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Goyzueta, Dr Karen White, Dr Denise Gates Mayweathers und Dr Odelet Nance West. „Exploring Religiosity and the Reflective Perspectives of Microaggressions Endured by Students and Educators from Non-Dominant Racial Groups in Higher Education“. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, Nr. XI (2023): 770–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7011060.
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The purpose of this chapter is to explore the experiences of African American/Black and Native American students and educators on university campuses. This auto ethnographic paper addresses the role religion plays in student support and the enrollment crisis endured by college administrators when equity is not clearly defined, nor practiced, to support educators from non-dominant racial groups. As universities become more diverse, scholars and practitioners may want to be more cognizant of how educators and learners from non-dominant racial groups, particularly African American/Blacks in academe, experience university settings in conjunction with religiosity. Explications of the role religion plays in the experience of students and educators from this traditionally marginalized group may help college campuses better devise strategies for recruitment and retention.
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Perkins, Corey, Jinmai Jiang, Hesam Hakimjavadi, David Quashie, Yating Mao, Jamel Ali und Thomas D. Schmittgen. „Abstract PR003: Race plays a role on the rate of transdifferentiation in human pancreatic acinar ductal metaplasia and its' drug response“. Cancer Research 82, Nr. 22_Supplement (15.11.2022): PR003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.panca22-pr003.
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Abstract Pancreatic diseases (acute/chronic pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes, pancreatic cancer) disproportionately affect the Black/African American community in comparison to non-White Hispanics and Whites. Acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM), the process by which pancreatic acinar cells transdifferentiate into ductal epithelial cells, is believed to be an initiating event of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Our lab has developed a 3D organoid assay to display ADM using primary, human pancreatic acinar cells to study the rate of transdifferentiation among these three different races. Preliminary data shows that the rate of ADM is occurring significantly faster (p < 0.05) in Blacks/African Americans (White=11, Hispanic=10, Black/African American=5), which may explain the disproportionately behind the incidence and mortality rates for this race in pancreatic diseases. We additionally use nanoparticles to study the biomechanical properties (I.e., viscoelasticity, storage modulus) of the ADM microenvironment which shows a stiffer microenvironment in Blacks/African Americans than for the other races (White=4, Hispanic=4, Black/African American=1). Furthermore, I study the use of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in reversing the process of ADM, which has consequently shown race-related outcomes, with Blacks/African Americans displaying a significant chemoresistance (p < 0.05) to HDAC treatment (White=6, Hispanic=6, Black/AA=3) by utilizing an ADM reversal index (ADMRI). Through further analysis, the plan is to continue procuring human samples from these three races to isolate an ADM-specific biomarker in relation race and drug reversal by studying the expression/activity of pancreatic associated genes by bulk-RNA and single-cell sequencing. Citation Format: Corey Perkins, Jinmai Jiang, Hesam Hakimjavadi, David Quashie Jr, Yating Mao, Jamel Ali, Thomas D. Schmittgen. Race plays a role on the rate of transdifferentiation in human pancreatic acinar ductal metaplasia and its' drug response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR003.
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Murodov, Sardor, Javlon Rayimbaev, Bobomurat Ahmedov und Eldor Karimbaev. „Quasiperiodic Oscillations and Dynamics of Test Particles around Quasi- and Non-Schwarzschild Black Holes“. Universe 9, Nr. 9 (29.08.2023): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9090391.
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One of the open problems in black hole physics is testing spacetime around black holes through astrophysical observations in the strong field regime. In fact, black holes cannot produce radiation themselves in the electromagnetic spectrum. However, a black hole’s gravity plays an important role in the production of the radiation of the accretion disc around it. One may obtain valuable information from the electromagnetic radiation of accretion discs about the gravitational properties of the spacetime around black holes. In this work, we study particle dynamics in the spacetime of quasi- and non-Schwarzschild black holes. We compare the gravitational effects of the spacetime deformation parameters of both black hole solutions on the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius, position, energy, and angular momentum of test particles at the ISCO, together with the energy efficiency of the accretion disc in the thin Novikov–Thorn model. Furthermore, we study the frequencies of particle oscillations in the radial and angular directions along circular stable orbits around both deformed black holes. Furthermore, we investigate quasiperiodic oscillations around the black holes in the relativistic precession model. We show the dependence of the deviation parameters on the orbits of twin peak QPOs with the frequency ratio 3:2. In the obtained results, we compare the gravitational effects of deviation parameters with the spin of a rotating Kerr black hole. Finally, we obtain constraints on the values of the deviation parameter of the spacetime around the black hole at the center of the microquasars GRO J1655-40 and GRS 1915-105 and their mass, using the χ2 method.
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Sae, Kitamura. „How Should You Perform and Watch Othello and Hairspray in a Country Where You Could Never Hire Black Actors? Shakespeare and Casting in Japan“. Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, Nr. 37 (30.12.2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.06.
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This paper discusses how Japanese theatres have handled race in a country where hiring black actors to perform Shakespeare’s plays is not an option. In English-speaking regions, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, it is common to hire a black actor for Othello’s title role. Blackface is increasingly unacceptable because it reminds viewers of derogatory stereotypes in minstrel shows, and it deprives black actors of employment opportunities. However, the situation is different in regions where viewers are unfamiliar with this Anglo-US trend. In Japan, a country regarded as so homogeneous that its census does not have any questions about ethnicity, it is almost impossible to hire a skilled black actor to play a title role in a Shakespearean play, and few theatre companies would consider such an idea. In this cultural context, there is an underlying question of how Japanese-speaking theatre should present plays dealing with racial or cultural differences. This paper seeks to understand the recent approaches that Japanese theatre has adopted to address race in Shakespearean plays by analysing several productions of Othello and comparing them with other major non-Shakespearean productions.
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Foscolo, Guilherme, und Alessandra Barbosa Adão. „Why We Need Black-feminist Poetry“. Viso: Cadernos de estética aplicada 16, Nr. 30 (23.05.2022): 144–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/1981-4062/v30i/409.
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This essay aims at a double goal: reconstructing the problem of how Enlightenment created and sharpened the conceptual weapons that made possible the European colonialist/slavery-machine (reframing thus universal history as a project of universalization of European/colonialist reason); and arguing how black-feminist poetry plays a fundamental anti-colonial role not only in exposing/forcing into review colonialist/racist thought, but also in creating non-totalitarian worlds of possibilities. Mostly, these two poles are put in motion in a non-systematic argumentative movement: our medium of/for reflection are an assembly of Theodor Adorno’s philosophy and black-feminist poetry and thought. The analyses of Brazilian black-feminist inventions – particularly, Conceição Evaristo’s concept of “escrevivência”, Priscila Rezende’s Bombril (2010) performance and Tamara Franklin’s videoclip for Wakanda (2019) – is meant to allow for an innovative take on Adorno’s concept of art as social monad, which will be revisited in view of the key-concepts of technopolitics/technopoiesis.
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CANTCHEFF, MARCELO BOTTA, und JOSE A. C. NOGALES. „NON-BOLTZMANN STATISTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOLOGRAPHY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, Nr. 15 (20.06.2006): 3127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06029399.
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An intriguing question related to black hole thermodynamics is that the entropy of a region shall scale as the area rather than the volume. In this essay we propose that the microscopical degrees of freedom contained in a given region of space, are statistically related in such a way that obey a nonstandard statistics, in which case an holographic hypothesis would not be needed. This could provide us with some insight about the nature of degrees of freedom of the geometry and/or the way in which gravitation plays a role in the statistic correlation between the degrees of freedom of a system.
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SMOLLER, JOEL, und BLAKE TEMPLE. „SHOCK WAVE COSMOLOGY INSIDE A BLACK HOLE: THE CASE OF NON-CRITICAL EXPANSION“. Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 01, Nr. 03 (September 2004): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891604000214.
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We derive and analyze the equations that extend the results in [20,21] to the case of non-critical expansion k≠0. By an asymptotic argument we show that the equation of state [Formula: see text] plays the same distinguished role in the analysis when k≠0 as it does when k=0: only for this equation of state does the shock emerge from the Big Bang at a finite nonzero speed — the speed of light. We also obtain a simple closed system that extends the case [Formula: see text] considered in [20,21] to the case of a general positive, increasing, convex equation of state p=p(ρ).
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Mikulová, Katarína, Ivan Jarolímek, Tomáš Bacigál, Katarína Hegedüšová, Jana Májeková, Jana Medvecká, Denisa Slabejová et al. „The Effect of Non-Native Black Pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) Plantations on Environmental Conditions and Undergrowth Diversity“. Forests 10, Nr. 7 (29.06.2019): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070548.
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The cover of introduced tree species in Europe has recently increased, due to several factors. Attempts to understand the impact of non-native edificator trees on the environmental conditions and diversity of undergrowth have so far been limited to a few studies. In this paper, we analyse the effect of one of the most commonly planted non-native tree species–black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) in the Carpathian-Pannonian region, north of the border of its native occurrence. The objectives of our study were to determine the following: (i) How does black pine, as a non-native edificator, change the forest structure and environmental conditions in comparison to those of native communities? (ii) How does black pine change the species composition of undergrowth in comparison to that of native communities? (iii) Which factors are associated with the impact of black pine on diversity? To answer these questions, we used the twin plot method, sampling two neighbouring plots with the same environmental conditions in which one plot of the pair is in a forest with native tree species composition and the second plot is in a planted non-native Pinus nigra plantation. We found that in forests dominated by the non-native black pine, (a) the tree canopy is significantly more open; (b) the cover of the shrub layer is significantly higher; (c) the needles of black pine form a significantly thicker litter layer and (d) the cover of the herb layer is significantly lower than that in the native forest. (e) Black pine plays a vital role in modifying local climate by altering air temperature and humidity; (f) there were no significant differences in the soil pH between black pine plantations and native forests; (g) the plantations of black pine cause changes in diversity at both the species and the community level and (h) the dissimilarity between black pine plantations and neighbouring native forests decreases at higher altitudes.
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Liarou, Eleni. „The Diverse Spaces of Play for Today“. Journal of British Cinema and Television 19, Nr. 2 (April 2022): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2022.0616.
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Of the roughly 300 Play for Today dramas, a dozen have a non-white writer or director and/or deal with the experiences of black and Asian communities in urban England. These dramas are a tiny proportion of the overall body of work but nevertheless offer bold, often uncompromising representations of race, class and generational divisions in 1970s and early 1980s British culture. Focusing on space – in both the physical and cultural sense – this article explores the ways in which the use of location filming, in conjunction with the use of the studio in these dramas, allowed for a greater range of stories to be told, while offering new insights into the social and historical experiences of black and Asian communities. The ‘journey narratives’ of these plays expand the physical and cultural geography of the dramas and temporally connect a complex set of historical experiences, not previously seen on British television.
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Hollis, Erik. „Figuring the Angry Inch: Transnormativity, the black femme and the fraudulent phallus; or fleshly remainders of the ‘ungendered’ and the ‘unthought’“. Feminist Theory 19, Nr. 1 (03.01.2018): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117742868.
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This article takes up Hortense Spillers’ conception of ‘ungendered’ flesh and Saidiya Hartman’s notion of the ‘position of the unthought’ occupied by the figure of the Black- qua-Slave in order to explore their resonance for considering the interrelations between anti-black racial antagonism, ontological positioning and hegemonic renderings of gender formation and sexual taxonomies. Examining the performance and reception of the recent Broadway revival of Hedwig and the Angry Inch starring Taye Diggs as a case study, it asks what role race, and specifically (anti-)blackness, plays in the representation, recognition and intelligibility of proper, (non-)normative gendered corporealities within the dominant imaginary and collective unconscious.
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Höglund, Johan, und Martin Willander. „Black Hawk-Down: Adaptation and the Military-Entertainment Complex“. Culture Unbound 9, Nr. 3 (01.02.2018): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1793365.
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This article investigates the non-fiction book Black Hawk Down (1999) by Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down the movie (2001) directed by Ridley Scott, and the computer game Delta Force: Black Hawk Down (2003). The article suggests that while the movie and the game must be studied as adaptations of the first text, the tools developed by adaptation studies, and that are typically used to study the transfer of narratives from one media form to another, do not suffice to fully describe the ways in which these narratives change between iterations. To provide a more complete account of these adaptations, the article therefore also considers the shifting political climate of the 9/11 era, the expectations from different audiences and industries, and, in particular, the role that what James Der Derian has termed the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network (MIME-Net) plays in the production of narrative. The article thus investigates how a specific political climate and MIME-Net help to produce certain adaptations. Based on this investigation, the article argues that MIME-Net plays a very important role in the adaptation of the Black Hawk Down story by directing attention away from historical specificity and nuance, towards the spectacle of war. Thus, in Black Hawk Down the movie and in Delta Force: Black Hawk Down, authenticity is understood as residing in the spectacular rendering of carnage rather than in historical facts. The article concludes that scholarly investigations of the adaptation of military narratives should combine traditional adaptation studies tools with theory and method that highlight the role that politics and complexes such as MIME-Net play within the culture industry.
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SIMON, JOAN. „EXTREMAL BLACK HOLES, HOLOGRAPHY AND COARSE GRAINING“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 26, Nr. 12 (10.05.2011): 1903–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x11053341.
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I review some of the concepts at the crossroads of gravitational thermodynamics, holography and quantum mechanics. First, the origin of gravitational thermodynamics due to coarse graining of quantum information is exemplified using the half-BPS sector of [Formula: see text] SYM and its LLM description in type IIB supergravity. The notion of black holes as effective geometries, its relation to the fuzzball programme and some of the puzzles raising for large black holes are discussed. Second, I review recent progress for extremal black holes, both microscopically, discussing a constituent model for stationary extremal non-BPS black holes, and semiclassically, discussing the extremal black hole/CFT conjecture. The latter is examined from the AdS3/CFT2 perspective. Third, I review the importance of the holographic principle to encode nonlocal gravity features allowing us to relate the gravitational physics of local observers with thermodynamics and the role causality plays in these arguments by identifying horizons (screens) as diathermic walls. I speculate with the emergence of an approximate CFT in the deep IR close to any horizon and its relation with an effective dynamical description of the degrees of freedom living on these holographic screens.
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Archibald, Paul, Sarah Hill, Hossein Zare, Marino Bruce, Keith Norris, Keith Whitfield und Roland Thorpe. „Race Differences in Allostatic Load Among Black and White Men: Does Age Matter?“ Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (01.12.2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1632.
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Abstract Although Black-White disparities in health and mortality among men persist, there has been a paucity of work focusing on race differences in physiological dysregulation of biological processes resulting from the cumulative impact of stressors among men. The purpose of this study was to assess potential race differences in Allostatic Load (AL) among adult men and if such differences varied by age. Data were drawn from the 1999-2016 NHANES and the study population included 21,529 non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and 34,282 Non-Hispanic White (NHW) born in US. Adjusting for potential confounders, NHB men 25-44 and 45-64 had a higher AL score (OR = 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00, 1.42) and (OR = 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02, 1.28) NHW men. No race differences with respect to AL score were observed among the other age groups. The results suggest that age plays a role in race differences in AL
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Layne, Priscilla. „The Kids Are All Right: Futurity and Black German Childhood in SchwarzRund’s Biskaya (2017)“. Seminar: A Journal of Germanic Studies 60, Nr. 2 (01.05.2024): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/seminar.60.2.3.
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SchwarzRund’s Biskaya (2017) is an “Afroqueer” novel that follows the travails of Tue, a queer Black German woman whose life is marked by the quotidian struggles of queer Black folx in Germany. However, Biskaya is also a work of fantasy, since SchwarzRund created an island (Biskaya) in the Bay of Biscay along the southern coast of Spain and France. In the novel Biskaya is home to African-descended people who have both voluntarily and involuntarily migrated to Europe as part of the labour market for centuries. In this article I examine the role of children in the novel’s discussions about Black German futurity. I argue that in Biskaya, SchwarzRund combines Afrofuturist aesthetics, Black feminist thought, and queer futurity to present us with a utopia that is not perfect but is in a state of becoming thanks to people like Tue, who realize the importance of being hopeful and working towards a better future. I focus on the role that kinship plays in this Black, queer futurity, because Tue’s relationships, both biological and non-biological, both with peers and with elders and juniors, are a key part of her transformation into being more hopeful about the future. While it is the importance of non-biological kinship ties in the novel that helps make it so queer, it is the intergenerational relationships that make the novel Afrofuturist. I look at how children in the novel allow SchwarzRund to pose several questions about futurity that can help unite Black Germans across genders, sexualities, and generations and empower all Black German folx to see themselves as agents of change.
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Pickette, Samantha. „The Last Black (Jewish) Unicorn: Tiffany Haddish’s Black Mitzvah and the Reframing of Jewish Female Identity“. Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-) 41, Nr. 2 (01.09.2022): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/studamerijewilite.41.2.0165.
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Abstract This paper explores the work of Tiffany Haddish, the Black Jewish stand-up comedian and actress, both in terms of Haddish’s contributions to the well-established canon of Jewish female comedy and in terms of the ways that Haddish’s work paves new ground. Through an analysis of Haddish’s 2019 Netflix special, Black Mitzvah, this paper first traces the stylistic and aesthetic methods that connect Haddish’s comedy with that of her Jewish peers (both historical and contemporaneous) and then considers the areas where Haddish breaks new ground in her assertion of a non-paradigmatic Jewish identity that is simultaneously embraced and othered within popular culture at large. The paper then transitions into a larger discussion of the ways in which Haddish’s work challenges how popular culture “expects” Jewish identity to manifest itself; her double visibility both as a Black woman and as a Jewish woman destabilizes the hegemonic understanding of Jewishness as homogenously white and Ashkenazic. Perhaps more importantly, Haddish acts as an important case study of the shifting demographics of Jewish visibility within American popular culture, and consequently, the critical and popular response to her work demonstrates the contradictory role that popular culture—and comedy specifically—plays in confirming and subverting stereotypes.
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Scott, Shelley. „Enacting This Is for You, Anna“. Canadian Theatre Review 121 (Januar 2005): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.121.006.
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In the spring of 2004, I had the opportunity to direct a student production of the play This Is for You, Anna at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta. The play was done in our black box theatre with seating for about 200, as part of Theatrextra, a “second season” of plays intended to offer smaller or more “experimental” shows. In this article, I will consider how the play attempts to re-enact the circumstances and context of a real-life crime in a non-realistic, yet evocative, manner. I will also consider the fact that to perform This Is for You, Anna is, to an unusual degree, to re-enact the history of the play’s creation through collective process. Finally, I will comment on the effectiveness of enactment as a tool of feminist pedagogy with student actors.
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Rikumahu, Brady, und Mu’arif Fandhi Akhmad. „Comparison of Black-Scholes Models Using Historical Volatility and Garch Volatility in Collar Strategy as Hedging Efforts for Towr and Tbig Stocks“. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Business Studies 1, Nr. 2 (11.01.2024): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/jomabs.v1i2.1880.
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Purpose: Telecommunications has undergone significant development in accordance with the times. Telecommunications narrows distances and facilitates information access. The infrastructure within telecommunications plays a crucial role in the establishment and continuity of communication. Investment involves the allocation of money or capital with the aim of gaining profit. Stocks are one of the instruments in investment; besides gaining profits, investors also face the risk of experiencing losses. Therefore, it is necessary to provide value protection to stocks owned by investors. The objective of this research is to explore the implementation of option contracts in the Black-Scholes model using Historical Volatility and GARCH Volatility with a collar strategy.
Research methodology: The data used in this study consists of the closing prices of TOWR and TBIG stocks from the period of 2011-2022. The research findings conclude that, for TOWR stocks under non-crisis conditions with a maturity of 3 months, the Black-Scholes model with GARCH Volatility performs better than the model with Historical Volatility in every scenario. Meanwhile, for TOWR stocks under crisis and non-crisis conditions with maturities of 1 and 3 months, the Black-Scholes model using Historical Volatility is superior to the model using GARCH Volatility in one of the scenarios.
Results: In the case of TBIG stocks under crisis conditions with a maturity of 3 months, the Black-Scholes model with GARCH Volatility outperforms the model with Historical Volatility in all scenarios. However, under the conditions of a 1-month maturity and non-crisis conditions for 1 and 3 months in one scenario, the Black-Scholes model using Historical Volatility is superior to the model using GARCH Volatility.
Contribution: The contribution is Investment involves the allocation of money or capital with the aim of gaining profit.
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Horský, Jan. „“Black CNN”: Cultural Transmission of Moral Norms through Narrative Art“. Journal of Cognition and Culture 22, Nr. 3-4 (04.05.2022): 264–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340130.
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Abstract In recent debates in moral psychology and literary Darwinism, several authors suggested that narrative art plays a significant role in the process of the social learning of moral norms, functioning as storage of locally salient moral information. However, an integrative view, which would help explain the inner workings of this morally educative function of narrative art, is still lacking. This paper provides such a unifying theoretical account by bringing together insights from moral psychology (concerning the non-reflective nature of moral cognition), educational sciences (concerning different types of settings and methods of moral learning), cognitive/evolutionary narratology (concerning how easy narrative art lends itself to the transmission of moral information), and cultural evolution (concerning different types of learning strategies/biases in relation to narrative art). A study of contemporary American rap music is included to showcase the benefits of this integrative approach in the context of one particular type of narrative art.
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Yang, Guang-Li, Dong-Li Fu, Xia Lang, Yu-Tao Wang, Shu-Ru Cheng, Su-Li Fang und Yu-Zhu Luo. „Mutations inMC1RGene Determine Black Coat Color Phenotype in Chinese Sheep“. Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/675382.
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The melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) plays a central role in regulation of animal coat color formation. In this study, we sequenced the complete coding region and parts of the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions of theMC1Rgene in Chinese sheep with completely white (Large-tailed Han sheep), black (Minxian Black-fur sheep), and brown coat colors (Kazakh Fat-Rumped sheep). The results showed five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): two non-synonymous mutations previously associated with coat color (c.218 T>A, p.73 Met>Lys. c.361 G>A, p.121 Asp>Asn) and three synonymous mutations (c.429 C>T, p.143 Tyr>Tyr; c.600 T>G, p.200 Leu>Leu. c.735 C>T, p.245 Ile>Ile). Meanwhile, all mutations were detected in Minxian Black-fur sheep. However, the two nonsynonymous mutation sites were not in all studied breeds (Large-tailed Han, Small-tailed Han, Gansu Alpine Merino, and China Merino breeds), all of which are in white coat. A single haplotype AATGT (haplotype3) was uniquely associated with black coat color in Minxian Black-fur breed (P=9.72E-72, chi-square test). The first and second A alleles in this haplotype 3 represent location at 218 and 361 positions, respectively. Our results suggest that the mutations ofMC1Rgene are associated with black coat color phenotype in Chinese sheep.
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Younsi, Ziri, Dimitrios Psaltis und Feryal Özel. „Black Hole Images as Tests of General Relativity: Effects of Spacetime Geometry“. Astrophysical Journal 942, Nr. 1 (01.01.2023): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca58a.
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Abstract The images of supermassive black holes surrounded by optically thin, radiatively inefficient accretion flows, like those observed with the Event Horizon Telescope, are characterized by a bright ring of emission surrounding the black hole shadow. In the Kerr spacetime, this bright ring, when narrow, closely traces the boundary of the shadow and can, with appropriate calibration, serve as its proxy. The present paper expands the validity of this statement by considering two particular spacetime geometries: a solution to the field equations of a modified gravity theory and another that parametrically deviates from Kerr but recovers the Kerr spacetime when its deviation parameters vanish. A covariant, axisymmetric analytic model of the accretion flow based on conservation laws and spanning a broad range of plasma conditions is utilized to calculate synthetic non-Kerr black hole images, which are then analyzed and characterized. We find that in all spacetimes: (i) it is the gravitationally lensed unstable photon orbit that plays the critical role in establishing the diameter of the rings observed in black hole images, not the event horizon or the innermost stable circular orbit, (ii) bright rings in these images scale in size with, and encompass, the boundaries of the black hole shadows, even when deviating significantly from Kerr, and (iii) uncertainties in the physical properties of the accreting plasma introduce subdominant corrections to the relation between the diameter of the image and the diameter of the black hole shadow. These results provide important new theoretical justification for using black hole images to probe and test the spacetimes of supermassive black holes.
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Fuller-Thomson, Esme, ZhiDi (Judy) Deng und Senyo Agbeyaka. „Black-White Differences in Hearing Problems Among Older Americans: Findings From Two Large Representative Surveys“. Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (01.12.2020): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1053.
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Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate Black-White differences in hearing problems among older adults living in the United States. Secondary data analyses were conducted using the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) with a replication analysis in the 2016 ACS. The ACS is an annual nationally representative survey of Americans living in community settings and institutions. The sample size of older Americans (age 65+) in 2017 was 467,789 Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and 45,105 Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB). In the 2016 ACS, there were 459,692 NHW and 45,990 NHB respondents aged 65+. Measures of hearing problems, age, race/ethnicity, education level and household income were based on self-report. Data were weighted to adjust for non-response and differential selection probabilities. The prevalence of hearing problems was markedly higher among older NHW (15.4% in both waves) in comparison to NHB (9.0% in 2017; 9.4% in 2016; both p<.001). In the 2017 ACS, the age-sex adjusted odds of hearing loss were 69% higher for NHW compared to NHB, which increased to 91% higher odds when household income and education level were taken into account (OR=1.91; 95% CI=1.85, 1.97). Further analyses by 10 year age cohorts indicated comparable findings (fully adjusted ORs range from 1.89 to 1.98). Findings from the 2016 ACS were very similar (e.g., 65+ fully adjusted OR=1.81). NHW have a much higher prevalence and almost double the odds of hearing loss compared NHB. Future research should investigate if melanin plays an otoprotective role through enhancing the antioxidant capability of cochlea.
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Looker, Anne C. „Body Fat and Vitamin D Status in Black Versus White Women“. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90, Nr. 2 (01.02.2005): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1765.
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Obesity has been linked to lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] values, but whether this relationship plays a role in the poorer vitamin D status observed in blacks vs. whites is not clear. This study examines the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and percent body fat (%BF) by race in 6042 women (3567 non-Hispanic whites and 2475 non-Hispanic blacks), aged 12+ yr, from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994). Serum 25(OH)D values were measured with an RIA kit (DiaSorin), and %BF was calculated from bioelectrical impedance analysis. Adjusting for %BF only slightly reduced differences in mean serum 25(OH)D by race. The negative relationship between serum 25(OH)D and %BF was noticeably stronger in whites than in blacks of the same age. Within race, the relationship was stronger in younger than older individuals. Adjusting for confounders reduced, but did not remove, these differences in relationship strength. In conclusion, the serum 25(OH)D-%BF relationship in women varies both by race (stronger in whites than blacks) and age (stronger in younger than older persons). This complex relationship may explain why differences in obesity do not appear to play a major role in explaining variation in serum 25(OH)D by race.
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Devi, Lakshmi, und Manvinder Kaur. „Purdah or Ghunghat, a Powerful Means to Control Women: A Study of Rural Muslim and Non-Muslim Women in Western Uttar Pradesh, India“. Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26, Nr. 3 (Oktober 2019): 336–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861162.
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In selected villages in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh, purdah or ghunghat (veiling) observed by all married women of both the Muslim and non-Muslim communities plays a significant role in restraining and prohibiting their participation in social and economic roles. The tradition is perceived to enhance the status of the women as well as of the family among both communities. While women within the home could be relaxed, they had to observe strict veiling when outdoors. Muslim women wear burqa (usually it is black in colour used to cover from head to toe), while non-Muslim women wear dupatta (usually a 2.5 m long cloth) or end of the sari (usually a 6 m long cloth) to cover the face properly while going outside the home.
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Gubitz, S. R., und Denzel Avant. „Racializing Captain America: How Racial Attitudes Affect Perceptions of Affirmative Action and Diversity Initiatives in Media“. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 97, Nr. 3 (09.03.2020): 683–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077699020909308.
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Is announcing a commitment to diversity enough to activate attitudes toward diversity initiatives? And what are the spillover effects of these programs? To address these questions, we conduct an experiment imbedded in a nationally representative survey of non-Hispanic White Americans ( n = 1,519). We inform respondents that the White actor who plays Captain America will be replaced, while varying whether there is a reference to a diversity initiative and whether the replacement is White or Black. We find that reference to diversity initiatives on its own has no effect but the action of displaying diversity affects marketplace preferences and attitudes toward diversity initiatives.
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Dodds, Ciji. „In Fear of Black Revolutionary Contagion and Insurrection: Foucault, Galtung, and the Genesis of Racialized Structural Violence in American Foreign Policy and Immigration Law“. Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Nr. 26.2 (2021): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.26.2.fear.
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This article investigates the power relation between the political anatomy of the Black soul and non-somatic expressions of white supremacy-based violence. Utilizing Michel Foucault’s theories of discipline and punishment in conjunction with Johan Galtung’s theory of structural violence, I posit that the exercise of state-sanctioned discipline and punishment in furtherance of white supremacy constitutes racialized structural violence. Thus, this article contributes to the current public discourse concerning the role white supremacy plays in America by establishing a new construct that can be used to dissect the nature of racial oppression. Furthermore, this article analyzes the genesis and construction of racialized structural violence in American foreign policy and immigration law using America’s response to the Haitian Revolution as a case study. When combined, akin to discipline, American foreign policy and immigration law is a white supremacy-oriented, complex bundle of power technologies designed to evoke docility from Black and Brown nations. Both allow America to engage in dissociative white supremacy. Over time, America’s “right” and power to discipline and punish Black and Brown nations has been normalized as a rational function of our global society.
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Swencionis, Jillian K., Enrique R. Pouget und Phillip Atiba Goff. „Supporting social hierarchy is associated with White police officers’ use of force“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 18 (26.04.2021): e2007693118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007693118.
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Three studies translate social dominance theory to policing, testing the relationship between individual officers’ endorsement of social hierarchies and their tendency to use force against residents. This article demonstrates a link between officer psychological factors and force. Because police are empowered to use force to maintain social order, and because White officers hold a dominant racial identity, we hypothesized social dominance orientation (SDO) would relate to force positively for White officers. For Black officers, we hypothesized a weak relationship between SDO and force, if any. To test these predictions, we examined the relationships between SDO and force using negative binomial regression models stratified by officer race. In an eastern city, SDO relates to force incidents positively for White officers and negatively for Black officers. In a southern city, SDO relates to force positively for White officers, and not significantly for Black officers. Stratified by race and rank, a second eastern city shows a marginally significant, positive SDO/force relationship for White patrol officers, and no significant SDO/force relationship for Black patrol officers. Finally, testing our hypotheses on a dataset pooled across these cities revealed a positive SDO/force relationship among White officers, and no significant SDO/force relationship among Black officers. These findings are consistent with our hypotheses and suggest a need to examine the role that maintaining social hierarchies plays in police behaviors. Future research must continue to investigate these relationships, especially with larger samples of non-White officers, and information about officers’ patrol environments.
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R. Walli, Rehab, Amal A. Ammar, Eman S. Moftah, Asma M. Eswayah, Farahm El. Shummakhi, Elham G. Bredae, Amal A. Zaied und Omar K. Shalaka. „DOSE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS OF HABITUAL COFFEE AND TEA CONSUMPTION ON SOME RISK FACTORS OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN LIBYA“. International Journal of Advanced Research 8, Nr. 12 (31.12.2020): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12174.
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Patients Lifestyle such as habitual consumption of certain meals and beverages plays major role in the development of diabetes. There is strong positive association between overall obesity as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI), blood cholesterol, blood pressure and diabetes. Black and green tea and coffee are traditional beverages that are daily consumed by many Libyans. In this study, we studied the relationship between the average daily consumed amount of coffee, green tea, or black tea and fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, blood pressure or Body Mass Index (BMI) as an indicator for obesity in type 2 diabetic patient. Our study included 396 Libyan diabetic patients (292 females and 104 males) with mean age of 49±17 years from Tripoli center of diabetes. This study performed during a period of 2 years. We also included control patients who were coffee or tea non consumer type2 diabetics. The results of this study showed that as the amount of daily consumed coffee, green tea, and black tea increases there is a marked decrease in fasting blood glucose of type 2 diabetics. In addition, a habitual green tea consumption strongly reduces blood cholesterol, blood pressure and BMI while black tea has weaker effect. In contrast, coffee consumption significantly increases blood cholesterol, BMI and blood pressure of diabetics at higher doses.
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Huang, Yu Xin, Wei He, Zhi Hua Tao, Huan Xv und Xv Luo. „CO2 Laser Induced Blind-Via for Direct Electroplating“. Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (Februar 2014): 1352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1352.
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Blind-via plays a crucial role in interlayer interconnection of printed circuit board. To get the blind via metallized a direct electroplating process has been put forward by the way of a inducing CO2 laser beam irradiating the copper in the bottom of blind via. The method for direct electroplating of copper onto a non-copper platable layer has been investigated in blind via metalization. The regression analysis was used to discuss the laser beam energy in different parameters. The results of electroplated blind via showed that the copper in the bottom of blind via can be induced by CO2 laser, and the induced copper particles ejected to the hole wall plays a role of the conductive film layer that mainly composed of copper by electroless plating or carbon black conductive film during electroplating, plasma used in cleaning blind via can promote the sorption of induced copper particles onto the via wall.
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Aldoshin, Nikolay Vasilievich, Alexander Sergeevich Vasiliev, Andrey Vasilievich Kudryavtsev, Anton Sergeevich Firsov, Vyacheslav Viktorovich Golubev und Lyudmila Yuryevna Vasilieva. „Improvement of forage lands in Central Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia by using some integrated approaches“. Plant Science Today 8, Nr. 1 (01.01.2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.827.
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In an activity system aimed at creation of high-quality fodder base for animal agriculture, crop science plays the main role. It facilitates the increase in the productivity of forage crops, which guarantees the relevance of efficiency studies and the developed technologies for improving forage lands. The research was aimed at studying the impact of integrated approaches to improving forage lands in the Central Non-Black Earth Zone. The objectives of the research were as follows: to present a methodology for monitoring agricultural fields for the subsequent improvement of forage lands; to develop an efficient technology for improving forage lands using modern mechanization means; to study the productivity of different grass mixtures when implementing various options for soil cultivation. Based on the results of three years of theoretical and experimental research, a technological scheme for fodder land improvement (including technical processes) was compiled: monitoring of fields, preparation of grass mixtures and mineral fertilizers, preparation and tuning of machine-tractor aggregates, assessment of the yield of two-time grass cutting and secondary monitoring of fields. The proposed technology included several levelling technological operations (including levelling of hillocks), operations for the preparation of the seedbed and the seed material in the form of grass mixtures and mineral fertilizers and subsequent strip sowing. It has been established that when improving fodder lands as well as the quality of soil preparation, the prevalence of milling created more favorable conditions for increasing productivity of perennial grasses compared to disking.
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Han, Wen-Jui. „How our longitudinal employment patterns might shape our health as we approach middle adulthood—US NLSY79 cohort“. PLOS ONE 19, Nr. 4 (03.04.2024): e0300245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300245.
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Recent labor market transformations brought on by digital and technological advances, together with the rise of the service economy since the 1980s, have subjected more workers to precarious conditions, such as irregular work hours and low or unpredictable wages, threatening their economic well-being and health. This study advances our understanding of the critical role employment plays in our health by examining how employment patterns throughout our working lives, based on work schedules, may shape our health at age 50, paying particular attention to the moderating role of social position. The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-1979 (NLSY79), which has collected 30+ years of longitudinal information, was used to examine how employment patterns starting at ages 22 (n ≈ 7,336) might be associated with sleep hours and quality, physical and mental functions, and the likelihood of reporting poor health and depressive symptoms at age 50. Sequence analysis found five dominant employment patterns between ages 22 and 49: “mostly not working” (10%), “early standard hours before transitioning into mostly variable hours” (12%), “early standard hours before transitioning into volatile schedules” (early ST-volatile, 17%), “mostly standard hours with some variable hours” (35%), and “stable standard hours” (26%). The multiple regression analyses indicate that having the “early ST-volatile” schedule pattern between ages 22 and 49 was consistently, significantly associated with the poorest health, including the fewest hours of sleep per day, the lowest sleep quality, the lowest physical and mental functions, and the highest likelihood of reporting poor health and depressive symptoms at age 50. In addition, social position plays a significant role in these adverse health consequences. For example, whereas non-Hispanic White women reported the most hours of sleep and non-Hispanic Black men reported the fewest, the opposite was true for sleep quality. In addition, non-Hispanic Black men with less than a high school education had the highest likelihood of reporting poor health at age 50 if they engaged in an employment pattern of “early ST-volatile” between ages 22 and 49. In comparison, non-Hispanic White men with a college degree or above education had the lowest likelihood of reporting poor health if they engaged in an employment pattern of stable standard hours. This analysis underscores the critical role of employment patterns in shaping our daily routines, which matter to sleep and physical and mental health as we approach middle adulthood. Notably, the groups with relatively disadvantaged social positions are also likely to be subject to nonstandard work schedules, including non-Hispanic Blacks and people with low education; hence, they were more likely than others to shoulder the harmful links between nonstandard work schedules and sleep and health, worsening their probability of maintaining and nurturing their health as they approach middle adulthood.
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Sharuk Rahaman. „The Power of Laughter: A Study of the Comedies of Badal Sircar“. Creative Launcher 8, Nr. 4 (31.08.2023): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.4.05.
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Comedy, unlike tragedy, is often overlooked as a lower form of art and less important. But comedy plays crucial role in entertaining as well as making people aware of real-life issues. Badal Sircar (1925-2011) is a widely recognized playwright of post-independence Indian theatre. While there is much scholastic focus and discussion on his absurd dramas and Third Theatre plays, his comedies have been mostly overlooked and have rarely drawn critical attention. By filling this gap in existing literature, the present research establishes the significance and value of Sircar’s comedies. It analyses situational pure comedies as well as black comedies from both the proscenium and the non-proscenium phases, namely Solution X, Boro Pisima, Shanibar, Ram Shyam Jadu, Ballabhpurer Rupkatha, Kabikahini, Bichitranushthan, Jadi Ar Ekbar, Abu Hossain, Hattamalar Oparey, Bagalacharit-manas, and Khat Mat Kring. While giving relief to the daily routines of the audience, Sircar presents serious matters in non-serious ways that simultaneously compel them to think about the surrounding worlds and grave issues (capitalist exploitation, corrupt politicians and hypocritical nature of political parties, dowry deaths, nuclear holocaust, unemployment, middle class aspirations and frustration in life, Brahmans-Dalits conflict, social changes, etc.). The study asserts that comedy cannot be merely dismissed as a non-serious art having no social purpose, but it can prove itself to be a powerful tool in raising socio-political awareness.
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Deng, Weidong, Yuwen Tan, Xinyu Wang, Dongmei Xi, Yiduo He, Shuli Yang, Huaming Mao und Shizheng Gao. „Molecular cloning, sequence characteristics, and polymorphism analyses of the tyrosinase-related protein 2 / DOPAchrome tautomerase gene of black-boned sheep (Ovis aries)“. Genome 52, Nr. 12 (Dezember 2009): 1001–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g09-078.
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Tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of eumelanin. Black-boned sheep have excessive melanin and eumelanin, resulting in dark (black) muscles and organs. This study was designed to investigate the effects of variants of the TYRP2 gene on black traits and coat colour of black-boned sheep. Melanin traits were measured in three populations of sheep (Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh) and compared in this study. From the TYRP2 cDNA, all 8 exons and their flanking regions were amplified and characterized. Fifteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the exons and their flanking regions. Five exonic polymorphic sites, including two synonymous (c.93T>G and c.1140C>T) and three non-synonymous mutations (c.163C>T (p.R55W), c.605G>A (p.R202H), and c.1141A>G (p.T381A)), were retrieved. PCR-RFLP analysis of c.605G>A showed that the frequencies of allele G in the Nanping black-boned, Nanping normal, and Romney Marsh sheep were 0.632, 0.603, and 0.886, respectively. Sheep with the GG genotype had significantly (P < 0.05) lower tyrosinase activity, alkali-soluble melanin content, and ratio of eumelanin : total melanin than sheep with GA and AA genotypes when measured across all investigated samples but not when samples within each population of sheep were compared. However, there was no association of TYRP2 genotype at a single SNP position with coat colour across populations. Nonetheless, the two breeds with higher overall tyrosinase activity did produce darker and more varied coat colours than the breed with lower tyrosinase activity.
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Costin, Gertrude-E., Julio C. Valencia, Kazumasa Wakamatsu, Shosuke Ito, Francisco Solano, Adina L. Milac, Wilfred D. Vieira et al. „Mutations in dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) affect eumelanin/pheomelanin synthesis, but do not affect intracellular trafficking of the mutant protein“. Biochemical Journal 391, Nr. 2 (10.10.2005): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20042070.
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Dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) is a type I membrane protein and an important regulatory enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of melanin and in the rapid metabolism of its toxic intermediates. Dct-mutant melanocytes carrying the slaty or slaty light mutations were derived from the skin of newborn congenic C57BL/6J non-agouti black mice and were used to study the effect(s) of these mutations on the intracellular trafficking of Dct and on the pigmentation of the cells. Dct activity is 3-fold lower in slaty cells compared with non-agouti black melanocytes, whereas slaty light melanocytes have a surprisingly 28-fold lower Dct activity. Homology modelling of the active site of Dct suggests that the slaty mutation [R194Q (Arg194→Gln)] is located in the active site and may alter the ability of the enzyme to transform the substrate. Transmembrane prediction methods indicate that the slaty light mutation [G486R (Gly486→Arg)] may result in the sliding of the transmembrane domain towards the N-terminus, thus interfering with Dct function. Chemical analysis showed that both Dct mutations increase pheomelanin and reduce eumelanin produced by melanocytes in culture. Thus the enzymatic activity of Dct may play a role in determining whether the eumelanin or pheomelanin pathway is preferred for pigment biosynthesis.
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Saadat, Nadia, Fernando Aguate, Alexandra L. Nowak, Suzanne Hyer, Anna B. Lin, Hannah Decot, Hannah Koch et al. „Changes in Lipid Profiles with the Progression of Pregnancy in Black Women“. Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, Nr. 10 (09.05.2024): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102795.
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Background/Objectives: Lipid metabolism plays an important role in maternal health and fetal development. There is a gap in the knowledge of how lipid metabolism changes during pregnancy for Black women who are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that the comprehensive lipidome profiles would show variation across pregnancy indicative of requirements during gestation and fetal development. Methods: Black women were recruited at prenatal clinics. Plasma samples were collected at 8–18 weeks (T1), 22–29 weeks (T2), and 30–36 weeks (T3) of pregnancy. Samples from 64 women who had term births (≥37 weeks gestation) were subjected to “shotgun” Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Mixed-effects models were used to quantify systematic changes and dimensionality reduction models were used to visualize patterns and identify reliable lipid signatures. Results: Total lipids and major lipid classes showed significant increases with the progression of pregnancy. Phospholipids and glycerolipids exhibited a gradual increase from T1 to T2 to T3, while sphingolipids and total sterol lipids displayed a more pronounced increase from T2 to T3. Acylcarnitines, hydroxy acylcarnitines, and Lyso phospholipid levels significantly decreased from T1 to T3. A deviation was that non-esterified fatty acids decreased from T1 to T2 and increased again from T2 to T3, suggestive of a potential role for these lipids during the later stages of pregnancy. The fatty acids showing this trend included key fatty acids—non-esterified Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, Alpha-linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid, and Docosahexaenoic acid. Conclusions: Mapping lipid patterns and identifying lipid signatures would help develop intervention strategies to reduce perinatal health disparities among pregnant Black women.
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Mayer, Ingo, Gerald Koch und Jürgen Puls. „Topochemical investigations of wood extractives and their influence on colour changes in American black cherry (Prunus serotina Borkh.)“. Holzforschung 60, Nr. 6 (01.11.2006): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.100.
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Abstract The topochemical distribution of accessory compounds responsible for wood colouration during heartwood formation and processing of black cherry (Prunus serotina) is restricted to the axial and ray parenchyma cells. (+)-Catechin, taxifolin, aromadendrin, eriodictyol, naringenin, 4′-methoxynaringenin and prunin were identified in acetone/water extracts. However, the colour of wood after extraction is still reddish-brown, indicating that the coloured material is polymeric (cross-linked, condensed). It was demonstrated that (+)-catechin plays a pivotal role in the development of heartwood colour. Its concentration at the sapwood/heartwood boundary decreases, presumably due to the formation of non-soluble polymeric proanthocyanidins. Heat treatment of heartwood during veneer production intensifies the reddish-brown heartwood colour, probably by promoting the polymerisation of (+)-catechin and other flavonoid monomers.
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Chen, Chao, Anish Ghoshal, Zygmunt Lalak, Yudong Luo und Abhishek Naskar. „Growth of curvature perturbations for PBH formation & detectable GWs in non-minimal curvaton scenario revisited“. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, Nr. 08 (01.08.2023): 041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/08/041.
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Abstract We revisit the growth of curvature perturbations in non-minimal curvaton scenario with a non-trivial field metric λ(ϕ) where ϕ is an inflaton field, and incorporate the effect from the non-uniform onset of curvaton's oscillation in terms of an axion-like potential. The field metric λ(ϕ) plays a central role in the enhancement of curvaton field perturbation δχ, serving as an effective friction term which can be either positive or negative, depending on the first derivative λ ,ϕ . Our analysis reveals that δχ undergoes the superhorizon growth when the condition η eff ≡ -2 √2ϵ M Pl λ ,ϕ /λ < -3 is satisfied. This is analogous to the mechanism responsible for the amplification of curvature perturbations in the context of ultra-slow-roll inflation, namely the growing modes dominate curvature perturbations. As a case study, we examine the impact of a Gaussian dip in λ(ϕ) and conduct a thorough investigation of both the analytical and numerical aspects of the inflationary dynamics. Our findings indicate that the enhancement of curvaton perturbations during inflation is not solely determined by the depth of the dip in λ(ϕ). Rather, the first derivative λ ,ϕ also plays a significant role, a feature that has not been previously highlighted in the literature. Utilizing the δ𝒩 formalism, we derive analytical expressions for both the final curvature power spectrum and the non-linear parameter f NL in terms of an axion-like curvaton's potential leading to the non-uniform curvaton's oscillation. Additionally, the resulting primordial black hole abundance and scalar-induced gravitational waves are calculated, which provide observational windows for PBHs.
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Kostyaev, Aleksandr I., und Galina N. Nikonova. „FEATURES OF THE CURRENT ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE RUSSIAN NON-BLACK SOIL ZONE“. Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, Nr. 3 (2022): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/gikbfu-2022-3-1.
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The macro-region Nonblack Soil Zone plays an important role in the development of the Russian economy, ensuring its food security. With the transition of the country to market relations, the distribution of agricultural production in all its regions has been transformed. These changes for the Nonblack Soil Zone have not been properly studied. This study focuses on the patterns of change in the location of agricultural production in the Nonblack Soil Zone. Research methodology relies on a combination of statistical analysis methods with heuristic methods (taking into account zonal and azonal factors) based on the use of fundamental works on agricultural zoning. The study has established trends towards a decrease in the role of the Nonblack Soil Zone in the all-Russian production of crop products and towards its growth for livestock products. An excessive concentration of production in pig and poultry farming has been revealed. On the basis of zonal factors, the northern, central, and southern groups of regions are identified. Taking into account the azonal factors, the central regions are divided into two subgroups: the main agricultural regions and those with suburban agriculture. The research has established Tendencies in changing the location of agricultural production. The authors have concluded that the main zone of commercial production of grain (except rye) and industrial crops (except fiber flax) is the group of southern regions, and the commercial production of winter rye, oats, fiber flax is the agrarian regions of the central zone. For the southern regions, there is a trend of high growth rates of corn for grain, sugar beet, sunflower. The group of central regions is the main producer of livestock goods. Given the trends, the role of the southern regions in the production of beef cattle and poultry products will increase in the future. In regions with suburban farming, the dairy specialization of cattle breeding is on the rise and the production of eggs and all types of livestock for slaughter is decreasing. Meanwhile, in the group of northern regions, the development of dairy and meat cattle breeding, the production of potatoes and vegetables is likely to improve.
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Weng, Juanjuan, Zhiming Luo, Zhun Zhong, Dazhen Lin und Shaozi Li. „Exploring Non-target Knowledge for Improving Ensemble Universal Adversarial Attacks“. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, Nr. 3 (26.06.2023): 2768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i3.25377.
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The ensemble attack with average weights can be leveraged for increasing the transferability of universal adversarial perturbation (UAP) by training with multiple Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). However, after analyzing the Pearson Correlation Coefficients (PCCs) between the ensemble logits and individual logits of the crafted UAP trained by the ensemble attack, we find that one CNN plays a dominant role during the optimization. Consequently, this average weighted strategy will weaken the contributions of other CNNs and thus limit the transferability for other black-box CNNs. To deal with this bias issue, the primary attempt is to leverage the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence loss to encourage the joint contribution from different CNNs, which is still insufficient. After decoupling the KL loss into a target-class part and a non-target-class part, the main issue lies in that the non-target knowledge will be significantly suppressed due to the increasing logit of the target class. In this study, we simply adopt a KL loss that only considers the non-target classes for addressing the dominant bias issue. Besides, to further boost the transferability, we incorporate the min-max learning framework to self-adjust the ensemble weights for each CNN. Experiments results validate that considering the non-target KL loss can achieve superior transferability than the original KL loss by a large margin, and the min-max training can provide a mutual benefit in adversarial ensemble attacks. The source code is available at: https://github.com/WJJLL/ND-MM.
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Seregin, S. A., und E. V. Popova. „Species composition and abundance of metazoan microzooplankton in the north-eastern waters of the Black Sea in summer 2013“. Marine Biological Journal 1, Nr. 3 (29.09.2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.3.06.
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Metazoan microzooplankton plays a crucial role in the feeding of larvae and juveniles of many fish species, including commercial. The aim of the work was to study the metazoan microzooplankton abundance and species composition in the waters of North-East of the Black Sea, for which such information is rare. Bathometric water samples for the research were taken in 2 water areas in the Kerch sea area: on the shelf (I) and in continental slope waters (II). The concentration of plankton in the surface layer above large depths was almost 2 times higher and the proportion of neritic species was much lower compared to the waters over the shelf. The character of the microzooplankton abundance vertical distribution depended on the temperature and salinity gradients expression. Compared with the coastal waters of the southern coast of Crimea general decline of the abundance with depth is much more pronounced over the continental slope. Copepods of the genus Acartia and Centropages ponticus were dominating in the upper layers of the water; a recent invader in the Black Sea Oithona davisae played a significant role in the shelf waters, also. Abundant copepod species in the waters under thermocline were Oithona similis, Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus; Rotifera dominated in non-crustacean plankton. Newly obtained and previously published data indicate an increasing trend of total micrometazoans abundance in the Crimean Black Sea waters in recent years.
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Roperto, Sante, Valeria Russo, Ayhan Ozkul, Aylin Sepici-Dincel, Paola Maiolino, Giuseppe Borzacchiello, Ioan Marcus, Iolanda Esposito, Marita Georgia Riccardi und Franco Roperto. „Bovine papillomavirus type 2 infects the urinary bladder of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and plays a crucial role in bubaline urothelial carcinogenesis“. Journal of General Virology 94, Nr. 2 (01.02.2013): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.047662-0.
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Bovine papillomavirus type 2 (BPV-2) has been shown to infect and play a role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis of buffaloes grazed on pastures with ferns from the Marmara and Black Sea Regions of Turkey. BPV-2 DNA has been found in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. Furthermore, this virus may be a normal inhabitant of the urinary bladder since BPV-2 DNA has also been detected in clinically normal buffaloes. The viral activation by fern immunosuppressant or carcinogen may trigger the urothelial cell transformation. The E5 oncoprotein was solely detected in urothelial tumours and appeared to be co-localized with the overexpressed and phosphorylated platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) β receptor in a double-colour immunofluorescence assay. Our results indicate that the E5–PDGF β receptor interaction also occurs in spontaneous tumours of the bubaline urinary bladder, revealing an additional role of BPV-2 in bladder carcinogenesis of buffaloes.
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Luo, Yi, Huan-Hsin Tseng, Sunan Cui, Lise Wei, Randall K. Ten Haken und Issam El Naqa. „Balancing accuracy and interpretability of machine learning approaches for radiation treatment outcomes modeling“. BJR|Open 1, Nr. 1 (Juli 2019): 20190021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjro.20190021.
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Radiation outcomes prediction (ROP) plays an important role in personalized prescription and adaptive radiotherapy. A clinical decision may not only depend on an accurate radiation outcomes’ prediction, but also needs to be made based on an informed understanding of the relationship among patients’ characteristics, radiation response and treatment plans. As more patients’ biophysical information become available, machine learning (ML) techniques will have a great potential for improving ROP. Creating explainable ML methods is an ultimate task for clinical practice but remains a challenging one. Towards complete explainability, the interpretability of ML approaches needs to be first explored. Hence, this review focuses on the application of ML techniques for clinical adoption in radiation oncology by balancing accuracy with interpretability of the predictive model of interest. An ML algorithm can be generally classified into an interpretable (IP) or non-interpretable (NIP) (“black box”) technique. While the former may provide a clearer explanation to aid clinical decision-making, its prediction performance is generally outperformed by the latter. Therefore, great efforts and resources have been dedicated towards balancing the accuracy and the interpretability of ML approaches in ROP, but more still needs to be done. In this review, current progress to increase the accuracy for IP ML approaches is introduced, and major trends to improve the interpretability and alleviate the “black box” stigma of ML in radiation outcomes modeling are summarized. Efforts to integrate IP and NIP ML approaches to produce predictive models with higher accuracy and interpretability for ROP are also discussed.
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Progovac, Ana M., Dharma E. Cortés, Valeria Chambers, Jonathan Delman, Deborah Delman, Danny McCormick, Esther Lee et al. „Understanding the Role of Past Health Care Discrimination in Help-Seeking and Shared Decision-Making for Depression Treatment Preferences“. Qualitative Health Research 30, Nr. 12 (25.07.2020): 1833–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732320937663.
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As a part of a larger, mixed-methods research study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 adults with depressive symptoms to understand the role that past health care discrimination plays in shaping help-seeking for depression treatment and receiving preferred treatment modalities. We recruited to achieve heterogeneity of racial/ethnic backgrounds and history of health care discrimination in our participant sample. Participants were Hispanic/Latino ( n = 4), non-Hispanic/Latino Black ( n = 8), or non-Hispanic/Latino White ( n = 9). Twelve reported health care discrimination due to race/ethnicity, language, perceived social class, and/or mental health diagnosis. Health care discrimination exacerbated barriers to initiating and continuing depression treatment among patients from diverse backgrounds or with stigmatized mental health conditions. Treatment preferences emerged as fluid and shaped by shared decisions made within a trustworthy patient–provider relationship. However, patients who had experienced health care discrimination faced greater challenges to forming trusting relationships with providers and thus engaging in shared decision-making processes.
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Branch, Enobong Hannah, und Caroline Hanley. „Regional Convergence in Low-Wage Work and Earnings, 1970–2000“. Sociological Perspectives 54, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2011): 569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.4.569.
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Southern and non-Southern labor markets entered the period of economic restructuring from different starting points. Industrial and occupational differences across regions were eroded by the growth of the service industry in all regions, the decline in personal services within the South, and the decline of unions and manufacturing jobs outside of the South. This analysis underscores that indicators of precarity such as unionization and part-time jobs are really at the core of understanding regional low-wage earnings convergence. Furthermore, the authors find that an interaction between the regional structure of occupational opportunities and the racial and gender makeup of workers in jobs, particularly black women, plays an important role in producing the sharp low-wage earnings growth observed in the South in the 1970s and 1980s.
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Carr, Dawn, und John Reynolds. „Race-Discordant School Attendance and Cognitive Function in Later Life“. Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (01.12.2021): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2633.
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Abstract Early schooling plays an important role in shaping cognitive development, both due to the level of academic rigor and the social environment of primary and secondary schools. This is reflected in current racial disparities in cognitive function in later life. Older minorities who attended predominantly White schools with more resources experienced significant cognitive benefits. This study explores whether there are benefits to cognitive functioning in later life from having attended socially diverse schools in early life. We examine the effects of having attended schools composed primarily of different race peers—race discordant schools (RDS)—among Black, Hispanic, and White older adults. Using retrospective and prospective data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine the association between RDS exposure and four measures of cognitive function (working memory, episodic memory, mental status, overall cognitive function). We assess function at age 55 and 70, and examine change in functioning between age 55 and 70. We find that RDS exposed Blacks and Hispanics experience significant benefits in cognitive function at age 55, but only Blacks experience benefits at age 70. RDS exposed Whites reported higher overall working memory at age 70 relative to Whites in non-RDS schools, suggesting a cognitive benefit from diversity. Results suggest that exposure to more racially diverse school environments have potentially beneficial effects on cognitive function over the life course. Our findings suggest that the cultivation of diversity in schools could be an important long-term public health investment.
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Melo, Wiviane E. R. de, Karoline S. Nantes, Ana L. H. K. Ferreira, Márcio C. Pereira, Luiz H. C. Mattoso, Ronaldo C. Faria und André S. Afonso. „A Disposable Carbon-Based Electrochemical Cell Modified with Carbon Black and Ag/δ-FeOOH for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Electrochemical Sensing“. Electrochem 4, Nr. 4 (14.11.2023): 523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem4040033.
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an essential analyte for detecting neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory processes and plays a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, the food industry, and environmental monitoring. However, conventional H2O2 detection methods have drawbacks such as lengthy analysis times, high costs, and bulky equipment. Non-enzymatic sensors have emerged as promising alternatives to overcome these limitations. In this research, we introduce a simple, portable, and cost-effective non-enzymatic sensor that uses carbon black (CB) and silver nanoparticle-modified δ-FeOOH (Ag/δ-FeOOH) integrated into a disposable electrochemical cell (DCell). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed successful CB and Ag/δ-FeOOH immobilization on the DCell working electrode. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor exhibited an approximately twofold higher apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant than the DCell-Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor, capitalizing on CB’s advantages. Moreover, the sensor displayed an excellent electrochemical response for H2O2 reduction, boasting a low detection limit of 22 µM and a high analytical sensitivity of 214 μA mM−1 cm−2. Notably, the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor exhibited outstanding selectivity for H2O2 detection, even in potential interferents such as dopamine, uric acid, and ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the sensor has the right qualities for monitoring H2O2 in complex biological samples, as evidenced by H2O2 recoveries ranging from 92% to 103% in 10% fetal bovine serum. These findings underscore the considerable potential of the DCell-CB//Ag/δ-FeOOH sensor for precise and reliable H2O2 monitoring in various biomedical and environmental applications.
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Abdelmonem, M., M. Abdelmonem und H. Wasim. „Racial Disparity and Blood Group Antigens; COVID-19 High Mortality Rate in Black and Duffy Antigen“. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 160, Supplement_1 (01.11.2023): S110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqad150.241.
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Abstract Introduction/Objective As of March 5th, 2022, the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been confirmed in 464,809,377 people worldwide, with an approximately 1.31% mortality rate. COVID-19 infection is associated with an aggressive inflammatory response and release of a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines known as “cytokine storm.” Cytokine storm is the release of interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and several other mediators. Chemokines are small protein molecules that act as chemoattractants, leading to the migration of immune cells to an infection site so they can target and destroy invading bodies such as microbes. The Duffy antigen is a broad receptor of chemokines in human blood. Early on, it was found that the overwhelming majority of people of African descent had the erythrocyte phenotype Fy(a-b-) (henceforth Duffy (-)): 68% in African Americans and 88-100% in African people (including more than 90% of West African people). Methods/Case Report Subjects under study: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the data from total patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection in the US through March 5th, 2022.The US population 13.4% black, non-Hispanic, 76.3% white, non-Hispanic, Asian 5.9%, 18.5% Hispanic or Latino, and 4.3 all other races. The primary outcomes were hospitalization and in-hospital death. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: A total of 79,555,007 patients in the US were tested Covid-19 positive and 968,839 mortalities with a death rate of 1.21%. 661,678 deaths were excluded because they did not have racial details. Among the 968,839 patients who died of Covid-19, 411,078 (62.1%) were white, 89,784 (13.6%) were black, 114,455 (17.3%) were Hispanic or Latino, 5,970(4.2%) were Asian and 7,045(4.8%) all other races. The actual death rate per 100,000 is 313 in white, 330 in black, 254 in Hispanic or Latino, 156 in Asian, and 276 in all other races. Conclusion Despite black Americans representing only 13.4% of the total population, they have been heavily hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The reasons for the especially severe forms of the disease in Black Americans have not been fully uncovered. People with the Duffy (-) phenotype are a high-risk group for the Chemokine Storm. One hypothesis that arguably gives the blood group marker and chemokine decoy receptor Duffy protein plays a central role in stimulating the Chemokine Storm as present in the severe forms of the COVID-19 disease.
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Sinha, Pankaj, und Shalini Agnihotri. „Does Brownian Risk Matter in Debt or Equity Issuance and Repurchase Decision in Indian Non-Financial Companies?“ Journal of International Business and Economy 18, Nr. 1 (01.07.2017): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.51240/jibe.2017.1.3.
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External commercial borrowings (ECBs) of Indian non-financial firms have grown by 107 % in past few years. Looking at the high reliance of firms on external debt, this paper investigates the effect of foreign exchange, interest rate and firm specific risk on the debt issuance and retirement decision. It also investigates the factors affecting equity issuance and retirement decision of the firms. Foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk is estimated using stochastic volatility and GARCH (1,1) methods. Firm specific risk is calculated using Black-Scholes Merton model for company valuation. The results highlight that interest rate risk negatively affects the debt issuance and positively affects debt retirement decision of the firms. However, the foreign exchange risk does not affect debt issuance and retirement decision. Firm-specific risk negatively affects propensity of debt issuance of firms but plays no role in debt retirement. Foreign exchange risk, firm-specific risk, and profitability negatively affect propensity of issuance of debt to issuance of equity. This result supports the view that risky firms are more likely to finance their capital needs via new equity issues rather than by new debt issues to avoid the high-risk premium and to limit the likelihood of bankruptcy.
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Rundle, Andrew G., Sudha M. Sadasivan, Dhananjay A. Chitale, Nilesh S. Gupta, Sean R. Williamson, Oleksandr N. Kryvenko, Yalei Chen, Kevin Bobbitt, Deliang Tang und Benjamin A. Rybicki. „Racial differences in the systemic inflammatory response to prostate cancer“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 7 (09.07.2021): e0252951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252951.
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Systemic inflammation may increase risk for prostate cancer progression, but the role it plays in prostate cancer susceptibility is unknown. From a cohort of over 10,000 men who had either a prostate biopsy or transurethral resection that yielded a benign finding, we analyzed 517 incident prostate cancer cases identified during follow-up and 373 controls with one or more white blood cell tests during a follow-up period between one and 18 years. Multilevel, multivariable longitudinal models were fit to two measures of systemic inflammation, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), to determine NLR and MLR trajectories associated with increased risk for prostate cancer. For both measures, we found no significant differences in the trajectories by case/control status, however in modeling NLR trajectories there was a significant interaction between race (white or Black and case-control status. In race specific models, NLR and MLR values were consistently higher over time among white controls than white cases while case-control differences in NLR and MLR trajectories were not apparent among Black men. When cases were classified as aggressive as compared to non-aggressive, the case-control differences in NLR and MLR values over time among white men were most apparent for non-aggressive cases. For NLR among white men, significant case-control differences were observed for the entire duration of observation for men who had inflammation in their initial prostate specimen. It is possible that, among white men, monitoring of NLR and MLR trajectories after an initial negative biopsy may be useful in monitoring prostate cancer risk.
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Hurtado-McCormick, V., T. Kahlke, D. Krix, A. Larkum, PJ Ralph und JR Seymour. „Seagrass leaf reddening alters the microbiome of Zostera muelleri“. Marine Ecology Progress Series 646 (30.07.2020): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13409.
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Seagrasses host an extremely diverse microbiome that plays fundamental roles in seagrass health and productivity but may be sensitive to shifts in host physiology. Here, we observed a leaf reddening phenomenon in Zostera muelleri and characterized bacterial assemblages associated with green and reddened leaves to determine whether this change in leaf pigmentation stimulates shifts in the seagrass microbiome. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we observed that the microbiome associated with 4 different leaf pigmentation categories (i.e. green, white, purple and black) differed significantly, with substantial changes in microbiome composition when the tissue is whitened (non-pigmented). Actinobacteria, Rhodobacteraceae, Erythrobacter, Sulfitobacter and Granulosicoccus were enriched in black and/or purple tissues and discriminated these microbiomes from those associated with green leaves. Contrastingly, all ‘discriminatory’ zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) were depleted within the communities associated with white samples. While 40% of the abundant zOTUs identified were exclusively associated with a single pigmentation category, only 3% were shared across all categories, indicating partitioning of the phyllosphere microbiome. However, a significant proportion of the ‘normal’ (green) leaf core microbiome was also retained in the core communities associated with black (70%) and purple (70%) tissues. Contrastingly, no core zOTUs were maintained in the white tissues. These results indicate that environmentally driven physiological shifts in seagrasses, such as leaf reddening expressed in response to high irradiance, can impact the seagrass leaf microbiome, resulting in significant shifts in the microbiome of reddened leaves with the most extreme expression (in white tissue of reddened leaves).
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Zavidovskaia, Ekaterina A., Tatiana I. Vinogradova und Dmitry I. Maiatskii. „Interpretation of Novels and Plays about Song Dynasty Judge Bao in the Chinese Illustrated Woodblock Editions and Popular Prints nianhua“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, Nr. 3 (2021): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.306.
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The article aims to analyze various illustrations of court case stories about Song dynasty judge Bao Zheng (包拯, also named as Bao-gong 包公, Bao Longtu 包龍圖, 999–1062), found in Qing woodblock editions of the novel and popular woodblock prints nianhua, in order to determine how tales about the famous incorruptible judge have been transformed in the visual culture of late imperial times. The authors discovered several woodblock editions of novels about Judge Bao-gong, or Bao Dragon-Design (Bao Longtu), in the St. Petersburg State University library including one illustrated edition and several non-illustrated ones. The State Hermitage and other Russian collections hold an impressive number of popular prints depicting scenes from the traditional drama based on Judge Bao stories, while only several of them refer directly to literary pieces, being mostly scenes from the plays. The protagonists are shown wearing theatrical make-up matching their theatrical character, Judge Bao is recognized by a black-colored face symbolizing his astuteness and uncorrupted nature. The article attempts to find connections between Shi Yukun’s 石玉昆 novel “The Three Heroes and Five Gallants” (Sanxiawuyi 三俠五義, 1879), the traditional drama plays and nianhua prints featuring Judge Bao, which proliferated in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. This research claims to define sources of various types of illustrations and clarify connections between book illustration, popular prints and drama.