Dissertationen zum Thema „Neurones moteurs – Propriétés mécaniques“
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Sénépart, Océane. „Challenges in surface energy modulations for (moto)neurons axonal growth“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS455.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleTo create functional neuronal circuit units, axons during nervous system development and/or regeneration are subjected to guidance signals. Their expressions occur in spatio-temporal variation and are translated by the growth cone into a pathway to reach the connecting target. Their targets can be a neuron or a muscle cell, depending on the type of neuron. This path is generated by interactions with the surrounding environment such as cells or other substrates of which are the extracellular matrices. Understanding these interactions with the substrate would allow us to mimic them in innovative biomaterials and/or implants. We chose to focus on motoneuron axonal repair after trauma in this study. Indeed, after a nerve injury or cut, the axon that was cut will undergo a non-targeted and slow regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. The specificity of this nervous system part is the size of its axons that will slow the recovery speed down and multiply the possible uneffective regrowth routes because they are usually very long. Thus, a solution must be found to accelerate and guide the axonal regeneration. We propose to study the effect of an exogenous electric field on axonal regrowth as a preliminary study to the creation of an electroactive neuro-implant. The originality of the project lies in the contactless stimulation method : the cells are not in direct contact with the electrodes, and the innovative electrode geometry : the global field is null, with no conduction to prevent electrolysis and pH increase. This configuration gives access to the direct electric field impact on the cells without parasitic interactions. To start, understanding the mechanisms underlying the interactions between the cells and the electric field is necessary and the choice is made to start with in-vitro tests in 2D cell culture. After evaluating the motoneuron mechanical properties, a contactless stimulation device is designed and a protocol to stimulate PC12 cells is determined. The protocol is tested on two motoneurons cell lines : MN1 and NSC34 to improve its parameters, such as stimulation voltage and duration, and the electric field effect on the adhesion surface is assessed with CST simulation and contact angle measurements. The stimulation impact on MN1 and NSC34 cell lines is evaluated with several tests such as neurite size, neurite orientation and surface occupied by the cells and the results are observed thanks to immunohistochemistry. A conclusion is made on the capacity of the EF to influence different motoneuron cell lines by increasing their neurite sizes, orientate them and improve their adhesion to the substrate. This work illustrates the possibility to use a contactless electric field to accelerate and guide the axon growth and allows us to elucidate the mechanisms behind the impact of it on the cells and the substrate
Zheng, Yu. „Etude intracellulaire des propriétés électrophysiologiques et morphologiques des neurones des centres respiratoires chez le rat“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30037.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleGrélot, Laurent. „Etude neurobiologique de la rythmogénèse respiratoire chez le chat : circuits neuroniques et propriétés membranaires des neurones“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX3A006.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleLauney, Thomas. „Propriétés des récepteurs aux acides aminés excitateurs exprimés par les motoneurones crâniens de rat, en culture organotypique“. Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11027.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleMintz, Isabelle. „Analyse in vitro des propriétés membranaires actives des motoneurones de tortue et de leur contribution aux oscillations induites par l'acide N-méthyl-D-aspartique et les agonistes muscariniques“. Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066530.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleEscola, Ludovic. „Propriétés fonctionnelles des neurones de l'aire motrice supplémentaire chez le singe normal et parkinsonien“. Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR28978.
Der volle Inhalt der QuellePlaçais, Pierre-Yves. „Propriétés mécaniques de la myosine II in vitro : de la molécule unique aux effets collectifs“. Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410100.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleNous avons construit un dispositif reproduisant in vitro une configuration semblable. Nous avons observé qu'une assemblée de myosines II musculaires, consommant de l'ATP en interagissant avec un filament d'actine, et soumise à une force de rappel élastique exercée par une pince optique, est un système minimal capable d'osciller spontanément. La relation force-vitesse du système présente un comportement non-monotone lié à l'activité des moteurs. Cette propriété fournit un mécanisme pour interpréter les oscillations spontanées, comme il l'a été suggéré par différentes études théoriques antérieures.
Par ailleurs, des expériences préliminaires à l'échelle de la molécule individuelle indiquent que la raideur de l'accrochage actine-myosine II pourrait dépendre de la tension imposée au filament d'actine. Cette propriété pourrait expliquer les écarts entre les raideurs mesurées in vitro et estimées à partir d'expériences sur les fibres musculaires.
Broszniowski, François. „Influence d'additifs cristallins basiques sur les propriétés d'un lubrifiant“. Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30071.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSawan, Khaled. „Optimisation d'un outillage acier rechargé en superalliage pour forge à chaud“. Toulouse, INSA, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ISAT0039.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleKnapp, Thomas Alarich. „Étude structurale d'un avion de voyage, de formule canard, en matériaux composites“. Toulouse, ENSAE, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ESAE0008.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBoittin, Guylaine. „Expérimentation numérique pour l'aide à la spécification de la microstructure et des propriétés mécaniques d'un superalliage base Ni pour des applications moteurs“. Paris, ENMP, 2011. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01248295.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleAn optimization loop allowing the optimization of the thermal treatment toward the fatigue life of the turbine disk in PM Ni-base superalloy N18 is built. This loop is constituted of three finite elements calculations and one post-processing of the fatigue life. The first calculation is a thermal calculation which allows the determination of the evolution of the temperature in each point of the disk. The second one is a calculation of the precipitation, which gives the microstructural parameters, i. E. The volume fraction and the size of the different population of precipitates. The third one is the calculation of the mechanical response of the disc to the service loading. The behavior in each Gauss point is a function of the microstructural parameters deduced from the second calculation. To build this loop, a model of precipitation was implemented in ZeBuLoN code and recalibrated for coarse grained N18. Moreover the influence of the intragranular microstructure on the fatigue behaviour was studied through specific mechanical tests performed at 450°C. This study shown the fatigue life function is a priori no dependant from the intragranular microstructure. But it has a very strong influence on the yield stress, which has a direct impact on the mean stress at the stabilised cycle. And the mean stress is one of the key parameters for the fatigue resistance of the material. A multiscale model was built to account for the role of the fine microstructure on the fatigue behaviour. The optimization loop is built with a phenomenological model and shows that a slower cooling, leading to a lower yield stress at the critical point of the disk allows to enhance the fatigue life. Meanwhile, the resistance to brsting also constitutes a major criterion for the design of the disc and this one requires a good mechanical resistance of the material
Robin-Boudaoud, Marie-Cécile. „Comportement et durée de vie de pièces tubulaires, soudées ou non, en acier ferritique 1. 4509 : application automobile“. Paris, ENMP, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENMP0059.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleFaurecia uses stainless ferritic steels to produce car manifolds, which are made of several tubular parts welded together. In order to reduce design costs, Faurecia needs to developp a robust numerical design tool. In the frame of this project, this thesis is a contribution to fatigue life assessment of 1. 4509 stainless steel tubular parts, welded or not, submitted to cyclic thermomechanical loadings. In a first part, the cyclic mechanical behaviors of the base metal (1. 4509 steel) and the melted metal are experementally studied under various loads. They are then described thanks to an elastoviscoplastic model. The specific mechanical behavior of the heat affected zone is also considered. The ability of the proposed models to describe the mechanical response of a welded zone is assessed thanks to a traction compression test including local strain measurements. In a second part, fatigue life of 1. 4509 steel is adressed. A large experimental dabase is built up. A non isothermal continuum damage model (J. Lemaitre model) is identified. The same test conditions are applied to welded specimens. Then, the resuts of those tests are analysed thanks to an uncoupled approach of mechanical behavior and damage. It is so considered that the strain distribution at the stabilized cycle, governs the fatigue life of the welded specimen. Thanks to this method, most the tests are well predicted (within a scattering band of factor 3 maximum). Finally, last part of this thesis concerns the integration of the identified models in a robust numerical tool in order to predict fatigue life of industrial welded parts. A submodel methodology is used in order to precisely predict the stabilized mechanical behavior of welded zone. This technique is successfully applied to predict the fatigue life of two welded parts, included a car manifold
Baumann, Arthur. „Active motion and self-propulsion of polymers and fibers“. Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAE024/document.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThis thesis manuscript deals with the study of two distinct projects. The first deals with the experimental design as well as the theoretical study of a brand new type of engine based on polymer fibers: the fiberdrive. The operation of this engine is based on a new physical concept described here, deformation modes with zero elastic energy (ZEEMs). These deformation modes are driven by a flow of energy that causes elastic deformation within the material. This manuscript develops a theoretical model that is confronted with the first experimental realization of this type of engine. The realized system is the simplest engine in the world, a stator without rotor.The second part of the manuscript introduces the concept of confotronics, the study of system composed of individually switchable units cooperating on a large scale. This concept is implemented in the realization of a DNA-based confotronic fiber as well as in the design of a DNA-based molecular engine
Neau, Audrey. „Caractérisation des réservoirs pétroliers par les données sismiques avec l'aide de la géomodélisation“. Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00403501.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleUn premier travail a consisté à évaluer l'impact des incertitudes structurales sur les inversions pétroélastiques et les conséquences en terme de classification de faciès. Ensuite, nous considérons la modélisation sismique comme aide à l'évaluation du modèle réservoir. Cette modélisation permettra de faire le lien entre les simulateurs réservoir ou les géomodeleurs et la réponse sismique du réservoir.
Nous développons ensuite deux approches alternatives aux méthodes traditionnelles en inversion pétroélastique et pétrophysique. La première utilise la méthode géostatistique des déformations graduelles pour créer des réalisations de propriétés réservoirs. Elle permet de créer des propriétés à l'échelle réservoir, conditionnées aux puits, tout en respectant une fonction coût basée sur la comparaison des données sismiques réelles et issues de ces réalisations.
La seconde méthode repose sur le principe de la classification supervisée et utilise des réseaux de neurones pour analyser la forme des traces sismiques. Une première étape consiste à générer un volume d'apprentissage contenant tous les modèles pétrophysiques envisageables pour un champ donné. Ces modèles sont analysés par les réseaux de neurones. Les neurones ainsi identifiés sont appliqués aux données réelles, pour identifier des relations pétrophysique/sismique identiques aux données d'apprentissage.
Toutes les méthodologies sont validées sur plusieurs réservoirs choisis pour leurs particularités géologiques (complexité structurale, lithologie du réservoir).
Neau, Audrey. „Caractérisation des réservoirs pétroliers par les données sismiques avec l'aide de la géomodélisation“. Phd thesis, Pau, 2009. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/40/35/01/PDF/These_Audrey_NEAU_2009.pdf.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleSeismic characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs is based on various techniques : lithoseismic, geomodeling, geostatistics, evolutionary algorithms, and petrophysics. Seismic information is first used for the description of the reservoir structure, but then its relationship with facies description is a dificult task. The aim of this thesis is to develop new tools for seismic reservoir characterization. A first work has consisted in evaluating the impact of structural uncertainties on petroelastic inversion and its consequences in terms of facies classification. Then, we consider seismic modelling as an aid to reservoir model evaluation. This modeling step will make the connection between the reservoir simulators (or geomodelers) and the seismic response of the reservoir. Then we develop two alternative approaches for petroelastic and petrophysical inversion. The first one uses the gradual deformation method to generate reservoir property realizations. This method generates properties at the reservoir scale, conditioned by the wells, while respecting a cost function based on the comparison of actual and synthetic seismic data. The second method is based on supervised classification principle and uses neural networks to analyze the waveform of seismic traces. A first step is to generate a volume containing all possible petrophysical models for the concerned field. These models are analyzed by the neural networks. The neurons identified are applied on the actual data to recognize similar etrophysical/seismic relationships. All methods are tested and validated on actual reservoirs, chosen for their specific features (structural complexity, reservoir lithology)
Tazerart, Sabrina. „Le courant sodique persistant dans le réseau locomoteur du rat nouveau-né : sa contribution dans l'émergence des activités pacemakers et du rythme locomoteur“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20653.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleIdentification of the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation of the locomotor rhythm is of longstanding interest to physiologists. Hindlimb locomotor movements are generated by lumbar neuronal networks, referred to as central pattern generators (CPG). Although rhythm generation mechanisms within the CNS can vary, the activation of a subthreshold depolarizing conductance is always needed to start the firing of individual neurons. Among various subthreshold membrane conductances, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is involved in rhythmic activity of numerous supraspinal neurons such as those involved in the generation of masticatory and respiratory rhythm. The thesis was aimed at identifying and characterizing INaP in the neonatal rodent locomotor CPG, determining its importance in shaping neuronal firing properties and its role in the operation of the locomotor circuitry. Using electrophysiological studies the thesis has characterized INaP for the first time in the locomotor CPG. This current is essential to the generation of the locomotor rhythm and plays a fundamental role in the emergence of pacemaker activity within the CPG. These pacemaker activities emerge in a physiological context in which fluctuations in the ionic composition of the extracellular environment occur during locomotion. This study provides evidence that INaP generates pacemaker activities in CPG interneurons and new insights into the operation of the locomotor network with a critical implication of INaP in stabilizing the locomotor pattern
Pambo-Pambo, Arnaud Brice. „Etude du développement postnatal des motoneurones lombaires de deux souches de souris transgéniques, modèles de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20716.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleThe SOD1 murine models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) allowed major progress in the understanding of mechanisms which could lead to a selective loss of motoneurons (Mns), but these models display differences in the severity and time course of the disease. Changes in intrinsic properties of motoneurons may induce changes in excitability and intracellular calcium homeostasis leading to motoneuron death.Therefore, we studied electrophysiological properties of lumbar Mns from SOD1G85R and SOD1G93A mice, low expressor lines, during the first two postnatal weeks in order to identify possible early presymptomatic abnormalities. Our studies were carried out on two in vitro preparations: the whole isolated spinal cord and acute spinal cord slices. Mutant Mns display, in the two preparations, a modified action potential characterized by an increased duration due to a decrease of the maximal speeds of depolarisation and repolarisation and a reduction of the spike amplitude. These alterations appeared between P2-P5 in SOD1G85R Mns and between P6-P10 in SOD1G93A Mns and suggest a decrease of the density of sodium and potassium channels related to action potential. We also showed on spinal cord slices between P6-P10 that the gain of frequency decreases for SOD1G85R Mns and increases for SOD1G93A Mns without any change in the density of persistent inward sodium or calcium currents in these different mutant Mns. We observed also that the resting membrane potential of SOD1G93A Mns on spinal cord slices is decreased. The membrane properties of SOD1G85R Mns between P6-P10 were less susceptible to changes in presence of an extracellular calcium overload. Differential effects of this extracellular calcium overload on membrane properties of WT and SOD1G85R Mns could be due to different alterations of the potential dependence of voltage-gated channels and/or to the modulation of some types of channels sensitive to extracellular calcium. An over-branching of dendritic arborization, similar to that previously described in SOD1G85R Mns, was observed in SOD1G93A at P8-P9 with the above-mentioned action potential alterations and a weak rheobasic current. These morphogical and electrical changes could indicate together alterations of kinetics and/or density of channels on different sites on these Mns. In conclusion, our work shows on one hand that SOD1G85R and SOD1G93A mutations induce similar alterations of lumbar Mns properties but time-shifted in these two murine models and on the other hand that some alterations seem to be specific to a given SOD1 mutation
Caniou, Yann. „Analyse de sensibilité globale pour les modèles de simulation imbriqués et multiéchelles“. Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864175.
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