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Milyutkin, Vladimir Alexandrovich, Nikolay Grigorievich Dluzhevsky, Oleg Nikolaevich Dluzhevsky und Galina Viktorovna Levchenko. „Technical and technological improvement of sunflower cultivation in the dry regions of the Volga federal district“. Agrarian Scientific Journal, Nr. 3 (29.03.2021): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i3pp73-77.
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The article presents the results of studies of the effectiveness of liquid mineral nitrogen and nitrogen-sulfur-containing fertilizers based on urea-ammonia mixture-UAN in comparison with solid-ammonium nitrate when growing sunflower in arid, typical for the zone of "risky farming" - the Volga region, years (2018-2020) with the use of modern high-performance equipment manufactured in Russia (Samara) at JSC "Eurotechnika" of the German company AMAZONEN-Werke. Conducted three-year studies on typical chernozems of the Samara region on the experimental fields of the Samara State Agrarian University, showed a significant advantage of liquid fertilizers with an increase in sunflower yield on average for three years according to experimental options up to a maximum of 6centners / ha or by13 %.
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Yang, Wenzhu, Yuehu Kang, Zhiwen Feng, Peng Gu, Huiyang Wen, Lijia Liu und Yongqin Jia. „Sprinkler Irrigation Is Effective in Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Potato Field in an Arid Region: A Two-Year Field Experiment“. Atmosphere 10, Nr. 5 (01.05.2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050242.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, water-saving irrigation is the primary mode of local agricultural production. Since the chemical fertilizer is the principal source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we present results from a two-year (2016–2017) field experiment on a potato field to verify the general influence of water-saving irrigation on N2O emissions. A split-plot experiment was established with two irrigation systems and two fertilizer treatments, which give a total of four treatments. Two different irrigation systems were investigated: (i) flood irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer (NF-FI) combined with a control without any fertilizer (C-FI) and (ii) overhead sprinkler irrigation with a nitrogen fertilizer (NF-SI) accompanied with a control without any fertilizer (C-SI). The N2O emissions of the fertilizer treatment were greater than those of the control under each irrigation system. In plots where the fertilizers were applied, using overhead sprinkler irrigation reduced the average cumulative N2O emissions between 40.72% and 59.65% compared with flood irrigation. This was mainly due to the lower amount of water applied and the lower availability of NO3−-N and NH4+-N of soil associated with an overhead sprinkler irrigation. This work shows that the overhead sprinkler irrigation is an effective strategy to use to save water and mitigate emissions of the atmospheric pollutants N2O in comparison to flood irrigation.
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Zahran, Hamdi Hussein. „Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis and Nitrogen Fixation under Severe Conditions and in an Arid Climate“. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, Nr. 4 (01.12.1999): 968–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.4.968-989.1999.
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SUMMARY Biological N2 fixation represents the major source of N input in agricultural soils including those in arid regions. The major N2-fixing systems are the symbiotic systems, which can play a significant role in improving the fertility and productivity of low-N soils. The Rhizobium-legume symbioses have received most attention and have been examined extensively. The behavior of some N2-fixing systems under severe environmental conditions such as salt stress, drought stress, acidity, alkalinity, nutrient deficiency, fertilizers, heavy metals, and pesticides is reviewed. These major stress factors suppress the growth and symbiotic characteristics of most rhizobia; however, several strains, distributed among various species of rhizobia, are tolerant to stress effects. Some strains of rhizobia form effective (N2-fixing) symbioses with their host legumes under salt, heat, and acid stresses, and can sometimes do so under the effect of heavy metals. Reclamation and improvement of the fertility of arid lands by application of organic (manure and sewage sludge) and inorganic (synthetic) fertilizers are expensive and can be a source of pollution. The Rhizobium-legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is suggested to be the ideal solution to the improvement of soil fertility and the rehabilitation of arid lands and is an important direction for future research.
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Wen, Yue, Zhenhua Wang, Li Guo und Wenhao Li. „Establishing a Physiology-Yield-Quality Evaluation Model for Optimizing Drip Irrigation on Grape Fields in Extremely Arid Regions“. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, Nr. 2 (2021): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14296.
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HighlightsRegulated deficit irrigation and fertilization ratio were used to test grapes in extremely arid areas.Physiology, yield, and quality indexes of drip irrigation grapes were analyzed accordingly in this study.Single and comprehensive evaluation models were used to evaluate the optimal water and fertilizer treatment.Abstract. Water shortage and chemical fertilizer abuse are important factors restricting grape industry development in Xinjiang. In this study, the physiology, yield and quality indexes of drip irrigation grapes were analyzed, and the water-fertilizer system was properly optimized by a model of combination of single evaluation methods and comprehensive evaluation methods. Five irrigation schemes and three fertilizer ratios were combined to form 15 treatments in Xinjiang, China. Results showed that irrigation and fertilization had different effects on physiology, yield, and quality indicators of grapes in different growth periods, and each index cannot reach its maximum value under the same treatment. Four single evaluation methods of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Membership Function Analysis (MFA), Gray Correlation Analysis (GCA), and TOPSIS were used to evaluate grapes of 15 water and fertilizer treatments, but there were 9 treatments with a ranking standard deviation greater than 1.0, which was over 60% of all treatments. Through four comprehensive evaluation methods of Average Value, Borda, Copeland, and Fuzzy Borda, single evaluation results were analyzed, and the standard deviations of 13 treatments ranked 1.0 or below, more than 80% of all treatments, and Average Value comprehensive method had the highest compatibility. Therefore, the combination of Average Value method and four single evaluation methods is an appropriate evaluation model. It was determined that W4F2 was the optimal treatment which was performed regulated deficit irrigation in the berry mature period, the irrigation amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were sequentially controlled to 694 mm, 235.7, 235.7, and 353.6 kg·ha-1, and its ranking was ranked first under the four comprehensive evaluation methods. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the combined evaluation of water and fertilizer use of drip irrigation grapes in extremely arid regions. Keywords: Comprehensive model evaluation, Extremely arid regions, Drip irrigation grapes, Physiology-yield-quality effects, Single method evaluation.
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Rehim, Abdur, Maryam Khan, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Sami Ul-Allah, Muhammad Naeem Khan und Mubshar Hussain. „Integrated use of farm manure and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer improves nitrogen use efficiency, yield and grain quality in wheat“. Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, Nr. 1 (02.03.2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1360.
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Lower nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a major yield limiting factor in semi-arid regions due to poor organic contents of the soils. There is a close relationship between soil organic matter and NUE of fertilizers. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of sole N fertilizer and its combinations with organic amendments (farm manure combinations) on N use efficiency and crop productivity. For this purpose, a two-year field study was conducted to access the influence of integrated use of synthetic N fertilizer (urea) and farm manure on N use efficiency and wheat productivity. Treatments include i.e. Control, 100% N by Urea + 0%N by farm manure (FM), 75% N by Urea + 25 % N by FM, 50% N by Urea + 50% N by FM, 25% N by Urea + 75% N by FM, 0% N by Urea + 100% N by FM arranged in a triplicate randomized complete block design having recommended N rate of 150 kg ha–1. The results revealed that the treatment having 75% Urea and 25% FM followed by 50% Urea and 50% FM showed better results in term of wheat growth and yield. There was 98% increase in N uptake of wheat grains and 200% increase in NUE by the application of 75% urea+25% FM relative to sole application of urea. This study suggests use of 3:1 ratio of urea and FM for maximum NUE and sustainable wheat production.
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Vázquez, Rosa A., Luis Manuel Lozano Cota, Lamberto Castro Arce, Ramona Icedo García, Beatriz E. Arias-T, und Edgar Omar Rueda-Puente. „Propiedades Fisicoquímicas De Suelos Cultivados Con Asparagus Officinalis En La Región Árida Del Noroeste De México“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, Nr. 30 (31.10.2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n30p23.
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In the agriculture of arid zones, the inadequate soil management has generated changes in their quality and sustainability, affecting the structure and physicochemical conditions which reduce crop yields; based on the above, is consider as a vital importance the analyses of soil and plants because they provide information, current and accurate, which can be useful to take decisions in relation to soil fertility and plant nutrition. The inappropriate handling and amount of fertilizers in asparagus in the arid region of the Northwest of Mexico, has caused low yields. The aim of this study consisted to analyze soil in seven of the thirteen sub regions of the agricultural coast of Caborca, Sonora, where the asparagus crop has been planted for more than 10 years. The analyzes performed were: percentage of saturation, pH, electrical conductivity (CE), soil texture Nitrogen (NO3), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and cation exchange capacity. The results showed high levels of Nitrogen and Potassium in almost all the studied sites; on contrary Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium, presented values below of the recommended and Electrical conductivity above 5.5. mmhos/ cm. The integration of this information allows appropriate technical advice, to achieve the balance of nutrients, such as to avoid unnecessary costs in fertilizers that the plant might can not take, in addition to the resulting contamination of soil to leach these products.
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Mekdad, A. A. A., und A. M. A. El-Sherif. „The Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Sweet Sorghum Varieties under Arid Regions Conditions“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5, Nr. 11 (10.11.2016): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.511.092.
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Heydari, Mohammad, Faridah Othman, Meysam Salarijazi, Iman Ahmadianfar und Mohammad Sadeghian. „Predicting the Amount of Fertilizers using Linear Programming for Agricultural Products from Optimum Cropping Pattern“. Journal of Geographical Studies 2, Nr. 1 (15.12.2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.18020103.
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The most crucial problem in resolving the challenges of water operations is usually maintaining the equilibrium between supply and demand for water especially in arid and semi-arid regions like most parts of Iran. In this research, to achieve the optimal cropping pattern, firstly, the study area was classified into six classes and just 2100 hectares of farming area in the top class that had the best agricultural conditions were analyzed. The water assigned to the described land was about 6 MCM [million cubic meters]. Seventeen essential farming product of the area were used for this modeling. In order to maximize the final worth of farming with regard to the quantity of acres of each crop, the optimization model has been applied. The explained model solved by linear programming and also evolutionary algorithms in MS Excel. The results demonstrated full conformity of these two techniques. Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potassium fertilizer have the most consumption for all the products. Also, due to high demand the maximum amount of fertilizer belongs to wheat, barley and rice and the lowest amount of required fertilizer belongs to cotton with the value of 3.8 tons.
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JANZEN, H. H., C. W. LINDWALL und C. J. ROPPEL. „RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF POINT-INJECTION AND SURFACE APPLICATIONS FOR N FERTILIZATION OF WINTER WHEAT“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, Nr. 2 (01.05.1990): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-021.
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Conventional methods of N application for winter wheat often exhibit low fertilizer use efficiency. The comparative effectiveness of a new method, point-injection of N solution, was evaluated in two similar microplot field experiments established in southern Alberta. The first experiment, conducted over three site-year combinations in 1985 and 1986, compared yield response and fertilizer uptake in four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: broadcast urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), broadcast urea, broadcast ammonium nitrate, and point-injected UAN, all applied in solution form. The second experiment, conducted at five sites in 1987, compared four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: surface-banded UAN, broadcast urea (granular), broadcast ammonium nitrate (granular), and point-injected UAN. All fertilizers were labeled with 15N to permit direct estimation of fertilizer uptake. The experiments demonstrated significant increases in fertilizer efficiency with point-injection under some conditions. In five of eight comparisons conducted over a 3-yr period, point-injection treatments exhibited significantly higher fertilizer use efficiency than conventional broadcast methods of application. Average fertilizer-N recovery by the crop at all eight sites was 37% in the point-injection treatments compared with only 26% in the broadcast ammonium nitrate treatment, the next most effective method of N application. When one site was excluded, because of possible confounding effects of application time, average recoveries were 34 and 26%, respectively. The increased efficiency of point-injected fertilizers was attributed to the direct placement of fertilizer N into the active rooting zone of the crop. The advantage of point-injection over conventional methods of application was highly variable, ranging from approximately 0 to over 100%, in part because of variations in precipitation patterns. The results of these microplot studies suggest that point-injection has potential for significant enhancement of fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat, particularly in semi-arid production regions. Key words: 15N, nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer placement
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Shamudzarira, Z., und M. J. Robertson. „SIMULATING RESPONSE OF MAIZE TO NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE“. Experimental Agriculture 38, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702000170.
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Data from a long-term trial on rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application to maize (Zea mays) were used to validate a cropping systems simulation model (APSIM) and then to apply the model to explore the risk associated with N fertilizer use by smallholder farmers and management strategies to minimize that risk. On average, maize growth and development in response to N was simulated with a degree of accuracy that justified its use in analysis of risk associated with N use in these semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. APSIM was then configured to simulate the response to N over a 46-year climate record in order to assess the long-term risks associated with N use. The simulated long-term distribution indicated that negative responses to N could be expected in 15% of years, whereas no negative response to N was recorded in the experiments at the Makoholi Research Centre. Median responses were 20–30 kg maize grain kg−1 N for observed and simulated results. In terms of return on fertilizer investment, the observed and simulated distributions were also similar: in about 20% of years, a negative return could be expected, while in the best 20% of years a return of $Z5000 or more could be expected given the grain:fertilizer price ratio which, at March 2000, was about 1:7. The model analysis has suggested moderate rates (approximately 30 kg N ha−1) of N fertilizer would give greater responses per unit N applied than smaller rates (15 kg N ha−1). There was no evidence that conditional fertilizer strategies based on early-season rainfall would offer significant benefits over fixed application strategies. Early sowing at recommended population densities gave higher responses to N than were achieved for late sown or low-density crops.
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Mak-Mensah, Erastus, Peter Bilson Obour und Qi Wang. „Influence of tied-ridge-furrow with inorganic fertilizer on grain yield across semiarid regions of Asia and Africa: A meta-analysis“. PeerJ 9 (17.08.2021): e11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11904.
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Background In semiarid areas, low productivity of crops has been attributed to lack of appropriate soil moisture conservation practices since droughts and soil erosion are rampant in most areas of this region. Consequently, ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting is widely used in these regions across the globe. Despite ridge-furrow being widely practiced, tied-ridge-furrow has not been extensively adopted by small-scale farmers in semi-arid regions. Consequently, the effectiveness of tied-ridge-furrow as a viable method of increasing crop yield has received less attention. Methodology For large-scale implementation, a detailed assessment of how ridge furrow, tied–ridge-furrow with fertilizer, tied-ridge-furrow with mulching and tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer influence crop yield in different agro-environments under varying climatic conditions is needed. This study used the PRISMA guidelines to determine the impact of tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting technique with mulching or fertilizer on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grain yields. Results Sorghum grain yield increased by 17% greater in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer in comparison to flat planting. This may be due to increase in soil organic carbon in the region (9 g kg−1). Grain yield of millet significantly increased by 20–40% in Africa from 18 study observations in tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer application as compared to tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatments. This might be due to the significant increase in total nitrogen by 13–42% in the soil at <50 mg kg−1 quantity which had an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67]. In terms of soil texture, grain yield of millet and sorghum significantly increased in heavy textured soils (clay loam, silt clay, and clay soils) with an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67] compared to light and medium-textured soils of zero effect sizes. Millet and sorghum grain yields in tied-ridge-furrow with mulching, on the other hand, were not significantly different from those in flat planting. This may be due to the mulching materials used in those tests. Conclusion In view of yields of sorghum and millet increased significantly by 32% and 17% in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment compared to flat planting and tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer treatment compared with tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment, respectively, this study recommend the use of fertilizers in a tied-ridge-furrow system to increase grain yield in semiarid areas compared to flat planting. Again, the study recommends more research on tied-ridge-furrow systems with other organic mulches and fertilizers in semiarid areas.
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Medeiros, Aldair de Souza, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, Manoel Moisés Ferreira de Queiroz, Mariana de Oliveira Pereira, Thiago Cândido dos Santos, Giordano Bruno Medeiros Gonzaga, Renato Américo de Araújo Neto et al. „Morphophysiology of Eggplant Irrigated With Wastewater and Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doses in the Semi-arid Region of Brazil“. Journal of Agricultural Science 11, Nr. 5 (15.04.2019): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n5p470.
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Water is a scarce resource in semi-arid regions, therefore, the correct water management is an essential practice. In this research we evaluated the use of nitrogen, phosphorus and treated wastewater on the growth and morphophysiology of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) in the semi-arid region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil, using a randomized block design, in a 4 × 4 + 1 factorial scheme: wastewater with four nitrogen doses (N1 = 0.22; N2 = 0.39; N3 = 0.56; and N4 = 0.73 g N dm-3) and four doses of phosphorus (P1 = 0.96; P2 = 1.68; P3 = 2.40; and P4 = 3.12 g P dm-3), and the controls – distilled water fertilized with 0.56 g of N dm-3 and distilled water fertilized with 2.40 g of P dm-3. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The nitrogen and phosphorous interaction did not influence the growth and physiological aspects of eggplant plants. Excess growing media nitrogen significantly decreased gaseous exchanges of eggplant plants, being found decreased of 4.4 μmol m-2 s-1 the CO2 assimilation.
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Liu, Zhiping, Huaiping Zhou, Wenyan Xie, Zhenxing Yang und Qianqian Lv. „Long-term effects of maize straw return and manure on the microbial community in cinnamon soil in Northern China using 16S rRNA sequencing“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 4 (22.04.2021): e0249884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249884.
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Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in agricultural practices have demonstrated a significant impact on microbial diversity and community in soil by altering soil physical and chemical properties, thereby leading to a certain degree of soil salinization and nutritional imbalances. As an organic amendment, maize straw has been widely used to improve soil quality; however, its effect on the soil bacterial community remains limited in Calcarie-Fluvie Cambisols soil in semi-humid arid plateau of North China. In the present experiment, we investigated the effects of continuous straw utilization and fertilization on bacterial communities in Shouyang, Shanxi province, China. Soil samples were collected from 5 different straw utilization and fertilization modes in the following ways: straw mulching (SM), straw crushing (SC), cattle manure (CM), in which way straw is firstly used as silage and then organic fertilizer, control with no straw return (NSR), and control without fertilizers (CK), same amount of N+P fertilizer was applied to the regimes except CK. High-throughput sequencing approaches were applied to the V3-V4 regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA for analysis of the bacterial abundance and community structures. Different long-term straw returning regimes significantly altered the physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of soil, among which CM had the most significant effects on soil fertility and bacterial diversity. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes were consistently dominant in all soil samples, and Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed significant association of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and available potassium (AK) with alternation of the bacterial community. Cattle manure had the most beneficial effects on soil fertility and bacterial diversity among different straw utilization and fertilization modes.
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Anatolyevna Pronko, Nina, Viktor Vladislavovich Korsak, Lubov Gennadievna Romanova, Aleksey Vladimirovich Kravchuk und Vladimir Viktorovich Afonin. „The Effect of Prolonged Irrigation on the Dry Steppe Soils’ Fertility in the Volga Region“. International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, Nr. 4.38 (03.12.2018): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.27764.
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The article deals with the negative effect of the prolonged irrigation on the contents and quality of humus, and plant nutrients’ stock in the soil. The research was aimed at studying the nature and regularities of the transformation of organic matter (humus) and nutrients in the dark chestnut soil of dry steppe zone in the Volga region in the process of irrigation over half a century long. Field and laboratory experiments, as well as theoretical methods, such as mathematical statistics were used for studying the soil agrochemical properties. The research has shown that humus mineralization in irrigated soils is more pronounced, compared to nonirrigated soils, dehumification increases with increasing the period of irrigation and intensification of agriculture; the content and stock of humus decreases with irrigation, and is accompanied by the negative changes in its qualitative composition. The article describes the reasons for dehumification and negative changes in the qualitative composition of humus in the dark chestnut soils: deficient nitrogen balance due to insufficient use of nitrogen fertilizers, which resulted in the destruction of the organic matter in the soil, increased share of tilled crops in the crop structure, absence of nitrogen-fixing ability in alfalfa due to significant soil compaction, and insufficient introduction of organic fertilizers. The found peculiarities of dehumification and reduction of nutrients availability in the soil, which are the most dangerous degradation processes in the soils of the region that reduce the efficiency of irrigated agriculture, are required for developing substantiated solutions for preventing dehumification, restoring the fertility of irrigated soils, and reducing deficiency of foodstuffs in arid regions.
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Hidayat, Muhammad Rizqillah. „Aplikasi Dosis Pupuk NPK Majemuk terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Semangka pada Lahan Rawa Lebak“. RAWA SAINS : JURNAL SAINS STIPER AMUNTAI 3, Nr. 2 (15.12.2013): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36589/rs.v3i2.29.
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Watermelon come from arid tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Watermelon is an annual plant that grows and requires full sun. Lebak swamp soil is known to have the properties and properties of acid sulphate soils that affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Fertilizers are the key to soil fertility. Compound fertilizer is a fertilizer that contains several nutrients, for example nutrients (nitrogen), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). This study aims (i) to obtain influence and (ii) the best dosage of various applications of NPK Compound fertilizer dosage on the growth and yield of watermelon plants on lebak wetland. The study was conducted in Teluk Buluh Village, Banjang District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency in July - September 2013, this study used a single randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications so that there were 25 experimental units. The factors tested were various doses of Compound NPK fertilizer, namely m1: 0.333 t.ha-1 (200 g / bed), m2: 0.666 t.ha-1 (400 g / bed), m3: 0.999 t.ha-1 ( 600 g / bed), m4: 1,332 t.ha-1 (800 g / bed) and m5: 1,665 t.ha-1 (1000 g / bed). The results of this study indicate that the dosage of Compound NPK fertilizer given to watermelon plants in swampland area had a significant effect on plant length and number of leaves aged 25 HST and 30 HST and had a very significant effect on the fruit weight and number of watermelon plants with the best treatment is m3: 0.999 t.ha-1 (600 g / bed).
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Xu, Li, Hongru Du und Xiaolei Zhang. „Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Soil Salinity and Moisture and Its Influence on Agricultural Irrigation in the Ili River Valley, China“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 24 (13.12.2019): 7142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247142.
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Soil salinization is a global problem, which threatens agricultural productivity and sustainability, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Soil salinity and moisture are important factors affecting agricultural production in arid regions. However, few studies have considered the influence of topographic factors on the spatial distribution patterns of soil salinity and moisture. This research aims to explore the spatial distribution characteristics and its influencing factors of soil salinity and moisture in the oasis farmland of arid areas. In this paper, GIS and geostatistics methods were applied to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and variability of soil salinity and moisture, and then the corresponding proxy variables were used to quantitatively study the influence factors by using the geographical detector model. The results showed the coefficients of the variation of soil salinity and moisture to be 71.25% and 31.89%, respectively. There was moderate spatial autocorrelation of soil salinity and moisture. Soil salinity in the southwest was higher than in the northeast, and soil moisture in the northwest and southeast were lower than in the center and the northeast edge. The main influencing factors were available phosphorus, roughness of terrain, alkaline nitrogen, available potassium, and elevation. Combined action of topographic factors and soil nutrients has a major influence on the spatial distribution of soil salinity and moisture. Therefore, developing a suitable fertilizer regime under different topographic conditions could be an effective way to promote the sustainability of oasis agriculture in arid areas.
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Jain, Devendra, Gunnjeet Kaur, Ali Asger Bhojiya, Surya Chauhan, S. K. Khandelwal, R. H. Meena, Deepak Rajpurohit und Santosh Ranjan Mohanty. „Phenetic Characterization of Nitrogen Fixing Azotobacter from Rhizospheric Soil of Southern Rajasthan“. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 15, Nr. 1 (27.02.2021): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.15.1.40.
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The present research was conducted to characterize the indigenous plant growth promoting (PGP) Azotobacter strains isolated from plant root interface of semi-arid regions of Rajasthan (India) and to study their potential to be used as bio-fertilizers. A total of 172 Azotobacter strains were isolated, purified and based on the morphological test i.e. gram staining, pigmentation, cyst formation, fluorescence etc, broadly classified as Azotobacter. Further the secluded strains were examined for biochemical analysis and plant growth promoting characters. All the isolates showed different biochemical characteristics and significant PGP traits. IAA activity of the Azotobacter strains ranges from 54.5-6000 µg/mL. Ammonia, HCN and siderophore was produced by 92.4%, 78.4% and 80.23% of the total isolates respectively. Solubilization of phosphate was observed in 97.6% of the total isolates. These strains were also characterized for qualitative and quantitative N2 fixation abilities and the result indicated that 114 strains showed positive results on nitrogen free malate agar medium (NFMM) containing bromothymol blue (BTB) and able to produce 18.93-475.6 N-moles C2H4 mg protein−1 h−1 of acetylene reduced by Azotobacter strains. In vitro pot studies revealed that the selected native Azotobacter strains having high ARA results significantly increase the plant growth characters. Shoot length, root length, root number and chlorophyll content and leaf number increases by 45.62%, 17.60%, 97.49%, 49.69% and 27.83% respectively in pot inoculated with AZO23-3 as compared to control. These effective strains can further be utilized for development of effective microbial formulations.
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Ning, Jiao, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, Shanning Lou, Xianjiang Chen, Shenghua Chang, Cheng Zhang und Wanhe Zhu. „Optimizing alfalfa productivity and persistence versus greenhouse gases fluxes in a continental arid region“. PeerJ 8 (10.03.2020): e8738. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8738.
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Alfalfa in China is mostly planted in the semi-arid or arid Northwest inland regions due to its ability to take up water from deep in the soil and to fix atmospheric N2 which reduces N fertilizer application. However, perennial alfalfa may deplete soil water due to uptake and thus aggravate soil desiccation. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the alfalfa forage yield, soil property (soil temperature (ST), soil water content (SWC), soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil total nitrogen (STN)) and greenhouse gas (GHG: methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2)) emissions affected by alfalfa stand age and growing season, (2) to investigate the effects of soil property on GHG emissions, and (3) to optimize the alfalfa stand age by integrating the two standard criteria, the forage yield and water use efficiency, and the total GHG efflux (CO2-eq). This study was performed in alfalfa fields of different ages (2, 3, 5 and 7 year old) during the growing season (from April to October) in a typical salinized meadow with temperate continental arid climate in the Northwest inland regions, China. Despite its higher total GHG efflux (CO2-eq), the greater forage yield and water use efficiency with lower GEIhay and high CH4 uptake in the 5-year alfalfa stand suggested an optimal alfalfa stand age of 5 years. Results show that ST, SOC and RBM alone had positive effects (except RBM had no significant effect on CH4 effluxes), but SWC and STN alone had negative effects on GHG fluxes. Furthermore, results demonstrate that in arid regions SWC superseded ST, SOC, STN and RBM as a key factor regulating GHG fluxes, and soil water stress may have led to a net uptake of CH4 by soils and a reduction of N2O and CO2 effluxes from alfalfa fields. Our study has provided insights into the determination of alfalfa stand age and the understanding of mechanisms regulating GHG fluxes in alfalfa fields in the continental arid regions. This knowledge is essential to decide the alfalfa retention time by considering the hay yield, water use efficiency as well as GHG emission.
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Lima, Franciezer Vicente, Vander Mendonça, Anderson Araújo Alves, Eduardo Castro Pereira, Gustavo Alves Pereira und Wagner César de Farias. „Chemical characteristics of soil cultivated with vine and submitted to nitrogen and organic fertilization at the semiarid of the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil“. Comunicata Scientiae 10, Nr. 1 (17.04.2019): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.3025.
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A probable reason for the scarce levels of N in the soils of the semi-arid regions would be the low levels of organic matter in these soils. In this way, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and organic fertilization and their interaction on chemical properties of soils cultivated with ‘Isabel Precoce’ vines in the semiarid oh the Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-arid Region, in Mossoró, RN. The soil in the area is classified as a Distrofic Red Argisol with sandy texture. The research was carried out in two cycles of grape production. The experiment was accomplish in a randomized blocks design, with six repetitions, in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, corresponding to 5 doses of nitrogen fertilization (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1), in the absence and presence of organic fertilization 0 and 20 m3 ha-1, bovine manure). Samples of the 0-20 cm layer were collected for the evaluation of macro and micronutrient contents, pH, electric condutivity, organic matter and sum of bases. The N and organic fertilization doses influenced the chemical atributes evaluated. The interaction between nitrogen and organic fertilizer resulted in an increase in nutrient, organic matter and sum of bases content. N doses were responsible for reducing pH levels, resulting in higher amounts of nutrients availability.
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Liu, Y., F. Tao, Y. Luo und J. Ma. „Case study of developing an integrated water and nitrogen scheme for agricultural systems on the North China Plain“. International Agrophysics 27, Nr. 4 (01.12.2013): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2013-0013.
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Abstract Appropriate irrigation and nitrogen fertilization, along with suitable crop management strategies, are essential prerequisites for optimum yields in agricultural systems. This research attempts to provide a scientific basis for sustainable agricultural production management for the North China Plain and other semi-arid regions. Based on a series of 72 treatments over 2003-2008, an optimized water and nitrogen scheme for winter wheat/summer maize cropping system was developed. Integrated systems incorporating 120 mm of water with 80 kg N ha-1 N fertilizer were used to simulate winter wheat yields in Hebei and 120 mm of water with 120 kg N ha-1 were used to simulate winter wheat yields in Shandong and Henan provinces in 2000-2007. Similarly, integrated treatments of 40 kg N ha-1 N fertilizer were used to simulate summer maize yields in Hebei, and 80 kg N ha-1 was used to simulate summer maize yields in Shandong and Henan provinces in 2000-2007. Under the optimized scheme, 341.74 107 mm ha-1 of water and 575.79 104 Mg of urea fertilizer could be saved per year under the wheat/maize rotation system. Despite slight drops in the yields of wheat and maize in some areas, water and fertilizer saving has tremendous long-term eco-environmental benefits.
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Sun, Yingying, Ningning Zhang, Jiakun Yan und Suiqi Zhang. „Effects of Soft Rock and Biochar Applications on Millet (Setaria italica L.) Crop Performance in Sandy Soil“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 5 (18.05.2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050669.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, desertification threatens crop production because it reduces the soil’s capacity to retain water and soil nutrients. At two fertilizer levels (90 kg N hm−2 and 45 kg P hm−2 and 270 kg N hm−2 and 135 kg P hm−2), the effects of soft rock (sand: soft rocks = 3:1) and biochar (4500 kg hm−2) applications on soil moisture, soil nutrients, and millet (Setaria italica L.) photosynthesis, yield, and its agronomic traits (biomass, thousand kernel weight, harvest index) were investigated in a field experiment in the Mu Us Sandy Land of China in 2018–2019. The addition of biochar and soft rock singly increased soil water content, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP), and organic matter content significantly, suggesting that their application may increase the nutrient and water holding capacity of soil. Application of biochar and soft rock singly increased the net photosynthesis rate of millet flag leaf, at the flowering stage, from 15.97% to 56.26%. Biochar and soft rock application increased the yield range (2109.0 kg hm−2 to 5024.7 kg hm−2) from 5.26% to 54.60% under the same fertilizer level. Correlation analyses showed grain yield was significantly correlated with photosynthesis rate at the flowering stage, which was significantly correlated with soil AN at flowering, soil TP at flowering and harvest, and soil TN at flowering. These results indicated that the application of biochar and soft rock singly could increase soil fertilizer holding capacity to improve the photosynthesis rate at flowering, and, therefore, lead to improvements in crop yield.
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Dos Santos, João Batista, Hans Raj Gheyi, Geovani Soares De Lima, Diego Azevedo Xavier, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante und Cruz Ramón Marenco Centeno. „Morfofisiologia e produção do algodoeiro herbáceo irrigado com águas salinas eadubado com nitrogênio“. Comunicata Scientiae 7, Nr. 1 (10.05.2016): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v7i1.1158.
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The high salt concentrations found in irrigation formation of water in semi-arid regions lead to changes on crops growth and development and can lead to halomorphicsoils formation. In this context, it was proposed to evaluate the morphophysiology and production of colored herbaceous cotton BRS Topaz fertilized with nitrogen under a saline-sodic soil and submitted to the irrigation with water of different salinities. The experiment was conducted in an eutrophic sandy quartzarênico Neossol in the municipality of Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil, adopting a completely randomized design in 5x5 factorial with three repetitions, with five salinity levels of the the irrigation water (0 7; 2.7; 4.7; 6.7 and 8.7 dS m-1 at 25°C) and five levels of nitrogen (40; 60; 80; 100 and 120 mg of N kg-1). Regarding cotton growth, no effect was observed for the interaction between salinity and soil nitrogen doses. The absolute growth rate for height, stem diameter and leaf area decreased with an increase in the irrigation water electrical conductivity, being leaf area the most affected variable.The number of bolls and the cotton seed production per plant decreased with the salinity increase and increased with in increase of nitrogen fertilization.
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Piha, M. I. „Optimizing Fertilizer Use and Practical Rainfall Capture in a Semi-Arid Environment with Variable Rainfall“. Experimental Agriculture 29, Nr. 4 (Oktober 1993): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021128.
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SummaryFertilizer use in the semi-arid tropics is considered risky because of the unreliable rainfall pattern. A flexible system of fertilization was devised which allowed for high yields in wet years, and reduced financial losses in dry years. Relatively immobile nutrients, such as phosphorus, potassium and sulphur, were applied at rates determined from generalized soil properties and the total nutrient uptake required for a crop to achieve its maximum yield potential in a season with average rainfall. Nitrogen was applied as a series of split applications, which were adjusted during the season according to the degree of water stress observed. This approach was tested in on-farm trials for maize production on nutrient-poor sandy soils in three regions of Zimbabwe, and resulted in larger yields and profits than current recommendations, providing an accept able level of financial return. Small further yield increases were possible, at acceptable returns, when these fertilizer practices were combined with the establishment of tied-ridges by ox-drawn implements, 30 days after planting. By careful estimation of yield potential, and appropriate adjustments to soil fertility, this system of soil management could be applied to other cropping situations and other areas with variable rainfall.Uso de fertilizantes para condiciones de precitación variable
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Rekaby, Saudi A., Mahrous Awad, Ali Majrashi, Esmat F. Ali und Mamdouh A. Eissa. „Corn Cob-Derived Biochar Improves the Growth of Saline-Irrigated Quinoa in Different Orders of Egyptian Soils“. Horticulturae 7, Nr. 8 (03.08.2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080221.
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Biochar is one of the important recycling methods in sustainable development, as it ensures the transformation of agricultural wastes into fertilizers and conditioners that improve soil properties and fertility. In the current study, corn cob-derived biochar (CB) was used to reduce the negative effects of saline water on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa cv. Utosaya Q37) grown on Aridisols and Entisols, which are the major soil groups of Egyptian soils. Quinoa plants were cultivated in pot experiment and were irrigated with saline water (EC = 10 dS m−1). The experiment contained three treatments, including control without any treatment, biochar at a rate of 1% (w/w) (BC1), and biochar at a rate of 3% (w/w) (BC3). The findings of the current study showed that BC treatments realized significant effects on soil salinity, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and plant availability and nutrients’ uptake in the two soils types. BC3 increased the SOM in Entisols and Aridisols by 23 and 44%; moreover, the dry biomass of quinoa plants was ameliorated by 81 and 41%, respectively, compared with the control. Addition of biochar to soil increased the nutrients’ use efficiencies by quinoa plants for the two studied Egyptian soils. Biochar addition caused significant increases in the use efficiency of nitrogen (NUF), phosphorus (PUE), and potassium (KUE) by quinoa plants. BC3 increased NUE, PUE, and KUS by 81, 81, and 80% for Entisols, while these increases were 40, 41, and 42% in the case of Aridisols. Based on the obtained results, the application of corn cob biochar improves the soil quality and alleviates the negative effects of saline irrigation on quinoa plants grown on Aridisols and Entisols Egyptian soils. Biochar can be used as a soil amendment in arid and semi-arid regions to reduce the salinity hazards.
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Su, Wennan, Shakeel Ahmad, Irshad Ahmad und Qingfang Han. „Nitrogen fertilization affects maize grain yield through regulating nitrogen uptake, radiation and water use efficiency, photosynthesis and root distribution“. PeerJ 8 (16.11.2020): e10291. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10291.
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High external nitrogen (N) inputs can maximize maize yield but can cause a subsequent reduction in N use efficiency (NUE). Thus, it is necessary to identify the minimum effective N fertilizer input that does not affect maize grain yield (GY) and to investigate the photosynthetic and root system consequences of this optimal dose. We conducted a 4-year field experiment from 2014 to 2017 with four N application rates: 300 (N300), 225 (N225), 150 (N150), and 0 Kg ha−1 (N0) in the Northwest of China. GY was assessed by measuring the photosynthetic capacity and root system (root volume, surface area, length density and distribution). Grain yield decreased by −3%, 7.7%, and 21.9% when the N application rates decreased by 25%, 50%, and 100% from 300 Kg ha−1. We found that yield reduction driven by N reduction was primarily due to decreased radiation use efficiency (RUE) and WUE instead of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation and evapotranspiration. In the N225 treatment, GY, WUE, and RUE were not significantly reduced, or in some cases, were greater than those of the N300 treatment. This pattern was also observed with relevant photosynthetic and root attributes (i.e., high net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and root weight, as well as deep root distribution). Our results suggest that application of N at 225 Kg ha−1 can increased yield by improving the RUE, WUE, and NUE in semi-arid regions.
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Prikhodko, Igor, Artyom Verbitsky, Stanislav Vladimirov und Tatyana Safronova. „Microflora microbiological characteristics of saline soils“. E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 09010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017509010.
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The purpose of current work was isolation of halophilic bacteria from saline lands in some regions of the Krasnodar Territory, after mycological analysis, there followed the study and characterization of microorganisms with further creation on effective biocomplex basis, contributing to restoration of arid and saline irrigated areas. Soil samples were taken from saline lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the salt composition of which was studied in the work process. There were determined total titer of microorganisms and the titer of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on the Corresponding selective media in the samples. Twenty-five pure bacterial cultures were isolated from the samples and its morphophysiological and biochemical properties, as well as its nitrogenfixing activity, were studied. As a result, seven cultures with relatively high nitrogen-fixing activity were selected, as well as resistance to various environmental factors, particularly, to high concentrations of NaCl, рН alkaline values and to sharp temperature drops. After appropriate phylogenetic analysis, selected crops may become a potential target for creating a complex biological fertilizer, contributing to the restoration of dry and saline lands and increase their fertility.
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Shen, Hongzheng, Fangping Xu, Rongheng Zhao, Xuguang Xing und Xiaoyi Ma. „Optimization of Sowing Date, Irrigation, and Nitrogen Management of Summer Maize Using the DSSAT-CERES-Maize Model in the Guanzhong Plain, China“. Transactions of the ASABE 63, Nr. 4 (2020): 789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13654.
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HighlightsGood applicability of DSSAT was validated in simulating summer maize yield in the Guanzhong Plain, China.Optimal sowing dates of summer maize were obtained for different climatic years.The optimal irrigation and nitrogen management strategy conserved water and nitrogen. Abstract. Agricultural system models play an important role in simulating crop growth processes and water and fertilizer regulation in arid regions. To solve the current problems of optimizing the sowing date in different climatic years and the fertilizer application in low-precipitation conditions in the Guanzhong Plain, China, this study used two years (2016-2017) of experimental summer maize field data to calibrate and validate Decision Support System for Agro-technology Transfer (DSSAT) model parameters. The validated DSSAT model was then used to simulate and optimize sowing dates, irrigation, and fertilization of summer maize crops in the Guanzhong Plain. The relative root-mean-square error (nRMSE) between the measured and simulated values of summer maize crop yield was 8.57%, proving that the established DSSAT model and crop parameters were highly reliable. The nRMSE values for soil water content and nitrate-nitrogen were 7.86% and 8.72%, respectively, which indicated better simulation results. The optimal sowing date for summer maize in the Guanzhong Plain were mid- to late June, mid-June, and early to mid-June in wet, general, and dry years, respectively. The irrigation and nitrogen strategies for summer maize in the climatic years were as follows: 60 mm and 180 kg ha-1 in wet years, 60 mm and 180 kg ha-1 in general years, and 150 mm and 150 kg ha-1 in dry years. This study provides a scientific decision-making method for the production of summer maize to conserve water and fertilizer. Keywords: . Climatic year, DSSAT, Guanzhong Plain, Sowing date, Summer maize.
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Ahmad, Maqshoof, Xiukang Wang, Thomas H. Hilger, Muhammad Luqman, Farheen Nazli, Azhar Hussain, Zahir Ahmad Zahir et al. „Evaluating Biochar-Microbe Synergies for Improved Growth, Yield of Maize, and Post-Harvest Soil Characteristics in a Semi-Arid Climate“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 7 (21.07.2020): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071055.
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Arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by high temperature and low rainfall, leading to degraded agricultural soils of alkaline calcareous nature with low organic matter contents. Less availability of indigenous nutrients and efficacy of applied fertilizers are the major issues of crop production in these soils. Biochar application, in combination with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria with the ability to solubilize nutrients, can be an effective strategy for improving soil health and nutrient availability to crops under these conditions. Experiments were planned to evaluate the impact of biochar obtained from different sources in combination with acid-producing, nutrient-solubilizing Bacillus sp. ZM20 on soil biological properties and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) crops under natural conditions. Various biochar treatments, viz. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw biochar, Egyptian acacia (Vachellia nilotica L.) biochar, and farm-yard manure biochar with and without Bacillus sp. ZM20, were used along with control. Soil used for pot and field trials was sandy loam in texture with poor water holding capacity and deficient in nutrients. Results of the pot trial showed that fresh and dry biomass, 1000 grain weight, and grain yield was significantly improved by application of biochar of different sources with and without Bacillus sp. ZM20. Application of biochar along with Bacillus sp. ZM20 also improved soil biological properties, i.e., soil organic matter, microbial biomass carbon, ammonium, and nitrate nitrogen. It was also observed that a combined application of biochar with Bacillus sp. ZM20 was more effective than a separate application of biochar. The results of wheat straw biochar along with Bacillus sp. ZM20 were better as compared to farm-yard manure biochar and Egyptian acacia biochar. Maximum increase (25.77%) in grain yield was observed in the treatment where wheat straw biochar (0.2%) was applied in combination with Bacillus sp. ZM20. In conclusion, combined application of wheat straw biochar (0.2%) inoculated with Bacillus sp. ZM20 was the most effective treatment in improving the biological soil properties, plant growth, yield, and quality of maize crop as compared to all other treatments.
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Murguia-Flores, Fabiola, Sandra Arndt, Anita L. Ganesan, Guillermo Murray-Tortarolo und Edward R. C. Hornibrook. „Soil Methanotrophy Model (MeMo v1.0): a process-based model to quantify global uptake of atmospheric methane by soil“. Geoscientific Model Development 11, Nr. 6 (04.06.2018): 2009–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2009-2018.
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Abstract. Soil bacteria known as methanotrophs are the sole biological sink for atmospheric methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas that is responsible for ∼ 20 % of the human-driven increase in radiative forcing since pre-industrial times. Soil methanotrophy is controlled by a plethora of factors, including temperature, soil texture, moisture and nitrogen content, resulting in spatially and temporally heterogeneous rates of soil methanotrophy. As a consequence, the exact magnitude of the global soil sink, as well as its temporal and spatial variability, remains poorly constrained. We developed a process-based model (Methanotrophy Model; MeMo v1.0) to simulate and quantify the uptake of atmospheric CH4 by soils at the global scale. MeMo builds on previous models by Ridgwell et al. (1999) and Curry (2007) by introducing several advances, including (1) a general analytical solution of the one-dimensional diffusion–reaction equation in porous media, (2) a refined representation of nitrogen inhibition on soil methanotrophy, (3) updated factors governing the influence of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation rates and (4) the ability to evaluate the impact of autochthonous soil CH4 sources on uptake of atmospheric CH4. We show that the improved structural and parametric representation of key drivers of soil methanotrophy in MeMo results in a better fit to observational data. A global simulation of soil methanotrophy for the period 1990–2009 using MeMo yielded an average annual sink of 33.5 ± 0.6 Tg CH4 yr−1. Warm and semi-arid regions (tropical deciduous forest and open shrubland) had the highest CH4 uptake rates of 602 and 518 mg CH4 m−2 yr−1, respectively. In these regions, favourable annual soil moisture content (∼ 20 % saturation) and low seasonal temperature variations (variations < ∼ 6 ∘C) provided optimal conditions for soil methanotrophy and soil–atmosphere gas exchange. In contrast to previous model analyses, but in agreement with recent observational data, MeMo predicted low fluxes in wet tropical regions because of refinements in formulation of the influence of excess soil moisture on methanotrophy. Tundra and mixed forest had the lowest simulated CH4 uptake rates of 176 and 182 mg CH4 m−2 yr−1, respectively, due to their marked seasonality driven by temperature. Global soil uptake of atmospheric CH4 was decreased by 4 % by the effect of nitrogen inputs to the system; however, the direct addition of fertilizers attenuated the flux by 72 % in regions with high agricultural intensity (i.e. China, India and Europe) and by 4–10 % in agriculture areas receiving low rates of N input (e.g. South America). Globally, nitrogen inputs reduced soil uptake of atmospheric CH4 by 1.38 Tg yr−1, which is 2–5 times smaller than reported previously. In addition to improved characterization of the contemporary soil sink for atmospheric CH4, MeMo provides an opportunity to quantify more accurately the relative importance of soil methanotrophy in the global CH4 cycle in the past and its capacity to contribute to reduction of atmospheric CH4 levels under future global change scenarios.
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Allende-Montalbán, Raúl, Diana Martín-Lammerding, María del Mar Delgado, Miguel A. Porcel und José L. Gabriel. „Urease Inhibitors Effects on the Nitrogen Use Efficiency in a Maize–Wheat Rotation with or without Water Deficit“. Agriculture 11, Nr. 7 (20.07.2021): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070684.
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The use of urease inhibitors in irrigated systems decreases both soil ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) availability, and, thus, could be an easy tool to reduce N loss due to ammonia volatilization and NO3− leaching. The main goal of this experiment was to assess the effect of urease inhibitors on N use efficiency, N losses, and their economic impact in a maize-wheat field experiment. In this study, 10 treatments were compared, combining the urea fertilizer with or without urease inhibitor, applied in one or two dressings, and under optimal or sub-optimal irrigation. A single application of urease inhibitor (IN1d), coupled with the conventional urea, helped to reduce the nitrate leaching risk both during the maize period (even when compared to the two dressing treatment) and after harvest. In addition, this improvement was achieved together with an increase in economic benefit, even when compared with the application of the same amount of regular urea split into two dressings. Under low water availability systems, the benefits of applying urease inhibitors increased with respect to the application of regular urea, making this technique a very promising strategy for adaptation to climate change in arid and semiarid regions.
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Bezerra, Marlene Alexandrina Ferreira, Walter Esfrain Pereira, Francisco Thiago Coelho Bezerra, Lourival Ferreira Cavalcante und Sherly Aparecida da Silva Medeiros. „Nitrogen as a mitigator of salt stress in yellow passion fruit seedlingss“. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, Nr. 2 (15.04.2019): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p611.
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The poor chemical quality of water, especially in arid and semiarid regions, almost always precludes the practice of irrigated agriculture, thus demanding the adoption of techniques that mitigate the deleterious effects of excess salt on soil and plants. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization in mitigating the negative effects of excess salt in irrigation water on the growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings grown in a greenhouse in plastic tubes containing 0.65 dm3 of substrate. The treatments were organized in randomized blocks, in accordance with a 5 × 3 factorial scheme – five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.3, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 dS m?1) combined with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (no nitrogen fertilization and 150 mg dm?3 of N derived from either ammonium sulfate or urea). Evaluations were performed 80 days after sowing and consisted of measuring the seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf concentration of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, and Dickson quality index. An increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water hindered the production of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Nitrogen fertilization, with urea or ammonium sulfate, mitigated the effects of irrigation water salinity and favored the growth and quality of yellow passion fruit seedlings. Yellow passion fruit seedlings with a minimum quality standard (DQI) can be produced with irrigation water with salinity of 1.8 dS m?1, which means they can be considered as moderately sensitive. The higher quality provided by nitrogen to the yellow passion fruit seedlings made them more tolerant to salinity, allowing the use of water with salinity of 2.1 and 2.5 dS m?1 under fertilization with ammonium sulfate and urea, respectively.
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Nkoi, Vuyelwa, Maryna de Wit, Herman Fouche, Gesine Coetzer und Arno Hugo. „The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield, Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Opuntia ficus-indica Seed Oil“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 18 (09.09.2021): 10123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810123.
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Cactus pears are nutritious, drought-tolerant plants that flourish in hot and arid regions. All its plant parts can be consumed by humans and animals. Fruit seed oil production is an important emerging industry in South Africa. As part of an initiative to promote cactus pears as multi-functional crops, dual-purpose cultivars should be identified, and their production increased. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on the seed oil yield and quality of Opuntia ficus-indica. The project encompassed a trial using N fertilization from three N sources (limestone ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, urea) and four N application levels (0, 60, 120, 240 kg ha−1). Oil was quantitatively extracted from the seed using the Folch method; fatty acids were quantified using a Varian 430-GC. Seed oil content significantly increased (p = 0.035) with increased N fertilization rates; the oil yield ranged between 7.96 and 9.54%. The composition of the main fatty acids (oleic, palmitic, cis-vaccenic and stearic acid) was significantly influenced; oleic and stearic acid were significantly increased by higher fertilization levels whereas a reducing trend was observed in palmitic and cis-vaccenic acid levels. The highest content fatty acid, linoleic acid, was not significantly influenced.
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Wang, Yahui, Sien Li, Hao Liang, Kelin Hu, Shujing Qin und Hui Guo. „Comparison of Water- and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency over Drip Irrigation with Border Irrigation Based on a Model Approach“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 12 (29.11.2020): 1890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121890.
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Drip irrigation under film mulching is widely promoted to replace traditional border irrigation in order to meet water saving demand in arid and semiarid regions. Our study aims to investigate quantitatively the change in crop yield, water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) under film mulching drip irrigation. We conducted a 4-year contrastive experiment containing two treatments on flux measurement: (1) border irrigation (BI) under film mulching; (2) drip irrigation (DI) under film mulching. Soil water and nitrate transport and utilization in the Soil–Plants–Atmosphere Continuum system, and crop dry matter were all simulated based on an integrated model of a soil-crop system: water, heat, carbon and nitrogen simulator (WHCNS). Results showed soil water content (SWC), soil NO3−-N content, evapotranspiration (ET), and crop dry matter (Wtotal) produced by the model were in agreement with those measured. Our study showed the irrigation and nitrogen input and output were significantly changed after BI was replaced by DI. Compared with BI treatment, DI treatment decreased ET consumption by 9% annually over four years, while it increased WUE and NUE on the farmland on average by about 28% and 39% yearly. The increase of WUE and NUE were mainly due to a significant decrease of about 56% and 68% in water and nitrogen leakage loss in DI treatment, respectively, during 2014–2017. Our study confirmed the economic and environmental benefits of the DI technology and showed its improvement prospect in the research field. Meanwhile, the results contributed to the improvement and more effective application of DI in a larger region, and provided a data basis for further study on water and fertilizer saving characteristics of DI technology.
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Ojha, Roshan Babu, Sujata Manandhar, Avishesh Neupane, Dinesh Panday und Achyut Tiwari. „Carbon and Nitrogen Sourcing in High Elevation Landscapes of Mustang in Central Nepal“. Sustainability 13, Nr. 11 (30.05.2021): 6171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116171.
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Mustang valley in the central Himalaya of Nepal is a unique landscape formed by massive soil mass during a glacial period, which is attributed to a mix of vegetations and long agricultural history. Soil nutrients and their sourcing is highly important to understand the vegetation assemblage and land productivity in this arid zone. Twenty soil samples (from 0 to 20 cm depth) were collected from three landscape positions in Mustang district: valley, ridge, and midslope. We explored nutrient sourcing using natural abundance carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotope (δ15N) employing isotope ratio mass spectrophotometry. The results showed that the total soil carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) ranged from 0.3 to 10.5% and 0.3 to 0.7%, respectively. Similarly, the CN ratio ranged from 0.75 to 15.6, whereas soil pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.5. Valley soil showed higher values of TN, CN, and soil pH than the ridge and midslope soils. The valleys had more positive δ15N signatures than ridge and midslope, which indicates higher inorganic and organic N fertilizer inputs in the valley bottom than in the midslope and ridge. This suggests that a higher nutrient content in the valley bottom likely results from agro-inputs management and the transport of nutrients from the ridge and midslope. Soil pH and CN ratio were a non-limiting factor of nutrient availability in the study regions. These findings are crucial in understanding the nutrient dynamics and management in relation to vegetation and agricultural farming in this unique topography of the Trans-Himalayan zone of Mustang in central Nepal.
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Kong, Meng, Jing Kang, Cheng-Long Han, Yan-Jie Gu, Kadambot H. M. Siddique und Feng-Min Li. „Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Resorption Responses of Alfalfa to Increasing Soil Water and P Availability in a Semi-Arid Environment“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 2 (22.02.2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020310.
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In semi-arid areas, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is widely grown, but its growth is often restricted due to limited rainfall and soil nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P). Nutrient resorption is an effective strategy for dealing with nutrient shortages. Alleviation of these limited resources using film mulch and P fertilization—which are common practices in semi-arid areas—can affect the internal recycling of such nutrients. Little is known about such effects in alfalfa and the relationship between resorption efficiency and forage yield. We conducted a two-year field experiment in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China using film mulch and P fertilization to investigate the response to long-term increasing soil water and P availability on leaf nitrogen (N), P, and potassium (K) concentrations and nutrient resorption characteristics in alfalfa. In green leaves, mulching significantly increased P concentration by an average of 5.5% but it had no significant effect on N concentration over two years, and it decreased K concentration by 16.1% in 2017. P fertilization significantly increased N concentrations to a greater degree in 2018 (8.1%) than 2017 (1.6%). P fertilization also significantly increased P concentrations by an average of 34.1% over two years. In contrast, P fertilization significantly decreased K concentration in the mulched treatment by an average of 17.3% in 2017 and 21.8% in 2018, but it had no effect in the no-mulch treatment. In senescent leaves, mulching significantly increased N concentration by an average of 3.9% and P concentration by an average of 16.7%, but it had no significant effect on K concentration over two years, while P fertilization significantly decreased N and K concentrations over two years by an average of 7.5%, and 32.8%, respectively. P fertilization significantly increased senesced P concentration by an average of 11.9% in 2017 and 17.5% in 2018; and year × mulching × P fertilization had a significant interaction on senesced leaf P concentration. For resorption efficiency, mulching decreased P resorption efficiency by an average of 3.0%, but it had no impact on N or K resorption efficiency, while P fertilization increased the N, P, and K resorption efficiencies in alfalfa by an average of 6.8%, 6.2%, and 76.4% over two years, respectively. Interactive effects of mulching and P fertilization were found on P and K resorption efficiencies over time. In addition, N and K resorption efficiencies were significantly higher in 2018 than in 2017. The application of P fertilizer without mulching resulted in positive correlations between forage yield and N, P, and K resorption efficiencies, but no correlations were observed under film mulch. That is, mulching changed the relationship between forage yield and N, P, and K resorption efficiencies in alfalfa, suggesting that N, P, and K resorption efficiencies may not be related to high yield. Our results provide new insights into the role of nutrient resorption in alfalfa in response to increasing soil water and P availability and the relationship between resorption efficiency and forage yield, which will help us to improve alfalfa yield in semi-arid regions.
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Devitt, Dale A., Lena Wright, Daniel C. Bowman, Robert L. Morris und Michelle Lockett. „Nitrate-N Concentrations in the Soil Solution Below Reuse Irrigated Golf Course Fairways“. HortScience 43, Nr. 7 (Dezember 2008): 2196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2196.
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Irrigators in arid and semiarid regions that use reuse water must maintain positive leaching fractions (LFs) to minimize salt buildup in root zones. However, with the continuous feed of NO3-N in reuse water, imposing LFs can also lead to greater downward movement of NO3-N. It is therefore essential that deep movement of NO3-N be assessed relative to nitrogen loading under such conditions. We conducted a long-term monitoring program on nine golf course fairways in southern Nevada over a 1600-d period. The fairways were predominantly bermudagrass [Cynodon Dactylon (L.) Pers.; 35 of 36 site × years] overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.; 8 of 9 courses). Courses were irrigated with fresh water, reuse water (tertiary treated municipal sewage effluent), or transitioned to reuse water during the study. Solution extraction cups were inserted at depths of 15, 45, 75, and 105 cm on fairways and sampled and analyzed for NO3-N on a monthly basis. Distribution patterns of NO3-N varied from site to site. Concentrations exceeding 100 mg·L−1 were observed at the 105-cm depth on all three long-term reuse courses. On the transitional courses, 72% of the variation in the yearly average NO3-N concentrations at the105-cm depth could be accounted for based on knowing the amount of fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied, the amount of reuse N applied, and the LF (Y = –42.5 + 0.18 fertilizer N + 0.26 reuse N –62.0 LF). Highest N fertilizer applications occurred on transition courses with little or no reduction in N applications after courses had transitioned to reuse water (pretransition courses 394 + 247 kg·ha−1 N/year versus posttransition courses 398 + 226 kg·ha−1 N/year). The results of this study indicate a need for a more scientific approach to N management on reuse irrigated courses.
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Zhao, Cai, Zhilong Fan, Jeffrey A. Coulter, Wen Yin, Falong Hu, Aizhong Yu, Hong Fan und Qiang Chai. „High Maize Density Alleviates the Inhibitory Effect of Soil Nitrogen on Intercropped Pea“. Agronomy 10, Nr. 2 (07.02.2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020248.
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Nitrogen (N) fixation is essential in the development of sustainable agriculture, but nodulation of legumes is usually inhibited by N fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the increased density of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) as a means to alleviate the inhibitory effect of soil mineral N on intercropped pea (Pisum sativum L.) and improve system performance. A field experiment was conducted in the Hexi Corridor region of northwestern China from 2012 to 2014. The experiment consisted of monoculture pea, monoculture maize, and a pea/maize strip-intercropping system. Two levels of N fertilization were evaluated in both cropping systems during the co-growth period of intercropping, i.e., 0 kg N ha−1 (N0) and 135 kg N ha−1 (N1), and three maize densities were evaluated with both levels of N fertilization in the intercropping system, i.e., 45,000 plants ha−1 (D1), 52,500 plants ha−1 (D2), and 60,000 plants ha−1 (D3). The application of N reduced the number of nodules of intercropped pea by 135% at D1 and by 9% at D2 compared to no application of N, in all the years examined. The alleviation of the inhibitory effect of soil mineral N on the nodulation of intercropped pea (Cis) was calculated as the percentage increase in nodulation with intercropping relative to monoculture for a given level of N fertilization. With the application of N, Cis was improved by increased intercropped maize density (D3 > D2 > D1) at all stages. The internal efficiency of nitrogen (IEN) of pea was improved with intercropping and, on average, was 19% and 12% greater at D3 than at D1 and D2, respectively. These results demonstrate that increased maize density can alleviate the inhibitory effect of soil N on the nodulation of pea and sustain the productivity of maize/pea intercropping while reducing N fertilizer requirements in arid regions.
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Ziki, S. J. L., E. M. I. Zeidan, A. Y. A. El-Banna und A. E. A. Omar. „Influence of Cutting Date and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels on Growth, Forage Yield, and Quality of Sudan Grass in a Semiarid Environment“. International Journal of Agronomy 2019 (15.09.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6972639.
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Sudan grass is less sensitive to water shortage and produces large amounts of biomass. For these reasons, it is a promising summer forage crop for arid and semiarid regions where natural pastures are rare and water scarcity limits summer forage production. The aim of the present work was to investigate the influence of cutting date (early and late, for three cuts) and three nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels (35, 70, and 105 kg N/ha/cut) on Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.). The study was carried out in the experimental farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt, during 2016 and 2017 summer seasons using a split-plot design. The results obtained revealed significant differences between the two cutting dates on growth, forage yield, and quality of Sudan grass. The late cutting date (56 days after sowing DAS and 42 days after the 1st cut) gave the highest values for almost all the growth characters, dry forage yield in addition to total dry yield (TDY) in both seasons. The highest number of shoots/plant (1.911), leaf area/plant (2841.6 cm2), and dry forage weight (g)/plant (76.65 g) were obtained by late cutting (56 DAS) with the application of 105 kg N/ha/cut. The lowest values of these characters were recorded with 35 kg N/ha/cut. Quality parameters were significantly affected by N levels during both seasons, while cutting date significantly affected the protein yield (kg/ha). The interaction result apparently indicated that the highest dry forage yield of Sudan grass (16.26 ton/ha) was achievable at the 1st cut with the application of the highest N level (105 kg N/ha/cut).
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Sahur, Asmiaty. „The Interaction between Endophytic Actinomycetes and Rhizobium in Leguminous Plants“. Journal of Tropical Crop Science 2, Nr. 3 (01.10.2015): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.2.3.29-34.
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Biological N2 fixation represents the major source of N input in many agricultural soils including those in arid regions where little artificial fertilizer is applied. The major N2-fixing systems in agriculture are the symbiotic systems, where bacteria such as rhizobia interact with legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen which plays a significant role in improving the fertility and productivity of low-N soils. The symbiotic association of legume-rhizobium is initiated by the colonization of the rhizosphere by the rhizobia and subsequent attachment to the root hairs of the host plant. Furthermore, the host will produce flavonoids, such as luteolin in alfalfa and diazedin in soybean, which interact with nod protein in the rhizobia. Moreover, this process then elicits the expression of a cluster of nodulation genes such as nod, nol, and noe in the rhizobia. The interaction is potentially of great importance to the health and growth in nature of this nodulating legume.The interaction between endophytic Actinomycetes and rhizobia in leguminous plants is one way to improve the capability of leguminous plants to fix atmospheric nitrogen in plant roots and contribute to the plants nutrition. From other studies, we know that certain types of Actinomycetes, for example Streptomyces, interact with peas to form healthy roots as an effective site to form nodules and improve biological nitrogen fixation. Knowledge about this activity against fungal pathogens might lead to finding biocontrol agents for use in sustainable agricultural practices.Root-colonizing soil borne Actinomycetes might influence root nodulation in leguminous plants by increasing root nodulation frequency, possibly at the sites of infection by Rhizobium spp. Actinomycetes also colonize and sporulate within the surface cell layers of the nodules. This colonization leads to an increase in the average size of the nodules that form and improves the vigor of the bacteroids which generate the red color within the nodules by enhancing nodular assimilation of iron and possibly other soil nutrients. Keywords: symbiotic, biological, nitrogen, molecular interaction
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Liu, Qiang, Hongwei Xu und Haijie Yi. „Impact of Fertilizer on Crop Yield and C:N:P Stoichiometry in Arid and Semi-Arid Soil“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, Nr. 8 (20.04.2021): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084341.
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Fertilization can significantly affect the quality of crop and soil. To determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield and carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus (C:N:P) stoichiometry in soil, a study was conducted on the terraced fields of the Loess Plateau from 2007 to 2019. Nine fertilization treatments were included: no fertilizer; organic fertilizer (O); organic and nitrogen fertilizers (ON); organic, nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilizers (ONP); organic and phosphorus fertilizers (OP); phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers; potash and nitrogen fertilizers; potash, nitrogen, and phosphorus fertilizers; and potash and phosphorus fertilizers. Under these treatments except for CK and PK, crop yields initially decreased but later increased. The nutrient content and C:N:P stoichiometry increased in soil depth of 0–20 cm. The soil available nutrients did not change significantly with the duration of fertilization. The O, ON, ONP, and OP had the most evident effect on the enhancement of soil nutrient content, whereas O and ON had the most evident effect on the increase in soil organic carbon (SOC):total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN):TP. In soil depth of 0–20 cm, crop yield, SOC:TN, SOC:TN, SOC:TP, and TN:TP significantly correlated with soil nutrients. This study indicated that long-term fertilization can effectively improve crop yield, soil fertility, and soil C:N:P stoichiometry. Meanwhile, the single application of an organic fertilizer or the combination of organic and nitrogen fertilizers can improve the condition of nitrogen limitation in arid and semi-arid areas.
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Buxmann, Viktor, Besarion Meskhi, Andrey Mozgovoy, Dmitry Rudoy und Anastasiya Olshevskaya. „Innovative technologies and equipment from “Amazone” company for fertilizer application“. E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021004002.
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The development of new technologies and a complex of machines for applying mineral and liquid fertilizers is going on more and more intensively. Due to the warming climate, more frequent years with arid conditions during the ripening period of plants, the requirements for the complex of machines for applying fertilizers are changing. „Amazonen-Werke“ or „AMAZONE“ is a pioneer in precision farming, differentiated fertilization with the use of automation, electronics and telematics systems in agriculture. The article presents materials of new technical solutions for the introduction of both granular and liquid fertilizers. Especially the development and research of new machines in the arid regions of Russia, allow you to find the optimal solution in the application of liquid fertilizers.
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Sanina, N. V. „The productivity and spring barley grain quality depending on mineral fertilizer systems“. BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700049.
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The research purpose is to study the effect of systematic application of various doses of mineral fertilizers on productivity, grain quality, value of spring barley productivity elements, determine an optimal doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the arid conditions of the Middle Volga region. Improving nutrition with the use of fertilizers contributed to an increase in productivity values. The average yield was 0.18–0.76 t/ha. The use of maximum doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not increase productivity in arid conditions. Nitrogen plays a leading role in increasing barley productivity. The agronomic effectiveness of fertilizers depended on the doses of active substances. An increase was 2.1–5.8 kg of barley grain per 1 kg of active substances. The most stable increase was observed when applying N60Р0-60К0-30. Rational doses are as follows: nitrogen 60–90 kg a.e./ha when applying P60K30, phosphorus 30–60 kg a.e./ha when applying N60K30, potassium 30 kg a.e./ha when applying N60Р60. The best option is N60Р0-60К0-30.
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Souza, Leandro de Pádua, Reginaldo Gomes Nobre, Evandro Manoel da Silva, Francisco Wesley Alves Pinheiro und Luana Lucas de Sá Almeida. „Crescimento de porta-enxerto de goiabeira sob águas salinizadas e doses de nitrogênio“. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, Nr. 3 (29.09.2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i3.3692.
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<p>A salinidade da água de irrigação pode afetar a exploração de cultivos principalmente nas regiões áridas e semiáridas, entretanto, algumas alternativas podem favorecer a exploração agrícola nestas condições. Desse modo, objetivou-se com este trabalho, avaliar a interação entre adubação nitrogenada e a salinidade da água de irrigação sob o crescimento de porta-enxerto de goiabeira ‘Crioula’ em condição de semiárido do nordeste do Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em tubetes sob condições de ambiente protegido no CCTA/UFCG. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, correspondentes a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água – CEa (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m<sup>-1</sup>) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (70, 100, 130 e 160% de N da dose recomendada para a cultura), com 4 repetições e 5 plantas por parcela. A dose de 70% de N (541,1 mg de N dm<sup>-1</sup> de solo) proporciona maior diâmetro de caule de porta-enxerto de goiabeira crioula aos 70 e 145 dias após a emergência (DAE), sobre a área foliar e altura de planta aos 145 DAE e na taxa de crescimento absoluto diâmetro do caule dos 25 a 145 DAE. A irrigação com água cuja salinidade era acima de 0,3 dS m<sup>-1</sup> afeta positivamente a razão de área foliar e de forma negativa, o número de folhas, a área foliar e o diâmetro do caule. Houve interação significativa entre os fatores adubação nitrogenada e salinidade da água de irrigação apenas para a variável número de folhas aos 145 DAE.</p><p><strong><em>Guava rootstocks growth in salted water and nitrogen levels</em></strong></p><pre><strong>Abstract: </strong>Salt stress suffered by plants due to concentration of irrigation water salts reduces the ability of exploitation of cultures especially in arid and semiarid regions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of irrigation water on the growth of rootstock of guava 'Crioula' associated with increasing doses of nitrogen fertilizer. The experiment was conducted in plastic pots under greenhouse conditions in the CCTA / UFCG. We used the experimental randomized block design, with the treatments in a factorial 5 x 4, corresponding to five levels of electrical conductivity of the water - CEa (0.3; 1.1; 1.9; 2.7 and 3.5 dS m<span style="vertical-align: super;">-1</span>) and four nitrogen rates (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the recommended dose N for guava cultivation seedlings cv. Paluma) with 4 replications and 5 plants per plot. The dose of 70 % of N- ( 541.1 mg N dm<span style="vertical-align: super;">- 1</span> of soil ) provides greater production plant leaf area, height 145 DAE , but to stem diameter was significant in both periods studied the rootstock guava cv. Crioula. Irrigation CEa above 0.3 dS m<span style="vertical-align: super;">-1</span> negatively affect the number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter, leaf area ratio and absolute growth rate of stem diameter. There was interaction between the factors salinity of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization for variable number of leaves at 145 DAE rootstock of guava "Crioula".</pre>
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Sanders, John H., Barry I. Shapiro und Sunder Ramaswamy. „A Strategy for Technology Development for Semi-Arid Sub-Saharan Africa“. Outlook on Agriculture 27, Nr. 3 (September 1998): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700305.
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This article proposes a strategy for agricultural technology development for semi-arid West Africa. The strategy evaluation consists of two aspects: a) a review of the successes in the region; and b) analysis with mathematical programming of the potential impacts and constraints to various new technologies tested in the region. The technology development strategy indicates how further productivity gains can be made by responding to the two principal constraints of water availability and soil fertility. These constraints must be simultaneously resolved but the strategy needs to be adapted for different soil characteristics and economic environments. The major emphasis is on the importance of the rapid introduction of inorganic fertilizers combined with techniques to increase water availability; organic and inorganic fertilizers need to be considered complements in the semi-arid regions. Farmers are already introducing labour intensive variations of these techniques in the most degraded regions. The policy concern is to encourage government policymakers to put a high priority on fertilizer and increase the availability of inorganic fertilizer while research efforts continue to develop improved methods for complementary use of organic fertilizer.
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Yaroshenko, Tatiana Mikhailovna, Dmitry Yurevich Zhuravlev und Nadezhda Fedorovna Klimova. „Influence of long-term use of various doses of mineral fertilizers on the productivity of grain-fallow crop rotation in the arid steppe of the Volga region“. Agrarian Scientific Journal, Nr. 8 (10.09.2021): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i8pp49-56.
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The work reflects the analysis of changes in the productivity of crops of crop rotation during the long-term use of fertilizer systems in a stationary experiment for the period from VI to VIII rotation (1999-2001 - 2016-2018). The influence of various doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers on the change in the content of nitrate nitrogen and mobile phosphorus in the conditions of the southern chernozem for the specified period of research was determined. The responsiveness of crop rotation crops to the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers in minimum, medium and high doses has been established.
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Abd-Elaty, Ismail, Lorenzo Pugliese, Martina Zelenakova, Peter Mesaros und Abdelaziz El Shinawi. „Simulation-Based Solutions Reducing Soil and Groundwater Contamination from Fertilizers in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: Case Study the Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 24 (15.12.2020): 9373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249373.
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Intensive agriculture requires increasing application of fertilizers in order to sustain food production. Improper use of these substances in combination with increasing seawater intrusion results in long-term and nonpoint soil and groundwater contamination. In this work, a 3-D groundwater and solute transport numerical model was created to simulate the effect of excessive fertilizers application along the Bahr El Baqar drain system, in the eastern Nile Delta, Egypt. The geotechnical properties of the soils, hydrologic parameters, and unconfined compressive strength were determined at different sites and used as input parameters for the model. Model results showed that silty clay soils are able to contain the contaminations and preserve the groundwater quality. Nevertheless, sandy soils primarily located at the beginning of the Bahr El Baqar drain allow leakage of fertilizers to the groundwater. Thus, fertilizer application should be properly managed in the top sandy layers to protect the groundwater and soil, as increasing aquifer by excess irrigation water increased the groundwater contamination in confined layers due to the high value of cumulative salt for the current situation while the unconfined zone decreased groundwater and soil contamination. A mass transport 3-D multi-species (MT3D) model was set to identify the optimal measure to tackle soil and groundwater contamination along the Bahr El-Baqar drain system. A potential increase of the abstraction rates in the study area has a positive impact in reducing the transfer of fertilizer contamination to groundwater while it has a negative impact for soil contamination. The scenario analysis further indicated that the installation of a drainage network decreases the groundwater and soil contamination. Both solutions are potentially effective for protection against nonpoint contamination along the Bahr El Baqar drain system. However, a more sustainable management approach of fertilizer application is needed to adequately protect the receptors located further downstream in the Nile Delta.
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Ghafoor, Iqra, Muhammad Habib-ur-Rahman, Muqarrab Ali, Muhammad Afzal, Wazir Ahmed, Thomas Gaiser und Abdul Ghaffar. „Slow-release nitrogen fertilizers enhance growth, yield, NUE in wheat crop and reduce nitrogen losses under an arid environment“. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, Nr. 32 (09.04.2021): 43528–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13700-4.
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AbstractHigher demands of food led to higher nitrogen application to promote cropping intensification and produce more which may have negative effects on the environment and lead to pollution. While sustainable wheat production is under threat due to low soil fertility and organic matter due to nutrient degradation at high temperatures in the region. The current research explores the effects of different types of coated urea fertilizers and their rates on wheat crop under arid climatic conditions of Pakistan. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency by using eco-friendly coated urea products could benefit growers and reduce environmental negative effects. A trial treatment included N rates (130, 117, 104, and 94 kg ha-1) and coated urea sources (neem coated, sulfur coated, bioactive sulfur coated) applied with equal quantity following split application method at sowing, 20 and 60 days after sowing (DAS). The research was arranged in a split-plot design with randomized complete block design had three replicates. Data revealed that bioactive sulfur coated urea with the application of 130 kg N ha-1 increased chlorophyll contents 55.0 (unit value), net leaf photosynthetic rate (12.51 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1), and leaf area index (5.67) significantly. Furthermore, research elucidates that bioactive sulfur urea with the same N increased partial factor productivity (43.85 Kg grain Kg-1 N supplied), nitrogen harvest index (NHI) 64.70%, and partial nutrient balance (1.41 Kg grain N content Kg-1 N supplied). The neem-coated and sulfur-coated fertilizers also showed better results than monotypic urea. The wheat growth and phenology significantly improved by using coated fertilizers. The crop reached maturity earlier with the application of bioactive sulfur-coated urea than others. Maximum total dry matter 14402 (kg ha-1) recorded with 130 kg N ha-1application. Higher 1000-grain weight (33.66 g), more number of grains per spike (53.67), grain yield (4457 kg ha-1), and harvest index (34.29%) were obtained with optimum N application 130 kg ha-1 (recommended). There is a significant correlation observed for growth, yield, and physiological parameters with N in the soil while nitrogen-related indices are also positively correlated. The major problem of groundwater contamination with nitrate leaching is also reduced by using coated fertilizers. Minimum nitrate concentration (7.37 and 8.77 kg ha-1) was observed with the application of bioactive sulfur-coated and sulfur-coated urea with lower N (94 kg ha-1), respectively. The bioactive sulfur-coated urea with the application of 130 kg N ha-1 showed maximum phosphorus 5.45 mg kg-1 and potassium 100.67 mg kg-1 in the soil. Maximum nitrogen uptake (88.20 kg ha-1) is showed by bioactive sulfur coated urea with 130 kg N ha-1 application. The total available NPK concentrations in soil showed a significant correlation with physiological attributes; grain yield; harvest index; and nitrogen use efficiency components, i.e., partial factor productivity, partial nutrient balance, and nitrogen harvest index. This research reveals that coating urea with secondary nutrients, neem oil, and microbes are highly effective techniques for enhancing fertilizer use efficiency and wheat production in calcareous soils and reduced N losses under arid environments.
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Kafkafi, Uzi. „COMBINED IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION IN ARID ZONES“. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 42, Nr. 4 (13.05.1994): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1994.10676582.
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Sand dunes and highly calcareous soils occupy vast areas in arid zones. The soils are characterized by low available nutrient content and low to medium water-holding capacity of the upper soil surface. These features result in low vegetation density under arid climate conditions. The introduction of trickle irrigation coupled with liquid fertilizers turned desert sand dunes and highly calcareous soils into productive agricultural soils for high cash crops. The intensity of daily nutrient supply dictates the farmer's consideration of the form of nitrogen supplied to the crop and to the variable sensitivity of plants to the different forms of N supplied by various fertilizers through the irrigation system. The combination of high root temperature and high ammonium concentration is of particular importance. Plants that have relatively low carbohydrate content in their roots might suffer from ammonia toxicity if a high daily supply of ammonium is available. High concentrations of urea and very high calcium carbonate content in the soil are also dangerous to ammonium- sensitive plants like tomatoes. Planning the irrigation system and nutrient supply to the crops according to their physiological stage of development, and consideration of the soil and climate characteristics, can give high yields and high quality crops with minimum pollution, but salt accumulation on the soil surface should be prevented, either by sprinkle irrigation, or by plastic mulch during the growing season.
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Ahmad, A., Z. I. Ahmed, M. Shehzad, I. Aziz, K. S. Khan, M. Shoaib, T. Mehmood und K. Mubeen. „Water Efficient Cropping Systems for Semi-Arid Regions in Pakistan“. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 48, Nr. 4 (01.12.2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2015-0048.
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Abstract Water scarcity and land degradation are emerging threats to global food production. The dry land regions of world are affected by climate change to a greater extent and facing food insecurity. The current pattern of food production has been estimated to be inadequate to meet demands of growing population and required around 38% increase to meet world`s food demands by 2025. Food insecurity in erosion hit dry land regions of Pakistan also demands development of resource-efficient cropping systems to meet the food needs of population growing. The research studies involved different cropping patterns such as fallow-wheat, mungbean-wheat, sorghum-wheat, fallow-lentil, mungbean-lentil, sorghum-lentil, fallow-barley, mungbean-barley and sorghum-barley. The organic amendments involved farmyard manure, NPK, poultry manure, compost and inoculation by phosphorus solubilizing microbes. The effect of cropping systems and soil amendments were evaluated at field scale in terms of water use efficiency measured in terms of economic terms. The results of the studies revealed that double cropping (mungbean-lentil and mungbean-barley) was feasible option in the dryland regions of Pakistan if integrated with the use of poultry manure as alternate environmental-friendly strategy to cut down the use of mineral fertilizers and eliminate summer fallowing.
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Ruan, Mengying, Yuxiu Zhang und Tuanyao Chai. „Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Properties on Tetraena mongolica in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions, China“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, Nr. 14 (16.07.2020): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145142.
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Tetraena mongolica is a rare and endangered species unique to China. The total number and density of Tetraena mongolica shrubs in desertification areas have experienced a sharp decrease with increases in coal mining activities. However, available information on the T. mongolica rhizosphere soil quality and microbial properties is scarce. Here, we investigated the effect of coal mining on the soil bacterial community and its response to the soil environment in the T. mongolica region. The results showed that the closer to the coal mining area, the lower the vegetation coverage and species diversity. The electrical conductivity (EC) in the contaminated area increased, while the total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and soil organic carbon (SOC) decreased. The activity of NAG, sucrose, β-glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase further decreased. In addition, the mining area could alter the soil’s bacterial abundance and diversity. The organic pollutant degradation bacteria such as Sphingomonas, Gemmatimonas, Nocardioides, and Gaiella were enriched in the soil, and the carbon-nitrogen cycle was changed. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that the change in the bacterial community structure was mainly caused by environmental factors such as water content (SWC) and EC. Taken together, these results suggested that open pit mining led to the salinization of the soil, reduction the soil nutrient content and enzyme activity, shifting the rhizosphere soil microbial community structure, and altering the carbon-nitrogen cycle, and the soil quality declined and the growth of T. mongolica was affected in the end. Therefore, the development of green coal mining technology is of great significance to protect the growth of T. mongolica.