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1
Hatcher, P. E. „Host plants and nutrition in conifer-feeding Lepidoptera“. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234738.
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2
Kigozi, Frederick. „Feeding biology of common and blue duiker“. Thesis, Rhodes University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004725.
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The blue duiker, Philantomba monticola and common or grey duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia represent two of the three duiker genera as well as two of the three species occurring in Southern Africa. The two species have not been adequately studied in their habitats within the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and this thesis centres around their biology with focus on diet and dental microwear. Faecal analysis was used to study the diet of blue duiker at Salem in the Albany district, and of common duiker on two farms, one a predominantly cattle farm at Kasouga and the other a farm for cultivation of chicory at Grants valley, both in the Bathurst district. The validity of faecal analysis was reviewed, and its applicability to blue and common duiker assessed. The method was appropriate for diet analysis of both species, as the common duiker is shy and secretive and the blue duiker is a rare and protected species which does not habituate readily. Results showed that the blue duiker was mainly folivorous with a seasonally stable diet of 79 percent dicot foliage and only 17 percent fruit. Common duiker diet at both study sites comprised mostly dicot foliage, with only two monocotyledonous plant species. Twenty-seven and nineteen plant species were identified in the diets of common duiker at Kasouga and Grants valley respectively and the annual percentage occurrences of dicot foliage in the diets were about 99 percent at both study sites. The predominantly browsing common duiker, therefore offered negligible competition for food resources to the grazing cattle on Kasouga farm. Both blue and common duiker fed selectively, with approximately one third of the total number of plant species identified in their diets providing at least 50 percent of the food eaten annually. Ehretia rigida was the most important plant species in the diets of both duiker species. Chicory, Chichorium intybus provided more than one third (35.6 percent) of the winter diet and a substantial proportion (14.4 percent) of the spring diet of common duiker at Grants valley, thereby confirming earlier reports of this species feeding on chicory and other cultivated crops. The diet of common duiker at Kasouga did not vary seasonally but that of common duiker at Grants valley did vary and this was attributed to utilisation of chicory. Results from the dental microwear analyses did not show any significant differences in dental microwear between blue and common duiker, but supported and confirmed that the two were browsing species, characterised by many pits and few scratches on their dental surfaces. A high incidence of pits was found on the dental surfaces of both duiker species, and was attributed to utilisation of fruit in the diet.
3
Redfern, Alison M. „Infant feeding in England, 1992“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308518.
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4
Aguzzi, Anna. „Comparison of two nutrient admixtures for total parenteral nutrition“. Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69695.
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The goal of Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is to provide protein and non-protein energy in order to promote nitrogen retention and meet energy requirements. Controversy exists on whether glucose or lipid is the optimal source of non-protein energy. A randomized clinical trial was conducted for one week to compare the effects of TPN providing 34% of non-protein energy as lipid (Group 1; n = 7) to those of hypertonic glucose TPN (Group 2; n = 6). Indices of nitrogen retention, metabolic abnormalities, physiologic stress, and fat clearance were measured. The energy and protein intakes of Group 1 exceeded those of Group 2 from days 0 to 7 (p $<$ 0.05). Nitrogen balance improved significantly in both groups (p $<$ 0.005). Group 1 achieved zero nitrogen balance within two days; Group 2 never achieved net positive nitrogen balance. Significant elevations in insulin levels (p $<$ 0.025) were associated with both TPN admixtures. However, between the two groups the changes in nitrogen balance, albumin, glucose, fructosamine, insulin, liver enzymes, bilirubin, cortisol, and free fatty acid levels were not statistically different. It would appear that the lipid-carbohydrate TPN is more beneficial for patients who require TPN for a short period of time, but due to the small sample size and short study period further research is recommended.
5
Al-Maslamani, Ibrahim A. M. J. „Feeding and nutrition in the marine shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus“. Thesis, Bangor University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434897.
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Tsui, Cheuk-kiu, und 徐卓蕎. „An evidence-based oral stimulation and support protocol in improving oral feeding for infants with feeding problems“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44626563.
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7
Hariri, Niloofar. „High-fat feeding and obesity in rats“. Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96947.
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The general objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of high-fat diets (67% of energy) containing high (butter), moderate (lard) or low levels (canola oil) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) on food intake, eating pattern, obesity development and its reversal in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Periods of 26 or 50 days of high-fat feeding were used in adult rats, and of 7 or 28 days in weaning animals; in adult rats, obesity reversal was evaluated following 28 days of low-fat feeding (27% of energy) and after 32 days of low-fat food restriction. The findings showed that: 1- Exposure for 26 days to low- or moderate-SFA high-fat diets resulted in comparable intake and body weight, while 26 or 50 days of feeding with high-SFA diet led to greater intake and body weight than low-SFA diet; 2- Obesity that developed with SFA-rich diet was accompanied with failure to adjust intake based on diet energy density and preserving body fat even after weight loss; 3- Weight loss was achieved by offering a restricted amount of a low-fat diet but not with ad libitum feeding; 4- Altered diurnal eating pattern was found with high-fat feeding and characterized by a smaller number of meals, longer inter-meal interval and enhanced satiety ratio, regardless of obesity status; SFA-rich diet fed obese rats ate larger meals overall; 5- In weaning rats, three-week exposure to high-fat diets shifted intake toward the light phase; this response was more prominent with high- than with low-SFA diet and was accompanied with greater body weight and altered eating pattern - larger diurnal than nocturnal meals were consumed at a higher rate - rather than overeating. In conclusion, in adult female rats, a SFA-rich diet resulted in overeating and obesity, relative to a low-SFA diet. In weaning female rats, a SFA-rich diet also led to a greater body weight gain, but without overeating. These results underscore the role dietary fatty acid profile may play in developing obesity in early and adult life.L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'examiner les effets de régimes riches en gras alimentaire (67% de l'énergie) à haute (beurre), moyenne (saindoux) ou faible (huile de canola) teneur en acides gras saturés (SFA) sur la consommation alimentaire, la séquence prandiale et nycthémérale, le développement de l'obésité et son inversion chez des rates Sprague-Dawley. Des rates adultes ont été exposées à un régime riche en graisse pendant des périodes de 26 ou 50 jours, et des périodes de 7 ou 28 jours pour des rates sevrées. Chez les animaux adultes, le renversement de l'obésité à été évalué après 28 jours avec un régime faible en graisses (27% de l'énergie) et suite à 32 jours avec un régime alimentaire restreint et faible en graisse. Les résultats de ces travaux ont montré que: 1- L'exposition durant 26 jours à un régime alimentaire riche en graisse mais à faible ou moyenne teneur en SFA a produit une consommation alimentaire et un poids corporel comparables, tandis que 26 ou 50 jours d'exposition au régime alimentaire riche en graisse et à haute teneur en SFA a mené à une ingestion alimentaire plus importante et un poids corporel plus élevé qu'un régime alimentaire à faible teneur en SFA; 2- L'obésité développée avec le régime alimentaire à haute teneur en SFA était accompagnée d'une incapacité d'ajuster l'ingestion alimentaire en fonction de la densité énergétique du régime et de la conservation du gras corporel même après la perte de poids; 3- Une perte de poids a été rendue possible avec un régime faible en graisse et offert en quantité restreinte mais pas avec l'alimentation à volonté; 4- Un régime riche en graisse a modifié la séquence prandiale diurne, avec une diminution du nombre de repas, un intervalle entre chaque repas plus long et une satiété accrue sans égard à l'état de l'obésité; dans l'ensemble, les animaux obèses nourris avec le régime alimentaire à haute teneur en SFA ont ingéré de plus gros repas; 5- Chez les rates sevrées, après trois semaines d'exposition à un régime riche en graisse, l'ingestion s'est déplacée vers la phase lumineuse; cette réaction était plus importante avec le régime à haute teneur en SFA qu'avec le régime à faible teneur en SFA. Cette réponse était accompagnée d'un poids corporel plus élevé et d'une modification de la séquence alimentaire - de plus gros repas étaient consommés plus rapidement durant le jour qu'au cours de la nuit - mais sans surconsommation alimentaire. En conclusion, chez les rates adultes, un régime riche en gras alimentaire à haute teneur en SFA a produit une surconsommation alimentaire et de l'obésité, en comparaison avec un régime alimentaire à faible teneur en SFA. Chez les rates sevrées le régime à haute teneur en SFA a aussi produit un poids corporel plus élevé mais sans surconsommation. Ces résultats soulignent le rôle que peuvent jouer les acides gras alimentaires dans le développement de l'obésité tôt dans la vie et à l'âge adulte.
8
Lippert, M. „Aspects of feeding the hill ewe during pregnancy“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354201.
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Smith, Margaret Anne. „Home parenteral nutrition in British Columbia“. Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26536.
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Parenteral nutrition is a therapy that supplies patients with all their nutritional requirements intravenously, thus eliminating the need for oral alimentation. The therapy was first introduced in the United States to hospitalized patients in the late 1960's. The benefit of long-term parenteral nutrition was soon recognized, and a program for ambulatory or home parenteral nutrition (HPN) was developed. In British Columbia, the first HPN patient was begun on such therapy in 1972. Since then, more than 50 British Columbians have received HPN. In March 1986, there were 24 patients on the program. The average annual cost per patient was $29,278 and the total 1986 operating budget was $702,660, not including costs for equipment or hospital training. Up to now, there has been no analytical assessment of the HPN program in B.C.
This thesis describes the current home parenteral nutrition situation in B.C. and makes recommendations for its improvement. It looks at overall clinical outcomes (both physiological and psychosocial), at the results with different subgroups of the population, and at the cost of the HPN program in B.C., and also considers the potential of this therapy for children.
In Chapter 2, the literature is reviewed and organized to cover a general description of HPN therapy, a summary of the results obtained from a number of academic centers, a review of HPN therapy in childhood and the psychosocial issues of concern to HPN patients.
Chapter 3 provides a detailed description of the current HPN situation in
B.C. The study methodology is described in Chapter 4 and the results in Chapter 5. The study is a descriptive analysis. Due to the lack of any obvious control group, a comparative evaluation per se was not possible. However, a Seattle study by Robb, reported in 1983, does allow for some comparison. The main sources of data were:
1. A Patient Questionnaire: The questionnaire was modelled on that used by the Seattle group. 23 B.C. patients, either on HPN at the time of questioning,
or previously on the therapy, were surveyed. 19 (83%) responded.
2. A Health Professional Questionnaire: This questionnaire was compiled especially for and sent to all known health care workers in B.C. in the HPN field. 19 professionals, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, dieticians, and administrators, were surveyed. 17 responded for a response rate of 89%.
The patient survey provided basic demographic information, a description of HPN therapy received, as well as data on clinical outcomes, both physiological and psychosocial. Results showed that patient age, length of time on HPN, numbers of hours per week devoted to HPN, occupation and place of residence were the most important variables for predicting patient outcomes. Thus, patients that were older, had been on HPN less than one year, or spent more than 80 hours per week preparing and administering HPN solutions, had more physiological complaints and showed interference with more daily activities and personal relationships. Patients who were employed, rated the HPN experience more positively.
Overall, patients found the HPN experience to be a positive one, although this was not true for a small group of patients. Data also indicated that B.C. patients achieved physiological results similar to the Seattle group, and to other centers reported in the literature, but appeared to have more interference with daily activities and personal relationships than did patients from the Seattle study.
The health professional survey indicated that professionals considered the current situation in B.C. to be good with respect to patient training and the complication rate achieved. However, patient follow-up and the psychosocial support provided to patients were rated only fair to poor. These health care professionals cited problems with the program's organization, the need to standardize service to all patients, and the need to provide patients with pre-mixed solutions.
In conclusion, some recommendations are made for improvement in the B.C. HPN program.Medicine, Faculty of
Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of
Graduate
10
Mansfield, Allison N. „Nutrition Support Protocols and Early Feeding in the Intensive Care Unit“. Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1210191094.
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11
Mattson, Christine. „Outcomes of dietitian involvement with leukemia patients receiving total parenteral nutrition“. Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002mattsonc.pdf.
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12
Tate, Julie F. „Feeding Practices of Mothers in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia“. Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1228.
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The diets of Mongolia infants are deficient in vitamins and minerals and complementary foods are introduced too early. Breastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for infants until 6 months of age. A survey of 50 Mongolian mothers with children under the age of 5 in the town of Sainshand, Dornogobi, was conducted in July 2011. Mongolian infants are among the highest percent of infants in the world who are exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of their lives, thus providing them with excellent nutrition. However, complementary feedings and supplements are not appropriately used or understood. Therefore, the diets of Mongolian infants are still lacking key nutrients and they are exposed to complementary foods too soon. By obtaining more information on the feeding practices of Mongolian mothers, better education materials and seminars on infant nutrition can be developed, which will improve the overall nutrition and health of the children of Mongolia.
13
Westfall, Una Elizabeth. „Physiological responses to different enteral feeding schedules in rats /“. Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7265.
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14
Webster, Elizabeth. „Developing Neonatal Gavage Tube Guidelines to Decrease Feeding Intolerance“. Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10844512.
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A nutritional method commonly used to deliver feedings to premature infants is the use of a gavage tube. To measure for any undigested breastmilk or formula, a gastric aspirate is checked prior to the next feeding. There is a gap in practice as to what to do if these aspirates signify feeding intolerance. The project question centered on identifying evidence-based guidelines in the literature that would help to define best practices related to feeding intolerance of gavage-fed infants. The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice model and the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation provided the frameworks for gathering and evaluating evidence as well as the process used in forming the practice guideline. The primary methods employed were a team approach that included a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Project Team and NICU expert opinion along with a literature review conducted by the doctor of nursing practice student. The NICU Project Team collected the NICU experts’ input via surveys they developed and distributed as well as e-mails to authors identified from the literature review. The surveys yielded a 76% response rate from the registered nurses and a 59% response rate from the medical providers. All data collected were shared and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data. One of the central research findings was that gastric aspirates should no longer be routinely obtained on stable infants and, if used in evaluating feeding intolerance, they must be used in combination with other indicators. An enteral feeding guideline was developed to reflect this finding that can be shared with other NICUs and nurseries in the United States and globally to decrease the morbidity and mortality of neonates.
15
Isselmann, Katherine Freney. „Evaluating Breastfeeding's Role Early Childhood Feeding and Eating Styles“. Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/23557.
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Public HealthPh.D.
Introduction: Recent research indicates that breastfeeding may be protective against obesity risk. The purpose of the proposed study is to investigate the possible associations between breastfeeding, later maternal feeding strategies, and later child eating behaviors that could protect against obesity. Methods: This study examined hypothesized associations between infant feeding type (breastfed [BF], bottle-fed breastmilk [PUMP], bottle-fed formula [FM]) and both current child eating styles (internal cues in eating) and current maternal feeding styles (related to control) in a sample of three to six year old children. Infant feeding information was obtained via retrospective self-report with medical chart verification. Maternal feeding styles of "restriction" and "monitoring" and child eating behaviors of "satiety responsiveness" and "food responsiveness," were measured through validated questionnaires. It was hypothesized that children who were breastfed without bottle would have less maternal restriction and monitoring in their feeding and higher satiety response and lower food responsiveness than children who were breastfed with bottle or formula fed. Exploratory hypotheses were examined: (1) Maternal feeding and child eating behaviors were examined for interrelations and (2) Maternal feeding and child eating styles were explored for their relationship with obesity measures. Results: Among the 111 mothers, the mother-child pairs were classified in groups as follows: 41 BF, 25 PUMP, and 45 FORM. One-way ANOVA analyses did not find significant mean differences between these groups in restriction, monitoring, satiety response, and food responsiveness. However, multivariate analyses found the PUMP group had an unadjusted odds ratio of 0.33 (95% CI: 0.12-0.96) for high satiety level and after adjustment for child gender, maternal BMI, maternal educational level, maternal race, and maternal restraint in her own eating, the odds ratio was reduced to 0.27 (95% CI: 0.07-0.98). Correlations were found between the CFQ and CEBQ subscales. Correlations were found between food responsiveness and obesity outcomes, and satiety response and lower BMI. Discussion: This evidence supports the suggestion that breastfeeding without a bottle might allow infants to grow to have more positive eating behaviors. Future studies should expand upon these strategies in a prospective manner to promote clearer understanding of the breastfeeding-obesity factors.
Temple University--Theses
16
Mayers, John M. „The development and management of school feeding in Barbados“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843986/.
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The development of school feeding in Barbados is investigated against the background of a former British colony providing biscuits and milk to undernourished children, to an independent country developing and providing school meals over the past twenty-five years. Over 25,000 primary school children are provided with a daily meal, and the headteachers and caterers are generally satisfied with the School Meals Programme. The nutritional role of the school meal to the primary school student and the ordinary packed lunch to the secondary school student are considered in the light of nutritional requirements and the feeding behaviour of the child and the adolescent. An attitude based approach using a Likert Scale was developed to determine what was important to the child in the school feeding environment. A number of problem areas were identified as being relevant, and these areas had varying degrees of importance depending on the age of the child. The attitude measurement tool proved satisfactory in predicting feeding behaviour. The analysis of school meals shows them to be adequately balanced and providing approximately one-third of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Most of the nutrients are available in adequate quantities except for some in which the meals are deficient. The consumption of Vitamin C, on the other hand, is high. A large proportion of carbohydrate is eaten outside the school. The significance of the school meal becomes evident when the student goes on to secondary school. It was established that the school meal was missed particularly between ages 11-13. Despite minor differences in attitude and intake, there is no significant difference between the sexes. Nutrition education is a vital area as school feeding advances to the twenty-first century.
17
Rosen-von, Hoewel Julia von. „The implementation of early nutrition programming in scientific publications, nutrition policies and parental infant feeding information in Europe“. Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-82733.
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Rosen-, von Hoewel Julia von. „The implementation of early nutrition programming in scientific publications, nutrition policies and parental infant feeding information in Europe“. kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8273/.
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19
Natarajan, Padma. „Effect of nutrition counseling on maternal nutritional performance, birth outcome and choice of infant feeding in pregnant teenagers“. Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44129.
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This study investigated the influence of nutrition
education services, measured by duration of participation
and frequency of nutrition counseling, on maternal
nutritional performance, and pregnancy outcome, in 100
pregnant teenagers enrolled in the WIC program in North
Carolina. Data on prenatal weight gain, rate of weekly
weight gain, gestational duration and birth weight of
infants born to these teenagers was retrieved from medical
records. Twenty-four hour recalls, conducted before and
after counseling, were analyzed. for energy and nutrient
content. Results indicated that initiation of prenatal care
by trimester was earlier, and duration of participation was
longer, than was reported in the literature. Mean weight
gain and gestational lengths were found to be comparable to
results from studies on similar populations. Rate of weekly
gain was significantly higher than that recommended for
adult pregnant women. Energy, protein and iron intakes
showed significant improvement after counseling, and, were
comparable to RDA values. However, calcium intake was found
to be significantly lower than the RDA. Mean infant birth
weight was found to be 47.2 gm heavier than the state
average; this was not statistically significant. Although
a strong correlation. between counseling and. pregnancy
outcome was not evident, the incidence of low birth weight
was substantially lower in this population, especially among
the subgroup of black infants. A decreased incidence of
poor outcome of pregnancy among underweight gravidas, was
also indicative of the influence of nutrition education on
this high risk group. Nutrition intervention appears to
have been indirectly influential in optimizing fetal outcome
through improved maternal weight gain, and an extended
gestation. In addition, early and appropriate prenatal care
measures, probably helped reduce the race specific, risk
differential for adverse outcomes. The results from this
study also indicated that a very small percentage of teens
chose to breast feed. Further studies are, however,
recommended to identify predictors of the feeding choice,
to help increase incidence of breast feeding among teens.Master of Science
20
Grove, Elizabeth D. „Childhood Food Exposure, Parental Feeding Practices, and Current Food Neophobia in College Students“. Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1554503321191901.
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Cambron, Liz Doralyn. „Factors Affecting Metabolism During Non-Feeding Stages in Insects“. Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31868.
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Although feeding is important for optimal development and growth in insects, there are several points during the insect life cycle that are non-feeding: metamorphosis, pupation, and overwintering. Non-feeding periods also occur in response to internal cues, such as feedback from nutrient thresholds and immune responses being activated. Additionally, as an insect goes through different developmental stages, its nutritional requirements change in response to or in preparation for non-feeding periods. Most physiological responses like feeding are regulated through an interconnection of pathways, but how these networks change in response to different energy demands, such as immune challenges or changes in metabolism, is poorly understood. One significant pathway that is involved in regulating several physiological processes is the insulin signaling pathway. In my dissertation research, I tested hypotheses explaining the regulation of physiological processes during non-feeding periods in two agriculturally relevant insects, Manduca sexta and Megachile rotundata. First, I investigated how internal cues such as dietary lipid content and immune challenges cause non-feeding periods in M. sexta. Then, I investigated how insulin signaling regulates development during a non-feeding period like overwintering changes in M. rotundata. Since the insulin signaling (IIS) pathway is critical for development and growth, I focused on testing if this pathway plays a role in regulating non-feeding periods. My research showed that increased dietary lipid content causes a cessation of feeding, which suggests there is a possible lipid threshold that when reached, causes M. sexta to switch from lipid consumption for storage to lipid excretion. When looking at another cue like immune challenges, my results showed that during a bacterial infection, a Toll-mediated suppression of IIS pathway may be regulating feeding and causing a non-feeding period exhibited as sickness-induced anorexia. Lastly, my results also showed that the IIS pathway is suppressed in overwintering M. rotundata, and that this process can change in response to temperature. Overall, my dissertation research showed that the insulin signaling pathway and nutrient content play a vital role in regulating non-feeding periods. Investigating insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and innate immunity in these species closes a gap in knowledge of invertebrate development.
22
Ahmed, Shameem. „Breast feeding, weaning and infant growth in rural Chandpur, Bangladesh“. Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339360.
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Wagoner, Lynda J. Wehrli. „The examination of attitudes toward infant feeding methods, prenatal infant feeding intentions, and the influence of previous breast- feeding exposure among gravid African-American women“. Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941363.
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African-American women are associated with having the lowest incidence of breast-feeding among ethnic groups. The purpose of this study was to examine attitudes toward infant feeding, feeding intentions, and previous breast-feeding exposure among African-American women. Leininger's Culture Care theory provided the framework. A convenience sample of 98 gravid, adult African-American women receiving care at community health centers was administered a 42-item questionnaire on infant feeding attitudes, intentions, and exposure. Findings indicated that mothers choosing breast-feeding agreed more with the benefits of breast-feeding, and were likely to have previous breastfeeding exposure. Formula feeding mothers agreed more with inconveniences of breast-feeding and advantages of formula feeding, and were more likely not to have had previous exposure. These findings suggest that providing culturally congruent education on the benefits of breast-feeding, information on skills to overcome barriers, and positive breast-feeding exposures could positively effect the incidence of breast-feeding in the African-American population.School of Nursing
24
Beukes, Ronel A. (Ronel Annamarie). „The longitudinal growth and feeding practices of infants from birth to twelve months“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49799.
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Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a silent emergency. WHO estimates that 55% of all child deaths in developing countries are associated with malnutrition. Inadequate dietary intake and disease are the two immediate causes of malnutrition. The underlying causes are household food insecurity, inadequate maternal and child-care and poor water/ sanitation and inadequate health services. Stunting is a major problem in pre-school children in South Africa. This indicates a long term inadequate dietary intake. Furthermore, the initiation of breastfeeding in South Africa is about 90%, and the duration thereof tends to be less than 3 months after birth. A great majority of children in this country consume a diet deficient in energy and of poor nutrient density to meet their micronutrient requirements. The aim of this study was to identify feeding practices of infants that could contribute to the development of malnutrition. METHOD: This was a cohort study with a prospective experimental design. Forty-four of the original 73 mother-infant pairs that were recruited, were interviewed monthly on feeding practices of the infants. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height of the infants) were measured monthly. RESULTS: Weight-for-age Z-scores dropped significantly with age from around 4 months, when weaning had started. Inadequate dietary intake, more specifically weaning practices and breastfeeding practices, were identified as the immediate cause that could contribute to the development of malnutrition in this community. Except for the positive relationship between the level of education of the father and an increase in HAZ over time, growth was not affected by socio-economic and demographic factors in this community. This is probably because of the fact that there were very small differences in socio-economic and demographic factors. CONCLUSION: Weaning and breastfeeding practices should be addressed in all nutrition education programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Wanvoeding is 'n stil gevaar. Die WGO skat dat daar 'n verband is tussen wanvoeding en ongeveer 55% van alle kindersterftes in ontwikkelende lande. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname en siekte is die twee onmiddellike oorsake van wanvoeding. Onvoldoende huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit, onvoldoende moeder- en kindsorg en swak sanitasie en watervoorsiening asook onvoldoende gesondheidsorg is die onderliggende oorsake. Dwerggroei is 'n groot probleem in Suid-Afrika onder voorskoolse kinders. Dit dui op 'n langdurige onvoldoende dieetinname. Bydraend hiertoe, is die aanvang van borsvoeding in Suid-Afrika ongeveer 90%, maar die duurte van borsvoeding is minder as 3 maande na geboorte. Die meerderheid van alle kinders in Suid-Afrika se dieet het 'n tekort aan energie en die nutriëntdigtheid van hulle diëte voldoen nie aan hulle daaglikse behoeftes ten opsigte van mikronutriënte nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om voedingspraktyke te identifiseer wat kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van wanvoeding. METODE: Dit was 'n kohortstudie met 'n prospektiewe eksperimentele ontwerp. Vier-en-veertig van die oorspronklike aanvanklike moeder-babapare wat gewerf is, is maandeliks ondervra met betrekking tot die voedingspraktyke van die baba en antropometriese metimgs (gewig en lengte van die baba) is maandeliks geneem. RESULTATE: Z waardes van gewig vir ouderdom het beduidend gedaal namate die kinders ouer geword het, veral vanaf 4 maande, toe spening begin het. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname, meer spesifiek spenings- en borsvoedingspraktyke, is geïdentifiseer as die onmiddellike oorsake wat tot die ontwikkeleing van wanvoeding kan bydra in hierdie gemeenskap. Daar was 'n positiewe verband tussen lengtegroei (Z waardes van lengte vir ouderdom) en die vlak van opvoeding van die vader. Groei is nie deur die ander sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese faktore beïnvloed nie, moontlik as gevolg van die klein verskille in sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese eienskappe van die studie populasie. GEVOLGTREKKING: Spenings- en borsvoedingpraktyke behoort aandag te geniet in alle voedingsvoorligtings-programme.
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Rodrigues, Bartholomew. „Catholic ethical issues in medically assisted nutrition and hydration for patients in persistent vegetative state (PVS)“. Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.
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Brown, Ann-Marie. „A Comparison of Two Gastric Feeding Approaches in Mechanically Ventilated Pediatric Patients“. University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1403533434.
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Foley, Jo Anne. „Providing Optimal Nutrition in Critical Care“. ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2351.
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Malnutrition among hospitalized patients is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes. At the health care facility for which this quality improvement (QI) initiative was developed, patients were not consistently fed within the nationally recommended 48 hours. The purpose of this project was to facilitate the early initiation of enteral feedings to prevent malnutrition in a vulnerable patient group by development of an evidence-based enteral feeding policy, algorithm, and nursing education module. The find, organize, clarify, understand, select, plan, do, check, and act model provided a systematic approach for development of the project. Validation of the QI initiative was through the use of Likert scale which was completed by 2 nurses and a head dietician. The content validity index average was 1.0 for the QI initiative products (policy, algorithm, educational module). Ten team members completed a summative evaluation of the educational module and presentation using a 7 item, Likert scale. Basic descriptive analyses were employed to analyze the data, revealing broad support for the module and the DNP student's leadership. A recommendation was made to conduct an audit using a formal software program to quantify the number of patients who were not being fed within the time frame of 48 hours. Implementing an evidence-based enteral feeding protocol can be a significant intervention that produces better patient outcomes.The implications for social change in this project relates to improvements within the critical care environment.
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Penner, Johan. „Foliar nutrition: targeted fertilization to test herbivore preference“. Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-94349.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to increase knowledge of how plants as a whole respond to targeted fertilization and to refine the method of foliar nutrition fertilization. The experiment also aimed to test how herbivores respond when presented with a choice between fertilized and unfertilized Salix leaves in a feeding trial experiment. One major problem that arises when trying to alter the nutrient levels within a specific part of a plant is that adding fertilizer directly to the soil in which the plants grow will have a systemic effect on the plant, causing the plant physiology as a whole to change instead of just changing the properties of the plant part which the study focuses on. The approach chosen for this experiment is to target the leaves directly when applying the fertilizer and therefore try to avoid altering the rest of the plant. Fertilizer in the form of NH3NO4 was added to Salix leaves using a pipette and a brush at two different concentrations. When the leaves had been fertilized they were analyzed and used in a feeding trial experiment to study herbivore response to targeted fertilization. Once all data was analyzed statistically it became clear that both concentrations of the treatment had altered the nitrogen content within the leaves, however only the lower concentration had done so without altering the characteristics of the leaf. The data collected from the feeding trial displayed no statistical evidence for preference between the treated and control leaves in regard to amount consumed by the Phratora beetles, on the other hand when testing for egg laying preference 8/8 of egg clutches were laid on treated leaves.
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Witsken, Colleen. „The Effect of Parental Control Over Child-Feeding on Compliance to Dietary Recommendations to Lower Blood Cholesterol“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1179758468.
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Boom, Suzanna A. M. van den. „Feeding practices and growth of children under 20 months of age in Madrid“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241399.
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Yeley, Genevieve Connors. „Parental use of child feeding practices and outcomes in child and adolescent nutrition“. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1620.
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The incidence of childhood and adolescent overweight in the United States is increasing at an alarming rate and is now considered the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in this country. Although much attention has focused on genetic research, and heredity is an unarguable component of obesity, the role of the environment must be considered because genetic changes over entire populations are not likely to occur at such a rapid rate. In observing todays environment where energy-dense foods abound, restaurant dining has increased, and children are more sedentary than ever, the current trends in child/adolescent weight status are not surprising. This study digs to the heart of worrisome eating habits by exploring the development of these behaviors in the family. Previous studies show that parents use of child feeding practices is related to their childrens weight status. It is hypothesized that children of parents who utilize highly controlling feeding strategies (pressure, restriction, monitoring) will have nutrient intakes and weight indicators that are either higher or lower than the average for children whose parents exert less control over the eating domain. The objective of this research is to discover if significant relationships exist between parental child feeding strategies and child/adolescent overweight or underweight and nutrient intake. Birchs model explaining familial resemblances in eating and weight status was tested using her previously validated Child Feeding Questionnaire, standard anthropometric techniques, three days of diet records, and a previously validated child questionnaire. Three-hundred and twelve children/adolescents, 254 mothers, and 245 fathers from the Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area completed interviews, and data was analyzed with the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). Results confirmed the validity of Birchs model and previous studies that found significant relationships between child feeding strategies and childrens nutrition status. Parents who pressured their children to eat (motivated by concern about the child being underweight) were more likely to have children with lower BMI percentiles and skinfolds while parents who monitored or restricted the childs intake had children with higher BMI percentiles and skinfold thicknesses. No clear relationships were found between feeding styles and nutrient intake.
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Rupy, Linda Jean. „Nutritional status of adult patients with Crohn's disease receiving total parenteral nutrition in the home vs. in the hospital“. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91068.
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The number of patients who are receiving home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is increasing. This phenomenon is a result of rising hospital costs and legislation which encourages shorter hospital stays. Previous research has not demonstrated thoroughly change in nutritional status associated with TPN given over a long period of time to patients with singular disease entities such as Crohn's disease. Therefore, this study was undertaken. Two groups of patients were obtained: a sample of five hospitalized patients from a veterans' hospital, and a sample of fifteen home patients followed by a hospital-based nutritional support team. Both groups had Crohn's disease and were receiving TPN. The following parameters were measured: serum albumin, percentage of ideal body weight, and total iron binding capacity. Mean levels and standard deviations of each parameter per time period measured were obtained. These means were plotted across time periods. For each parameter, slopes for each time period were compared using a t-test. For the hospital group, time periods consisted of 20 day periods. For the home patients, time periods were 12 months in length. Mean levels of each parameter remained within normal limits within nearly all time periods for both groups. However, significant changes in each parameter in the home group occurred at the following time periods: 60- 72 months and 72-84 months for serum albumin; and 0-48 months and 48-120 months for total iron binding capacity. (No periods of significance occurred for changes in percentage of ideal body weight.) These changes might indicate periods of significant response to TPN. Other factors which also might have influenced these results include level of compliance by patient, other major illness, iron status, hydration status, effects of sample size, and protein-losing enteropathy.M.S.
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Zivkovich, Caitlin J. „An Evaluation of a Supplemental Snack Feeding Program on Growth in School-aged Children Living in Rural Tanzania, East Africa“. University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1302883411.
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Flanders, Lisa S. „Nutritional knowledge and infant feeding decisions of pregnant women“. Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115735.
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The aim of this research was to examine differences in general nutrition knowledge and prenatal sources of infant feeding information among women planning to feed breast milk, breast-milk substitutes, or a combination of breast milk and breast-milk substitutes. Subjects completed a demographic survey, a test of nutrition knowledge, and a questionnaire on sources of infant feeding information. There were no statistical differences in age, education, and nutrition knowledge scores among women in the three groups. A significant relationship was observed between education and nutrition knowledge; women who had attended college courses scored higher.003) on the nutrition knowledge test than those who had not attended. Health care providers (82%) and reading materials (82%) were the most frequently cited sources of infant feeding information. While general nutrition knowledge appears to be positively related to education, it does not appear to influence the infant feeding decision.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Terré, Trullà Marta. „Enhanced-growth feeding programs for dairy calves: nutrition, management, and long-term effects“. Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/5688.
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Es varen realitzar quatre estudis per avaluar l'efecte de donar molta llet a les vedelles lactants durant la fase de lactància, per tal de millorar el creixement de les vedelles de reposició durant aquest període. Els vedells que varen rebre una alimentació mÎs rica en llet durant la lactància van créixer més, però van menjar menys pinso que els vedells que seguien una alimentació convencional. Tot i així, després del deslletament ambdos nivells d'alimentació van presentar el mateix ritme de creixement i consum de pinso. Per altra banda, el fet de criar vedells en grup i amb un nivell elevat de llet durant la lactància, no va estimular el consum de pinso en comparació als vedells criats individualment i alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet. A més a més, els index productius de creixement i l'aparició de problemes de salut van ser similar en vedells criats en grup o individualment. En general, els vedells criats en grups varen augmentar els comportaments orals amb finalitat no nutritiva, i disminuir els comportaments de succions creuades i succions dirigides a la zona pèlvica al llarg de l'estudi. Tant els vedells criats en grups com individualment van presentar un lleuger augment de la conducta de "selfgrooming" al llarg de l'estudi. La concentració plasmàtica d'amino àcids va indicar que cap amino àcid limitava el creixement durant la fase de lactància quan les vedelles es varen criar seguint una alimentació amb un alt nivell de llet. No obstant, en els vedells que es van criar convencionalment, les concentracions plasmàtiques de fenilalanina i triptòfan una hora després de menjar estaven positivament correlacionades amb el guany mig diari, i negativament correlacionades amb la concentració plasmàtica d'urea, suggerint que els creixements dels vedells criats convencionalment podria estar limitat per l'aportació d'aquests dos amino àcids quan s'utilitza una llet maternitzada i un pinso similar al d'aquest estudi. Per altra banda, la menor excreció urinària de derivats púrics observada en vedelles alimentades amb un alt nivell de llet en comparació a les vedelles criades convencionalment, va indicar un menor fluxe microbià a nivell duodenal que podria estar relacionat amb la menor ingestió de pinso en les vedelles alimentades amb un nivell elevat de llet durant el periode de lactància. A més a més, els vedells alimentats amb un nivell alt de llet durant la fase de lactància van tenir una menor digestibilitat aparent dels nutrients del pinso la setmana després del deslletament en comparació als vedells alimentats convencionalment. Les concentracions sèriques de glucosa i insulina varen ser majors en vedells alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet que en vedells alimentats convencionalment. Però, les concentracions sèriques d'urea no varen seguir un mateix patró en els diferents estudis. En dos dels tres estudis, les concentracions sèriques d'urea van ser superiors en vedells criats convencionalment que en aquells alimentats amb un alt nivell de llet, però en l'altre estudi les concentracions sèriques d'urea varen ser similars en ambdos nivells d'alimentació. Finalment, l'avantatge de pes viu aconseguit durant la fase de lactància en vedelles seguint una alimentació amb un alt nivell de llet es manté numèricament superior fins els 385 d d'estudi, però aquest avantatge no redueix l'edat a la primera cubrició, i ni millora la fertilitat a la primera cubrició en vedelles criades amb un alt nivell de llet en comparació amb vedelles criades convencionalmentFour studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding dairy calves on an enhanced-growth feeding program. Enhanced-fed calves showed greater average daily gain, but lower starter dry matter intake than calves fed conventionally during the preweaning period. However, after weaning both feeding programs resulted in similar rates of growth and starter consumption. On the other hand, rearing enhanced-fed calves in groups did not stimulate starter intake. Also, performance was not decreased nor the occurrence of health problems increased when calves were reared in groups. In general, calves raised in groups increased non-nutritive oral behavior, and decreased cross-sucking and inter-sucking behaviors throughout the study, and both individually-and groupedreared calves slightly increased self-grooming behavior throughout the study. Plasma amino acid concentrations indicated that none amino acid was limiting growth during the preweaning period when calves were raised following an enhanced-growth feeding program. Nevertheless, with calves conventionally-fed, plasma phenylalanine and tryptophane concentrations one hour after feeding were positively correlated with average daily gain and negatively correlated with plasma urea concentrations, suggesting that growth of calves following conventional feeding programs could be limited by the supply of these two amino acids when using milk replacers and starters similar to those used in the present study. On the other hand, lower total purine derivatives urine excretions were observed in enhanced-compared with conventionally-fed calves, suggesting a lower microbial duodenal flow that was probably related to the low starter intake during the preweaning period of enhanced-fed calves. Furthermore, apparent nutrient starter digestibility was lower in enhanced-compared with conventionally-fed calves the week after weaning. Serum glucose and insulin concentrations were greater in enhanced-than in conventionally-fed calves, but serum urea concentrations did not follow a common pattern among studies. In two out of the three studies, serum urea concentrations were greater in conventionally-than in enhanced-fed calves, but in the other studies there were no differences between treatments. Body weight advantage obtained with enhancedgrowth feeding program was numerically maintained later in life, but this advantage did neither reduce the age at breeding, and nor improve fertility at first breeding of enhancedfed calves.
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Iason, G. R. „The biology of feeding and nutrition of mammalian herbivores : plant and animal processes“. Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592601.
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Gill, Bhupinder Pal. „Water use by pigs managed under various conditions of housing, feeding, and nutrition“. Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2234.
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This study investigated the water use of lactating sows (experiment 1), suckling piglets (experiment 2), weaned piglets (experiments 3, 6 and 8) and growing pigs (experiments 4, 5, 7 and 9), according to 3 specific objectives which assessed the effects of: age, live weight, feed intake and physiological status on water demand (experiments 1 to 3); different types of drinker on water use (experiments 4 to 6); dietary mineral content on water demand (experiments 7 and 8). For all classes of pig, feed intake explained between 53 and 83% of the variation in water use (P < 0.001). The relationship between stage of lactation and live weight (experiments 3, 6 and 7) was confounded by feed intake. In sows water use increased linearly in the week before farrowing (P < 0.001) which then decreased from 12.3 ± 1.10 1 the day before, to 9.3 ± 0.84 1 the day of farrowing (P < 0.001). Water use averaged 18.9 ± 0.27 1/day in a 21 day lactation. With suckling piglets, provision of water and/or creep feed between days 8 and 21 did not influence growth ( P > 0.05). Provision of creep feed reduced water use (0.22 ± 0.019 v 0.53 ± 0.035 1/litter day; P < 0.001), but water provision did not influence feed intake (34.7 ± 3.4 g/litter day; P > 0.05). Early weaned piglets (21 d) showed a disturbed pattern of water use in week 1 and water use averaged 0.94 ± 0.050 1/piglet day between weeks 1 and 3. In growing pigs, water use per unit of feed intake decreased linearly from 17 to 81 kg W and water use averaged 5 ± 0.16 1/day. Type of drinker influenced performance immediately after weaning (P < 0.001), but results with growing pigs were less conclusive. Water use from the Mono-flo nipple drinker was about twice that from 5 other types of drinker (P < 0.001). Dietary potassium (K) increased the water use of growing pigs by 1 1/day for every 1% increase in K between 7 and 15 g/kg feed (P < 0.05) , but performance was not affected (P > 0.05). With piglets water use and performance were not affected by variations in dietary K and Cl contents between 6.7 and 15.6; 1.4 and 3.0 g/kg feed respectively (P > 0.05). Growing pigs fed liquid diets utilised a supplementary water supply even though the water added to the meal exceeded ARC (1981) recommended allowances (experiment 9). Daily weight gain and conversion of dry matter improved as the moisture content of the liquid diets was increased from 67 to 88% (P < 0.05).
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Cabana, Francis. „Using feeding ecology to influence captive Slow Loris (Nycticebus spp.) nutrition and husbandry“. Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2016. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/f914ce25-53fc-45b6-a8f2-1646aa38acff/1/.
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Despite the advancement of science within the animal nutrition field, specifically production and domestic animals, exotic animal nutrition is very little studied. Some species are so understudied or shrouded in routine and anecdotes that both zoos and rescue centres manage them the same way, the wrong way. The slow lorises Nycticebus spp. are one of these species. I aimed to investigate the diet of wild Javan slow lorises, in order to create an appropriate captive diet for them. My objectives were to assess the current state of captive slow loris diets, calculate the nutrient intake rates and energy expenditure in wild individuals, assess the importance of natural food items within their diet, and finally, to trial a new diet and assess its long term impacts on health. From June 2014 to June 2015 I collected behavioural and feeding data on 17 radio-collared wild Javan slow lorises near Cipaganti, Indonesia. Food samples were collected and analysed for proximate and fibre analyses. Our diet trials were conducted in a rescue centre where we introduced gum into their diets and recorded food passage time. We collecte faecal samples of wild and captive individuals and analysed them for chitinolytic activity. We developed a new diet and compared nutrient intake, digestion and passage rate of the old and new diets. Wild diet was gum, insects and plant parts with seasonal variations in intake. Average intake was high in protein and fibre, low in sugars. They are able to vary their behavior to adjust energy expenditure. Captive animals increased passage rates when fed gum and potentially can digest chitin. Our new diet of gum, insects and vegetables had similar physiological effects than wild diets: slower and more efficient digestion and more appropriate nutrient intake. It was conducive to optimum weight and health.
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Brown, Melissa Judith. „The development of a nutrition education programme for parental feeding styles and practices“. University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7999.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhDMany low- and middle-income countries are faced with a rise in the double burden of malnutrition - undernutrition and overweight/obesity. Nutrition-related factors contribute to approximately 45% of deaths in children under five years (mainly due to undernutrition) globally, while low- and middle-income countries are simultaneously witnessing a rise in childhood overweight and obesity. In 2016, an estimated 41 million children under the age of five in low- and middle-income countries were overweight or obese, while 155 million were chronically undernourished. In Africa alone, the estimated prevalence of overweight and obese children in 2010 was 8.5%, expected to reach 12.7% in 2020. In comparison, globally, one in nine people are either hungry or undernourished, while one in three people are overweight.
2024
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Combs, Elizabeth Lucas. „FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE MATERNAL FEEDING DECISIONS FOR TODDLERS: EXTENDING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR“. UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/58.
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Establishing healthy eating behaviors is vital in the early years to help combat the development of obesity and other chronic diseases. Mothers play an invaluable role in shaping their children's eating habits through controlling what and when children eat as well as the overall food environment, which is why a better understanding of what influences mothers’ decisions about these behaviors is important.
The purpose of the dissertation was to gain a better understanding of what impacts maternal feeding decisions regarding toddler nutrition behaviors. This was a two-phased mixed methods study. The aim of the initial study was to explore, using a Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework, the influences on mothers’ toddler feeding decisions. These included attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. These constructs were derived from discussions about what sources of nutrition information mothers use and trust. The aim of the subsequent study was to use the TPB to assess factors affecting a mother’s behavioral intention to provide their toddler with a healthy diet and to see if the addition of the parental role construction variable strengthened the TPB’s ability to significantly predict the mother’s behavioral intention.
The first study used a qualitative approach to gather data from three focus groups that consisted of mothers of toddlers (N = 15). Qualitative thematic analysis was used to define prominent themes. Four major themes emerged from the data analysis: (1) attitudes (subthemes: positive towards maternal role of feeding and negative towards the maternal role of feeding); (2) subjective norms positively accepted (subthemes: social media, pediatricians, and registered dietitians); (3) subjective norms negatively accepted (subthemes: pediatricians and registered dietitians); (4) perceived behavioral control (subthemes: acceptance, scarcity of time and outside influences).
An online survey was created using data gathered from the focus groups and a previously validated survey that fit the theoretical basis of the study. The survey utilized the TPB to assess the connections between the constructs and the mothers’ behavioral intentions surrounding toddler feeding. The final sample consisted of 148 mothers. The mean age was 32.83 (SD = 6.16) years. The majority of participants were married (87.2%), had earned a college degree or higher (79.7%), held part-time or fulltime employment, (60.8%), and were White (90.3%). The TPB model predicted 53% of the variance in mother’s behavioral intention surrounding the behavior of providing meals that include a wide variety of the five food groups in appropriate amounts. The addition of the parental role construction variable added 6% more predictive power to the model. The most salient predictors included attitude, perceived behavioral control, and parental role construction.
Mothers positively and negatively receive information from a variety of sources, they have many strong emotions associated with feeding that are deeply rooted in their roles as mothers, and their feeding decisions were strongly influenced by the TPB constructs. Health promotion efforts should aim to increase the mother’s sense of behavioral control and parental responsibility rather than focusing on the benefits of healthy eating. Programs should provide tangible ways to help mothers overcome perceived barriers and, in turn, increase mothers’ beliefs in their ability to provide toddlers with a balanced diet.
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Kruger, Rozanne. „Feeding practices and nutritional status of children (aged 0 to 3 years) in two clinics in the Moretele district“. Diss., University of Pretoria, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24066.
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MacDougall, Caida. „Growth and nutritional status of formula-fed infants aged 2-10 weeks in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme at the Dr George Mukhari Hospital, Gauteng, South Africa“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2573.
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Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinary Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.INTRODUCTION: Since the start of the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) Programme at Dr George Mukhari Hospital in 2001, there has been no evaluation of the effect of formula feeding on the growth and dietary intakes of enrolled infants. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the short-term growth, anthropometry and dietary intake of infants from two to ten weeks of age were entered into the PMTCT Programme at the Department of Human Nutrition at Dr George Mukhari Hospital from two to ten weeks of age. METHODS: This was a descriptive, longitudinal (eight weeks duration) study. Anthropometric assessment including length and head circumference was performed at two weeks of age and thereafter at ten weeks of age. Weight measurement was performed at age two weeks (visit 1), six weeks (visit 2) and ten weeks (visit 3). Anthropometric measurements were compared with CDC 20003 growth charts. Feeding practices and dietary intake (24 hour diet recall interview) were assessed at each of the four week interval visits and evaluated according to the DRIs59. At the third visit, a socio-demographic interview and a usual food intake interview were performed. RESULTS: A total of 151 [male (N = 75) and female (N = 76)] infants completed the study. A total of 110 (72%) mothers resided in the Soshanguve area and 138 (91%) of the mothers had attended high school. The majority (75%) of mothers was not generating an income from employment. Generally, mothers had access to safe drinking water and all (99%) but two mothers used pre-boiled water before preparing infant formula. The accuracy and correctness of reconstituting infant formula decreased with each visit as feeds were increasingly made too dilute. A total of 124 (82%) infants were exclusively formula fed. The remainder received water, water with sugar and/or complementary feeds. Mean energy and macronutrient intakes of both males (N = 65, 87%) and females (N = 61, 80%) were below recommendations at age two weeks. Of all the macronutrients, fats were consumed the least by both males (N = 67, 89%) and females (N = 66, 87%) at visit 1. Catch up growth was evident and nutrient intakes improved as the study progressed. The mean weight gain of all infants from visit 1 to 2 was 1.2 (SD 0.3) kg and 0.9 (SD 0.3) kg from visit 2 to 3 (exceeding the CDC 20003 recommendation for both male and female infants). The incidence of underweight, wasting and head circumference-for-age below the third percentile decreased from visit 1 to 3, but the number of stunted infants increased towards visit 3. The majority of infants in this study grew well in their first ten weeks of life. Growth accelerated as infants became older and growth faltering improved by ten weeks of age. CONCLUSION: Overall, the growth of the infants referred to the PMTCT Programme at the Department of Human Nutrition at Dr George Mukhari Hospital would appear to be adequate but mothers’ approach to formula feeding practices needs to be improved in some aspects of feeding their infants.
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Fosnaught, Mary Helen. „Mediating Bone Mineralization Status in Laying Hens by Feeding Increased Calcium during Rearing and the Lay Cycle“. NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03272009-155748/.
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Trends to decrease the age of sexual maturity and point of lay without concurrent increases in dietary Ca may reduce the potential for full skeletal mineralization in pullets. During lay, the henâs increased genetic capacity to produce more eggs with less feed without respective increases in dietary Ca may further predispose hens to bone weakness leading to welfare and livability issues. Objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of feeding increased calcium during rearing and the lay cycle as well as strain and density on laying hen performance and bone mineralization status. Pullets were grown to 16 wks in a grow house with 52 pullets/replicate and 28 replicates/treatment (5,824hens total) which were then moved to a lay house from 18-66 wks with either 24 or 36 hens/replicate (at 48 or 64 sq in) so that there was a total of 26 replicates/treatment (5,728 hens total). The 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments during rearing were Leghorns strain: Hy-Line W-36 (H) and Babcock B-300 (B) and Ca:P ratios: elevated (RC+) Ca:P 2.14, 3.14, 4.14 and control (RC) Ca:P 2.14, 2.14, 2.42 ratio of starter (0-6 weeks), grower (6-12 weeks), and developer (12-17 weeks), respectively. In the lay cycle, the 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial consisted of strain, rearing diet, layer dietary regimens: increasing Ca and P (LC+) and constant (LC) and cage densities: low, 64in2/bird (LD) and high, 48in2/bird (HD). All diets were isocaloric and fed ad libitum. Feed consumption (FC) and BW were monitored bi-weekly (by period) beginning at 2 weeks of age during the rearing and every 4 weeks during the layer phase. Mortality and egg production was recorded daily. During rearing, 5 femurs/trt and during laying, 3 femurs/trt were measured for dry fat-extracted bone weight (DFEW), % ash, volume, and bone breaking strength (BBS) from week 6-16 and from weeks 51-61, respectively. From week 0-17, FC was higher (Pâ¤0.01) when feeding RC+ (5.11 kg) than RC (4.81 kg) otherwise there was no effect on Gain (1,017 and 1,029 g, respectively, P=0.53) or FE (0.199 and 0.214, respectively, P=0.08). Strain had no effect on FC, Gain, or FE. Mortality increased (Pâ¤0.03) by period in the B compared to H strain. Layer performance was not affected by feeding the increased calcium during rearing or lay. Strain effected (Pâ¤0.05) feed consumption, feed efficiency, egg production, and mortality. Feeding more Ca during rearing increased DFEW (RC+=0.94 g vs. RC=0.82 g, P=0.04) while strain effected bone volume (H=2.99 and B=2.37 cc, Pâ¤0.01) and femoral BBS (B=8.55 vs. H=7.80 kg, P=0.01) of pullets. Feeding more Ca during lay did not effect bone status, but feeding it during rearing increased BBS (RC+=14.15 vs. RC=12.37 kg, Pâ¤0.01) in older layers. Strain effected (Pâ¤0.001) both BBS (H=14.26 vs. B=12.26 kg) and volume (H=5.90 vs. B=6.27 cc). These findings indicate that feeding increased Ca during rearing and laying impacts bone mineralization and may be a useful strategy to mitigate bone weakness and such related conditions as cage layer osteoporosis.
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Neveu, Carolane. „Effects of feeding extruded flaxseed on the performance of dairy cows“. Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110550.
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Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of feeding extruded flaxseed with different sources of grain (corn, barley) or different forage: concentrate ratios (60:40 vs. 40:60) on the performance of dairy cows and milk fatty acid profile. The first study showed that DM, CP and NDF intakes were greater for flaxseed-supplemented diets than for no flaxseed diets. Intake of NDF was greater for barley diets than corn diets. Cows fed a flaxseed supplement had greater 4% fat corrected milk and solid corrected milk those fed diets without supplement. Feeding diets supplemented with flaxseed increased the concentrations polyunsaturated fatty acids. The second study showed that NDF intake was greater for the high forage than the low forage diets. Milk fat and total solids concentrations were lower while milk protein and lactose concentrations were greater for the low forage than the high forage diets. Milk polyunsaturated fatty acids increased by feeding high forage diets or extruded flaxseed supplementation. In both studies extruded flaxseed supplementation increased milk fat α-linolenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid. In conclusion, flaxseed supplementation had a significant impact on milk fatty acid profile.Deux projets de recherche ont été conduits pour déterminer les effets du lin extrudé dans des rations avec différentes source de grain (maïs et orge) ou différents ratios fourrage : concentré (60 :40 vs. 40 :60) sur la performance de vaches laitières et le profil d'acides gras du lait. La première étude a démontré que la consommation de matière sèche, protéine brute et fibre NDF était plus grande lorsque les rations étaient supplémentées en lin extrudé. La consommation de fibre NDF était également plus grande pour les rations à base d'orge comparé au maïs. Le gras corrigé du lait à 4% ainsi que le rendement en solides du lait corrigé étaient plus élevés pour les vaches recevant du lin extrudé. Les rations incluant le lin extrudé ont également augmenté la concentration en acides gras polyinsaturés. La deuxième étude a démontré que la consommation de fibre NDF était plus grande pour les rations hautes en fourrage que les rations basses en fourrage. La concentration en gras du lait et les solides totaux furent plus bas alors que la concentration de protéine et lactose augmentèrent lorsque les vaches étaient soignées avec les rations basses en fourrages comparativement aux rations hautes en fourrage. La concentration en acides gras polyinsaturés augmenta pour les rations hautes en fourrage et celles incluant du lin extrudé. Dans les deux études, la supplémentation des rations avec du lin extrudé a augmenté la concentration en acide gras α-linolénique et acide gras linoléique conjugué. Pour conclure, l'utilisation de lin extrudé dans le régime des vaches laitières a eu un impact significatif sur le profil d'acide gras du lait.
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Benson, Ashley Lynn. „Childhood Obesity: Developing Early Nutrition & Feeding Education for Parents at Well Child Visits“. Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31863.
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Childhood obesity is an extensive problem in the United States and North Dakota (CDC, 2014). Significant health consequences are linked to obesity, including type two diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and psychological disorders (Pandita et al., 2016; Xu & Mishra, 2018). Obesity comorbidities, previously presented in later adulthood, now emerge in younger populations (Pandita et al., 2016). Unfortunately, treatment of obesity is not effective, and therefore, prevention must be the primary focus (Daniels et al., 2015; Pandita et al., 2016). Diet and eating behaviors have a significant impact on weight, and children develop taste preferences and lifelong eating behaviors within the first few years of life (Birch & Anzman, 2010; Daniels et al., 2015; IOM, 2011). Therefore, targeting interventions on feeding and nutrition in infancy may foster healthy habits for life and play a role in the prevention of obesity. Responsive feeding interventions hold promise in supporting healthy growth. Ellyn Satter’s Division of Responsibility promotes the responsive feeding relationship between parent and child. The purpose of the practice improvement project was to address childhood obesity prevention through the development of an educational curriculum on feeding and nutrition. The parent-focused education correlated with each well child visit (WCV) between the ages of two weeks and three years.
A multidisciplinary team of representatives from pediatrics, behavioral health, and patient education was consulted to develop the education. Ten providers at Midwestern primary care clinics reviewed the educational curriculum and provided feedback on the content and methods to deliver the education to parents. Most providers found the content to be accurate (n = 7; 70%) and comprehensive (n = 8; 80%). Three providers suggested expanding on topics such as breastfeeding and mixing formula. Providers unanimously agreed that the curriculum is relevant and understandable. A formal literacy evaluation resulted in grade-level readability scores between the 6th and 8th-grade levels. Almost all providers (n = 9) believed the curriculum would be valuable for use in practice. The preferred delivery method chosen was one on one provider to parent education. The project clinic plans to pilot the curriculum with parents attending infant and toddler WCVs.
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Didehbani, Nyaz. „Parental Influence on Pediatric Feeding Disorders“. Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5414/.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate parental influence on treatment progression in children with feeding disorders. Children diagnosed with a feeding disorder were recruited with their parents at the Children's House at Baylor (N=22; 11 boys, 11 girls). Caloric intake was recorded daily as outcome measures of treatment progression. It was hypothesized that the initial parental participation would delay the child's progress as measured by caloric intake. Patient's average caloric intake (measured in grams) for 3 days prior to parents entering the room was compared to the average caloric intake measured for 3 days after the parents entered the room. A paired t-test was performed on the averaged caloric intake three days pre and post-parental presence, yielding significant results: t(21) = 3.17, p = .005. Caloric intake was greater prior to parent involvement (M = 811.17) as compared to after the parent entered the room (M = 704.88).
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Baxter, Janet P. „The development of a quality of life questionnaire for adult patients receiving home parenteral nutrition“. Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25929.
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Li, Ling, und 李玲. „Review of vitamin D deficiency among breast-feeding infants“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48424213.
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Background
Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in many places across the world. Breastfeeding has been suggested to be a significant predictor of vitamin D deficiency during infancy, which is preventable through proper supplementation. However, whether Hong Kong should adopt the international recommendation for supplementation of exclusive breastfed infants is still not yet answered.
Objective:
To review the available evidence regarding the association between breastfeeding and vitamin D deficiency during infancy, as well as the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation of breastfed infants as an intervention measure.
Methods
A total of 5112 potentially relevant articles were searched and identified from MEDLINE (OVID, Pubmed), Science Citation Index Expanded (ISI Web of Science), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Chinese database (CNKI) without restriction from inception to July-06-2012. 5065 articles were excluded after the initial scanning of title and abstracts. 36 were subsequently excluded due to methodological issues. A total of 11 studies were included and reviewed by two independent reviewers.
Results
This review pooled together a total of 1126 exclusively breast-fed infants for less than one year old from 11 studies. The pooled average prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 54.2%. The association between breastfeeding and vitamin D deficiency during infancy has been reported consistently, and it was found to be one of the strongest predictors of vitamin D deficiency for infants less than one year old. Sunlight exposure, season, and skin pigmentation were also found to be important affecting factors. Supplementation to breastfed infants with the dosages as recommended by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) seem to be effective in lifting up the vitamin D levels.
Conclusions
The Hong Kong Government and relevant health sectors should conduct local epidemiological study to investigate the problem of concern among our breast-fed infants, and seriously consider or evaluate the AAP recommendation of supplementation.published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Forsythe, Grace Williams. „Infant feeding practices and growth outcomes of Rastafarian children“. FIU Digital Commons, 1987. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3336.
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This study was undertaken to determine Rastafarian infancy and childhood feeding practices and to analyze the effects of this vegan diet on the nutrient intake and growth of Rastafarian infants and children.
The Rastafarian cult originated in Jamaica, West Indies. Rastafarians have special religious, dietary and social guidelines, including many dietary prohibitions. The daily spiritual ritual includes smoking marijuana. Forty children of immigrant Rastafarians living in Miami were assessed to analyze their vegan diet and its effects on their nutrient intake and growth. All children had been breast-fed for an average of two years in conjunction with the early addition of foods. Bush teas were preferred to soy formulas and were used medicinally.
Excluding the three infants, the children were grouped according to age; one to three years old, n=ll; four to six years old, n=16; over six years, n=10. Among all groups, calories, calcium and B12 intakes were below 100% of the RDA. In the two older groups, B12 intake was less than 67% of the RDA and in the oldest group, calories were also less than 67% of the RDA.
Z-scores were used to compare anthropometric data obtained at various ages. Although weights, lengths and weight of length were above the means, there was a negative correlation of weight for length with age. Growth percentile categories for weight, weight for length, and triceps skinfold decreased with age.
The B12 intake and weight of one to three year olds were correlated (p=.01). Among four to six year olds, there was a correlation between B12 intake and both length (p=.01) and weight for length (p=.04). Among the oldest group, there are a negative correlation between B12 and weight (p=.O4); calories and length (p=.O3); and calories and weight for length (p=.006).
Sub-optimal nutrient intakes of B12, calories and calcium in this population are similar to findings in other vegan groups.
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Taylor, Stephen J. „The effect of early aggressive enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and treatment cost“. Thesis, University of Surrey, 1996. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844289/.
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Malnutrition and nutritional deprivation are common in hospital patients. Consequent dysfunction is exacerbated in the presence of an inflammatory state and leads to increased morbidity, mortality and treatment cost. This thesis tested the hypothesis that clinical outcome could be improved, and treatment cost reduced, if enteral nutritional (EN) was; a) initiated earlier after the pathological event, and b) when > 50% of a patient's estimated energy and nitrogen requirements were met by EN (ie. aggressive EN). A Preliminary Investigation found that patients starved for ≤ 5 days compared to > 5 days, had a lower mortality (p < 0.003) and shorter duration of nasogastric (NG) feeding (p = 0.049). The population studied was heterogenous and no account was taken of disease severity. The hypothesis was therefore re-tested in burned patients, controlling for disease severity. The delay before attempting aggressive EN was associated with major complications excluding (p < 0.001) and including mortality (p = 0.018), length of (hospital) stay (LOS) (p = 0.011), and treatment cost (p < 0.001). Finally, a prospective randomised controlled trial (PRCT) was used to test the hypothesis. A study of patients undergoing major GI surgery failed due to poor recruitment, but useful aspects of this protocol were adapted for a similar trial in head-injured patients. In this group, early aggressive EN was associated with a reduction in infective complications (p = 0.0195), duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.019) and treatment cost (p = 0.006). In certain conditions at least, early aggressive EN is associated with improved clinical outcome and reduced treatment cost. Much of this improvement appears to be due to a reduction in infective complications.