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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Net-zero GHG emissions“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Net-zero GHG emissions"
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Tresise, Megan E., Mark S. Reed und Pippa J. Chapman. „Effects of hedgerow enhancement as a net zero strategy on farmland biodiversity: a rapid review“. Emerald Open Research 3 (24.09.2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14307.1.
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In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, the UK government has set a target of achieving net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050. Agricultural GHG emissions in 2017 were 45.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e; 10% of UK total GHG emissions). Farmland hedgerows are a carbon sink, storing carbon in the vegetation and soils beneath them, and thus increasing hedgerow length by 40% has been proposed in the UK to help meet net zero targets. However, the full impact of this expansion on farm biodiversity is yet to be evaluated in a net zero context. This paper critically synthesises the literature on the biodiversity implications of hedgerow planting and management on arable farms in the UK as a rapid review with policy recommendations. Eight peer-reviewed articles were reviewed, with the overall scientific evidence suggesting a positive influence of hedgerow management on farmland biodiversity, particularly coppicing and hedgelaying, although other boundary features, e.g. field margins and green lanes, may be additive to net zero hedgerow policy as they often supported higher abundances and richness of species. Only one paper found hedgerow age effects on biodiversity, with no significant effects found. Key policy implications are that further research is required, particularly on the effect of hedgerow age on biodiversity, as well as mammalian and avian responses to hedgerow planting and management, in order to fully evaluate hedgerow expansion impacts on biodiversity.
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Monjardino, Joana, Luís Dias, Patrícia Fortes, Hugo Tente, Francisco Ferreira und Júlia Seixas. „Carbon Neutrality Pathways Effects on Air Pollutant Emissions: The Portuguese Case“. Atmosphere 12, Nr. 3 (02.03.2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030324.
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Air pollution and climate change are closely interlinked, once both share common emission sources, which mainly arise from fuel combustion and industrial processes. Climate mitigation actions bring co-benefits on air quality and human health. However, specific solutions can provide negative trade-offs for one side. The Portuguese Carbon Neutrality Roadmap was developed to assess conceivable cost-effective pathways to achieve zero net carbon emissions by 2050. Assessing its impacts, on air pollutant emissions, is the main focus of the present work. The bottom-up linear optimization energy system the integrated MARKAL-EFOM system (TIMES) model was selected as a modeling tool for the decarbonization scenarios assessment. The estimation of air pollutant emissions was performed exogenously to the TIMES model. Results show that reaching net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is possible, and technologically feasible, in Portugal, by 2050. The crucial and most cost-effective vector for decarbonizing the national economy is the end-use energy consumption electrification, renewable based, across all end-use sectors. Decarbonization efforts were found to have strong co-benefits for reducing air pollutant emissions in Portugal. Transport and power generation are the sectors with the greatest potential to reduce GHG emissions, providing likewise the most significant reductions of air pollutant emissions. Despite the overall positive effects, there are antagonistic effects, such as the use of biomass, mainly in industry and residential sectors, which translates into increases in particulate matter emissions. This is relevant for medium term projections, since results show that, by 2030, PM2.5 emissions are unlikely to meet the emission reduction commitments set at the European level, if no additional control measures are considered.
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Kellum, Darby S., Manoj K. Shukla, John Mexal und Sanjit Deb. „Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pecan Orchards in Semiarid Southern New Mexico“. HortScience 53, Nr. 5 (Mai 2018): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12773-17.
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Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are fueling global climate change, with methane and nitrous oxide being the primary agricultural gases emitted. It has been shown that N2O emissions correlate to moisture content fluctuations; however, emissions from agricultural fields in the semiarid regions of the Southwest where rewetting events occur regularly are not well established. The scope of this study was to quantify GHG emissions in correlation to soil moisture fluctuations and fertilizer application. The study was conducted continuously in two pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchards between Aug. 2010 and Aug. 2011 on a sandy loam soil (La Mancha) and a silty clay loam soil (Leyendecker), both under normal management practices. The small chamber technique was used to measure GHGs. Emissions varied greatly throughout the year. The largest flux of CO2 at La Mancha and Leyendecker both occurred during a drying event immediately following an irrigation event: 84,642.49 μg·m−2·h−1 and 30,338.24 μg·m−2·h−1, respectively. The net CH4 flux at Leyendecker and La Mancha was close to zero with the largest emissions occurring during wetting events. Results showed that N2O emissions were maintained near the baseline except for the few days following an irrigation event. The largest emission peak at La Mancha occurred after irrigation and nitrogen application: 322.06 μg·m−2·h−1. The largest emission peaks of 26.37 and 1.13 μg·m−2·h−1 at Leyendecker and La Mancha, respectively, occurred after irrigation, nitrogen application, and tillage. Nitrogen application was the driving factor affecting N2O emissions at La Mancha, whereas soil moisture content was the driving factor at Leyendecker. Emission factors (EFs) at La Mancha and Leyendecker were 0.49% and 0.05%, respectively. A thorough accounting of GHG emissions is necessary for budgeting and identifying mitigation policy.
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Satola, Daniel, Martin Röck, Aoife Houlihan-Wiberg und Arild Gustavsen. „Life Cycle GHG Emissions of Residential Buildings in Humid Subtropical and Tropical Climates: Systematic Review and Analysis“. Buildings 11, Nr. 1 (24.12.2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010006.
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Improving the environmental life cycle performance of buildings by focusing on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along the building life cycle is considered a crucial step in achieving global climate targets. This paper provides a systematic review and analysis of 75 residential case studies in humid subtropical and tropical climates. The study investigates GHG emissions across the building life cycle, i.e., it analyses both embodied and operational GHG emissions. Furthermore, the influence of various parameters, such as building location, typology, construction materials and energy performance, as well as methodological aspects are investigated. Through comparative analysis, the study identifies promising design strategies for reducing life cycle-related GHG emissions of buildings operating in subtropical and tropical climate zones. The results show that life cycle GHG emissions in the analysed studies are mostly dominated by operational emissions and are the highest for energy-intensive multi-family buildings. Buildings following low or net-zero energy performance targets show potential reductions of 50–80% for total life cycle GHG emissions, compared to buildings with conventional energy performance. Implementation of on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems provides the highest reduction potential for both operational and total life cycle GHG emissions, with potential reductions of 92% to 100% and 48% to 66%, respectively. Strategies related to increased use of timber and other bio-based materials present the highest potential for reduction of embodied GHG emissions, with reductions of 9% to 73%.
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Makvandia, Ghazal, und Md Safiuddin. „Obstacles to Developing Net-Zero Energy (NZE) Homes in Greater Toronto Area“. Buildings 11, Nr. 3 (04.03.2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11030095.
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Efforts have been put in place to minimize the effects of construction activities and occupancy, but the problem of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continues to have detrimental effects on the environment. As an effort to reduce GHG emissions, particularly carbon emissions, countable commercial, industrial, institutional, and residential net-zero energy (NZE) buildings were built around the globe during the past few years, and they are still operating. But there exist many challenges and barriers for the construction of NZE buildings. This study identifies the obstacles to developing NZE buildings, with a focus on single-family homes, in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The study sought to identify the technical, organizational, and social challenges of constructing NZE buildings, realize the importance of the public awareness in making NZE homes, and provide recommendations on how to raise public knowledge. A qualitative approach was employed to collect the primary data through survey and interviews. The secondary data obtained from the literature review were also used to realize the benefits, challenges, and current situation of NZE buildings. Research results indicate that the construction of NZE buildings is faced with a myriad of challenges, including technical issues, the lack of governmental and institutional supports, and the lack of standardized measures. The public awareness of NZE homes has been found to be very low, thus limiting the uptake and adoption of the new technologies used in this type of homes. The present study also recommends that the government and the academic institutions should strive to support the NZE building technology through curriculum changes, technological uptake, and financial incentives to buyers and developers. The implementation of these recommendations may enhance the success and popularity of NZE homes in the GTA.
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Mishina, Yu, Yosuke Sasaki und Keizo Yokoyama. „Study on Worldwide Embodied Impacts of Construction: Analysis of WIOD Release 2016“. Energies 14, Nr. 11 (28.05.2021): 3172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113172.
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Net-zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) that contribute to making annual energy consumption balances zero are effective measures for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the construction sector. As the application of ZEBs progresses, GHG emissions during the construction of buildings and the manufacturing of materials and products (called construction EG) account for a relatively large proportion of overall emissions. This study aimed to clarify construction EG as a means by which to formulate policies for the reduction of emissions in each country. The construction EGs of 43 countries from 2011 were analyzed. The 56-sector input/output table and CO2 emission data of the 2016 World Input/Output Database, published by the EU, were both used in this analysis. It was found that the construction sector accounted for the highest proportion of total CO2 emissions. Moreover, the fraction of construction EG tended to be higher in developing countries such as China and India, while developed countries tended to contribute a lower fraction of construction EG. Construction EGs were shown to be heavily influenced by the sectors that manufacture “cement”, “steel bars and steel frames”, and “energy sources”. Thus, it is very important to advance technological developments to reduce CO2 emissions within these sectors. The annual variation of construction EGs and CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2014 showed that the construction EGs and total CO2 emissions in developing countries were increasing, whereas emissions from developed countries have been decreasing slightly.
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Merbold, Lutz, Charlotte Decock, Werner Eugster, Kathrin Fuchs, Benjamin Wolf, Nina Buchmann und Lukas Hörtnagl. „Are there memory effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O and CH<sub>4</sub>) following grassland restoration?“ Biogeosciences 18, Nr. 4 (02.03.2021): 1481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1481-2021.
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Abstract. A 5-year greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange study of the three major gas species (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from an intensively managed permanent grassland in Switzerland is presented. Measurements comprise 2 years (2010 and 2011) of manual static chamber measurements of CH4 and N2O, 5 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements (CO2–H2O – 2010–2014), and 3 years (2012–2014) of EC measurement of CH4 and N2O. Intensive grassland management included both regular and sporadic management activities. Regular management practices encompassed mowing (three to five cuts per year) with subsequent organic fertilizer amendments and occasional grazing, whereas sporadic management activities comprised grazing or similar activities. The primary objective of our measurements was to compare pre-plowing to post-plowing GHG exchange and to identify potential memory effects of such a substantial disturbance on GHG exchange and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) gains and losses. In order to include measurements carried out with different observation techniques, we tested two different measurement techniques jointly in 2013, namely the manual static chamber approach and the eddy covariance technique for N2O, to quantify the GHG exchange from the observed grassland site. Our results showed that there were no memory effects on N2O and CH4 emissions after plowing, whereas the CO2 uptake of the site considerably increased when compared to pre-restoration years. In detail, we observed large losses of CO2 and N2O during the year of restoration. In contrast, the grassland acted as a carbon sink under usual management, i.e., the time periods 2010–2011 and 2013–2014. Enhanced emissions and emission peaks of N2O (defined as exceeding background emissions 0.21 ± 0.55 nmol m−2 s−1 (SE = 0.02) for at least 2 sequential days and the 7 d moving average exceeding background emissions) were observed for almost 7 continuous months after restoration as well as following organic fertilizer applications during all years. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEECO2) showed a common pattern of increased uptake of CO2 in spring and reduced uptake in late fall. NEECO2 dropped to zero and became positive after each harvest event. Methane (CH4) exchange fluctuated around zero during all years. Overall, CH4 exchange was of negligible importance for both the GHG budget and the carbon budget of the site. Our results stress the inclusion of grassland restoration events when providing cumulative sums of C sequestration potential and/or global warming potential (GWP). Consequently, this study further highlights the need for continuous long-term GHG exchange observations as well as for the implementation of our findings into biogeochemical process models to track potential GHG mitigation objectives as well as to predict future GHG emission scenarios reliably.
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Singh, Ranjita, Philip Walsh und Christina Mazza. „Sustainable Housing: Understanding the Barriers to Adopting Net Zero Energy Homes in Ontario, Canada“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 22 (07.11.2019): 6236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226236.
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Buildings in Canada account for a significant amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and net zero energy building technology has been identified as part of the solution. This study presents a conceptual model identifying barriers to the adoption of net zero energy housing and tests it by administering a survey to 271 participants in a net zero energy housing demonstration project in Toronto, Canada. Using multivariate correlation and multi-linear regression analyses this study finds that of all the innovation adoption variables it was the construction and design quality that was the most significant contributor to the adoption of a net zero energy home by a potential home owner. This study found that the (a) extra cost compared to a conventional home, b) lack of knowledge about the technology associated with a net zero energy home or (c) not knowing someone who owned a net zero energy home were not significant barriers to accepting net zero energy homes. Our results suggest that policy-makers should promote the diffusion of net zero energy home technology by encouraging housing developers to include net zero energy homes in their collection of model homes, with an emphasis on quality design and construction. Furthermore, engaging in trust building initiatives such as education and knowledge about the technology, its related energy cost savings, and the environmental benefits would contribute to a greater acceptance of net zero energy homes.
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ARYAL, JEETENDRA PRAKASH, TEK B. SAPKOTA, M. L. JAT und DALIP K. BISHNOI. „ON-FARM ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ZERO-TILLAGE WHEAT: A CASE OF NORTH-WEST INDIA“. Experimental Agriculture 51, Nr. 1 (11.06.2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447971400012x.
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SUMMARYConducting farmers participatory field trials at 40 sites for 3 consecutive years in four rice-wheat system dominated districts of Haryana state of India, this paper tested the hypothesis that zero tillage (ZT) based crop production emits less greenhouse gases and yet provide adequate economic benefits to farmers compared to the conventional tillage (CT). In each farmer's field, ZT and CT based wheat production were compared side by side for three consecutive years from 2009–10 to 2011–12. In assessing the mitigation potential of ZT, we examined the differences in input use and crop management, especially those contributing to GHGs emissions, between ZT wheat and CT wheat. We employed Cool Farm Tool (CFT) to estimate emission of GHGs from various wheat production activities. In order to assess economic benefits, we examined the difference in input costs, net returns and cost-benefit analysis of wheat production under CT and ZT. Results show that farmers can save approximately USD 79 ha−1 in terms of total production costs and increase net revenue of about USD 97.5 ha−1 under ZT compared to CT. Similarly, benefit-cost ratio under ZT is 1.43 against 1.31 under CT. Our estimate shows that shifting from CT to ZT based wheat production reduces GHG emission by 1.5 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 season−1. Overall, ZT has both climate change mitigation and economic benefits, implying the win-win outcome of better agricultural practices.
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Faubert, Patrick, Sylvie Bouchard, Rémi Morin Chassé, Hélène Côté, Pierre-Luc Dessureault und Claude Villeneuve. „Achieving Carbon Neutrality for A Future Large Greenhouse Gas Emitter in Quebec, Canada: A Case Study“. Atmosphere 11, Nr. 8 (31.07.2020): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080810.
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To reach the Paris Agreement targets of holding the global temperature increase below 2 °C above the preindustrial levels, every human activity will need to be carbon neutral by 2050. Feasible means for industries to achieve carbon neutrality must be developed and assessed economically. Herein we present a case study on available solutions to achieve net-zero carbon from the get-go for a planned liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Quebec, which would classify as a large Canadian greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter. From a literature review, available options were prioritized with the promoter. Each prioritized potential solution is discussed in light of its feasibility and the associated economic opportunities and challenges. Although net-zero carbon is feasible from the get-go, results show that the promoter should identify opportunities to reduce as much as possible emissions at source, cooperate with other industries for CO2 capture and utilization, replace natural gas from fossil sources by renewable sources and offset the remaining emissions by planting trees and/or buying offsets on the compliance and voluntary markets. As some of these solutions are still to be developed, to ensure timely net-zero pledge for the lifespan of the LNG plant, a portfolio and progressive approach to combine offsets and other options is preferable.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Net-zero GHG emissions"
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Gren, Sofia, und Linnea Sörman. „Interpretations of concepts and implementation of negative emissions technologies (NETs) in long-term climate targets : A cross country comparison“. Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176108.
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Countries' long-term climate targets are described by different concepts who, over time, have become increasingly dependent on negative emissions technologies (NETs) in order for the targets to be reached. This thesis is a cross country comparison, examining similarities and differences in the concepts used by seven countries to express their long-term climate targets, focusing on their plans for implementing NETs. The empirical material was collected from interviews with experts from each country. Concepts in long-term climate targets can have various interpretations and there are uncertainties about what emissions that are covered within the different concepts. NETs are crucial for achieving any type of net-zero target however they are in nascent stages, except for forest management, and there are several factors affecting the possibilities to implement NETs. It is important not to focus too much on NETs to comply with the long-term climate targets, NETs should function as a complement to emissions reduction and target the unavoidable emissions. We recommend that countries clarify what emissions are included within their concept, set out specific targets for NETs and lastly put a great effort into clarifying policy instruments related to NETs.Ländernas långsiktiga klimatmål beskrivs av olika begrepp som är beroende av negativa utsläppstekniker för att målen ska nås. Denna avhandling är en jämförelse mellan sju länder där ländernas likheter och skillnader undersöks genom deras val av begrepp och även deras planer för att implementera tekniker för att nå negativa utsläpp. Det empiriska materialet samlades in från intervjuer med experter från varje land. Begrepp i de långsiktiga klimatmålen kan ha olika tolkningar och det råder osäkerhet om vilka utsläpp som täcks upp inom de olika begreppen. Negativa utsläppstekniker är avgörande för att uppnå alla typer av netto-nollmål men de befinner sig i väldigt tidiga faser av utveckling, förutom skog som redan finns på plats och det finns flera faktorer som påverkar möjligheterna att implementera negativa utsläppstekniker. Det är viktigt att inte fokusera för mycket på negativa utsläppstekniker för att uppfylla de långsiktiga klimatmålen, de bör fungera som ett komplement till utsläppsminskning och rikta in sig på de oundvikliga utsläppen. Vi rekommenderar att länder klargör vilka utsläpp som ingår i begreppen, fastställer specifika mål för negativa utsläppstekniker och slutligen satsar mycket på att klargöra policyinstrument relaterade till negativa utsläppstekniker.
Bücher zum Thema "Net-zero GHG emissions"
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Jaramillo, Marcela, und Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.
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The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial support for countries in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) in their efforts to achieve the climate objectives under the Paris Agreement, seeking to transition to a net zero, resilient and sustainable development pathways that improve quality of life and prosperity in LAC. Through our research and experience supporting countries and piloting solutions we have developed a toolbox for support. This paper describes three NDC Invest products to support Governments to tackle challenges and scale up action towards a climate aligned and sustainable development path: i) the design of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) for net-zero emissions and resilience; ii) design of ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aligned to LTS; and iii) design of investment plans and finance strategies. Our three products are not a fix recipe, but rather a toolbox to provide flexible and relevant solutions tailored to country needs and context, and different stages of design and implementation of their climate targets.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Net-zero GHG emissions"
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Varney, James, und Richard Dyson. „Net Zero Facilities - Green Power Generation Offshore“. In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205471-ms.
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Abstract The largest contributor to operational emissions from upstream oil and gas operations is power generation from gas turbines (contributing 13.2M tonnes of CO2 and 67.5% of offshore emissions in 2018). To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from its operations. Given that production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, they must be future-proofed for ongoing operation; in this timeframe, industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with green power in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly. To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design, and construct facilities powered by green sources. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. This is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to a green powered facility, identifying the associated opportunities and challenges. A Decision Quality framework was used to identify methods for achieving green powered facilities including: Power import from green sources (onshore and offshore) Green Power Purchase Agreements Renewable microgrids Integration with hydrogen networks Facility demanning to reduce power demand Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring. Design concepts were created to test solutions to removing gas turbines from offshore facilities. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, green-powered design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the potential limits to offshore electrification and identified solutions to the typical barriers found in these types of project. This paper demonstrates that a 75% reduction in emissions is achievable with current technology, in a grid with a high renewables component. The opportunities and challenges of net-zero power generation are presented, and a hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact. This will allow operators to make decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for power generation emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering available local infrastructure. With grid-connected systems, as the grid decarbonises, so too will the offshore operations. The approach presented can be applied across many industries; long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting green power generation early in system design.
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Dyson, Richard, James Varney, Vaseem Khan und Chris Dartnell. „Net Zero Facilities – A Tenet for Survival or a Pipedream“. In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31098-ms.
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Abstract To meet global climate targets, it is critical that the oil and gas industry address greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions attributable to its operations. According to the IEA, 15% of global energy-related GHG emissions arise from the process of hydrocarbon extraction and distribution. Production facilities built today may operate for 20-30 years, by which time industries, governments and countries have committed to significant reductions in emissions. If facilities are not designed with carbon neutrality in mind, there is a risk that carbon pricing may cause projects to become uneconomic before their planned end-of-life - an expensive folly. To meet GHG emission targets and de-risk projects it is essential that operators design and construct facilities with carbon neutrality in mind. This will future-proof their operations, ensuring that operators are active participants in a carbon neutral future. In fact, this is a tenet for survival in a world with pressure to decarbonise from shareholders, financial institutions, and society itself. This paper presents a pathway to the carbon neutral upstream facility. A methodology to achieve net-zero emissions for an offshore compression platform is proposed. The project team used a Decision Quality framework to identify methods for achieving carbon neutrality, including: Power import and electrification Renewable micro-grids Integration with hydrogen networks Reduction of fugitive emissions Flare system removal Facility demanning and access method Engineered offsetting methods (excluding nature-based offsetting) Digital Transformation of design and operations - remote operation and monitoring. Design concepts were created to test carbon neutral facilities feasibility. Expertise gained from demanning projects, along with specialist Electrical & Instrumentation experience were used, to perform a techno-economic assessment. Class 5 CAPEX and OPEX estimates were prepared and compared against a Reference Case "traditional" facility design. Traditional approaches to facility design were challenged at every level and an optimal, carbon neutral design was identified based on the above assessments integrating the latest techniques and technology. The study team determined the facilities lifecycle cost, identifying breakeven carbon pricing required to ensure cost-competitiveness. This paper demonstrates what is achievable with current technology, and opportunities for further technology development. Breakeven carbon pricing for carbon neutral facilities is presented within a range of economic scenarios. A hierarchy of technologies show those which have the biggest impact per dollar spent. This will allow operators to make informed decisions on areas that present the biggest targets for emissions reduction. The methodology can be adapted to any geographical region, considering local infrastructure and carbon pricing. The approach presented can be applied across many industries. Long lifespan, capital intensive projects with large GHG footprints are particularly vulnerable to carbon taxes. These projects have much to gain from adopting carbon neutrality early in system design.
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Asaee, S. Rasoul, und V. Ismet Ugursal. „Potential to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions by using renewable energy technologies in the conversion of existing houses into net-zero and near net-zero energy buildings“. In the Fourth International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3234698.3234771.
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Font-Palma, Carolina, George Lychnos, Homam Nikpey Somehsaraei, Paul Willson und Mohsen Assadi. „Comparison of Performance of Alternative Post Combustion Carbon Capture Processes for a Biogas Fueled Micro Gas Turbine“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15558.
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Abstract The urgent need to decrease greenhouse gases (GHG) has prompted countries such as the UK and Norway to commit to net zero emissions by 2050 and 2030, respectively. One of the sectors contributing to GHG emissions is agriculture, by approximately 10% in the EU in 2017. GHG reductions in the production side should involve avoidance at source, reduction of emissions and/or removal of those emissions, with the potential for negative emissions by carbon capture. This paper focuses on the utilisation of agricultural waste that can be converted into biogas, such as livestock and crops residues which represent around 37% of GHG emissions by agriculture in the EU. The biogas can be used to produce electricity and heat in a micro gas turbine (MGT). Then, the exhaust gases can be sent to a carbon capture plant. This offers the potential for integration of waste into energy for in-house use in farms and fosters a circular-bioeconomy, where the captured CO2 could be used in greenhouses to grow vegetables. This could even allow the integration of other renewable technologies, since the MGT offers flexible operation for rapid start-up and shut down or intermittency of other technologies such as solar or wind. Current carbon capture processes are very costly at the smaller scales typical of remote communities. The alternative A3C (advanced cryogenic carbon capture) process is much more economical at smaller scales. The A3C separates CO2 from process gas that flows counter-currently with a cold moving bed, where the CO2 desublimes on the surface of bed material as a thin layer of frost. This allows enhanced heat transfer and avoids heavy build-up of frost that reduces severely the heat transfer. The phase change separation process employed by A3C and the large thermal inertia of the separation medium gives good flexibility of capture for load changes and on-off despatch. This study integrates a combined heat and power MGT, Turbec T100, of 100 kWe output. This include developed models for the MGT using characteristics maps for the compressor and turbine and for the cryogenic carbon capture plant, using two software tools, IPSEpro and Aspen Plus, respectively.
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Bexten, Thomas, Sophia Jörg, Nils Petersen, Manfred Wirsum, Pei Liu und Zheng Li. „Model-Based Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hydrogen-Fired Gas Turbine With External Exhaust Gas Recirculation“. In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15486.
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Abstract Climate science shows that the limitation of global warming requires a rapid transition towards net-zero emissions of green house gases (GHG) on a global scale. Expanding renewable power generation in a significant way is seen as an imperative measure within this transition. To compensate for the inherent volatility of wind- and solar-based power generation, flexible and dispatchable power generation technologies such as gas turbines are required. If operated with CO2-neutral fuels such as hydrogen or in combination with carbon capture plants, a GHG-neutral gas turbine operation could be achieved. An effective leverage to enhance carbon capture efficiency and a possible measure to safely burn hydrogen in gas turbines is the partial external recirculation of exhaust gas. By means of a model-based analysis of an industrial gas turbine, the present study initially assesses the thermodynamic impact caused by a fuel switch from natural gas to hydrogen. Although positive trends such as increasing net electrical power output and thermal efficiency can be observed, the overall effect on the gas turbine process is only minor. In a following step, the partial external recirculation of exhaust gas is evaluated and compared both for the combustion of natural gas and hydrogen, regardless of potential combustor design challenges. The influence of altering working fluid properties throughout the whole gas turbine process is thermodynamically evaluated for ambient temperature recirculation and recirculation at an elevated temperature. A reduction in thermal efficiency can be observed as well as non-negligible changes of relevant process variables. These changes are are more distinctive at a higher recirculation temperature.
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Martinopoulos, Georgios. „Solar Heating Systems as a Viable Solution Towards Nearly Zero Energy Buildings“. In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6498.
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Currently the building sector accounts for almost 40% of total energy consumption in the European Union (EU) making, the reduction in energy consumption and the increased penetration of renewable energy resources important measures in the EU’s effort to reduce its energy dependency and GHG emissions. To that end, 2018 was set as the year that all new buildings occupied or owned by public authorities ought to be Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEB), while from the end of 2020 all buildings must be NZEB. In the present work, a feasibility analysis is performed concerning a typical (12 m2/ 0.65 m3) solar space and water heating system, utilized in a representative 100 m2 “reference house” designed according to the latest national Regulation on the Energy Performance which is in accordance with Directive 2010/31/EC and located in Thessaloniki in the northern part of Greece, as well as variations of the same building with different average Um values representing different options towards NZEB. For the energy calculations regarding the proposed solar systems and for the buildings heating loads, TRANSOL, a transient simulation software based on TRNSYS was used. Finally, for all cases a financial analysis was performed and the Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Pay Back Period (DPBP) were calculated. From the analysis it was apparent that a typical solar space and water heating system can provide a viable solution towards NZEB, with solar coverage and DPBP being influenced strongly by the type of construction of the building and the fuel substituted. In all cases the proposed system covers at least 50% of the total needs.
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Holdway, Rob William John, Mark Patrick Dowling, Iain Bell und Iain Laing. „The Environmental Benefits of Repurposing Tubular Steel from North Sea Oil and Gas Fields“. In SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205468-ms.
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Abstract The purpose of conducting this LCA was to calculate the potential environmental impacts of the repurposing of John Lawrie Tubulars products sourced from North Sea Oil and Gas fields and to compare repurposed steel tubulars to those made from prime steel1throughout their lifecycle. The analysis includes multiple environmental characterization indicators associated with the material processing, on-site operations, and supply chain. The benefits of repurposed tubulars are consistently beneficial across all environmental indicators when compared to prime steel tubulars. The life cycle analysis results show that for every tonne of steel tubular repurposed there is a 97.21% saving of carbon emissions over a prime steel seamless equivalent and is 97.78% for welded steel tubulars (cradle to gate). Further characterization analysis (cradle to site) showed that distribution presented the highest impact (47%) with materials (26%) and material transportation (15%). The average delivery in the UK adds 56.53kgCO2eto John Lawrie's tubular steel giving a cradle to delivery at the customers gate of 118.53kgCO2eper tonne2. The combined material and distribution carbon footprint of repurposed tubular products (cradle to site) has ~6% of the impact of those made from prime steel. With growing pressure on the construction industry amongst others to be more resource efficient, and to lower embodied carbon, material reuse strategies are critical to meet targets. Considering the potential of the results for environmental impact reduction there is the need to further develop and promote the application of repurposed steel tubulars. This data can be used to demonstrate the environmental impacts and benefits of refurbished tubulars and supports the efficacy of environmental claims and contribution to circular economy. With both the construction and energy industries focused on finding innovative ways in which to reduce their emissions and support the Scottish and UK Governments in bringing all greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) to net zero by 2050, this study details one way these industries can help drive the changes required.
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Widyolar, Bennett K., Lun Jiang, Jonathan Ferry, Jordyn Brinkley, Yogesh Bhusal und Roland Winston. „Nonimaging solar collectors toward net-zero GHG emission“. In Nonimaging Optics: Efficient Design for Illumination and Solar Concentration XVI, herausgegeben von Roland Winston und Eli Yablonovitch. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2534513.
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Achakulwisut, Ploy, und Peter Erickson. Trends in fossil fuel extraction. Stockholm Environment Institute, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.001.
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At present, most global GHG emissions – over 75% – are from fossil fuels. By necessity, reaching net zero emissions therefore requires dramatic reductions in fossil fuel demand and supply. Though fossil fuels have not been explicitly addressed by the UN Framework on Climate Change, a conversation has emerged about possible “supply-side” agreements on fossil fuels and climate change. For example, a number of countries, including Denmark, France, and New Zealand, have started taking measures to phase out their oil and gas production. In the United States, President Joe Biden has put a pause on new oil and gas leasing on federal lands and waters, while Vice President Kamala Harris has previously proposed a “first-ever global negotiation of the cooperative managed decline of fossil fuel production”. This paper aims to contribute to this emerging discussion. The authors present a simple analysis on where fossil fuel extraction has happened historically, and where it will continue to occur and expand if current economic trends continue without new policy interventions. By employing some simple scenario analysis, the authors also demonstrate how the phase-out of fossil fuel production is likely to be inequitable among countries, if not actively and internationally managed.