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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions"
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Milyutkin, Vladimir Alexandrovich, Nikolay Grigorievich Dluzhevsky, Oleg Nikolaevich Dluzhevsky und Galina Viktorovna Levchenko. „Technical and technological improvement of sunflower cultivation in the dry regions of the Volga federal district“. Agrarian Scientific Journal, Nr. 3 (29.03.2021): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i3pp73-77.
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The article presents the results of studies of the effectiveness of liquid mineral nitrogen and nitrogen-sulfur-containing fertilizers based on urea-ammonia mixture-UAN in comparison with solid-ammonium nitrate when growing sunflower in arid, typical for the zone of "risky farming" - the Volga region, years (2018-2020) with the use of modern high-performance equipment manufactured in Russia (Samara) at JSC "Eurotechnika" of the German company AMAZONEN-Werke. Conducted three-year studies on typical chernozems of the Samara region on the experimental fields of the Samara State Agrarian University, showed a significant advantage of liquid fertilizers with an increase in sunflower yield on average for three years according to experimental options up to a maximum of 6centners / ha or by13 %.
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Yang, Wenzhu, Yuehu Kang, Zhiwen Feng, Peng Gu, Huiyang Wen, Lijia Liu und Yongqin Jia. „Sprinkler Irrigation Is Effective in Reducing Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a Potato Field in an Arid Region: A Two-Year Field Experiment“. Atmosphere 10, Nr. 5 (01.05.2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10050242.
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In arid and semi-arid regions, water-saving irrigation is the primary mode of local agricultural production. Since the chemical fertilizer is the principal source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, we present results from a two-year (2016–2017) field experiment on a potato field to verify the general influence of water-saving irrigation on N2O emissions. A split-plot experiment was established with two irrigation systems and two fertilizer treatments, which give a total of four treatments. Two different irrigation systems were investigated: (i) flood irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer (NF-FI) combined with a control without any fertilizer (C-FI) and (ii) overhead sprinkler irrigation with a nitrogen fertilizer (NF-SI) accompanied with a control without any fertilizer (C-SI). The N2O emissions of the fertilizer treatment were greater than those of the control under each irrigation system. In plots where the fertilizers were applied, using overhead sprinkler irrigation reduced the average cumulative N2O emissions between 40.72% and 59.65% compared with flood irrigation. This was mainly due to the lower amount of water applied and the lower availability of NO3−-N and NH4+-N of soil associated with an overhead sprinkler irrigation. This work shows that the overhead sprinkler irrigation is an effective strategy to use to save water and mitigate emissions of the atmospheric pollutants N2O in comparison to flood irrigation.
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Zahran, Hamdi Hussein. „Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis and Nitrogen Fixation under Severe Conditions and in an Arid Climate“. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, Nr. 4 (01.12.1999): 968–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.4.968-989.1999.
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SUMMARY Biological N2 fixation represents the major source of N input in agricultural soils including those in arid regions. The major N2-fixing systems are the symbiotic systems, which can play a significant role in improving the fertility and productivity of low-N soils. The Rhizobium-legume symbioses have received most attention and have been examined extensively. The behavior of some N2-fixing systems under severe environmental conditions such as salt stress, drought stress, acidity, alkalinity, nutrient deficiency, fertilizers, heavy metals, and pesticides is reviewed. These major stress factors suppress the growth and symbiotic characteristics of most rhizobia; however, several strains, distributed among various species of rhizobia, are tolerant to stress effects. Some strains of rhizobia form effective (N2-fixing) symbioses with their host legumes under salt, heat, and acid stresses, and can sometimes do so under the effect of heavy metals. Reclamation and improvement of the fertility of arid lands by application of organic (manure and sewage sludge) and inorganic (synthetic) fertilizers are expensive and can be a source of pollution. The Rhizobium-legume (herb or tree) symbiosis is suggested to be the ideal solution to the improvement of soil fertility and the rehabilitation of arid lands and is an important direction for future research.
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Wen, Yue, Zhenhua Wang, Li Guo und Wenhao Li. „Establishing a Physiology-Yield-Quality Evaluation Model for Optimizing Drip Irrigation on Grape Fields in Extremely Arid Regions“. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 37, Nr. 2 (2021): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.14296.
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HighlightsRegulated deficit irrigation and fertilization ratio were used to test grapes in extremely arid areas.Physiology, yield, and quality indexes of drip irrigation grapes were analyzed accordingly in this study.Single and comprehensive evaluation models were used to evaluate the optimal water and fertilizer treatment.Abstract. Water shortage and chemical fertilizer abuse are important factors restricting grape industry development in Xinjiang. In this study, the physiology, yield and quality indexes of drip irrigation grapes were analyzed, and the water-fertilizer system was properly optimized by a model of combination of single evaluation methods and comprehensive evaluation methods. Five irrigation schemes and three fertilizer ratios were combined to form 15 treatments in Xinjiang, China. Results showed that irrigation and fertilization had different effects on physiology, yield, and quality indicators of grapes in different growth periods, and each index cannot reach its maximum value under the same treatment. Four single evaluation methods of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Membership Function Analysis (MFA), Gray Correlation Analysis (GCA), and TOPSIS were used to evaluate grapes of 15 water and fertilizer treatments, but there were 9 treatments with a ranking standard deviation greater than 1.0, which was over 60% of all treatments. Through four comprehensive evaluation methods of Average Value, Borda, Copeland, and Fuzzy Borda, single evaluation results were analyzed, and the standard deviations of 13 treatments ranked 1.0 or below, more than 80% of all treatments, and Average Value comprehensive method had the highest compatibility. Therefore, the combination of Average Value method and four single evaluation methods is an appropriate evaluation model. It was determined that W4F2 was the optimal treatment which was performed regulated deficit irrigation in the berry mature period, the irrigation amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers were sequentially controlled to 694 mm, 235.7, 235.7, and 353.6 kg·ha-1, and its ranking was ranked first under the four comprehensive evaluation methods. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the combined evaluation of water and fertilizer use of drip irrigation grapes in extremely arid regions. Keywords: Comprehensive model evaluation, Extremely arid regions, Drip irrigation grapes, Physiology-yield-quality effects, Single method evaluation.
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Rehim, Abdur, Maryam Khan, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Amjad Bashir, Sami Ul-Allah, Muhammad Naeem Khan und Mubshar Hussain. „Integrated use of farm manure and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer improves nitrogen use efficiency, yield and grain quality in wheat“. Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, Nr. 1 (02.03.2020): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1360.
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Lower nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is a major yield limiting factor in semi-arid regions due to poor organic contents of the soils. There is a close relationship between soil organic matter and NUE of fertilizers. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effect of sole N fertilizer and its combinations with organic amendments (farm manure combinations) on N use efficiency and crop productivity. For this purpose, a two-year field study was conducted to access the influence of integrated use of synthetic N fertilizer (urea) and farm manure on N use efficiency and wheat productivity. Treatments include i.e. Control, 100% N by Urea + 0%N by farm manure (FM), 75% N by Urea + 25 % N by FM, 50% N by Urea + 50% N by FM, 25% N by Urea + 75% N by FM, 0% N by Urea + 100% N by FM arranged in a triplicate randomized complete block design having recommended N rate of 150 kg ha–1. The results revealed that the treatment having 75% Urea and 25% FM followed by 50% Urea and 50% FM showed better results in term of wheat growth and yield. There was 98% increase in N uptake of wheat grains and 200% increase in NUE by the application of 75% urea+25% FM relative to sole application of urea. This study suggests use of 3:1 ratio of urea and FM for maximum NUE and sustainable wheat production.
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Vázquez, Rosa A., Luis Manuel Lozano Cota, Lamberto Castro Arce, Ramona Icedo García, Beatriz E. Arias-T, und Edgar Omar Rueda-Puente. „Propiedades Fisicoquímicas De Suelos Cultivados Con Asparagus Officinalis En La Región Árida Del Noroeste De México“. European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, Nr. 30 (31.10.2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n30p23.
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In the agriculture of arid zones, the inadequate soil management has generated changes in their quality and sustainability, affecting the structure and physicochemical conditions which reduce crop yields; based on the above, is consider as a vital importance the analyses of soil and plants because they provide information, current and accurate, which can be useful to take decisions in relation to soil fertility and plant nutrition. The inappropriate handling and amount of fertilizers in asparagus in the arid region of the Northwest of Mexico, has caused low yields. The aim of this study consisted to analyze soil in seven of the thirteen sub regions of the agricultural coast of Caborca, Sonora, where the asparagus crop has been planted for more than 10 years. The analyzes performed were: percentage of saturation, pH, electrical conductivity (CE), soil texture Nitrogen (NO3), P, K, Na, Ca, Mg and cation exchange capacity. The results showed high levels of Nitrogen and Potassium in almost all the studied sites; on contrary Phosphorus, Calcium and Magnesium, presented values below of the recommended and Electrical conductivity above 5.5. mmhos/ cm. The integration of this information allows appropriate technical advice, to achieve the balance of nutrients, such as to avoid unnecessary costs in fertilizers that the plant might can not take, in addition to the resulting contamination of soil to leach these products.
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Mekdad, A. A. A., und A. M. A. El-Sherif. „The Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Sweet Sorghum Varieties under Arid Regions Conditions“. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 5, Nr. 11 (10.11.2016): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.511.092.
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Heydari, Mohammad, Faridah Othman, Meysam Salarijazi, Iman Ahmadianfar und Mohammad Sadeghian. „Predicting the Amount of Fertilizers using Linear Programming for Agricultural Products from Optimum Cropping Pattern“. Journal of Geographical Studies 2, Nr. 1 (15.12.2018): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj5.18020103.
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The most crucial problem in resolving the challenges of water operations is usually maintaining the equilibrium between supply and demand for water especially in arid and semi-arid regions like most parts of Iran. In this research, to achieve the optimal cropping pattern, firstly, the study area was classified into six classes and just 2100 hectares of farming area in the top class that had the best agricultural conditions were analyzed. The water assigned to the described land was about 6 MCM [million cubic meters]. Seventeen essential farming product of the area were used for this modeling. In order to maximize the final worth of farming with regard to the quantity of acres of each crop, the optimization model has been applied. The explained model solved by linear programming and also evolutionary algorithms in MS Excel. The results demonstrated full conformity of these two techniques. Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potassium fertilizer have the most consumption for all the products. Also, due to high demand the maximum amount of fertilizer belongs to wheat, barley and rice and the lowest amount of required fertilizer belongs to cotton with the value of 3.8 tons.
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JANZEN, H. H., C. W. LINDWALL und C. J. ROPPEL. „RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF POINT-INJECTION AND SURFACE APPLICATIONS FOR N FERTILIZATION OF WINTER WHEAT“. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, Nr. 2 (01.05.1990): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-021.
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Conventional methods of N application for winter wheat often exhibit low fertilizer use efficiency. The comparative effectiveness of a new method, point-injection of N solution, was evaluated in two similar microplot field experiments established in southern Alberta. The first experiment, conducted over three site-year combinations in 1985 and 1986, compared yield response and fertilizer uptake in four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: broadcast urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN), broadcast urea, broadcast ammonium nitrate, and point-injected UAN, all applied in solution form. The second experiment, conducted at five sites in 1987, compared four spring-applied fertilizer treatments: surface-banded UAN, broadcast urea (granular), broadcast ammonium nitrate (granular), and point-injected UAN. All fertilizers were labeled with 15N to permit direct estimation of fertilizer uptake. The experiments demonstrated significant increases in fertilizer efficiency with point-injection under some conditions. In five of eight comparisons conducted over a 3-yr period, point-injection treatments exhibited significantly higher fertilizer use efficiency than conventional broadcast methods of application. Average fertilizer-N recovery by the crop at all eight sites was 37% in the point-injection treatments compared with only 26% in the broadcast ammonium nitrate treatment, the next most effective method of N application. When one site was excluded, because of possible confounding effects of application time, average recoveries were 34 and 26%, respectively. The increased efficiency of point-injected fertilizers was attributed to the direct placement of fertilizer N into the active rooting zone of the crop. The advantage of point-injection over conventional methods of application was highly variable, ranging from approximately 0 to over 100%, in part because of variations in precipitation patterns. The results of these microplot studies suggest that point-injection has potential for significant enhancement of fertilizer use efficiency in winter wheat, particularly in semi-arid production regions. Key words: 15N, nitrogen, urea, ammonium nitrate, fertilizer placement
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Shamudzarira, Z., und M. J. Robertson. „SIMULATING RESPONSE OF MAIZE TO NITROGEN FERTILIZER IN SEMI-ARID ZIMBABWE“. Experimental Agriculture 38, Nr. 1 (Januar 2002): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702000170.
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Data from a long-term trial on rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) application to maize (Zea mays) were used to validate a cropping systems simulation model (APSIM) and then to apply the model to explore the risk associated with N fertilizer use by smallholder farmers and management strategies to minimize that risk. On average, maize growth and development in response to N was simulated with a degree of accuracy that justified its use in analysis of risk associated with N use in these semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. APSIM was then configured to simulate the response to N over a 46-year climate record in order to assess the long-term risks associated with N use. The simulated long-term distribution indicated that negative responses to N could be expected in 15% of years, whereas no negative response to N was recorded in the experiments at the Makoholi Research Centre. Median responses were 20–30 kg maize grain kg−1 N for observed and simulated results. In terms of return on fertilizer investment, the observed and simulated distributions were also similar: in about 20% of years, a negative return could be expected, while in the best 20% of years a return of $Z5000 or more could be expected given the grain:fertilizer price ratio which, at March 2000, was about 1:7. The model analysis has suggested moderate rates (approximately 30 kg N ha−1) of N fertilizer would give greater responses per unit N applied than smaller rates (15 kg N ha−1). There was no evidence that conditional fertilizer strategies based on early-season rainfall would offer significant benefits over fixed application strategies. Early sowing at recommended population densities gave higher responses to N than were achieved for late sown or low-density crops.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions"
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Georgis, Kidane. „The effect of fertiliser management practices on soil organic matter production in the semi-arid areas : a field and modelling approach“. Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFP/09afpg352.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 155-169. Studies the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter production under differing watering regimes. Investigates the accuracy of different crop and soil organic matter models for predicting crop yield, nitrogen uptake and changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Compares the models with data from long-term field experiments on wheat in Australia and sorghum in Ethiopia. Finds that a higher crop yield and better nitrogen and water utilisation can be achieved if addition of nitrogen fertilizer is balanced with soil water.
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Kraaij, Tineke. „Effects of rain, nitrogen, fire and grazing on bush encroachment in semi-arid savanna, South Africa“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52817.
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Thesis (MScFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Increases in woody plant density ('bush encroachment') reduce livestock production and biodiversity. By convention, soil moisture, soil nutrients, fire and herbivory are regarded as the principal factors governing the tree-grass ratio of savannas. An experiment with a completely-crossed design was employed to investigate woody seedling (Acacia me/lifera) recruitment near Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa, after fire and under conditions of maximum-recorded rainfall, nitrogen addition and grazing. The field experiment was repeated as a garden experiment to determine if the two experiments yield comparable results. Tree germination in the field was extremely low, probably due to below-average natural rainfall in plots that only received natural rain, and insufficient watering frequency in irrigated plots. As a result of low germination, none of the treatments (rain/nitrogen/fire/grazing) had a significant effect on tree recruitment in the field experiment. The duration of the experiment (2000/2001 growing season) was insufficient for the treatments to affect grass composition, although the high rainfall treatment and grazing exclusion significantly improved grass cover and height. The garden experiment showed that frequent watering, no nitrogen addition and grass clipping significantly enhanced tree germination and survival (termed 'recruitment'). There were also significant interactions among rain, nitrogen and grazing in their effects on tree recruitment. The effects of rain on tree recruitment were more pronounced under nitrogen supplementation and vice versa. Similarly, high rain and high nitrogen enhanced the effect of grazing on tree recruitment. It is inferred that above-average rainfall years with frequent rainfall events are required for mass tree recruitment. Tree seedlings can further benefit from space and resources which are made available through grass defoliation. Conversely, nitrogen enrichment improves the competitive ability of the fast-growing grasses relatively more than that of the N2-fixing tree component, thereby suppressing tree recruitment. In contrast to conventional wisdom that grazing alone causes encroachment, it is suggested that there are complex interactions between the abovementioned factors and 'triggering' events such as unusually high rainfall. Contrary to many claims that equilibrium models are inappropriate for explaining savanna dynamics, it was shown that consumer-resource theory has explanatory power for bush-grass dynamics of the savanna studied. The state-space approach that was used facilitated the understanding of savanna dynamics and enabled predictions about the system's response to perturbations. The applicability of consumer-resource theory to semi-arid nutrient-poor savannas confirmed the importance of resource competition in structuring natural systems.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenames in die digtheid van houtagtige plante ('bosverdigting') verlaag veeproduksie en biodiversiteit. Volgens konvensie word grondvog, grondvoedingstowwe, vuur en beweiding beskou as die belangrikste faktore wat die boom-gras verhouding van savannas bepaal. 'n Volledig-gekruisde ("completely crossed") eksperiment is ontwerp om boomsaad-ontkieming (Acacia mellifera) naby Kimberley, Noord-Kaap, Suid- Afrika, te bestudeer na 'n brand en onder toestande van maksimum-aangetekende reënval, stikstof toevoeging en beweiding. Die veldeskperiment is herhaal as 'n tuineksperiment om vas te stel hoe resultate van die twee eksperimente vergelyk. Boomsaad-ontkieming was uiters laag in die veld, waarskynlik weens ondergemiddelde reënval in persele wat slegs natuurlike reënvalontvang het, en 'n te lae benattingsfrekwensie in die besproeide persele. As gevolg van lae ontkieming in die veldeksperiment, het geen behandeling (reënval/stikstof/brand/beweiding) boomsaad-ontkieming beduidend geaffekteer nie. Die duur van die eksperiment (2000/2001-groeiseisoen) was te kort vir die behandelings om grassamestelling te beïnvloed, alhoewel besproeiing en geen beweiding die grasbedekking en -hoogte betekenisvol verhoog het. Die tuineksperiment het getoon dat boomsaadontkieming en vroeë oorlewing (genoem 'vestiging') betekenisvol verhoog is deur gereëlde benatting, geen stikstof toevoeging en die sny van gras. Daar was ook beduidende interaksies tussen reën, stikstof en beweiding in hul invloed op boomvestiging. Die reënbehandeling het 'n groter uitwerking op boomvestiging gehad onder stikstoftoevoeging en vice versa. Hoë reënval en stikstoftoevoeging het ook die invloed van beweiding op boomvestiging versterk. Die afleiding is dat bogemiddelde reënvaljare met gereëlde reënbuie 'n vereiste is vir grootskaalse boomvestiging. Boomsaailinge kan verder voordeel trek uit die spasie en hulpbronne wat beskikbaar raak wanneer gras ontblaar word. Daarteenoor verhoog stikstofverryking die mededingendheid van die vinniggroeiende grasse meer as dié van die N2-bindende boomkomponent, met die gevolg dat boomvestiging onderdruk word. In kontras met die konvensionele veronderstelling dat beweiding opsigself bosverdigting veroorsaak, word voorgestel dat ingewikkelde interaksies plaasvind tussen die bogenoemde faktore en ander 'sneller-gebeurtenisse', soos buitengewoon hoë reënval. In teenstelling met baie aansprake dat ekwilibrium modelle ontoepaslik is om savanna-dinamika te verklaar, is getoon dat die verbruikers-hulpbron teorie ("consumer-resource theory") oor verklaringsvermoë beskik vir boom-gras dinamika van die savanna wat bestudeer is. Die staat-spasie ("state-space") benadering gebruik, het begrip van savanna-dinamika bevorder en voorspellings moontlik gemaak aangaande die sisteem se reaksie op versteurings. Die toepaslikheid van verbruikers-hulpbron teorie vir semi-ariede, nutriënt-arm savannas bevestig dat kompetisie vir hulpbronne 'n sentrale rol speel in die strukturering van ekologiese sisteme.
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„Seasonality and Ecosystem Response in Prehistoric Agricultural Regions of Central Arizona“. Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.8859.
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abstract: This thesis explores the independent effects of the manipulation of rocks into alignments, prehistoric farming, and season on soil properties in two areas with a history of prehistoric agriculture in central Arizona, Pueblo la Plata within the Agua Fria National Monument (AFNM), and an archaeological site north of the Phoenix basin along Cave Creek (CC). Soil properties, annual herbaceous biomass and the physical properties of alignments and surface soils were measured and compared across the landscape, specifically on: 1) agricultural rock alignments that were near the archaeological site 2) geologically formed rock alignments that were located 0.5-1 km away from settlements; and 3) areas both near and far from settlements where rock alignments were absent. At AFNM, relatively well-built rock alignments have altered soil properties and processes while less-intact alignments at CC have left few legacies.Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Biology 2011
Bücher zum Thema "Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions"
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Sharma, K. L. Nitrogen use in agriculture in arid and semiarid regions-- Indian perspective. Herausgegeben von Society for Conservation of Nature (New Delhi, India). Indian Nitrogen Group und International Nitrogen Initiative. South Asian Nitrogen Centre. New Delhi: Published by Indian Nitrogen Group, Society for Conservation of Nature in association with South Asian Nitrogen Centre, International Nitrogen Initiative, 2010.
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Roy, Amit H. The rebuilding of Afghanistan's agriculture: The IFDC solution. Muscle Shoals, Ala: IFDC, 2003.
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Guan, Guilan. Xinjiang gan han di qu gu dan sheng wu zi yuan =: Resources of the nitrogen-fixing organisms in Xinjiang arid area. Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing, 1991.
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International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (Corporate Author) und C. Bruce Christianson (Editor), Hrsg. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Management in Semiarid Tropical India: Proceedings of a Colloquium, Held at Icrisat Center, Patancheru, India, October (Special publication IFDC). Intl Fertilizer Development, 1989.
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1951-, Christianson C. Bruce, International Fertilizer Development Center und International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics., Hrsg. Soil fertility and fertilizer management in semiarid tropical India: Proceedings of a colloquium, held at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India, October 10-11, 1988. Muscle Shoals, Ala: International Fertilizer Development Center, 1989.
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Risk management for maize farmers in drought prone areas of Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop held at Kadoma Ranch, Zimbabwe, 1-3 October 1997. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, 1999.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions"
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Acikgoz, Esvet. „Annual Forage Legumes in the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Turkey“. In Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, 47–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1387-5_6.
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Palm, Harry W., Ulrich Knaus, Samuel Appelbaum, Sebastian M. Strauch und Benz Kotzen. „Coupled Aquaponics Systems“. In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 163–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_7.
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AbstractCoupled aquaponics is the archetype form of aquaponics. The technical complexity increases with the scale of production and required water treatment, e.g. filtration, UV light for microbial control, automatic controlled feeding, computerization and biosecurity. Upscaling is realized through multiunit systems that allow staggered fish production, parallel cultivation of different plants and application of several hydroponic subsystems. The main task of coupled aquaponics is the purification of aquaculture process water through integration of plants which add economic benefits when selecting suitable species like herbs, medicinal plants or ornamentals. Thus, coupled aquaponics with closed water recirculation systems has a particular role to fulfil.Under fully closed recirculation of nutrient enriched water, the symbiotic community of fish, plants and bacteria can result in higher yields compared with stand-alone fish production and/or plant cultivation. Fish and plant choices are highly diverse and only limited by water quality parameters, strongly influenced by fish feed, the plant cultivation area and component ratios that are often not ideal. Carps, tilapia and catfish are most commonly used, though more sensitive fish species and crayfish have been applied. Polyponics and additional fertilizers are methods to improve plant quality in the case of growth deficiencies, boosting plant production and increasing total yield.The main advantages of coupled aquaponics are in the most efficient use of resources such as feed for nutrient input, phosphorous, water and energy as well as in an increase of fish welfare. The multivariate system design approach allows coupled aquaponics to be installed in all geographic regions, from the high latitudes to arid and desert regions, with specific adaptation to the local environmental conditions. This chapter provides an overview of the historical development, general system design, upscaling, saline and brackish water systems, fish and plant choices as well as management issues of coupled aquaponics especially in Europe.
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Mitchell, Katherine A., und Jeffrey E. Herrick. „Patterns and Controls of Soil Water in the Jornada Basin“. In Structure and Function of a Chihuahuan Desert Ecosystem. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117769.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on controls and patterns of soil moisture in the Jornada Basin. First we describe general properties that commonly contribute to soil water heterogeneity; second, we offer a brief overview of soil water research in the Jornada Basin; and last, we describe specific patterns of soil water content and availability observed in the Jornada Basin. Our goal is to describe general patterns of soil water that are likely to occur across the Chihuahuan Desert region. In arid and semiarid regions, water is typically thought to be the most limiting resource to biological activity (Noy-Meir 1973), though colimitation by water and nitrogen may be a more general rule (Hooper and Johnson 1999; see also chapter 6). The availability of water affects plant productivity, microbial activity, activity of biological soil crusts, nutrient cycling, and organic matter decomposition. It also directly and indirectly affects soil erosion, chemical weathering, and carbonate formation. There are several hypotheses addressing how water availability affects plant productivity in desert environments. Beatley (1974) proposed that various functional types (e.g., shrub, perennial grass, annual forb) have different seasonal rainfall thresholds to trigger phenological responses. The annual productivity of functional types is therefore determined by the timing and amount of rainfall. Westoby (Noy-Meir 1973) proposed the pulse-reserve paradigm to explain population dynamics of desert plants. In this view, a rain event triggers a pulse of production. Some of that production is used to generate new tissue, but part of the production is diverted into reserves. The amount of reserves in part determines the next production pulse, as well as the minimum size of the next trigger event. Rainfall is highly variable both spatially and temporally in arid regions; therefore, understanding patterns of rainfall and interactions between rainfall patterns, soil characteristics, temperature, and topography are critical to predicting ecosystem responses. The relationship between average annual precipitation and plant productivity across arid regions has substantial predictive ability (Le Houérou 1984). However, for a given site, the relationship between annual precipitation and yearly plant productivity has limited explanatory power (Lauenroth and Sala 1992).
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Sposito, Garrison. „Soil Acidity“. In The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630881.003.0015.
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A soil is acidic if the pH value of the soil solution is less than 7.0. This condition is met in many soils where rainfall exceeds evapotranspiration, including Alfisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, and Ultisols—almost half of the ice-free land area worldwide. Soils of the humid tropics offer examples of acidic soils (Ultisols and Oxisols), as do soils of forested regions in the temperate zones of Earth (Alfisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, and Spodosols). Soils in peat-producing wetlands and those influenced strongly by oxidation reactions, such as rice-producing uplands, can be mentioned as examples in which the biota play a direct role in acidification. The phenomena that produce a given proton concentration in the soil solution to render it acidic are complex and interrelated. Those pertaining to sources and sinks for protons are shown in Fig. 11.1, which is a special case of Fig. 1.4 with “free cation or anion” in the center of the latter figure now interpreted as H+. In addition to the biogeochemical determinants of soil acidity, the field-scale transport processes wetfall (rain, snow, throughfall), dryfall (deposited solid particles), and interflow (lateral movement of soil water beneath the land surface down hill slopes) carry protons into a soil solution from external sources. Their existence and that of proton-exporting processes, such as volatilization and erosion, underscore the fact that the soil solution is an open natural water system subject to anthropogenic inputs that may dominate the development of soil acidity. Industrial effluents, such as sulfur and nitrogen oxide gases or mining waste waters, that produce acidic deposition or infiltration, and nitrog-enous fertilizers, the transformation and transport of which produce acidic soil conditions, are examples of anthropogenic inputs. Despite all this complexity, proton cycling in acidic soils at field scales has been quantified well enough to allow some general conclusions to be drawn. Acidic deposition, production of CO2(g) and humus, plus proton biocycling, all serve to increase soil solution acidity, whereas proton adsorption and mineral weathering serve to decrease it.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Nitrogen fertilizers Arid regions"
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Rasheed, Rihab, Touria Bounnit, Hareb Al Jabri und Imen Saadaoui. „Algae-based Biofertilizer for Date Palm Cultivation in Qatar“. In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0034.
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the main fruit crop found in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It naturally adapts to the adverse environments of extreme heat and water scarcity and prevents further desertification in addition to producing fruits with high nutritional value. It is seen in many parts of the world that traditional cultivation practices such as mixed planting and chemical fertilizers have led to low fruit quality resulting in low market values. Long generation time also hinders production of the dates. Tissue culture is therefore considered the most promising solution for rapid large-scale production of trueto- type clonal plants. The plantlets originating from in vitro callus proliferation are transferred from synthetic media to soil. The conventional method of using chemical fertilizers also leads to low plantlet viability with increased environmental and health risk. The current research targets the use of a local microalga, Tetraselmis sp. QUCCCM8, identified as an organic source of nutrients, a substitute for chemical fertilizers to acclimatize cultured date palmlets to soil. Soil was supplemented with different concentrations of algal biomass and plant growth was monitored for 3 months. Soil without any fertilizer and soil amended with 1 g conventional fertilizer were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Supplementation with 0.5 g of algal biomass led to higher plant growth rates, 100% survival rates, high ability of rooting (3.17 ± 0.14 roots), higher number of leaves (2.5 ± 0.25 leaves), largest stem thickness, longer shoot (33.75 ± 1.56 cm), and higher total chlorophyll (159.61 ± 9.6 mg L⁻ ¹) as compared to conventional fertilizer. These stated findings are significantly higher than the control. Furthermore, elemental analysis of the soil showed that supplementation with algal biomass increased the soil total nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus contents essential for plant growth. Finally, the comparison of heavy metals composition between soils amended with conventional fertilizer and algae-based fertilizer highlights the potential use of algae as a safe and efficient biofertilizer post tissue culture mode of plantlet generation. This enhanced the viability of healthy plantlets without affecting the environment, averting usage of chemical fertilizers.
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Al-Ghobari, H. M. „The impact of excessive irrigation water and fertilizers on the environment and groundwater quality in arid regions“. In ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 2012. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eid120281.
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KOZLOVA, Natalia, Aleksandr BRIUKHANOV, Eduard VASILEV und Ekaterina SHALAVINA. „ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN RUSSIA“. In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.189.
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The paper focuses on quantitative assessment of nitrogen flows in a livestock farm under transition to best available techniques BAT system in Russia. Comparative analysis of quantitative estimates of ammonia emissions from housing for dairy cows, fattening pigs, farrowing sows and laying hens was conducted using available literature data and information obtained through a survey of pilot livestock farms in Leningrad Region. Ammonia emission data for existing Russian enterprises were found in the range of BREF emission levels associated with BAT. The nitrogen farm-gate balance was calculated for the farm with 810 dairy cows, 2600 ha of agricultural land and milk yield of 22 kg/day. The nitrogen surplus was 48.3 kg/ha, which was below the limit values and indicated the possibility to increase the application amount of nitrogen fertilisers, however, nitrogen use efficiency of 0.21 was significantly below the European average. The viability of manure storage and spreading techniques recommended by European BREF, namely compost heaps covering and immediate incorporation of organic fertilisers after spreading, was estimated for this farm. The calculated values of total nitrogen losses are reduced by 20%; the saving of mineral fertilizers owing to higher nitrogen content in applied organic fertilisers can be 18 t / year. For the rough assessment of technologies on the initial stage of Russian reference books creation it is practicable to use the data from EU BREF on intensive rearing of pigs and poultry. When farms are assessed on the stage of integrated permits issue, it is feasible to use the measured air concentrations of hazardous substances along with the estimation of the whole-farm environmental impact by nitrogen use efficiency. For such estimates to be applied in Russia, the data needs to be collected and systematised for different categories of farms and for different climatic regions.