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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Non Black plays“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Goyzueta, Dr Karen White, Dr Denise Gates Mayweathers und Dr Odelet Nance West. „Exploring Religiosity and the Reflective Perspectives of Microaggressions Endured by Students and Educators from Non-Dominant Racial Groups in Higher Education“. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, Nr. XI (2023): 770–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.7011060.
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The purpose of this chapter is to explore the experiences of African American/Black and Native American students and educators on university campuses. This auto ethnographic paper addresses the role religion plays in student support and the enrollment crisis endured by college administrators when equity is not clearly defined, nor practiced, to support educators from non-dominant racial groups. As universities become more diverse, scholars and practitioners may want to be more cognizant of how educators and learners from non-dominant racial groups, particularly African American/Blacks in academe, experience university settings in conjunction with religiosity. Explications of the role religion plays in the experience of students and educators from this traditionally marginalized group may help college campuses better devise strategies for recruitment and retention.
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Perkins, Corey, Jinmai Jiang, Hesam Hakimjavadi, David Quashie, Yating Mao, Jamel Ali und Thomas D. Schmittgen. „Abstract PR003: Race plays a role on the rate of transdifferentiation in human pancreatic acinar ductal metaplasia and its' drug response“. Cancer Research 82, Nr. 22_Supplement (15.11.2022): PR003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.panca22-pr003.
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Abstract Pancreatic diseases (acute/chronic pancreatitis, type 2 diabetes, pancreatic cancer) disproportionately affect the Black/African American community in comparison to non-White Hispanics and Whites. Acinar to ductal metaplasia (ADM), the process by which pancreatic acinar cells transdifferentiate into ductal epithelial cells, is believed to be an initiating event of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Our lab has developed a 3D organoid assay to display ADM using primary, human pancreatic acinar cells to study the rate of transdifferentiation among these three different races. Preliminary data shows that the rate of ADM is occurring significantly faster (p < 0.05) in Blacks/African Americans (White=11, Hispanic=10, Black/African American=5), which may explain the disproportionately behind the incidence and mortality rates for this race in pancreatic diseases. We additionally use nanoparticles to study the biomechanical properties (I.e., viscoelasticity, storage modulus) of the ADM microenvironment which shows a stiffer microenvironment in Blacks/African Americans than for the other races (White=4, Hispanic=4, Black/African American=1). Furthermore, I study the use of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in reversing the process of ADM, which has consequently shown race-related outcomes, with Blacks/African Americans displaying a significant chemoresistance (p < 0.05) to HDAC treatment (White=6, Hispanic=6, Black/AA=3) by utilizing an ADM reversal index (ADMRI). Through further analysis, the plan is to continue procuring human samples from these three races to isolate an ADM-specific biomarker in relation race and drug reversal by studying the expression/activity of pancreatic associated genes by bulk-RNA and single-cell sequencing. Citation Format: Corey Perkins, Jinmai Jiang, Hesam Hakimjavadi, David Quashie Jr, Yating Mao, Jamel Ali, Thomas D. Schmittgen. Race plays a role on the rate of transdifferentiation in human pancreatic acinar ductal metaplasia and its' drug response [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer; 2022 Sep 13-16; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(22 Suppl):Abstract nr PR003.
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Murodov, Sardor, Javlon Rayimbaev, Bobomurat Ahmedov und Eldor Karimbaev. „Quasiperiodic Oscillations and Dynamics of Test Particles around Quasi- and Non-Schwarzschild Black Holes“. Universe 9, Nr. 9 (29.08.2023): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe9090391.
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One of the open problems in black hole physics is testing spacetime around black holes through astrophysical observations in the strong field regime. In fact, black holes cannot produce radiation themselves in the electromagnetic spectrum. However, a black hole’s gravity plays an important role in the production of the radiation of the accretion disc around it. One may obtain valuable information from the electromagnetic radiation of accretion discs about the gravitational properties of the spacetime around black holes. In this work, we study particle dynamics in the spacetime of quasi- and non-Schwarzschild black holes. We compare the gravitational effects of the spacetime deformation parameters of both black hole solutions on the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius, position, energy, and angular momentum of test particles at the ISCO, together with the energy efficiency of the accretion disc in the thin Novikov–Thorn model. Furthermore, we study the frequencies of particle oscillations in the radial and angular directions along circular stable orbits around both deformed black holes. Furthermore, we investigate quasiperiodic oscillations around the black holes in the relativistic precession model. We show the dependence of the deviation parameters on the orbits of twin peak QPOs with the frequency ratio 3:2. In the obtained results, we compare the gravitational effects of deviation parameters with the spin of a rotating Kerr black hole. Finally, we obtain constraints on the values of the deviation parameter of the spacetime around the black hole at the center of the microquasars GRO J1655-40 and GRS 1915-105 and their mass, using the χ2 method.
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Sae, Kitamura. „How Should You Perform and Watch Othello and Hairspray in a Country Where You Could Never Hire Black Actors? Shakespeare and Casting in Japan“. Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, Nr. 37 (30.12.2020): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.06.
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This paper discusses how Japanese theatres have handled race in a country where hiring black actors to perform Shakespeare’s plays is not an option. In English-speaking regions, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, it is common to hire a black actor for Othello’s title role. Blackface is increasingly unacceptable because it reminds viewers of derogatory stereotypes in minstrel shows, and it deprives black actors of employment opportunities. However, the situation is different in regions where viewers are unfamiliar with this Anglo-US trend. In Japan, a country regarded as so homogeneous that its census does not have any questions about ethnicity, it is almost impossible to hire a skilled black actor to play a title role in a Shakespearean play, and few theatre companies would consider such an idea. In this cultural context, there is an underlying question of how Japanese-speaking theatre should present plays dealing with racial or cultural differences. This paper seeks to understand the recent approaches that Japanese theatre has adopted to address race in Shakespearean plays by analysing several productions of Othello and comparing them with other major non-Shakespearean productions.
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Foscolo, Guilherme, und Alessandra Barbosa Adão. „Why We Need Black-feminist Poetry“. Viso: Cadernos de estética aplicada 16, Nr. 30 (23.05.2022): 144–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/1981-4062/v30i/409.
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This essay aims at a double goal: reconstructing the problem of how Enlightenment created and sharpened the conceptual weapons that made possible the European colonialist/slavery-machine (reframing thus universal history as a project of universalization of European/colonialist reason); and arguing how black-feminist poetry plays a fundamental anti-colonial role not only in exposing/forcing into review colonialist/racist thought, but also in creating non-totalitarian worlds of possibilities. Mostly, these two poles are put in motion in a non-systematic argumentative movement: our medium of/for reflection are an assembly of Theodor Adorno’s philosophy and black-feminist poetry and thought. The analyses of Brazilian black-feminist inventions – particularly, Conceição Evaristo’s concept of “escrevivência”, Priscila Rezende’s Bombril (2010) performance and Tamara Franklin’s videoclip for Wakanda (2019) – is meant to allow for an innovative take on Adorno’s concept of art as social monad, which will be revisited in view of the key-concepts of technopolitics/technopoiesis.
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CANTCHEFF, MARCELO BOTTA, und JOSE A. C. NOGALES. „NON-BOLTZMANN STATISTICS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO HOLOGRAPHY“. International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, Nr. 15 (20.06.2006): 3127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06029399.
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An intriguing question related to black hole thermodynamics is that the entropy of a region shall scale as the area rather than the volume. In this essay we propose that the microscopical degrees of freedom contained in a given region of space, are statistically related in such a way that obey a nonstandard statistics, in which case an holographic hypothesis would not be needed. This could provide us with some insight about the nature of degrees of freedom of the geometry and/or the way in which gravitation plays a role in the statistic correlation between the degrees of freedom of a system.
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SMOLLER, JOEL, und BLAKE TEMPLE. „SHOCK WAVE COSMOLOGY INSIDE A BLACK HOLE: THE CASE OF NON-CRITICAL EXPANSION“. Journal of Hyperbolic Differential Equations 01, Nr. 03 (September 2004): 429–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219891604000214.
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We derive and analyze the equations that extend the results in [20,21] to the case of non-critical expansion k≠0. By an asymptotic argument we show that the equation of state [Formula: see text] plays the same distinguished role in the analysis when k≠0 as it does when k=0: only for this equation of state does the shock emerge from the Big Bang at a finite nonzero speed — the speed of light. We also obtain a simple closed system that extends the case [Formula: see text] considered in [20,21] to the case of a general positive, increasing, convex equation of state p=p(ρ).
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Mikulová, Katarína, Ivan Jarolímek, Tomáš Bacigál, Katarína Hegedüšová, Jana Májeková, Jana Medvecká, Denisa Slabejová et al. „The Effect of Non-Native Black Pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) Plantations on Environmental Conditions and Undergrowth Diversity“. Forests 10, Nr. 7 (29.06.2019): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070548.
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The cover of introduced tree species in Europe has recently increased, due to several factors. Attempts to understand the impact of non-native edificator trees on the environmental conditions and diversity of undergrowth have so far been limited to a few studies. In this paper, we analyse the effect of one of the most commonly planted non-native tree species–black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold) in the Carpathian-Pannonian region, north of the border of its native occurrence. The objectives of our study were to determine the following: (i) How does black pine, as a non-native edificator, change the forest structure and environmental conditions in comparison to those of native communities? (ii) How does black pine change the species composition of undergrowth in comparison to that of native communities? (iii) Which factors are associated with the impact of black pine on diversity? To answer these questions, we used the twin plot method, sampling two neighbouring plots with the same environmental conditions in which one plot of the pair is in a forest with native tree species composition and the second plot is in a planted non-native Pinus nigra plantation. We found that in forests dominated by the non-native black pine, (a) the tree canopy is significantly more open; (b) the cover of the shrub layer is significantly higher; (c) the needles of black pine form a significantly thicker litter layer and (d) the cover of the herb layer is significantly lower than that in the native forest. (e) Black pine plays a vital role in modifying local climate by altering air temperature and humidity; (f) there were no significant differences in the soil pH between black pine plantations and native forests; (g) the plantations of black pine cause changes in diversity at both the species and the community level and (h) the dissimilarity between black pine plantations and neighbouring native forests decreases at higher altitudes.
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Liarou, Eleni. „The Diverse Spaces of Play for Today“. Journal of British Cinema and Television 19, Nr. 2 (April 2022): 173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jbctv.2022.0616.
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Of the roughly 300 Play for Today dramas, a dozen have a non-white writer or director and/or deal with the experiences of black and Asian communities in urban England. These dramas are a tiny proportion of the overall body of work but nevertheless offer bold, often uncompromising representations of race, class and generational divisions in 1970s and early 1980s British culture. Focusing on space – in both the physical and cultural sense – this article explores the ways in which the use of location filming, in conjunction with the use of the studio in these dramas, allowed for a greater range of stories to be told, while offering new insights into the social and historical experiences of black and Asian communities. The ‘journey narratives’ of these plays expand the physical and cultural geography of the dramas and temporally connect a complex set of historical experiences, not previously seen on British television.
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Hollis, Erik. „Figuring the Angry Inch: Transnormativity, the black femme and the fraudulent phallus; or fleshly remainders of the ‘ungendered’ and the ‘unthought’“. Feminist Theory 19, Nr. 1 (03.01.2018): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117742868.
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This article takes up Hortense Spillers’ conception of ‘ungendered’ flesh and Saidiya Hartman’s notion of the ‘position of the unthought’ occupied by the figure of the Black- qua-Slave in order to explore their resonance for considering the interrelations between anti-black racial antagonism, ontological positioning and hegemonic renderings of gender formation and sexual taxonomies. Examining the performance and reception of the recent Broadway revival of Hedwig and the Angry Inch starring Taye Diggs as a case study, it asks what role race, and specifically (anti-)blackness, plays in the representation, recognition and intelligibility of proper, (non-)normative gendered corporealities within the dominant imaginary and collective unconscious.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Datta, Ketaki. „In quest of a new self : a comparative study of the "Black" and "non Black" plays of Tennessee Williams“. Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1154.
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Masilo, Nontsikelelo. „Non-directive play therapy with aggressive children in a Black township : a case study“. Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5813.
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M. Ed.In South Africa many people have been directly or indirectly involved in criminal and/or violent acts either as victims or as perpetrators. Research has shown that violence in its various forms, be it political, criminal or domestic, is endemic in South Africa (Stravou, 1993; Turton, Straker & Moosa, 1992). According to Gibson, Mogale and Friedler (1991:1), political violence, especially in South African townships, has been enacted between the ANC and Inkatha and this violence is regarded as an extension of the years of a violent state of repression. As violence escalates it has become impossible to make a distinction between political and criminal violence. Rauch (1993:11), who points out that "it should also be borne in mind that ordinary criminal violence is not always distinguishable from political violence", supports this statement. Stravou (1993:3) echoes this in his observation that ordinary criminal violence can be caused by political factors, alcohol abuse, poverty, unemployment and dangerous living conditions. As both criminal and political violence increase in the townships, domestic and criminal acts against women and children in South Africa are rated the highest in the world (TV News, 13 May 1999). This is an indication that violence has not only destroyed individual lives, but also affected communities, children and family institutions. This notion is emphasized by Klaaste (no date, cited by Phetla 1998:31), when he stated that "The violence in this country, particularly in the townships, has destroyed more than just property and structures, it has destroyed the emotional institutions, the very substance of family life and society. In the past, there was always a very strong understanding of hierarchy, of who was who in the family". However, today the anchors have been destroyed, and there is nothing to hold many families together. This is a cause for concern, because families are the fabric of communities and societies. As families are affected, children who are the future generation of society, are also continually exposed to this violence. Children become victims because of their vulnerability and exposure to insecure and unstable environments in which they live. Many schools, which these children attend, were historically regarded as stabilizing influences on the social environment, providing necessary support and guidance for them have now turned into war zones. Young learners have to contend with guns and knives on a daily basis, an indication of how endemic the violence is in the learning environment. The Star (Thursday, May 12 1999) reported that a school principal was shot dead and her car taken in front of her learners. TV news (13 June 1999) reported that "another teacher has been brutally murdered in front of her grade one class by unknown gunmen". This situation occurs within the environment where children live, and appears to have serious repercussions later in their lives. Exposure to and involvement in escalating violence, both in their homes and neighbourhood, can lead to post traumatic stress syndrome in children (Kerr & Nelson, 1998:268). This includes nightmares, irritability and other forms of behavior problems like aggression. Stravou (1993:3) is of the opinion that witnessing a violent act, affect children in general more severely than adults. It can also be argued that violence and political instability will affect children's development adversely. In South Africa where 70% of the population is under the age of 18 years, the implications are devastating (Byne, 1993:3), especially in the townships. Katlehong, a township in the Eastern part of Gauteng, experienced tremendous violence during the years 1985-1995, because of the faction fights between two political parties, the African National Congress and the Inkatha Freedom party. Many people were killed, tortured, abducted and subjected to various forms of severe ill treatment. Reports like these are all too common in South African Black Townships, mixed in with miscellaneous reports of general community and domestic violence. Although among the people of Katlehong violence seems to be largely a thing of the past, its trauma remains and the children still bear the marks. Young people have become socialized to violence as a way of solving conflict. This attitude was indicated in a personal interview, which I conducted with teachers at the Kabelo Primary School prior to my study. In the interview one teacher had indicated that, "Most of our children are experiencing behaviour problems like aggression, and others experience difficulties in paying attention and concentrating in the classroom". This type of behaviour is regarded as the after effect of violence. As a result of the increase in violence, it has become clear that there is a vast need for psychological counseling for South African children who live in places like Katlehong, which have been constantly involved in acts of violence. Dawes (1994:6) supported the need for this service when he pointed out that "the need for psychological healing is overwhelming but, most unfortunately, for these children there are not enough psychological services to help alleviate these problems". It is not only the non-availability of these services that prevents children from accessing psychological interventions, but also a lack of knowledge about psychological difficulties and counseling among parents. Owing to this lack of knowledge, also with regard to possible interventions, society in the past tended to take a punitive rather than a rehabilitative, attitude towards an antisocial, aggressive youth (Carson & Butcher, 1992:545). In the townships, a punitive attitude was often to apply physical punishment in the form of corporal punishment; this, however, is seen as humiliating and antagonizing for children (Davis, 1996:291). In addition, corporal punishment has also shown to intensify rather than to correct aggressive behaviour, as reported by Omani (1982 cited by Mwamwenda, 1992:318) who argues that beating young children should be seen as an act of aggression that does not teach children conflict resolution. A study that supports this statement was carried out by Potegal and Knutson (1994:183), who reported in their finding that children who were struck after a simple tantrum had significantly higher frequencies of tantruming. Therefore, corporal punishment is regarded as an authoritarian and conservative way of disciplining children, that does not improve their abilities to deal with conflict nor deepen their understanding to their own emotional and social functioning. These results indicate that some variables that had been used in the past to deal with aggressive children can cause children to manifest antisocial behaviour like aggression (Farrington, 1992:260). From the researcher's experience, township parents often discipline their children by scolding them and they do not often encourage them, especially boys, to express their feelings freely. Scolding is regarded by Davis (1996:289) as verbal aggression, and is defined by Vissing, Straus, Eilees and Harrop (1991:224) as a communication intended to cause psychological pain. Its effects are low self-esteem, anger, anxiety, depression, academic underachievement and lying (Davis, 1996:289). Suppression of feelings among African children is indicated by Mandela's statement in his book "Long Walk to Freedom". When he recalled various aspects of his circumcision, he said that "flinching or crying out was a sign of weakness and stigmatized one's manhood; man must suffer in silence" (Mandela, 1995:12). According to Oaklander (1992:207) if a child is unable to express his feelings, he bottles them up, and becomes angry. In order for him to express his anger and his thwarted self, Oaklander (1990:208) adds that the child pushes on to "become something beyond his awareness, he can retroflect the anger by having headaches and stomach aches, or deflect the true feelings by hitting, kicking and striking out". Such a child is mostly regarded as aggressive, and according to Bierman (1989:36) children like this, who acquired non-compliant and violent behaviour patterns at home are at high risk for reacting aggressively towards their teachers and peers as an outward expression of emotional turmoil. Stravou (1993:11) is of the opinion that children learn to believe that aggressive attitudes and violent behaviour are normal and acceptable, in an environment where violence is viewed as an acceptable way to get and to maintain power and solve problems.
Bücher zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Kentridge, William. William Kentridge: Black box = Chambre noire. Berlin: Deutsche Guggenheim, 2005.
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Kentridge, William. William Kentridge: Black box/Chambre noire. New York: Guggenheim Museum, 2006.
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Maria-Christina, Villaseñor, und Deutsche Guggenheim Berlin, Hrsg. William Kentridge: Black box/Chambre noire. New York: Guggenheim Museum, 2005.
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Kok, Gemma. Play (Printed in black and White). Lulu Press, Inc., 2008.
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Martin, Lori Latrice. White Sports/Black Sports. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216035329.
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The racial makeup of sports in the United States serves as a classic example of racism in the 21st century. This book examines the racial disparities in sports and the continuing significance of race in 21st-century America, debunking the myth of a “postracial society.” Sports can serve as an inspirational example of what can be achieved through hard work and perseverance, regardless of one's race. However, there is plenty of evidence that race still plays a major role in sports, and that sports are key agents of racial socialization. White Sports/Black Sports: Racial Disparities in Athletic Programs challenges the idea that America has moved beyond racial discrimination and identifies the obvious and subtle ways in which racial identities and athletic determinism affect non-white individuals in the world of sports. Author Lori Latrice Martin gives readers a keen awareness of the issues, allowing them to see the links between sports and society as a whole and to perceive that the issues surrounding racism in sports impact people in every realm of life and are not limited to the playing field. She discusses how the media acts as an agent of racial socialization in sports, documents how historical stereotypes of minorities still exist, and looks closely at racial socialization in sports, including basketball, baseball, and football, exposing how blacks remained under-represented in most sports, especially among front office administrators, owners, coaches, and managers. This work serves undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences to enhance their understanding of minority and majority group relationships and appeals to general readers interested in the history of race and sports in America.
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Mitchell, Koritha. The Black Soldier. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036491.003.0004.
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This chapter examines together the first two one-act lynching plays to appear in periodicals. These scripts' presence in the archive offers access to the playwrights' willingness to maximize periodical culture and the diversity of perspectives encouraged by it. Dramatic revisions of Grimke's Rachel began with Alice Dunbar-Nelson's Mine Eyes Have Seen, a play that compares lynching to black military service in World War I. This 1918 one-act soon inspired Mary Burrill's similarly themed script, Aftermath, published in 1919. Heated debate drives the action of both plays, prompting honest, painful conversation in black communities not unlike that among the characters. The plays question to varying degrees black patriotism in a country that tolerates lynching, but they equally underscore the importance of the black soldier.
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Jones, D. Marvin. Fear of a Hip-Hop Planet. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400650222.
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Is Gangsta Rap just black noise? Or does it play the same role for urban youth that CNN plays in mainstream America? This provocative set of essays tells us how Gangsta Rap is a creative "report" about an urban crisis, our new American dilemma, and why we need to listen. Increasingly, police, politicians, and late-night talk show hosts portray today's inner cities as violent, crime-ridden war zones. The same moral panic that once focused on blacks in general has now been refocused on urban spaces and the black men who live there, especially those wearing saggy pants and hoodies. The media always spotlights the crime and violence, but rarely gives airtime to the conditions that produced these problems. The dominant narrative holds that the cause of the violence is the pathology of ghetto culture. Hip-hop music is at the center of this conversation. When 16-year-old Chicago youth Derrion Albert was brutally killed by gang members, many blamed rap music. Thus hip-hop music has been demonized not merely as black noise but as a root cause of crime and violence. Fear of a Hip-Hop Planet: America's New Dilemma explores—and demystifies—the politics in which the gulf between the inner city and suburbia have come to signify not only a socio-economic dividing line, but a new socio-cultural divide as well.
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Martin, Lori Latrice, Kenneth J. Fasching-Varner und Nicholas D. Hartlep. Pay to Play. Praeger, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400695728.
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This book advances the debate about paying "student" athletes in big-time college sports by directly addressing the red-hot role of race in college sports. It concludes by suggesting a remedy to positively transform college sports. Top-tier college sports are extremely profitable. Despite the billions of dollars involved in the amateur sports industrial complex, none winds up in the hands of the athletes. The controversies surrounding whether colleges and universities should pay athletes to compete on these educational institutions' behalf is longstanding and coincides with the rise of the black athlete at predominately white colleges and universities. Pay to Play: Race and the Perils of the College Sports Industrial Complex takes a hard look at historical and contemporary efforts to control sports participation and compensation for black athletes in amateur sports in general, and in big-time college sports programs, in particular. The book begins with background on the history of amateur athletics in America, including the forced separation of black and white athletes. Subsequent sections examine subjects such as the integration of college sports and the use of black athletes to sell everything from fast food to shoes, and argue that college athletes must receive adequate compensation for their labor. The book concludes by discussing recent efforts by college athletes to unionize and control their likenesses, presenting a provocative remedy for transforming big-time college sport as we know it.
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Gibson, James L., und Michael Nelson. Black and Blue. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865214.001.0001.
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It is not hyperbole to proclaim that a crisis of legal legitimacy exists in the relationships between African Americans and the law and legal authorities and institutions that govern them. However, this legitimacy deficit has largely (but not exclusively) been documented through anecdotal evidence and a steady drumbeat of journalistic reports, but not rigorous scientific research. We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes). Based on two nationally-representative samples, this book ties together four dominant theories of public opinion: Legitimacy Theory, Social Identity Theory, theories of adulthood political socialization and learning through experience, and information processing theories, especially the Theory of Motivated Reasoning and theories of System 1 and System 2 information processing. Our findings reveal a gaping chasm in legal legitimacy between black and white Americans. More importantly, black people themselves differ in their legal legitimacy. Group identities and experiences with legal authorities play a crucial role in shaping whether and how black people extend legitimacy to the legal institutions that so much affect them.
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Stern, Tiffany. Early Modern Tragedy and Performance. Herausgegeben von Michael Neill und David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.30.
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When early modern plays were staged with black curtains, ‘tragedy’ began the moment the audience entered a playhouse. ‘Tragedy’, then, did not always need to be part of a play’s content: it could be a look, an atmosphere, a theatrical mood. This chapter explores ‘tragedy’ as a kind of performance as well as a kind of drama. Considering ‘tragic’ staging, ‘tragic’ ways of walking (‘strutting’, ‘jetting’, and ‘stalking’), ‘tragic’ ways of speaking (‘ranting’ and ‘canting’ in a tragic ‘tone’ or ‘key’), and the presentation of tragic passions, the chapter argues that Shakespeare’s consciousness of staging dictates his choice of metaphor and symbol. Enacted tragedy, it suggests, helped form Shakespeare’s tragic sensibility.
Buchteile zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Schneider, Nicole. „Solidarity in Photography“. In K'Universale - Interdisziplinäre Diskurse zu Fragen der Zeit, 95–122. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839461013-007.
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In this entry, Nicole Schneider is asking which role solidarity plays in possible readings of press photographs connected to the Black Lives Matter Movement. These images are able to engage in and defy assumptions held over others and start to question ostensibly fixed definitions of Blackness and difference. In critically playing with symbolic meanings and different references to Black lives and struggles, they unsettle fixed ideas and offer room for reflection. Thus, they are not per se acts of protest or solidarity but can function as first steps toward recognizing own positions, biases, and involvements that are usually unseen.
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Vogler, Anna-Marietha, Esther Henschen und Martina Teschner. „Collective Problem Solving in Peer Interactions in Block Play Situations in Kindergarten“. In Teaching Mathematics as to be Meaningful – Foregrounding Play and Children’s Perspectives, 81–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37663-4_7.
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AbstractPlay is often described as the foundation of early mathematical learning processes. Helenius and colleagues state in this context that not only mathematical content is negotiated and learned in play, but those play situations also enable the emergence of process-related mathematical competencies, such as problem solving. The article focuses on such problem-solving processes. Comparative analyses show how construction problems in peer situations in free play situations can function as a catalyst for discursive mathematical learning processes in block play situations in kindergarten. Thus, various heuristics can be elaborated, which emerge in peer interactions.
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Sienkiewicz, Holly, Jenn Beideman, Beatriz LeBron, Shanielia Lewis, Emma Morrison, Lydia Rivera und Dina Faticone. „3. Up, Down, Stop, Go, and Everything In Between“. In Play in a Covid Frame, 55–76. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0326.03.
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Located in Rochester, New York, USA, Common Ground Health advocates for safe and accessible play for all children. Since 2015, residents have led a grassroots campaign convening neighbourhood associations, block clubs, churches, community organizations, and nonprofits to build and advance an equitable play-based agenda. Covid-19 amplified the importance of play as families navigated the ill effects of having children abruptly cut off from peers and social networks. Early in the pandemic, Common Ground worked to ensure that children had access to unstructured play. Together, we assembled and distributed play kits, partnered with the city to support Covid-friendly programming and infrastructure that prioritizes unstructured resident-driven play (e.g. toy libraries, bringing recreational programming and staff to non-traditional spaces, and play streets), and coordinated community resources to share with families during the pandemic. We distributed a total of 6500 play kits tailored for outdoor play at thirty-two different locations within Rochester. Resident leaders worked alongside hundreds of students and families in the Rochester City School District to better understand how the pandemic has impacted playful learning and together created a vision for playful learning as a means of mitigating the negative effects that Covid-19 has had on students. Common Ground catalyzed residents across the city to re-conceptualize traditional notions of play while continuing to advocate for safe and accessible play for all. Covid-19 elevated the importance of this work as residents advocate for play as a mechanism to facilitate healing and promote resilience in children during a time of chronic uncertainty.
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Leader-Picone, Cameron. „A Non-American Black Guide to American Blackness“. In Black and More than Black, 147–70. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496824516.003.0006.
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This chapter’s focus on Black immigrant authors addresses the tension between the continued racialization of American culture and shifting demographics that undermine the applicability of previous definitions of Blackness. Novels such as Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Americanah make explicit the connection between the prominence of such immigration and the rise of a figure such as Barack Obama. As Adichie’s novel makes clear, Obama’s background—the son of an African student and a white mother—underlines the shifting definitions of racial identity in twenty-first century America. While her protagonist’s presence in the United States is testament to the symbolic resonance that America still holds as a land of opportunity, her ultimate disillusionment with the United States, and the role that race plays in her return to Nigeria, underscores the incompleteness of the project of racial progress. The chapter engages with Afropolitanism as a post era discourse related to the African immigrant experience.
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„Origins of Blackface in the Absence of Black People“. In The Color Black, 115–32. Duke University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478059257-008.
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Chapter 5 examines the development of the blackface character, from the court minstrel shows to street performances to print magazines. While entertainment had served as a lifeline for some freed Africans in Iran in the early twentieth century, non-Black Iranian actors in blackface, now called siyah or “the Black,” replaced them in the troupes. The canonization of these minstrel shows as a type of folk theater required their sanitization, and while the framework of the plays replicated all existing references to the enslavement of the siyah, alternate rationales emerged to distance the theatrical genre from its tainted past. As minstrel plays grew more popular, the inclusion of a blackface caricature would catapult satirical magazines to heightened popularity during the 1960s and onward. This chapter charts the canonization of blackface caricatures in public spaces and how it came to displace the presence of Black Iranians.
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Norman, Amber R. „The Politics of BDSM Play“. In The Power of BDSM, 219—C12P80. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197658598.003.0013.
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Abstract “The Politics of BDSM: Racial Dynamics and Critical Consent” examines how historically marginalized groups with limited social power (e.g., racial and sexual minorities) communicate their needs and boundaries within the power-laden practice of BDSM. In this study, 13 Black BDSM practitioners were interviewed to examine how racial identity plays a role in BDSM practice. Racial identity is a non-negotiable marker that has created a structural dynamic in power relationships since the time of chattel slavery in the Americas, and racial dynamics continue to influence status and personal agency in the modern era. It is argued that the disavowal of systemic objectification and racial domination impedes consent and agency in BDSM settings. The findings of this study include the narratives of Black practitioners who provide insight into how role enactment, fetishism, and negotiation must be approached from a culturally responsive lens to enhance safety in BDSM.
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Goode, Erich. „Race“. In The Taming of New York's Washington Square, 165–93. NYU Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479878574.003.0005.
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Race plays a role in Washington Square Park, but often in unpredictable ways. The little survey the author conducted indicates that virtually no one in the park considers race a meaningful basis for social interaction with others, or has anything to do with judgments of deviance. Some urban public spaces are cosmopolitan in that all races are accepted on a more or less equal basis. The history of African Americans in and around the square has been conflictual, largely unwelcoming, and sometimes violent. The demographics of New York City and Greenwich Village indicates that very few African Americans live in the Village, far less than visitors to the park, and the black population of Manhattan is much smaller than that of New York City as a whole—and declining over time. The author conducted a racial tally of dyads in the park and found that whites in-socialize with other whites more than with any other group; blacks socialize more with other blacks than members of other racial categories, as do South Asians, but East Asians socialize more with non-East Asians. Overall, park-goers out-socialize more than elsewhere. The author believes that out-socialization may have long-term effects on racial acceptance.
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„Integrating the Doll Shelves“. In Radical Play, 86–119. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027102-004.
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The late 1960s and early 1970s were watershed years in the business of Black dolls. Recognizing new levels of Black purchasing power, and increasingly conscious of both civil rights movement demands for inclusion in consumer culture and psychologists’ concern about racial identity formation, virtually every manufacturer began producing Black dolls. Yet for many Black Americans, the industry practice of simply tinting a white doll brown was insufficient; parents wanted dolls that were, by design, recognizably and respectfully Black. A handful of white-owned companies took these appeals seriously, developing plans to court Black consumers with new “ethnically correct” designs and race-conscious appeals. While none of them could resolve the challenges of representation, the mass inclusion of nonstereotyped Black dolls in product lines, TV commercials, and store shelves had a lasting impact—affirming Black children’s legitimate place not only in the world of toys but also in the world of childhood itself.
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„Black Power in Toyland“. In Radical Play, 120–62. Duke University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9781478027102-005.
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No company was more racially conscious during this era than Shindana Toys. Founded in 1968 with the financial support of Mattel Toys, and led by two veteran Black civil rights activists from South Los Angeles, Shindana brought the radical aesthetics of the Black Arts movement and the economic strategies of Black Power to the making of Black dolls. This chapter traces Shindana’s history, from its roots in the local activism that grew out of the 1965 Watts Rebellion—which included the formation of its parent organization, Operation Bootstrap—to its leasing of a showroom in New York’s Toy Center in 1974, the first Black-owned company to do so. Like no other toy company, Shindana made its dolls into vehicles for celebrating Black culture, identity, and history. While Shindana could not fully resolve the contradictions of racial representation, its politically charged toys changed the industry rules of representation forever.
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Fraser, Zinga A. „Beyond the Symbolism“. In It's Our Movement Now, 175–84. University Press of Florida, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813069487.003.0014.
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Rep. Shirley Chisholm represents a pioneer in American politics through her role as an activist and politician, that went beyond the symbolism of being a political first and sought to transform various political movements during the 1960s–1970s. This article highlights Chisholm’s political and legislative career where she is part of a cadre of Black women who are operating across the Black Power and women’s movement. As a Black feminist, Chisholm plays a significant role in centering the lived experiences and voices of Black and Brown women that were often excluded from a broader women’s movement. Advocating the importance of coalition building among white women and women of color, Chisholm focused on legislation and organizing, as an effort to expand the reach of the women's movement. Her presence at 1977 National Women’s Conference was a testament to her commitment and hopes for a better women’s movement.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Valladares, Homero, und Andres Tovar. „Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization Supported by Deep Gaussian Processes“. In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0031.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A common scenario in engineering design is the evaluation of expensive black-box functions: simulation codes or physical experiments that require long evaluation times and/or significant resources, which results in lengthy and costly design cycles. In the last years, Bayesian optimization has emerged as an efficient alternative to solve expensive black-box function design problems. Bayesian optimization has two main components: a probabilistic surrogate model of the black-box function and an acquisition functions that drives the design process. Successful Bayesian optimization strategies are characterized by accurate surrogate models and well-balanced acquisition functions. The Gaussian process (GP) regression model is arguably the most popular surrogate model in Bayesian optimization due to its flexibility and mathematical tractability. GP regression models are defined by two elements: the mean and covariance functions. In some modeling scenarios, the prescription of proper mean and covariance functions can be a difficult task, e.g., when modeling non-stationary functions and heteroscedastic noise. Motivated by recent advancements in the deep learning community, this study explores the implementation of deep Gaussian processes (DGPs) as surrogate models for Bayesian optimization in order to build flexible predictive models from simple mean and covariance functions. The proposed methodology employs DGPs as the surrogate models and the Euclidean-based expected improvement as the acquisition function. This approach is compared with a strategy that employs GP regression models. These methodologies solve two analytical problems and one engineering problem: the design of sandwich composite armors for blast mitigation. The analytical problems involve non-convex and segmented Pareto fronts. The engineering problem involves expensive finite element simulations, three design variables, and two expensive black-box function objectives. The results show that the architecture of the DGP model plays an important role in the performance of the optimization approach. If the DGP architecture is adequate, the implementation of DGPs produces satisfactory results; otherwise, the use of GP regression models is preferable.</div></div>
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Pahari, Swagata, Prasenjit Ghosh und Rabindra Mukhopadhyay. „Prediction of Thermodynamic and Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber Using Molecular Simulations“. In International Conference on Automotive Materials and Manufacturing AMM 2023. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-28-1312.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Rubber is one of the most versatile materials and finds numerous applications in diverse areas. The application of rubber is mostly determined by its physico-mechanical and viscoelastic properties. Rubber properties play an essential role in performing its functional requirement, which is crucial for designing a good rubber product. Therefore, the estimation and prediction of the properties of rubber and rubber composites are central to the material developers. However, many factors, such as temperature, environmental effects, and rubber formulation can influence rubber properties and make it highly non-linear. Computer simulation plays a vital role in our understanding of complex dynamics in rubber materials and provide structure-property relationship at the nanoscopic and microscopic level. An understanding of this relationship can reduce the expensive trial experiments and provide a benchmark for novel material design. Additionally, simulations at atomic and molecular levels provide the mechanism of action and the underlying physics which finally helps in designing of new materials. In the present work, all atomistic Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation technique is utilized to predict various thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of raw rubbers. The effect of key structural factors, that govern the properties of rubber at the molecular level, is examined using MD. In this work, we have developed the classical atomistic models for several raw rubbers and implemented methodologies for calculating their properties from MD simulations. The predicted properties using our model and methodologies are in close agreement with the experimental and available literature values. Our results establish that MD simulations are an effective tool to predict quantitatively thermodynamic and viscoelastic properties of rubber. Eventually, the same technique can be used to predict properties for crosslinked rubber, rubber composites, blends, and silica/carbon black reinforced rubbers and thus, designing a novel rubber material.</div></div>
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Kortam, Mostafa Mahmoud, Samir Siso, Nelly Mohamed Abbas, Ahmed Salah, Atef Hesam, Andrea Cilli, Ahmad Kamar und Fatmaelzahraa Khafagy. „Significant Production Improvement of UltraLow Permeability Granitic Reservoirs to Develop Heavy Black Oil, Utilizing Channel Fracturing Technique“. In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2575150-ms.
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ABSTRACT The development of low quality reservoirs such as; low permeability, marginal assets, and unconventional resources has a several cost challenges pushing the industry toward maximizing the potentiality and optimizing the strategies of such high risk plays. Petrobel has a discovered one of such challenged asset and successfully conducted a comprehensive study to set the best development strategy to unleash this potential. SIDRI Area is a relatively new settlement with a reasonable hydrocarbon potential according to petrophysical analysis. The target formation of SIDRI wells is a sedimentary rock with granitic facies that consist of a series of tight conglomerates over an oil/water column of more than 900m. The pore system of this rigid and stiff formation consists of a micro natural fractures network with secondary cemented porosity. The production is mainly governed these tiny natural fractures that have a permeability as low as 0.1-0.5 md. Despite this tightness these series are separated by nonporous sections that occasionally exhibit as barrier and may introduce layering or subdivision of pay, however in sometimes permit a vertical communication between productive sections. Performed Cuttings analysis such as XRD, thin-sections showed a variety of minerals composition representing different lithology which in turn complicates the characterization of such reservoir. On top of the unique mineralogy, the executions of fracturing treatment of SIDRI wells include multiple other challenges. The higher reservoir temperature and the formation depth cause a great constraint in terms of pumping rate and pressure. Besides, the non-availability of pumping equipment of high Horsepower restricts the pump rates and also limits the utilization of slick water frac. Even the nature and the quality of crude oil is quite challenged since it is a heavy black oil type and its composition contains high number of asphaltenic compounds accordingly the opportunity of creating sludge with treatment fluids is highly likely. The oil water viscosity ratio at reservoir condition represents a weighted obstacle for oil recovery that should be overcome. The basic concept of applying hydraulic fracturing for these kinds of reservoirs is very simple, however the execution to get much more production improvement is quite difficult. Particularly the main idea here is to conduct a cost effective fracturing treatment with economical wisdom principle that can lead to achieve a greater oil recovery with best profitable model. This paper presents the details of formation characterization and reservoir quality assessment, as well as a detailed discussion about wettability alteration and how adversely complicates the process of determining initial saturation. The implemented application including designing, experimental works, and execution of the channel fracture treatment job will be reviewed. The work sequence of this project that led to commercialize such asset will be addressed too.
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MAZHAYSKY, Yuri, Tatyana GUSEVA und Otilija MISECKAITĖ. „INTEGRATED MELIORATION MEASURES ON RESTORATION OF POLLUTED AND DEGRADED SOILS FERTILITY“. In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.044.
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In case of significant technogenic geochemical loads on agricultural landscapes, the issue of ecological forecasting of environmental management is particularly important. Scientific studies of this issue are aimed at establishing the critical values for the components of the ecosystem, the classification of technogenic sources of hazardous substances, levels of soil contamination. This study presents a research to determine the content of heavy metals in the soils of the Ryazan region (Russia) and analyzed the level of their pollution. In the experiments organic, organomineral and mineral fertilizers systems were studied. From 2002 to 2008 were conducted lysimetric experiments on detoxification of elevated pollution of sod-podzol sandy loam soil, and from 2006 to 2008 of podzolized black soil. The participation of the non-ferrous metals plant emissions was detected in the pollution of sod-podzol light in granulometric composition soils with copper of up to 80 mg·kg-1, when the average concentration of Cu in the soil was 38.8 ±6 mg·kg-1. Humification plays a significant role in the formation of soil, its most important properties and characteristics. The saturation of 1 hectare of sown area with organic was slightly different in the experiments, but the intensity of accumulation of humus from the various agrochemical means did not almost differ. The problem of adaptation of plants in the conditions of technogenic environment is of primary importance. Plants have three biobarera against the admission of toxicants, these are the soil – the root – the stem – the reproductive organs. Grain in contaminated soil is environmentally hazardous as the content of Pb is indicated at the level of 0.68, 1.17 mg·kg-1 (MPC 0.5), Cd – 0.27, 0.11 mg·kg-1 (MPC 0.1), Zn – 76 mg·kg-1 (50 MPC). Use of fertilizing systems had a mostly positive effect, but products do not always become environmentally friendly.
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Adegun, Adedamola, und Femi Rufai. „The Commercial Potentials of Underground Natural Gas Storage in Nigeria“. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207149-ms.
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Abstract Nigeria is the 2nd biggest natural gas producer in Africa, with much of it exported as LNG, some re-injected while a small fraction serves the domestic market. The volume supplied to the domestic market plays an outsized role in the energy mix and economy of Nigeria with over 90% supplied to thermal power plants and industrial clusters. As huge upstream gas projects continue to take Final Investment Decision, pipeline takeaway capacity grows and demand increases, the dependence on natural gas and preponderance in the energy mix will likely persist. Natural gas is the present and future of Nigeria's energy needs. The domestic gas industry is evolving but has been fraught with challenges. Oil and gas infrastructure are often disrupted and production shut-in, mostly triggered by infrastructure unavailablity, environmental concerns and prioritisation of hydro power generation during River Niger's white and black floods, all of which come at a cost to upstream producers. Gas producers are often compelled to curtail production of gas plants (associated and non-associated) to avoid environmental disasters and prohibitive gas flare penalties. Can underground gas storage (UGS) be an opportunity for gas producers to guarantee continued operations during disruptions and provide buffer for national strategic benefits? This paper seeks to explore the potential technical and economic dynamics of underground natural gas storage in Nigeria in the context of extant technical regulations, seasonal demand variations, gas flare penalties and local operating environment. The paper presents types of underground storages and recommends the most suitable, considers options for optimal location of UGS in Nigeria and undertakes an economic evaluation of a UGS project. The findings are further presented alongside the critical technical, regulatory and fiscal factors that may facilitate future investments and growth of underground gas storage in Nigeria.
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Waibel, Al, und Adam Jones. „Near-Offshore Oceanic Geothermal Resources Developed from On-Shore Directional Drilling“. In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35417-ms.
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New opportunities have emerged for the application of oilfield technologies transfer, such as directional drilling, to utilize base-load renewable energy. Development of geothermal resources have largely been restricted to on-shore sites, yet a major category of untapped geothermal development prospects are near-shore resources. Development of near-shore geothermal resources can provide renewable base-load electrical power options to areas that are now served by non-renewable power generation which can supply domestic, commercial, or industrial land-based and marine use. It may also support emerging technologies such as battery charging and green hydrogen generation for land-based and marine transportation or commercial applications. Additionally, the need for reliable and renewable base-load electrical power to support U.S. Naval operations has increased markedly in recent years, particularly in the western Pacific. The advantages of geothermal over other advanced renewable power sources is its base-load reliability, a relatively small footprint in terms of land use and the long-term durability of the equipment. Additionally, this generally untapped energy field provides an opportunity for oil and gas development companies to expand the application of their technology, experienced staff, and knowledge. However, as exploration and development of these geothermal resources may have substantial effects on their near-shore locations, it is important that this development recognize the commercial and environmental value of the near-shore marine environment and mitigate any effects from these activities. Many of the potential near-shore and shallow marine geothermal plays are associated with volcanic activity. However, non-volcanic structural plays also hold significant potential (figure 1). Perhaps the most dramatic and well-documented volcanic hydrothermal sites are the spectacular deep marine "black-smoker" vents associated with oceanic spreading centers. Yet, other than a few notable exceptions, such as Iceland (Atkins & Audunsson, 2013), these systems are usually located far from shore in deep marine environments (Hiriart et al., 2010) and have currently limited potential for widespread development. Other volcanic geothermal resources occurring near-shore are like structurally controlled settings observed on land. Examples include: Lihir Island, Papua-New Guinea (Peterson et.al., 2002; White, et.al., 2010); in the Mediterranean Sea (Fytikas et.al., 2005; Meteoboy, 2013) and the shores of Mexico’s Baja Peninsula (Vidal, et.al., 1978; Prol-Ledesma et.al., 2002). The western Pacific area is rife with volcanic islands. Yet only a few of these volcanoes have had geothermal resources developed for electrical production. One of the limiting features for geothermal evaluation of these volcanic islands is that, while they are often massive volcanoes, only the central top of the volcano is exposed above the water, while the bulk of the flanks are submerged beneath the sea. These volcanoes would have the same geothermal resource potential as their terrestrial counterpart but due to their partially submerged setting, they have been out of view and out of mind for the geothermal development community. With advances in directional drilling technologies over the past decades, it is now possible to develop near-shore (1~1.5 km) geothermal resources from on-shore locations, increasing the economic viability of these prospects while minimizing seafloor disturbance.
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Mulyono, D. H. „Clastic Plays in The North East Natuna Basin“. In Indonesian Petroleum Association - 46th Annual Convention & Exhibition 2022. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa22-g-237.
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The East Natuna Basin comprises several sub-basinal areas which formed during the Tertiary as a result of extension relating to the opening of the South China Sea during the Oligocene and Early Miocene. Several small Oligocene half-grabens occur in the northern part of the area close to where the Tuna Block is located. They have a NE-SW trend and the sediments are relatively uniform in thickness, less than 2,600 ft thick, with regional thickness growth to the east towards the basin center. However in the Lower Miocene a more pronounced extensional episode enlarged the existing half grabens and generated large growth fault related sediment packages consisting predominantly of clastic sequences. Marine conditions in the Mid Miocene gave rise to carbonate development which continued to the latest Miocene with some very large reef related carbonate build-ups observed on seismic. In Late Miocene this area underwent further deformation caused by right lateral transtension which produced numerous NE-SW normal faults. This was then followed by a period of quiescence and deposition of the overlying Pliocene Muda Formation marine shales and clastics. The tectonically controlled, locally thick sequences of the Oligocene and Lower Miocene sediments indicate good potential for source and reservoir/seal pair rocks. Exploration in the East Natuna Basin began in the 1970’s, mainly targeting the Terumbu Formation carbonate buildups, which were easily mapped on the available 2D seismic data. Some discoveries were made and the most significant of which was the supergiant D Alpha gas field discovery by AGIP in 1973 containing over 220 TCF including +/- 71% CO2. However, the underlying clastics were not well imaged by the 2D seismic data and many of the wells drilled were not optimally located for testing the underlying Arang and Gabus clastic sections. The discovery of hydrocarbons in the Gabus and Lower Terumbu clastics in the Kuda Laut-1 and Singa Laut-1 wells by Premier Oil in 2014 confirmed the exploration potential of these intervals. The discoveries now known as the Tuna Field were appraised by two additional wells in Q3-Q4 2021 confirming the presence of rich wet gas with a high condensate yield, but also encountering oil rims, to the previously discovered gas columns. The main reservoirs are Lower Terumbu shallow marine bioturbated shaly sandstones in the Kuda Laut hanging wall structure and Gabus fluvial channel sandstones in the Singa Laut footwall structure. These two reservoirs exhibit very different properties as indicated by conventional cores, extensive wireline data and the DST’s. Post well analysis is ongoing to further characterize these reservoirs and the fluids contained, the results of which will be critical for the commercial development of the Tuna field.
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Rodriguez Castelblanco, A. X., E. Gildin, S. A. Cabrales und A. L. Medaglia. „A Novel Decision-Making Framework for Waterflooding Optimization using Long and Short-Term Memory Models and Metaheuristics“. In SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213154-ms.
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Abstract Meeting future energy demands in the low-carbon emissions paradigm requires improved decision-making processes. Waterflooding plays a vital role in obtaining increased oil recovery factors and minimizing undesirable water production. However, waterflooding optimization involves costly well control management optimization methods especially when numerical simulation is used. Alternatives such as data-driven proxy modeling can overcome the computation complexity drawbacks. In this paper, we develop a decision-making waterflooding framework, where an optimization component has embedded financial and machine learning models, to establish the wells operational plan obtaining the maximum profit and the best oilfield management. In this work, we use a reduced-order predictive numerical model to generate synthetic data to train machine learning algorithms to be used in the optimization framework. We develop our methodology to find the optimal strategy to drive a waterflooding project using a black-oil reservoir model. We implement the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-based model reduction to evaluate the reservoir dynamics and calculate the historical fluid production based on an operational plan, reducing the time consumption and demand for computational resources. Based on these results, we train and test machine learning models to predict oil and water production rate for each well (output data) in which the operational wells’ constraints change over time (input data), and select which of them has higher accuracy in the forecast. We evaluate the LSTM (long short-term memory) which are focusing in time series forecasting, using a multivariate model, analyzing Vanilla, Stacked and Bidirectional. Lastly, iteratively, the LSTM selected are embedded into a non-linear optimization component to define the best operational strategy in an oilfield with waterflooding, considering the reservoir's physics and a financial evaluation in a short- to mid-term planning horizon. The proposed making decision framework is applied to a two-phase heterogeneous waterflooding reservoir with a 5-point inverted injection pattern. Then we conduct the comparison between the multivariate LSTM model tested, selecting for each producer well two LSTM models, one for oil and one for water production rate. These models were integrated in an optimization component, which use metaheuristics and an iterative methodology to maximize the Net Present Value (NPV), considering the oil and energy prices fluctuation. The novel framework presented combines multiple algorithms in a seamless fashion. It allows us to define the operational plan strategy in an efficient manner, seeking a cost-efficient strategy over the mid and short-term. The methodology uses the LSTM models to learn about the historical reservoir behavior. Whit these we can accurately predict fluid production for each producer well. Both financial and LSTM models are embedded into an iterative optimization component which uses metaheuristics to maximize the NPV, establishing the bottom-hole pressure in each producer well and the water injection rate in the injector well.
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Segall, S. B., M. B. Byers und J. L. Pasqualin. „Results of Cylinder Bore Inspection Probe Measurements“. In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21098.
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A non contact optical technique for mapping the surface finish of cylinder bores has been developed, and a probe has been built for performing this mapping by scanning the surface of a cylinder with a laser beam and recording the intensity of scattered light detected as a function of position on the cylinder surface. The probe is not a surface roughness gauge. It is used primarily to distinguish the scattering signatures from different patterns of machining marks. For identical patterns of machining marks scattered light intensity is expected to be proportional to surface roughness. Measurement of a cylinder takes about 10 seconds using this probe. If an array of probes were used to inspect the cylinders of an engine block simultaneously, this technique could be used for 100% inspection of the entire surface of every cylinder of every block at the speed of an engine production line. In this paper we present data from a proof of concept experiment, describe the method of analyzing the data, and outline plans for future implementation of an inspection station on an engine block production line.
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Pozanco, Alberto, Yolanda E-Martín, Susana Fernández und Daniel Borrajo. „Counterplanning using Goal Recognition and Landmarks“. In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/668.
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In non-cooperative multi-agent systems, agents might want to prevent the opponents from achieving their goals. One alternative to solve this task would be using counterplanning to generate a plan that allows an agent to block other's to reach their goals. In this paper, we introduce a fully automated domain-independent approach for counterplanning. It combines; goal recognition to infer an opponent's goal; landmarks' computation to identify subgoals that can be used to block opponents' goals achievement; and classical automated planning to generate plans that prevent the opponent's goals achievement. Experimental results in several domains show the benefits of our novel approach.
Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Non Black plays"
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West und Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman und Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.
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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, und Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, Dezember 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.
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Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.
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Shanks, Rachel, und Nneoma Dike. School Clothing in Scotland Research Brief. University of Aberdeen, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57064/2164/22140.
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Summary and main findings 1.Twelve of the 32 local authorities automatically pay school clothing grant to families who receive a qualifying benefit administered by the local authority such as Housing Benefit or income-related Council Tax reduction. 2.School uniform banks report difficulties that are created for families through uniform policies, for example requiring 100% black shoes, items with logos, tartan and hard to find colours, such as turquoise or maroon. 3.In 2022-23 there was a drop in the number of children for whom school clothing grant was awarded while the percentage of children living in poverty increased. A possible explanation for this drop is the provision of universal free school meals. Previously families would have been applying for both free school meals and clothing grant at the same time. This highlights the need to make it easier to receive school clothing grant. 4.Local authorities do not record information in terms of the Scottish Government’s 6 priority family groups for those applying for and/or receiving school clothing grant. Thus, local authorities cannot monitor if certain groups are less likely to apply for or receive the grant under their local Child Poverty Action Plans. 5.Eighteen local authorities have never paid more than the national minimum school clothing grant. However, other local authorities have taken a different approach, for example, in 2023-2024 East Dunbartonshire is providing double the national minimum school clothing grant (£240 for primary and £300 for secondary pupils). In 2022-2023 six authorities made an extra payment over the winter months ranging from £20 to £150.
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Grumet, Rebecca, und Benjamin Raccah. Identification of Potyviral Domains Controlling Systemic Infection, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, Juli 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695842.bard.
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Potyviruses form one of the largest and most economically important groups of plant viruses. Individual potyviruses and their isolates vary in symptom expression, host range, and ability to overcome host resistance genes. Understanding factors influencing these biological characteristics is of agricultural importance for epidemiology and deployment of resistance strategies. Cucurbit crops are subject to severe losses by several potyviruses including the highly aggressive and variable zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). In this project we sought to investigate protein domains in ZYMV that influence systemic infection and host range. Particular emphasis was on coat protein (CP), because of known functions in both cell to cell and long distance movement, and helper component-protease (HC-Pro), which has been implicated to play a role in symptom development and long distance movement. These two genes are also essential for aphid mediated transmission, and domains that influence disease development may also influence transmissibility. The objectives of the approved BARD project were to test roles of specific domains in the CP and HC-Pro by making sequence alterations or switches between different isolates and viruses, and testing for infectivity, host range, and aphid transmissibility. These objectives were largely achieved as described below. Finally, we also initiated new research to identify host factors interacting with potyviral proteins and demonstrated interaction between the ZYMV RNA dependent RNA polymerase and host poly-(A)-binding protein (Wang et al., in press). The focus of the CP studies (MSU) was to investigate the role of the highly variable amino terminus (NT) in host range determination and systemic infection. Hybrid ZYMV infectious clones were produced by substituting the CP-NT of ZYMV with either the CP-NT from watermelon mosaic virus (overlapping, but broader host range) or tobacco etch virus (TEV) (non- overlapping host range) (Grumet et al., 2000; Ullah ct al., in prep). Although both hybrid viruses initially established systemic infection, indicating that even the non-cucurbit adapted TEV CP-NT could facilitate long distance transport in cucurbits, after approximately 4-6, the plants inoculated with the TEV-CPNT hybrid exhibited a distinct recovery of reduced symptoms, virus titer, and virus specific protection against secondary infection. These results suggest that the plant recognizes the presence of the TEV CP-NT, which has not been adapted to infection of cucurbits, and initiates defense responses. The CP-NT also appears to play a role in naturally occurring resistance conferred by the zym locus in the cucumber line 'Dina-1'. Patterns of virus accumulation indicated that expression of resistance is developmentally controlled and is due to a block in virus movement. Switches between the core and NT domains of ZYMV-NAA (does not cause veinal chlorosis on 'Dina-1'), and ZYMV-Ct (causes veinal chlorosis), indicated that the resistance response likely involves interaction with the CP-NT (Ullah and Grumet, submitted). At the Volcani Center the main thrust was to identify domains in the HC-Pro that affect symptom expression or aphid transmissibility. From the data reported in the first and second year report and in the attached publications (Peng et al. 1998; Kadouri et al. 1998; Raccah et al. 2000: it was shown that: 1. The mutation from PTK to PAK resulted in milder symptoms of the virus on squash, 2. Two mutations, PAK and ATK, resulted in total loss of helper activity, 3. It was established for the first time that the PTK domain is involved in binding of the HC-Pro to the potyvirus particle, and 4. Some of these experiments required greater amount of HC-Pro, therefore a simpler and more efficient purification method was developed based on Ni2+ resin.
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Or, Etti, Tai-Ping Sun, Amnon Lichter und Avichai Perl. Characterization and Manipulation of the Primary Components in Gibberellin Signaling in the Grape Berry. United States Department of Agriculture, Januar 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592649.bard.
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Seedless cultivars dominate the table grape industry. In these cultivars it is mandatory to apply gibberellin (GA) to stimulate berry development to a commercially acceptable size. These cultivars differ in their sensitivity to GA application, and it frequently results in adverse effects such as decreased bud fertility and increased fruit drop. Our long term goals are to (1) understand the molecular basis for the differential sensitivity and identify markers for selection of sensitive cultivars (2) to develop new strategies for targeted manipulation of the grape berry response to GA that will eliminate the need in GA application and the undesirable effects of GA on the vine, while maintaining its desirable effects on the berry. Both strategies are expected to reduce production cost and meet growing consumer demand for reduced use of chemicals. This approach relies on a comprehensive characterization of the central components in the GA signaling cascade in the berry. Several key components in the GA signaling pathway were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, including the GA receptors, GID1s, and a family of DELLA proteins that are the major negative regulators of the GA response. GA activates its response pathway by binding to GID1s, which then target DELLAs for degradation via interaction with SLY, a DELLA specific F-box protein. In grape, only one DELLA gene was characterized prior to this study, which plays a major role in inhibiting GA-promoted stem growth and GA-repressed floral induction but it does not regulate fruit growth. Therefore, we speculated that other DELLA family member(s) may control GA responses in berry, and their identification and manipulation may result in GA-independent berry growth. In the current study we isolated two additional VvDELLA family members, two VvGID1 genes and two VvSLY genes. Arabidopsis anti-AtRGA polyclonal antibodies recognized all three purified VvDELLA proteins, but its interaction with VvDELLA3 was weaker. Overexpression of the VvDELLAs, the VvGID1s, and the VvSLYs in the Arabidopsis mutants ga1-3/rga-24, gid1a-2/1c-2 and sly1-10, respectively, rescued the various mutant phenotypes. In vitro GAdependent physical interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and the VvGID1s, and GAindependent interaction was shown between the VvDELLAs and VvSLYs. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 did not interact with VvGID1b. Together, the results indicate that the identified grape homologs serve as functional DELLA repressors, receptors and DELLA-interacting F-box proteins. Expression analyses revealed that (1) VvDELLA2 was expressed in all the analyzed tissues and was the most abundant (2) VvDELLA1 was low expressed in berries, confirming former study (3) Except in carpels and very young berries, VvDELLA3 levels were the lowest in most tissues. (4) Expression of both VvGID1s was detected in all the grape tissues, but VvGID1b transcript levels were significantly higher than VvGID1a. (5) In general, both VvDELLAs and VvGID1s transcripts levels increased as tissues aged. Unfertilized and recently fertilized carpels did not follow this trend, suggesting different regulatory mechanism of GA signaling in these stages. Characterization of the response to GA of various organs in three seedless cultivars revealed differential response of the berries and rachis. Interestingly, VvDELLA3 transcript levels in the GA-unresponsive berries of cv. Spring blush were significantly higher compared to their levels in the highly responsive berries of cv. Black finger. Assuming that VvDELLA2 and VvDELLA3 are regulating berry size, constructs carrying potential dominant mutations in each gene were created. Furthermore, constitutive silencing of these genes by mIR is underway, to reveal the effect of each gene on the berry phenotype.
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Einarsson, Rasmus. Nitrogen in the food system. TABLE, Februar 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/2fa45626.
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Nitrogen (N) plays a dual role in the agri-food system: it is an essential nutrient for all life forms, yet also an environmental pollutant causing a range of environmental and human health impacts. As the plant nutrient needed in greatest quantities, and as a building block of proteins and other biomolecules, N is a necessary part of all life. In the last century, an enormous increase of N turnover in the agri-food system has enabled increasing per-capita food supply for a growing world population, but as an unintended side effect, N pollution has increased to levels widely agreed in science and policy to be far beyond sustainable limits. There is no such thing as perfectly circular N supply. Losses of N to the environment inevitably arise as N is transformed and used in the food system, for example in soil processes, in manure storage, and in fertilizer application. This lost N must be replaced by ‘new’ N, which is N converted to bioavailable forms from the vast atmospheric pool of unreactive dinitrogen (N2). New N comes mainly as synthetic N fertilizer and through a process known as biological N fixation (BNF). In addition, there is a large internal flow of recycled N in the food system, mainly in the form of livestock excreta. This recirculated N, however, is internal to the food system and cannot make up for the inevitable losses of N. The introduction of synthetic N fertilizer during the 20th century revolutionized the entire food system. The industrial production of synthetic N fertilizer was a revolution for agricultural systems because it removed the natural constraint of N scarcity. Given sufficient energy, synthetic N fertilizer can be produced in limitless quantities from atmospheric dinitrogen (N2). This has far-reaching consequences for the whole agri-food system. The annual input of synthetic N fertilizer today is more than twice the annual input of new N in pre-industrial agriculture. Since 1961, increased N input has enabled global output of both crop and livestock products to roughly triple. During the same time period, total food-system N emissions to the environment have also more than tripled. Livestock production is responsible for a large majority of agricultural N emissions. Livestock consume about three-quarters of global cropland N output and are thereby responsible for a similar share of cropland N emissions to air and water. In addition, N emissions from livestock housing and manure management systems contribute a substantial share of global N emissions to air. There is broad political agreement that global N emissions from agriculture should be reduced by about 50%. High-level policy targets of the EU and of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity are for a 50% reduction in N emissions. These targets are in line with a large body of research assessing what would be needed to stay within acceptable limits as regards ecosystem change and human health impacts. In the absence of dietary change towards less N-intensive diets, N emissions from food systems could be reduced by about 30%, compared to business-as-usual scenarios. This could be achieved by implementing a combination of technical measures, improved management practices, improved recycling of wasted N (including N from human excreta), and spatial optimization of agriculture. Human dietary change, especially in the most affluent countries, offers a huge potential for reducing N emissions from food systems. While many of the world’s poor would benefit nutritionally from increasing their consumption of nutrient-rich animal-source foods, many other people consume far more nutrients than is necessary and could reduce consumption of animal-source food by half without any nutritional issues. Research shows that global adoption of healthy but less N-polluting diets might plausibly cut future food-system N losses by 10–40% compared to business-as-usual scenarios. There is no single solution for solving the N challenge. Research shows that efficiency improvements and food waste reductions will almost certainly be insufficient to reach agreed environmental targets. To reach agreed targets, it seems necessary to also shift global average food consumption onto a trajectory with less animal-source food.
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Sanders, Suzanne, und Jessica Kirschbaum. Forest health monitoring at Mississippi National River and Recreation Area: 2022 field season. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301407.
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The Mississippi National River and Recreation area (MISS), situated along a 116 km stretch of the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis and St. Paul urban corridor, encompasses ~21,800 ha of public and private land. In 2022, the Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Network (GLKN) resampled permanent forest monitoring sites in the park, marking the second assessment of these sites, which were established and initially sampled in 2011. The goal of this long-term monitoring project is to provides managers with routine updates on which to base management decisions; these data can also be used to tease apart impacts and elucidate causal agents when novel problems or situations arise. We initiated a comprehensive forest monitoring program at MISS in 2011, establishing 33 sites at that time. High water levels during our sampling window that year precluded sampling on many of our planned sites while on others, water levels had only recently subsided. Here, the full complement of herbs had not yet emerged. In 2022, we resampled existing sites and established additional locations, bringing the total to 50. Sampled and derived metrics included trees (density and basal area of live trees, seedlings, and snags (i.e., standing dead trees)), understory (herb and shrub frequency), browse (bite marks on woody species and presence and height of herbaceous species), and taxa richness. We classified sites into four broad forest types using the newer (2022) dataset, resulting in two upland types (upland rich, upland disturbed) and two floodplain types (box elder-dominated and silver maple-dominated). Because of sampling difficulties in 2011, we are only comparing tree, sapling, and snag data between years. At upland rich sites, overall tree (? 2.5 cm diameter at breast height [DBH]) density declined 22%, while that for just the small sapling component (? 2.5 cm, < 5 cm DBH) fell 41%. Species experiencing notable losses include basswood (Tilia americana L.), elm (Ulmus L.), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch), and red oak (Quercus rubra L.). All three resampled sites are located in Spring Lake Park Reserve and subjected to high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.) browse pressure. We sampled seven sites in upland disturbed forests, where overall tree density fell 17% from 778 ? 215 trees/ha to 648 ? 72 trees/ha, largely due to declines in elm, ash (Fraxinus sp. L.), and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis L.). While changes in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) mirrored this pattern in diameter classes above 5 cm, density of saplings increased 12-fold, largely due to a swamping effect from one site, possibly in response to buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.) removal. In the nine box elder-dominated sites, overall tree density declined from 635 ? 47 in 2011 to 500 ? 58 trees/ha in 2022, mainly reflecting changes in box elder (Acer negundo L.), elm, and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). In these sites, density of large (? 30 cm DBH) snags increased from 2.5 ? 1.6 to 11.1 ? 4.4 snags/ha. In silver maple-dominated floodplain forests, tree density in the 12 sites fell from 421 ? 63 to 291 ? 23 trees/ha, with declines observed in all five dominant species. Sapling density was low in these sites, falling from 62.6 ? 36 in 2011 to 23.6 ? 11 saplings/ha in 2022. Our observations likely reflect both deer browse and alteration of the flow regime by river impoundment. At upland sites, deer browse is impeding regeneration of all major upland species: red oak, bitternut hickory, basswood, and elm. While browse is also occurring in floodplain sites, prolonged inundation may play a larger role in regeneration failure here. Saplings of silver maple, box elder, cottonwood, elm, and hackberry all have some degree of susceptibility to inundation, ranging from moderate tolerance to completely intolerant. The Mississippi River experienced flooding in 2014, 2017, and again in 2019 when flood stage was exceeded for a record number of days in St. Paul. Sapling decline at floodplain sites is likely a direct result of this. Forest management within the park should focus both on invasive species control and floodplain reforestation. Several sites with heavy invasive weed species are in areas where leveraging local volunteers for removal projects may be possible. Floodplain reforestation requires a dual approach of research and active management. Research is needed to determine preferred propagule types and planting stock, as well as the most effective ways to control invasives, especially reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Active floodplain reforestation can alleviate many of the issues we found here, although this is expensive, limited in scope, and carries with it a great deal of uncertainty. Nonetheless, projects undertaken at a small scale can provide lessons to managers, based on which aspects were successful and which were not. Many of the park forests at MISS are nearing an inflection point and are at risk of becoming irreversibly altered if countermeasures are not undertaken in the near future. At this point, steps taken to promote ecosystem integrity are likely to be less costly and more effective than those which may be needed after further ecosystem decline. The river system through the Twin Cities metro area provides numerous services, both ecological and otherwise. As the need to act is becoming a pressing issue, it is incumbent on land managers to recognize this, and address it.
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Wang, X. F., und M. Schuldiner. Systems biology approaches to dissect virus-host interactions to develop crops with broad-spectrum virus resistance. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134163.bard.
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More than 60% of plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that cause billion-dollar losses annually and pose a major threat to stable agricultural production, including cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) that infects numerous vegetables and ornamental trees. A highly conserved feature among these viruses is that they form viral replication complexes (VRCs) to multiply their genomes by hijacking host proteins and remodeling host intracellular membranes. As a conserved and indispensable process, VRC assembly also represents an excellent target for the development of antiviral strategies that can be used to control a wide-range of viruses. Using CMV and a model virus, brome mosaic virus (BMV), and relying on genomic tools and tailor-made large-scale resources specific for the project, our original objectives were to: 1) Identify host proteins that are required for viral replication complex assembly. 2) Dissect host requirements that determine viral host range. 3) Provide proof-of-concept evidence of a viral control strategy by blocking the viral replication complex-localized phospholipid synthesis. We expect to provide new ways and new concepts to control multiple viruses by targeting a conserved feature among positive-strand RNA viruses based on our results. Our work is going according to the expected timeline and we are progressing well on all aims. For Objective 1, among ~6,000 yeast genes, we have identified 96 hits that were possibly play critical roles in viral replication. These hits are involved in cellular pathways of 1) Phospholipid synthesis; 2) Membrane-shaping; 3) Sterol synthesis and transport; 4) Protein transport; 5) Protein modification, among many others. We are pursuing several genes involved in lipid metabolism and transport because cellular membranes are primarily composed of lipids and lipid compositional changes affect VRC formation and functions. For Objective 2, we have found that CPR5 proteins from monocotyledon plants promoted BMV replication while those from dicotyledon plants inhibited it, providing direct evidence that CPR5 protein determines the host range of BMV. We are currently examining the mechanisms by which dicot CPR5 genes inhibit BMV replication and expressing the dicot CPR5 genes in monocot plants to control BMV infection. For Objective 3, we have demonstrated that substitutions in a host gene involved in lipid synthesis, CHO2, prevented the VRC formation by directing BMV replication protein 1a (BMV 1a), which remodels the nuclear membrane to form VRCs, away from the nuclear membrane, and thus, no VRCs were formed. This has been reported in Journal of Biological Chemistry. Based on the results from Objective 3, we have extended our plan to demonstrate that an amphipathic alpha-helix in BMV 1a is necessary and sufficient to target BMV 1a to the nuclear membrane. We further found that the counterparts of the BMV 1a helix from a group of viruses in the alphavirus-like superfamily, such as CMV, hepatitis E virus, and Rubella virus, are sufficient to target VRCs to the designated membranes, revealing a conserved feature among the superfamily. A joint manuscript describing these exciting results and authored by the two labs will be submitted shortly. We have also successfully set up systems in tomato plants: 1) to efficiently knock down gene expression via virus-induced gene silencing so we could test effects of lacking a host gene(s) on CMV replication; 2) to overexpress any gene transiently from a mild virus (potato virus X) so we could test effects of the overexpressed gene(s) on CMV replication. In summary, we have made promising progress in all three Objectives. We have identified multiple new host proteins that are involved in VRC formation and may serve as good targets to develop antiviral strategies; have confirmed that CPR5 from dicot plants inhibited viral infection and are generating BMV-resistance rice and wheat crops by overexpressing dicot CPR5 genes; have demonstrated to block viral replication by preventing viral replication protein from targeting to the designated organelle membranes for the VRC formation and this concept can be further employed for virus control. We are grateful to BARD funding and are excited to carry on this project in collaboration.