make a contribution to the field of sexuality education and how it should be approached in schools, particularly in communities facing social and economic adversity. The methodological contribution of this study provided guidelines and theory on how participatory action research and participatory methods can be implemented in schools to enable youth to influence change in their schools, not only regarding teenage pregnancy, but also other social issues.

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Mohammed, Amina. „Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding HIV/AIDS of hotel staff from a selected hotel group in Cape Town“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1589.

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Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses one of the greatest challenges to business development in South Africa. The hotel industry is growing rapidly and will be . significantly affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The purpose of this study was to determine the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) regarding HIV/AIDS of staff from nine Protea group hotels in Cape Town. A sample of 200 hotel staff was randomly selected to participate. A structured self-administered anonymous questionnaire was the instrument used to collect the data. The response rate was 81%. There were more females than males, and the majority of the respondents were between the ages of 21-30 years. More than half of the respondents were single, hotel managers and with matriculation as the highest qualification. The respondents demonstrated a reasonably good knowledge on the transmission of HIV/AIDS. Almost half of the respondents believed that HIV/AIDS would not affect the hotel industry. The survey revealed conflicting results on whether HIV-infected staff should be involved in food preparation, and whether staff should serve food to HIV positive hotel guests. There were also concerns of the risk of infection when handling dirty linen used by HIV-infected hotel guests. More males than females were currently sexually active and reported having more than one partner in the past three years. The majority of the respondents believed that condoms were effective, but only one third reported the use of a condom every time they had a sexual encounter. There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitudes (p-value<0.05, but none between knowledge and practice and attitude and practice. It is recommended that the hotel industry develop effective workplace policies and supportive environments, and that on-going HIV/AIDS education and prevention programmes be implemented to change high risk sexual behaviour and practices.

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Meel, A. „Teenage pregnancy among high school girls in Mthatha, South Africa“. Thesis, Walter Sisulu University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11260/d1006969.

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Teenage pregnancy is an important health and social problem in South Africa. Despite declining trends of fertility rates in last two decades, the pregnancy among school girls remains steadily high in South Africa. Teenage pregnancy had negative impacts on various aspects of socio-economic well being of school girls. Aim: To determine the proportion of teenage pregnancy among high school girls and to identify the possible factors that influence teenage pregnancy in Mthatha region during the year 2009. Materials & Methods: This is an observational cross sectional, analytic study of teenage pregnancy conducted among high school teenage girls in the Mthatha region of South Africa. Result: A total of 1150 teenage girls from 15 to 19 years of ages responded from seven high schools in the Mthatha region of South Africa. In total 113 (10%) of teenage high school girls were currently mothers or had previously been pregnant. The proportions of those who had ever been pregnant increased significantly with age. The risk of falling pregnant among public high school teenage girls had two times higher compared to private high school teenage girls. Condoms were the most common method of contraception whereas the oral pills were the least common in practice. About half of teenage girls who had ever been pregnant had an abortion and of this one-third had had a backstreet/illegal abortion. The frequency of substance use was significantly higher among teenage girls who had ever been pregnant. A significant correlation was found between low socio-economic status, public schools and teenage pregnancy in this study. Conclusion: Teenage pregnancy is common among high school girls from 15 to 19 years of age in the Mthatha Region, South Africa. Poor socio-economic family conditions, lack of contraceptive use, early sexual maturation, risky behaviour, lack of knowledge about sexuality and reproductive health, multiple sexual partners and substance use were the common contributing factors of teenage pregnancy.

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Londt, Marcel P. „Management of domestic violence: risk-based assessment and intervention guidelines with perpetrators of intimate violence“. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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The main goal of this study was to develop assessment and intervention guidelines that will provide practitioners with a framework to develop and implement batterer intervention programmes. The development of batterer intervention programmes must be informed by risk-based assessment and the study has identified this as a priority. This priority was informed by the popular notions that batterer intervention by itself, is futile and that intervention efforts were misdirected and useless. The author was of the opinion that if specific risk markers were identified, the batterer intervention efforts could be a tool to influence the values, beliefs and dangerous behaviours of abusive men. This study attempted to formally identify those risk factors that should be considered with batterers so that appropriate guidelines for assessment and intervention could result.

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Mo, Yabin. „The knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses in public hospitals related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/571.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have brought about a global epidemic far more extensive than was predicted even a decade ago (van Rensburg, 2002:1). South Africa has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the world (South African Department of Health, 2000: 5), it still increase yearly. Before a vaccine and/or effective treatment become available, effective education and information campaigns are necessary for preventing the spreading of HIV and AIDS (WHO (the World Health Organization), 1988:21). According to WHO and ICN (International Council of Nurses) (1988:12), Nurses can play a pivotal role in the education of patients, their families and friends with regard to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission, so as to control the spread of this disease. In South Africa, more than 60 percent of the healthcare human resources comprise professional nursing practitioners (Muller, 2002: 95). Therefore, the education and training of nurses is one of the effective methods to preventing further spread of HIV and AIDS infection in South Africa. Accordingly, nurses need to reduce both personal and occupational risk of becoming infected with HIV themselves, as well as provide education to patients and their families. Before effective and efficient in-service education guidelines on the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission can be developed, any knowledge deficit and negative attitudes of registered nurses regarding the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission should be identified. Thus, it is important to survey the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in healthcare institutions related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The main goal of the study was to explore and describe the knowledge and attitudes of registered nurses in public hospitals related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The secondary objective was to develop in-service education guidelines for registered nurses in public hospitals to optimise both personal and occupational prevention measures relating to HIV and AIDS transmission. The research was conducted using a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design. The purposive sampling method was used to select the participants and a self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. This data was analysed by inferential statistics and descriptive statistics and areas of deficits concerning knowledge and negative attitudes were identified. In this study there were deficits concerning the knowledge and negative attitudes regarding the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission to a greater or lesser degree in all the subgroups of the questionnaire. In general, the registered nurses with the attendance of HIV and AIDS training program, experience in caring for HIV and AIDS patients made the level of certain knowledge related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission different; Working experience as a registered nurses and the attendance of HIV and AIDS training programmes did not make attitudes towards the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission significantly different. The registered nurses with experience of caring for HIV and AIDS patients had more positive attitudes than those without the experience. This information was used to compile in-service education guidelines for registered nurses concerning the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission. The in-service education guidelines will be given to clinical facilitators at public hospitals. It is envisaged that this will guide them as to what to include in their in-service education programmes concerning the prevention of HIV and AIDS transmission for registered nurses.

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Kooverjee, Ishwar. „An exploratory field study into schoolgirl pregnancies, with emphasis on the role the school can play in their prevention“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003419.

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This piece of research explores the problem of schoolgirl pregnancies and suggests a role which the school might play in their prevention. Concern over the growing number of unplanned pregnancies under the age of eighteen years at the author's school, culminated in the .present study. Experts on the subject often perceive the problem to be self-defeating to the young girls, medically contra-indicated and socially disruptive. The purpose of this investigation was to determine attitudes towards the description of the problem, to identify causative factors predisposing to pregnancy, and to obtain views on how the school can reconcile efforts to address the problem. The relevant research data was obtained through a comprehensive 64 item attitudinal and knowledge-base questionnaire which was administered to a sample of 187 subjects. The sample comprised seven different occupational groups namely, senior schoolgirls, parents of senior schoolgirls, ex-schoolgirl primigravidae, parents of ex-schoolgirl primigravidae, school teachers, members of the clergy and various health care professionals. The appendices contain full statistical tables as well as full responses to the open-ended essay based on the research questionnaire so that the reader is free to check the reasonableness of the conclusions drawn. In the final chapter the author provides a brief summary of findings, offers justification why the teaching of sex education should be a priority in public schools, and makes recommendations, in the main, for the inclusion of school-based sex education as a component of Guidance in terms of rationale and implementation. In addition, suggestions are made with regard to school policy formulation and networking with parents and other community resources. Finally, a choice of four current model programmes for sex education are proposed in an effort to improve and build upon existing programmes in the present South African curriculum. It is the author's belief that this investigation may contribute to course design and perhaps provide hypotheses for more specific studies in the future.

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Somers, Avril. „The prevalence of obesity amongst learners attending the schools in Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni in Cape Town, South Africa“. Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1462.

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Thesis (MTech (Biomedical Technology))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2004
Introduction and Background: The prevalence of obesity amongst both the adult and paediatric population has assumed almost epidemic proportions in many developed and developing countries. A recent study by the Medical Research Council found that a disturbing 20% of all South African children could be categorized as being obese. Limited data is currently available on the prevalence of obesity in South African children, particularly from the previously disadvantaged population. Given the global epidemic of paediatric obesity, hypertension and type-2-diabetes and the limited available data relating to obese South African children, further studies to enhance the understanding of the risk factors associated with the epidemic are imperative. Aims and Objectives of the Study: The objectives of the study were to: 1. Determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity amongst leamers attending schools in the communities of Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni within the City of Cape Town, South Africa. 2. Determine the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension amongst learners attending school in the communities of Belhar, Delft and Mfuleni in the City of Cape Town. 3. To investigate the association of overweight and obesity with diabetes and hypertension in children and adolescents, and • To determine the risk factors associated with overweight, obesity, diabetes and hypertension Sample Population: Excluding learners that did not meet the inclusion criteria, the final sample consisted of 338 learners aged 10 - 16 years attending the government funded primary and secondary schools and residing in the target communities.

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Cwati, Sizathu Tosca. „Comparing anti-corruption strategies in South Africa's Western and Eastern Cape Provinces“. University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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In its new democracy, South Africa is busy making endeavours to transform and correct the wrongs and problems of the past. In the process it is vital that obstacles to development such as corruption in the public sector should be uprooted as they inhibit quality service delivery and further damage the name of the public service.

This study compares anti-corruption strategies in South Africa&rsquo
s Western and Eastern Cape provinces, in particular by looking at both the achievements and limitations that have been experienced. The focus area is the provincial administrations in both provinces. In order to contextualise the evaluation of the anti-corruption strategies pursued by the two provincial administrations, the study also includes an examination of the role of provinces in general in combating corruption.

The research methods employed include a detailed survey of documentation published by the provincial governments&rsquo
anti-corruption agencies, as well as reports by civil society organizations focusing on corruption in the public sector. The study also draws on semi-structured interviews conducted with key stakeholders in the two provinces.

The study concludes by summarizing the successes and limitations of the two provincial administrations in dealing with corruption. A number of practical recommendations are provided to strengthen the future design and implementation of anti-corruption strategies.
The empirical research for this research report was carried out in 2003 before the national and provincial elections of 2004.

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McGregor, Dale. „A high school guidance programme aimed at the primary prevention of sexual abuse of children as part of a national strategy for the prevention of child sexual abuse in South Africa“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003435.

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The sexual abuse of children has become recognised as a major problem affecting children in most, if not all, countries of the world. The prevention of such abuse has, in the last decade, become an issue of international significance. In South Africa, prevention efforts are mainly informal ad hoc strategies initiated by individuals or organisations. As such they suffer from being short-lived and often isolated. Prevention efforts fall into the general categories of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Primary prevention focuses on preventing abuse from occurring at all. There are two main aspects to this type of prevention. The first aims at teaching children to protect themselves. The second aims at preventing the development of a disposition to abuse. This study set out to suggest and justify the adoption of a national strategy appropriate to the South African situation, including an overview of what can be done through the schooling system. This strategy will provide a framework and context for individual efforts, and hopefully stimulate new programmes. In addition, a detailed prevention programme for implementation in the secondary school, through the medium of the subject Guidance, was developed. This programme addressed itself mainly to that primary aspect of prevention concerned with preventing people from developing a disposition to abuse. The programme consists of lesson plans, teacher's notes and worksheet materials for pupils.

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Eriksson, Elisabet. „Christian Communities and Prevention of HIV among Youth in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa“. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155097.

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Young people in South Africa, particularly females, are at great risk of acquiring HIV, and heterosexual sex is the predominant mode of HIV transmission. In order to curb the epidemic the Department of Health encourages all sectors in the society, including religious institutions, to respond effectively. The present thesis seeks to increase the understanding of the role of Christian communities in prevention of HIV for young people. Three denominations in KwaZulu-Natal were selected to reflect the diversity of Christian churches in South Africa: the Roman Catholic Church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa, and the Assemblies of God. Using qualitative interviews the first paper explores how religious leaders (n=16) deal with the conflict between the values of the church and young people’s sexuality. Study II reports on attitudes to HIV prevention for young people among religious leaders (n=215) using questionnaire survey data. Study III investigates how young people (n=62) reflect on messages received from their churches regarding premarital sex by analysing nine focus group discussions. In the fourth paper, based on questionnaire survey data, we report on young people’s (n=811) experiences of relationships with the opposite sex and their perceived risk of HIV infection. The view that young people in churches are sexually active before marriage was common among religious leadership. The majority of religious leaders also reported that they are responsible for educating young people about HIV prevention. Religious leaders who had received training on HIV were more likely to run a life skills programme for young people, however they were ambivalent about prevention messages. Young people reported premarital sexual abstinence as the main HIV prevention message from their churches. The majority responded that they had received information about HIV in church. To be in a relationship was common, more so for males for whom multiple relationships also were viewed more acceptable. To perceive themselves at risk of HIV infection was common. Further training for religious leaders is needed to enable them to manage the conflict between the doctrine of the church and their willingness to assist young people in the transition into adulthood.
Faculty of Medicine

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Van, Niekerk Ashley. „Paediatric burn injuries in Cape Town, South Africa : context, circumstances, and prevention barriers /“. Stockholm, 2007. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2007/978-91-7357-178-4/.

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Kortjan, Noloxolo. „A cyber security awareness and education framework for South Africa“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014829.

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The Internet is becoming increasingly interwoven in the daily life of many individuals, organisations and nations. It has, to a large extent, had a positive effect on the way people communicate. It has also introduced new avenues for business and has offered nations an opportunity to govern online. Nevertheless, although cyberspace offers an endless list of services and opportunities, it is also accompanied by many risks. One of these risks is cybercrime. The Internet has given criminals a platform on which to grow and proliferate. As a result of the abstract nature of the Internet, it is easy for these criminals to go unpunished. Moreover, many who use the Internet are not aware of such threats; therefore they may themselves be at risk, together with businesses and governmental assets and infrastructure. In view of this, there is a need for cyber security awareness and education initiatives that will promote users who are well versed in the risks associated with the Internet. In this context, it is the role of the government to empower all levels of society by providing the necessary knowledge and expertise to act securely online. However, there is currently a definite lack in South Africa (SA) in this regard, as there are currently no government-led cyber security awareness and education initiatives. The primary research objective of this study, therefore, is to propose a cyber security awareness and education framework for SA that will assist in creating a cyber secure culture in SA among all of its users of the Internet.

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Esau, Charlene Alicia Gladys. „Prevention and management of occupational injuries at selected higher eduction institution in the Western Cape, South Africa“. Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1543.

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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology Occupational Health Nursing in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2015
Purpose of study: The purpose of this study was to explore the injury on duty prevention and management strategies that are currently used in different higher education settings. The study intended to shed light on specific areas of policy and practice discrepancies related to the disjuncture between employee interactions, regulated directives and organizational goals. Aims and objectives: One of the aims was to determine the types of work-related injuries that occur in HEI’s by verifying the injuries reported on Employers Reports of an Accident. A second aim was to examine strategies that have been put in place to prevent injuries in the workplace by reviewing policies and procedures related to injury prevention. The final aim was to examine systems in-place to manage occupational injuries by looking at staff health or employee wellness service flow charts or models used at the HEIs. Population and sample: Permanently employed personnel at two HEI’s in the Western Cape were participants in a multiple case study. The sample units consisted of health and safety representatives, human resources, maintenance personnel, estates and custodial, traffic services and departmental managers. Methodology: This study applied a mixed-method using a multiple case study design as an approach to the enquiry. Methods of data collection: Documents, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews were be used to obtain data to answer the research questions. Process of analysis: Qualitative and quantitative themes will be analysed in a matrix. The three data sources were triangulated to validate the findings. Benefits of the study: Injury prevention benefits the employer and employee in many ways, including increased employee performance leading to increased productivity as well as cost savings. Main findings: Injuries that were reported are mostly musculoskeletal injuries; however other types of injuries may not be reported due to under reporting of injuries being common in this setting. Health and safety training and knowledge sharing was not well supported and injury prevention strategies were not optimized. The application of health and safety policies and procedures were not adequately communicated, enforced or monitored. Staff health and employee wellness strategies operate independently and do not facilitate a coordinated response to manage occupational injuries in this setting. Lack of monitoring, organizational support, training and knowledge sharing and communication were the four main challenges to injury prevention management systems. Conclusions: The implementation of an effective injury prevention and management programme could benefit the organization and translate into increased operational value (organizational quality). Key words: Higher Education Institutions, Occupational Injury prevention, Management of occupational injury.

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Craig, Eva M. „Child and adolescent obesity : prevalence and risk factors in a rural South Africa population“. Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5176/.

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The World Health Organization estimates that 22 million children worldwide aged <5 years are overweight and highlights tackling childhood obesity as an urgent priority. Childhood obesity is rising to epidemic proportions in the developing world, reflecting changing physical activity levels and dietary intakes, adding a significant public health burden to countries where undernutrition remains common. Interventions to prevent childhood obesity have had disappointing results, because the science and aetiology of obesity is poorly understood and prevention programmes have not targeted appropriate behaviours nor adequately engaged communities being studied. The origins of obesity appear simple, excess energy intake and/or low energy levels expended on physical activity, leading to chronic energy imbalance. However, the problem is more complex with underlying societal, behavioural and genetic causes of energy imbalance remaining unclear. Obesity is driven by individual, household and community factors: research to date has concentrated on individual factors with almost no significant focus on higher level influences on obesity. Findings from studies in developed countries are unlikely to be applicable to rural African settings where there is an increasing transition from a state of undernutrition to that of overnutrition. Few data exist on the prevalence of child and adolescent obesity from low and middle income countries like South Africa. This thesis aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents (aged 7-15 years) within this population and to identify possible risk factors. Participants and Methods The study was cross-sectional and involved collecting primary data in local schools. A total of 1,519 subjects were recruited from three age groups (approximately 500 from each age group 7, 11 and 15 years). Participants were recruited from school grades 1, 5 and 9 corresponding to the ages 7, 11 and 15 years respectively. The study comprised two parts, a main cross-sectional study and a further study including a sub-sample of the participants. In the main cross-sectional study anthropometric measurements (height, weight, mid-upper arm circumference and body fat) were performed on all the participants and a lifestyle questionnaire administered (questions related to water collection, travel to school, TV watching and sport participation). The study took place in a demographic surveillance area and data collected from participants was linked with their household/community data to allow analysis of variables associated with overweight/overfat status. 150 participants were randomly selected from the main study (50 from each age group 7, 11 and 15 years) and invited to take part in a sub-sample study which included objective measurement of physical activity (7 days accelerometry) and dietary assessment (2 x 24 hour multiple pass recall assessments) on each participant. Main Findings Prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in girls than boys and was highest in the oldest age groups for females. Using the Cole/IOTF BMI for age reference combined overweight and obesity was 23% in grade 9 females compared to only 6% in boys in the same grade (p<0.01). The lifestyle questionnaire revealed high levels of water collection, active commuting and TV watching.

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Singh, Vikesh. „Implementation of the dual therapy prevention of mother-to-child transmission protocol“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1374.

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Antiretroviral drugs taken during pregnancy, reduce the rates of mother-to-child transmission from 35 percent to as low as 1 to 2 percent (UNAIDS, 2009). In 2002, the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme was implemented in South Africa. Studies on the implementation of the PMTCT programme have shown that understaffed and under-developed health care facilities were key barriers to the provision of PMTCT services (Health Systems Trust, 2002: 6; Skinner et al., 2003). The aim of this study was to assess the challenges experienced by health care workers working in public sector facilities in the Nelson Mandela Metropole after implementation of the dual therapy PMTCT programme. Four areas were investigated: Infrastructure; Drug Supply Management; Clinic Procedures and Staffing. A quantitative descriptive study was conducted in August 2009 at nine public health care facilities in the Nelson Mandela Metropole, South Africa. Questionnaires were issued to 81 nurses and 41 pharmacy personnel (pharmacists and pharmacist assistants). Checklist audit forms were issued to the Facility Manager of each facility and completed with the researcher. The key findings for Infrastructure were lack of space at patient waiting rooms (9; 100 percent n=9), counselling area (5; 55.5 percent; n=9), nurse consultation rooms (6; 66.6 percent; n=9), storage areas (5; 55.5 percent; n=9) and filing areas (7; 77.7 percent; n=9). The key findings for Drug Supply Management were none of the dispensaries (0 percent; n=10) were fully compliant with Good Pharmacy Practice, pharmacy personnel indicated that there were no stock cards for medication (13; 31.7 percent; n=41); there was less than two weeks supply of buffer stock kept for zidovudine and nevirapine (13; 35.1percent; n=37) and medication orders were placed without any reference to minimum and maximum levels of medication (15; 36.5 percent; n=41) . The key findings for Clinic Procedures were only two facilities followed up on patients that had missed appointments (22.2 percent; n=9) and four facilities (44.4 percent; n=9) had a tracking system for patients that had defaulted. Of the nine facilities only three (33.3 percent; n=9) updated patient demographic details regularly. The key findings for Staffing were a shortage of doctors, nurses, counsellors and pharmacists at the facilities. One of the major challenges identified was the lack of training offered on new PMTCT protocols with 56.2 percent (45; n=80) of the nurses stating that no training was provided on the dual PMTCT protocol. Only 54.3 percent (44; n=81) of nurses stated that they knew the criteria to start the mother on dual PMTCT therapy. In conclusion there is an urgent need for barriers such as lack of staff, lack of space, lack of training on PMTCT and standard procedures for follow up of patients to be addressed in order to ensure the successful scaling up of PMTCT.

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De, Vos Marieta. „Critical factors in NACOSA’s success as a network organisation in the HIV and AIDS sector“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96802.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: NACOSA had an eventful history spanning 22 years. The first phase between 1992 and 2001 is labeled Great Expectations as the composite multi-sectoral structure started a groundbreaking initiative on HIV and AIDS in South Africa and believed that the first AIDS plan drafted by them would be implemented as planned. Expectations came to nothing as government struggled to find its feet through a decade of blunders leading to the demise of the structure by end 2001. The next phase between 2001 and 2010 is labeled Starting Over as the Western Cape branch of NACOSA reinvented itself as a community mobilisation network for the province. Within a period of ten years Western Cape NACOSA developed into a successful national network with a large membership fully involved through its networking, capacity building and promoting dialogue functions. The third phase between 2010 and 2015 is labeled Rapid Growth as NACOSA developed into a large training and grant management agency with strong systems providing funding to its members through sub-granting. Networking continued at a slower pace but is still highly important for the organisation. The network contributes to localised social capital through shared learning and collaboration. NACOSA‟s sustainability has been developed through the ability to raise long-term funds for network activities, capacity building of members and coordinated service delivery on the ground. NACOSA also has a culture of identifying and acting fast on opportunities and adapting to change when it is needed. Strategic factors attributing to the success of NACOSA are a sector based approach promoting diversity in its membership; a consistently focused and shared purpose throughout the years; a community agent approach believing in and advocating for community systems strengthening; obtaining a mandate from network members for main strategy changes; strategic partnerships; a strong capacity building approach focussing on organisational and programmatic competencies; not competing with network members but acting as main weaver; creating specialist networks for specific HIV-related causes; a committed representative executive committee and skilled staff; bringing groups together on a regular basis for discussions and strategising; a variety of social media; and a network mindset intent on a culture of learning and building trust between member organisations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: NACOSA het 'n gebeurtenisvolle geskiedenis wat strek oor 'n periode van 22 jaar. Die eerste fase tussen 1992 en 2001 word genoem Groot Verwagtinge, verwysende na die saamgevoegde multi-sektorale struktuur wat ontstaan het as die eerste groot MIV en VIGS inisiatief in Suid-Afrika. Hulle het verwag dat hul eerste VIGS-plan geïmplementeer sou word soos wat hulle dit beplan het. Hul verwagtinge het egter skipbreuk gely as gevolg van die regering wat oor die dekade heen hul voete gesleep en foute gemaak het wat uiteindelik gelei het tot die struktuur se ondergang in 2001. Die volgende fase tussen 2001 en 2010 word genoem Oorbegin verwysende na die Wes-Kaap tak van NACOSA wat hulself herskep het as „n gemeenskapsmobiliseringsnetwerk. Wes-Kaap NACOSA het binne tien jaar weer ontwikkel in 'n suksesvolle nasionale netwerk met 'n groot ledetal wat volledig ingeskakel is by die organisasie se netwerk, kapasiteitsbou en bevordering van dialoogaktiwiteite. Die derde fase tussen 2010 en 2015 word genoem Snelle Groei verwysende na NACOSA se ontwikkeling in 'n groot opleidings- en fondsbestuursagentskap met sterk stelsels wat befondsing aan hul lede verskaf. Netwerkskakeling het voortgeduur teen 'n stadiger pas maar is steeds baie belangrik vir die organisasie. Die netwerk dra by tot die bou van plaaslike sosiale kapitaal deur middel van samewerking en saam leer. NACOSA se volhoubaarheid het ontwikkel deur hul vaardigheid om langtermynfondse in te samel vir netwerkaktiwiteite, kapasiteitsbou en gekoördineerde dienslewering op grondvlak. NACOSA het ook 'n kultuur om geleenthede vinnig te identifiseer en daarop te reageer, asook om aan te pas by veranderinge wanneer nodig. Strategiese faktore wat bygedra het tot NACOSA se sukses sluit in 'n wye sektorbenadering met diverse lidmaatskap; 'n konsekwente gedeelde doelwit oor die jare; die bevordering van sterk gemeenskapstelsels; die verkryging van 'n mandaat by netwerklede vir strategie-veranderinge; strategiese vennootskappe; 'n sterk kapasiteitsboubenadering wat fokus op organisatoriese en programmatiese vaardighede; geen kompetisie met lede-organisasies maar eerder die rol van “hoofwewer”; skep van spesialisnetwerke vir spesifieke MIV-verwante kwessies; 'n toegewyde raad en vaardige personeel; gereelde bymekaarbring van groepe vir dialoog en strategie bou; 'n verskeidenheid van sosiale media; en 'n netwerk denkpatroon gefokus op 'n leerkultuur en die bou van vertroue tussen lede.

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Fisher, Ruth. „Resilience in families where a parent misuses alcohol“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/953.

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Surveys have shown that alcohol misuse is the biggest substance misuse problem in the world today, affecting millions of people. With the disease being part of a family, all members of the family experience the distress of parental alcohol misuse. While the challenges that these families have to face are many, they seem to have the ability to “bounce back”, in other words, have resilience. There has been limited research to date on family relations and alcohol misuse in South Africa, especially in terms of the parental member as the alcohol misuser. The proposed research aimed to explore and describe the factors that facilitate adjustment and adaptation in families where a member misuses alcohol. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was used to analyze the factors that enable a family to adapt to the alcohol misuse, as outlined in the broader study at the University of Stellenbosch. An exploratory descriptive research design was employed in the proposed study. For the purposes of this study, the researcher combined qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to use their complementary strengths to enrich the data obtained from the proposed study. Sixty three families were surveyed using a biographical questionnaire and seven pencil-and-paper questionnaires. These families were accessed via drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities throughout South Africa. The data from the biographical questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using correlation and regression analysis. The findings of the proposed research allow for better management of the alcohol misuser’s condition through the understanding of what resiliency areas the family may improve upon. Furthermore, the study can be used as a stepping stone for future research of resilience in families living with a parental member who misuses alcohol, and ultimately contributes to the broader context of family resilience research in South Africa. Key words: alcohol misuse, alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, family, resilience, adjustment, adaptability.

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Jumare, Fadila. „Prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS: a review of using PMTCT services in South Africa“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011508.

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Despite good intentions and commitment from health providers, it is difficult for HIV positive pregnant women to access Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services (Skinner et al 2005:115). The aim of this research was to find out the extent to which socio-economic and cultural factors influence access to and utilization of PMTCT services. It appeared that despite having a legal plan and framework to ensure that PMTCT services are available and free, the realities confronting HIV positive women in South Africa as suggested by the literature contradicted this objective. Inevitably, these contradictions were identified as some of the main factors contributing to lack of access and inadequate utilization of PMTCT services. These factors were identified through a review of fifteen studies selected based on their relevance to the research aim. The findings were presented according to the following themes: Functioning of clinics, adherence to ART, uptake of VCT and infant feeding practices. According to research evidence, the major socio-cultural factors influencing access and utilization of PMTCT services include fear of stigma and discrimination which are related to cultural norms and practices. The socio-economic factors include transport costs, lack of food, medicines and formula milk which are all related to poverty and unemployment. The research also found that health system constraints such as long waiting times in clinics, stock-outs of formula milk, medicines and test kits influenced the utilization of PMTCT services by HIV positive women.

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Steinsland, Linda Renate. „The response of the South African Police Service in the prevention and management of domestic violence“. Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019982.

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The levels of crime and violence in South Africa seem to go hand in hand with the increase in the number of police practitioners. However, despite all the work going into it, “nothing seems to reduce the general trend” (Burger 2007:1). Domestic violence, for instance, is one of the major challenges practitioners are faced with on a daily basis at all levels in South Africa (Bendall 2010:100). Nonetheless, the country has yet to recognise this specific type of violence as a crime in their official crime statistics (SAPS 2010). Domestic violence has, in fact, struggled to become recognised as one of the most serious types of crime in today‟s society. This might be explained in terms of the developments that have occurred – both in international research and in the domestic realm – especially in terms of the ever-changing nuclear family. However, this could also be explained in the way such violence is treated by the South African Police Service. Nonetheless, it appears that a significant amount of research has been undertaken on the nature and impact of domestic violence, including the various responses and strategies to its management. However, it seems as though no-one can come up with a proper solution to this problem. In terms of violence in general, a number of different researchers in the field have suggested possible explanations to the problem. Burton, for instance, explained violence in terms of the neglect of basic human needs, the need for identity and the need for control. This author suggested that if these basic needs are frustrated, violence could be expected to occur, including violence within the family. Moreover, some violent behaviour could be described in terms of a loss of control of the situation and the management thereof. It is especially in these circumstances that conflict management techniques are to be highly recommended. Mediation – or facilitation – collectively referred to as restorative justice – is an example of such a technique. However, the question of whether or not to include mediation has been subject to much discussion amongst scholars in the field. As one of the main roles of the police is to prevent violence, and to protect the citizens from harm, it would be appropriate for the purpose of this study, to focus specifically on the SAPS and their response to cases of domestic violence. Their lived experiences are evaluated in terms of the existing legal framework, as well as in the light of other empirical research.

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Verwoerd, Wilmé. „Adolescent girls and young womens' perspectives of how their lives were impacted by participating in a combination HIV-prevention intervention in South Africa: a qualitative study“. Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33031.

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Background: HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15-24 in sub-Saharan Africa remains exceptionally high. Evidence shows that no single HIV prevention strategy will be effective in controlling the HIV pandemic. Research in recent years demonstrates the need for combination HIV prevention efforts, including biomedical, behavioral, and structural interventions. Given the urgent need to identify strategies that effectively reduce HIV risk among AGYW, it is crucial to understand how best to maximize the impact of combination HIV prevention interventions. This qualitative study explored the perceived impacts of a combination HIV-prevention intervention on the lives of AGYW in South Africa. Methods: The study is based on the findings from a qualitative evaluation of the RISE Club Programme, one component of a combination HIV intervention for AGYW. Using 24 focus group discussions and 63 in-depth interviews with 237 AGYW, we explored participants' experiences and perceptions of participating in a combination HIV prevention intervention and how it was perceived to impact their lives. Results: From the perspectives of AGYW, the intervention was perceived to positively impact their ability to communicate and develop and maintain healthy relationships with family, peers and partners. The findings show that the intervention helped increase their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) knowledge which improved their sexual self efficacy while also encouraging positive behavioural choices such as contraceptive uptake. It was also perceived to improve AGYW lives and personal development, specifically their self confidence and self esteem. However, logistical challenges with the implementation of the intervention and unmet expectations, created frustration and negative perceptions of the intervention in some instances. Conclusions: Overall, the findings demonstrate that intervention recipients perceived mostly positive impacts on their lives as a result of participating in the RISE programme. Understanding the perspectives of AGYW, is helpful in order to assess the benefits and perceived impacts of such an intervention on the lived realities of intended beneficiaries. Taking these perspectives into consideration and understanding some of the unforeseen negative impacts of the intervention can help to inform the design and implementation of future combination HIV prevention interventions for a similar sub-group of the population.

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Maureau, Eva Anne. „The negotiation of HIV prevention among community HIV educators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Language, Social and Political Sciences, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10039.

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This thesis is an ethnographic study of the lives of thirty community HIV educators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Compared to quantitative studies this is a small number, but by keeping the number of participants small it has been possible to obtain an extensive understanding of the lives of each individual, which helps to explain why they make the decisions they do. The reason for choosing community HIV educators as the participants in this study is because it could be stated from the outset that they are well-informed about HIV prevention and, depending on the specific NGO they work for, they have been recipients of either ‘female empowerment’ or ‘responsible masculinity’ programmes. This is significant because early HIV prevention interventions have assumed that providing individuals with HIV awareness and gender equality programmes would lead to the implementation of HIV preventative behaviour. Studying the willingness and ability to implement HIV prevention practices of these particular individuals could therefore help to answer the question whether HIV awareness and gender-related programmes are indeed sufficient to create HIV preventative behaviour change. Furthermore, it was useful to hear from these participants what they experience as enabling and restricting factors when it comes to implementing HIV preventative behaviour. The core research question is: How do community HIV educators in KwaZulu-Natal negotiate HIV prevention in their everyday intimate relationships? The data presented in this thesis was collected during ten months of participant observation amongst community HIV educators whilst they were at work, at home, or out with their peers. To further aid the general understanding of Zulu culture, the researcher lived as part of a Zulu family for six months. The thesis presents several examples of community HIV educators who do not consistently use condoms in their everyday lives despite the fact that they promote the use of condoms. How is it possible that those who speak of being transformed as a result of HIV awareness and female empowerment or responsible masculinity programmes, and who promote condom use in their communities, do not always consistently use condoms in their personal lives? This thesis is concerned with trying to resolve this apparent illogicality. It argues that when individual interventions fail to lead to behaviour change it is because individuals act in relation to other people instead of in isolation. The thesis draws on the work of Bourdieu, particularly his concepts of habitus, field, and capital, to explain how structural factors influence individual practice. This means that the negotiation of HIV prevention is affected by what is generally considered appropriate in terms of existing dispositions. Hence the perception of a particular HIV prevention practice as either appropriate or inappropriate affects the ability of an individual to implement this practice. Examples are provided of how, when it comes to the practice of condom use, which has generally been perceived as inappropriate, structural factors have a restricting effect on HIV prevention. This thesis also provides examples of how, when it comes to the practice of medical male circumcision and virginity testing, which have generally been perceived as appropriate, structural factors actually have an encouraging effect on HIV prevention. As a result this thesis argues that instead of addressing individuals, HIV prevention interventions should address the collective. However, this thesis also argues that an increase in economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital can suppress the effect of structural factors. To support this argument the thesis attends to individuals who, when they can afford to do so as a result of having capital at their disposal, deviate from collectively determined ideal practice, for example by discreetly negotiating HIV counselling and testing with their sexual partners.

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Deacon, Rachel. „Young people, HIV prevention and policy making in the rural Eastern Cape, South Africa“. Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3678/.

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There has been limited success in tackling the spread of the HIV epidemic among young people, despite years of interventions. This research contributes to an understanding of why intervention success has been limited by examining HIV prevention among young people in the rural Eastern Cape of South Africa. Shifting the focus from the specifics of individual interventions, it draws on the theoretical work of Foucault to examine how young people and their sexuality are being constructed and understood within policy discourse, and how this relates to young people’s own everyday experiences of the virus. In doing so it highlights both the disjuncture between these understandings, and the ways in which, despite this, young people are engaging with policy narratives in often unexpected ways. Using qualitative approaches the research was carried out in four rural communities. Repeat dependent interviews (n=108) were conducted with young people (n=56) over a 10 month period. These were supplemented by participant observation, key informant interviews (n=15), and analysis of policy documentation. The study finds that the ways in which evidence is used to make knowledge claims about young people and their engagement with the virus is problematic. It argues that the dominance of particular forms of knowledge within policy processes work to exclude those forms of knowledge which are grounded within young people’s everyday lived experiences of their sexuality and the virus. As a result, in claiming to ‘know’ young people, this decontextualized knowledge works to construct a particular subject position of youth in which agency is ascribed to fit within dominant gendered and medicalised narratives of the virus. These constructions are in stark contrast to how young people themselves understand and perform their own sexual identities, which are spatially and temporally located. The research finds that young people come to construct and perform their, often multiple, identities in ways which reflect their subjective interaction with the context of their daily lives. It finds that young people’s narratives of sexuality and HIV are embedded in discourses of pleasure and poverty, and are shaped by a complex web of social and gender relations. Despite this disjuncture, the research finds that young people are not simply ignoring, but rather are engaging, with these policy narratives in complex ways, as they become part of their context of interaction. Drawing upon Long’s interface model the research finds that as policy narratives come to intersect with young people’s lifeworlds, new forms of knowledge and social practice are produced. Within this interface ‘youth’ as an identity emerges as an asset which young people can draw upon and utilise to make sense of their situation, as well as provide access to opportunities. At the same time young people appropriate the policy narratives of individual responsibility and the medicalised discourse of HIV to rationalise, and make sense of, their own risk taking behaviours. The thesis' methodological contribution examines research practices themselves as sites of knowledge production about young people. Turning the analytical lens on my own work, as well as that of others, it examines the challenges in conducting such research and the ways in which it can serve to reproduce the narratives it seeks to uncover. In going beyond identifying the disjuncture between policy narratives of youth sexuality, and those that young people construct for themselves, the research generates new insights on how we think about young people, their identities and behaviours, in relation to the virus. By moving from the specifics of interventions themselves to the assumptions and conceptualisations which underpin them, it draws attention to the importance, and problematic nature, of what we do know, what we can know, and the implications of these knowledge processes in the everyday lives of young people. In doing so it generates a number of key implications for policy and future research.

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Stinson, Kathryn Lee. „Coverage of prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in Cape Town, South Africa“. Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12644.

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Includes bibliographical references.
The effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child of HIV (PMTCT) programmes depends on the successful coverage of a series of interventions through pregnancy, intrapartum and postpartum. Routine monitoring systems based on service data and limited to women on the PMTCT programme may overestimate intervention coverage at multiple points along this cascade. Methods: Cord blood specimens with individually linked anonymous demographic and pregnancy data were collected from three delivery services in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, and screened for HIV. Seropositive specimens were tested for the presence of antiretrovirals.

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Parker, Shuaib Ahmed. „A critical analysis of the rationale for the introduction and implementation of sugar tax“. Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/29692.

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A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce (Specialising in Taxation)
In the 2016 Budget Speech, the then Minister of Finance, Pravin Gordhan, announced a decision to introduce a Health Promotion Levy (‘sugar tax’) on sugar-sweetened beverages (‘SSBs’). Sugar tax came into effect on 1 April 2018 in South Africa. In its Policy Paper released by the National Treasury in July 2016, titled “Taxation of Sugar Sweetened Beverages” (‘Policy Paper’), the National Treasury outlined the proposed sugar tax. It argued that the primary objective of the introduction of sugar tax was to reduce excessive sugar intake and curb the growing problem of obesity. Obesity and other non-communicable diseases (‘NCDs’) have significantly escalated over the past 30 years and has become a growing concern in South Africa. This has resulted in South Africa being ranked the most obese country in sub-Saharan Africa. The impact of SSBs on obesity and other NCDs has received widespread attention on the international stage and by the World Health Organisation (‘WHO’). This is evident from the fact that South Africa is not the first country in recent years to introduce a form of sugar tax which has been gaining traction as popular intervention to combat the growing concern of NCDs. The argument arises as to whether the tax is actually intended to meet its desired health benefits or simply increase revenue for the fiscus. This research will examine whether the implementation of sugar tax will contribute to its intended health objectives envisaged. In order to achieve this, a study will need to be undertaken with countries which have successfully introduced sugar tax including, Mexico, Norway, Denmark, the United Arab Emirates, Chile and United Kingdom. Lastly, this study will also explore the success of the implementation of sugar tax and the impact it has had on the fiscus of these countries.
NG (2020)

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Moselakgomo, Violet Kankane. „A cross sectional survey of physical fitness levels of school children in Limpopo Province, South Africa“. 2011. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000651.

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M. Tech. Biomedical Sciences.
Examines the physical fitness levels of school children in Limpopo Province, South Africa. It is envisaged that the present study will help in identifying the physical fitness levels of South African children at risk of being overweight and obese. Such findings might inform public policy as a guide to the formation of possible intervention strategies that could help to promote physical fitness among children as well as prevent and manage the surging prevalence of excessive weight and obesity in South African children. Additionally, the results of this study will provide useful comparisons with results in developed and developing countries and thereby providing baseline data for future epidemiological studies of lifestyle on physical fitness and body composition of adolescent children in Limpopo, South Africa.

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Wilkinson, Jeanne. „Comparison of packed school lunches of boys and girls in primary schools in East London“. Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1269.

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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, 2015.
Objective: To determine the contribution of packed school lunches to the daily food intake of girls and boys in two Primary Schools in East London. Methods: The study was conducted among 199 girls and boys aged 9-13 years. Three 24-Hour recalls and a Food Frequency Questionnaire were completed during an interview with the participants to gather data on dietary patterns over a period of three consecutive days. Additionally, the contents of one lunch box per participant were recorded and weighed. Anthropometrics and socio-demographics were also completed during the interview. Results: The three 24-Hour Recall nutrient measurements revealed a low energy intake in 91 percent for the girls and 77 percent for the boys who were consuming below the recommended Estimated Energy Requirement for energy. The lunchboxes contributed one-third of the daily nutrient intake of the children. The 24-Hour recall revealed an energy-dense, carbohydrate-based diet. The contribution of total fat (30-32%) to the total energy is higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation of 15-30 percent. The daily fruit and vegetable intake (215.1g and 216.9g), according to the 24-Hour recall and lunchbox analysis respectively, was insufficient compared to the WHO-recommendation of >400g /day. Although the mean intake of most of the nutrients was sufficient, a large number of the participants did not meet requirements for the age group. The risk of overweight was high (24% for girls and 29.2% for boys) with 1.5 percent falling into the obese category. Conclusion: The results of the study indicated a high-fat and carbohydrate intake and a very low fruit and vegetable intake. The girl participants had better food choices for the lunchboxes but the majority of the participant’s daily intake did not meet the basic requirements of a balanced diet. The risk of overweight in the age category is an increasing problem among low- and high-income countries. Nutritional education should concentrate on healthy food choices in school lunchboxes as a large part of the day is spent at school.

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Siyothula, Phakamisa. „South Africa’s Foreign Policy: Conflict Prevention in Africa“. Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1987.

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Student Number : 0517117G - MA research report - School of International Relations - Faculty of Humanities
This study has analysed the experience and legitimacy of South Africa’s Foreign Policy in resolving African conflicts, using comparative study of Burundi and Lesotho. The main findings of the study are as follows: First, since 1994 South Africa’s foreign policy has evolved and directed at ensuring peace and stability in African continent. During Mandela era, the policy was dominated by human rights. When Mbeki took over in 1999 the policy was reconfigured and moved towards peace and economic prosperity in African continent to achieve African Renaissance. Second it has been argued that the interventions in Lesotho and Burundi were legitimate and successful despite the controversies in particular Lesotho. Last, the experience and lessons learnt in Lesotho helped to shape South Africa’s foreign policy when mediating in Burundi conflict which had led to a notable success.

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Muthaphuli, Phumudzo. „Crime prevention and sentencing : a practical penological perspective“. Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/10000.

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Coetzer, Carina. „Crime prevention in neighbourhoods“. Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2185.

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In this section of research, a new crime prevention model for residential neighbourhoods, namely the HONC - against crime model was developed. This model is based on the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles (CPTED). The first three elements of this model are intended to better the function of CPTED in neighbourhoods. The elements are as follows: H = Healthy lifestyle O = Online (Information technology) N = Nature C = CPTED The effectiveness of the elements in the prevention of crime was tested in two gated communities and one open neighbourhood, namely Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, Prairie Estate and Glossa Estate. All these neighbourhoods are situated in Garsfontein, a suburb of Pretoria, South Africa. Woodlands Lifestyle Estate was designed in accordance with these principles. This neighbourhood is situated next to a nature reserve called Moreletaspruit. The fence facing this reserve is a steel palisade to provide a view of the scenery. The other three fences are solid brick. This Estate has two entrances with formal access control. Woodlands has a specifically designed lifestyle centre which contains a gym, squash courts, swimming pool, tennis courts and an entertainment area. Pedestrian routs run from this centralised centre throughout the neighbourhood with water features and adequate lighting. Prairie Estate is also a gated community, fenced off with a brick wall and reachable through one entrance with formal access control. The architectural design of dwellings within this neighbourhood was left to the discretion of different developers. The only area for recreational activity within this neighbourhood is the fenced off club house and swimming pool. Glossa Estate is situated diagonally across Woodlands Lifestyle Estate, and is an open neighbourhood. It has three entrances with one guard patrolling the interior neighbourhood. This neighbourhood was designed with a park as a recreational area. The park was not in use and became overgrown, which created a crime problem, and it was therefore fenced off and the gate locked. Only the element of a healthy lifestyle could be proven as influential in the incidence of crime. The last three elements only served as guidelines and need to be tested in further research.
Criminology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

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Tsimane, Salathiel. „Male circumcision as HIV/Aids prevention strategy in South Africa“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11309.

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M.A. (Public Management and Governance)
This study starts with an introduction and background, and this is followed by a statement of the research problem, research rationale, research objectives, research design, research methodology and the data collection methods. A list of acronyms will be provided, as well as an overview of chapters, conclusions, and acknowledgements. “Around 5.7 million in 2009 had contracted HIV and AIDS and in the preceding year 250,000 South Africans died due to HIV/AIDS related diseases. All age categories and gender are prone to contracting the disease and the resultant loss of life has had a devastating effect on the workforce. Death due to this disease has caused loss of income and family disintegration” (Sottile 2013:2). In 2010, some 280,000 South Africans died of HIV/AIDS. In the decade up to 2010, between 42% and 47% of all deaths among South Africans were HIV/AIDS-related deaths (Sottile 2013:2). Mlambo et al (2011:1) further say that “The Human Sciences Research Council estimates that 10.9% of all South Africans have HIV/AIDS. Additionally, the Central Intelligence Agency estimates that 310,000 individuals died in South Africa from HIV/AIDS in the year 2009”. A study in 2003 made a comparison on two scenarios, an HIV/AIDS scenario and a no-HIV/AIDS scenario and this was based on the annual growth rates between 2002 and 2015. The finding was that “real growth in GDP would be 0.6% lower than if there were no HIV/AIDS, but per-capita growth in GDP would be 0.9% higher. Growth in population would have been 1.5% lower, and growth of the labour force would be 1.2% lower, but the unemployment rate would be 0.9% lower as well” (Avert.Org 2010:2). Different HIV/AIDS prevention strategies are being implemented in South Africa. The focus in this study is on male medical circumcision (hereafter MMC), which is the removal of all or part of the foreskin on the penis. It can either be performed surgically in hospitals or at initiation schools. Initiation schools perform the procedure as a traditional rite of passage from boyhood to manhood, and this is referred to as traditional male circumcision (TMC). This practice has up till now been performed purely for traditional or religious purposes, but it can no longer be viewed only as such. It should, instead, also be seen as a measure to curb the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. A number of observational studies (which will be referenced later) found that circumcised men had smaller chances of contracting HIV infection compared with uncircumcised men...

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Hoossein, Shafick, Kevin J. Whittington-Jones und R. Tandlich. „Sanitation policy and prevention of environmental contamination in South Africa“. 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/76834.

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Prior to 1994, 21 million people were without access to sanitation in South Africa. Progress towards the backlog elimination started after 1994, but was slow-paced. From 1994 until 2011, the sanitation backlog has been decreased by between 29.8 and 79.2 % from the 1994 levels, depending on the province. Mechanisms were created for implementation of sanitation projects, but this was marginally successful and risk of environmental pollution from sanitation persisted. The period between 2009 and present day seemed to have brought on a significant fast-tracking of sanitation project around South Africa. This coincides with the transfer of oversight and partial implementation responsibility to the Department of Human Settlement and the launch of the Rural Household Infrastructure Programme. It also originated from the integrated programmes which drew in input from all stakeholders at the national and local government levels. Limitations still exist in maintenance and sanitation skills’ portfolio of some local municipalities, mainly in the Eastern Cape and Limpopo Province. However, the present status is still in partial conflict with government aims, legislation and policies. Novel tools such as the Technology Assessment and the Environmental Technology Assessment will have to be implemented in the sanitation decision-making and the novel strategies for skills development will have to be devised. If sufficient maintenance skills are developed in a local municipal area, then this will prevent negative environmental effects and results in lowered sanitation-related environmental contamination. Improvement in can be expected from the new national Department of Water Affairs and Sanitation.

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Madigoe, Mogorogoro Alpheus. „Leadership and dropout prevention : strategies for school principals“. Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7064.

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D.Ed.
The objective of this study is to explore and describe the viewpoints of rural black secondary school principals concerning their leadership responsibilities with regard to the prevention of dropout; to develop strategies for secondary school principals with regard to their leadership role in preventing school dropout and to describe guidelines for the implementation of the strategies

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Raikane, Neo Elliot. „Prevention and intervention strategies with regard to school dropout in rural black South Africa“. Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11671.

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D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)
The problem of high dropout rate or early school leaving is causing widespread concern amongst educators. This study is undertaken as part of a group project on school dropout or premature school leaving, which is undertaken by the Rand Afrikaans University of South Africa (RAU) and the Ben Gurion University of Israel. The purpose of this project is to identify the at-risk pupil, research the causes of school dropout, and identify the consequences of early school leaving in order to determine preventative measures. The following 4 factors have been studied in the profile of the school dropoutsocio- econornic factors social support political factors; and issues relating to the school itself In South Africa the high dropout rate in Black schools especially is a cause for concern. Under the new educational system, desegregation of schools is the ideal. This will, however, probably not be achieved overnight, and the problem of school dropout in Black schools will remain a problem for some time to come. Even if desegregation has been fully achieved, it can be argued that certain causes of dropout will always remain the same because not all causes are school-related. The cultural and home situation of potential dropouts will not necessarily improve on account oftheir being in desegregated schools. The focus of this study, therefore, will remain relevant.

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Hlungwani, Freddy. „An assessment of the Youth Crime Prevention Desk programme“. Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25529.

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The aim of this study is to assess the implementation of the Youth Crime Prevention Desk (YCPD) programme in the Ekurhuleni North Cluster in Gauteng. Since the Social Crime Prevention Strategy was introduced in the South African Police Service (SAPS), no study has been conducted in the organisation to assess whether this strategy has yielded the expected results in line with its objectives. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews as well as focus group interviews with Community Policing Forum (CPF) members, YCPD programme community volunteers, SAPS social crime prevention coordinators, Department of Community Safety (DoCS) social crime prevention coordinators and a station commander in the Ekurhuleni North Cluster. These participants are closely involved with the YCPD programme and freely expressed their views, understanding, knowledge and beliefs in relation to the implementation and associated activities of the YCPD programme. In addition, the researcher conducted a comprehensive literature study of the national legislation, SAPS policies and directives that oversee and promote social crime prevention in South Africa, as well as library resources and international studies. Various objectives were fulfilled in the execution of this study:  It was determined that social crime prevention guidelines are not complied with regarding the implementation of the YCPD.  It was determined that the YCPD is not achieving its proposed aims and objectives. In addition, this study and its results provide a framework for mitigating the challenges encountered during the implementation of strategies for improving the establishment of the YCPD in the Ekurhuleni North Cluster. The findings of the research indicate that the YCPD programme has not been effectively implemented within the Ekurhuleni North Cluster, since it became evident that the YCPD role-players are confronted by various challenges, which impede the proper implementation of the programme. Based on the findings of this study, a Youth Crime Prevention Desk Implementation Framework was developed. This framework could serve as a guideline advising the South African Police Service, Department of Community Safety, Community Policing Forums and Youth Crime Prevention Desk programme’s community volunteers in the Ekurhuleni North Cluster how the implementation of the programme could be improved. This framework could also contribute towards further identifying best practices with a view to benchmarking such a framework in other areas in South Africa. This study makes a significant contribution to the improvement of the implementation of the Youth Crime Prevention Desk programme in the Ekurhuleni North Cluster and to youth social crime and violence in general.
Police Practice
D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

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