Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Nepali upanyas“

Yoga, meditation and Hasta Mudra Chikitsa (medication through the exercise or gesture of hands) known as spiritual activities in the past have been emerged as bases to maintain one’s health, peace and tranquility. Some people follow yoga, some focus on meditation and others apply “Hasta Chikitsa” or “Mudra”. They are separate traditional exercises. They require to spend 10 to 30 minutes once or twice a day for their optional exercise/s. It is proved that such practice has productive effect in different health treatments. This paper has applied the methods of observation, interview and literature review as qualitative paradigm in exploring their original roots of Vedic Sandhyopaasan. Twice born castes (Brahman, Chhetri and Baishya) of Nepali Hindu society has been found practicing all components of the exercises as a unified ritual of Sandhyopaasan. Upanayan (Bratabandha) ritual teaches Sandhyopaasan procedures for self control and self healing of the performers. Brahman is not eligible as Brahman without doing the ritual daily. However, this study has found that some Dalits have also been practicing Sandhyopaasan daily and feeling relaxed. Findings of this study show that Sandhyopaasan is a compact package of yoga, meditations and Hasta Chikitsa. Students and gurus of Vedas have been regularly following the compact package for inner peace and self control. Root of yoga, meditation and “Mudra” is Sandhyopaasan and this is the base of Hindu education system. The paper analyzes the ritual through Hindu educational perspective.

बालबालिकामा सामाजिक व्यवहार तथा सम्बन्धको विकास गर्ने हेतुले बालसाहित्यमा समावेश गरिएका सामाजिकीकरणका सन्दर्भको पहिचान एवम् विश्लेषण गर्नु समालोचनाको अपेक्षित क्षेत्र हो । नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा यस प्रकृतिको विश्लेषण भएको नपाएकाले तथ्यपरक विश्लेषणसहित यो लेख तयार पारिएको हो । नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा प्रयुक्त सामाजिकीकरणका सन्दर्भको विश्लेषण गर्नु यस लेखको मुख्य उद्देश्य हो । यस लेखमा पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन कार्यबाट तथ्य सङ्कलन गरी नेपाली बालउपन्यासलाई प्राथमिक सामग्रीका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । सामाजिकीकरणसँग सम्बद्ध विविध सैद्धान्तिक पुस्तकहरूलाई द्वितीयक सामग्रीका रूपमा लिइएको यस लेखमा वणर्नात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यस लेखमा नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा उपयोग गरिएका सामाजिकीकरकणका सन्दर्भलाई नेपाली समाजका सामाजिक मूल्य तथा व्यवहारका सापेक्षमा विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । सामाजिकीकरण भनेको कुनै पनि परिवार, साथीहरू, समाज तथा समुदायको सदस्यका रूपमा रही उक्त क्षेत्रमा भएगरेका कार्यकलापमा सहभागी हुनु हो । सामाजिकीकरणले सकारात्मक सामाजिक व्यवहारको निर्माणमा सहयोग पुर्‍याउँछ । बालबालिकाहरूलाई सामाजिकीकरणतर्पm अभिमुख तुल्याएका निकै कम मात्र नेपाली बालउपन्यास रहेको पाइएको छ । उक्त उपन्यासमा परिवारका सदस्यसँगका व्यवहार, साथीहरूसँगका मैत्रीभाव, सहकार्य, सहयोग, मेलमेलाप आदि पक्षमा केन्द्रित गराई बालबालिकाहरूलाई सामाजिकीकरण गर्दै सामाजिक मूल्य एवम् मान्यतामा सहभागी बनाइएको देखिन्छ । बालबालिकाहरूलाई घरपरिवार, समाज, तथा विद्यालयीय परिवेशका गतिविधिमा भूमिका दिएर एवम् साथीसङ्गतिसँगको सहकार्य, मैत्रीभाव, खेलकुद आदिमा संलग्न तुल्याएका सन्दर्भ नेपाली बालउपन्यासमा अपेक्षाकृत रूपमा प्राप्त गर्न हुन सकेनन् । बालबालिकाहरूलाई सामाजिकीकरणका लागि अभिप्रेरित गर्ने उद्देश्य समावेश गरिएका प्रमुख नेपाली बालउपन्यास ‘आधा देशका राजकुमार’, ‘धूर्त स्याल र घमन्डी बाघ’, ‘जालमाथि चाल’ तथा ‘हाम्रो स्कुल’ रहेका छन् । आगतमा नेपाली बालउपन्यासका स्रष्टाबाट सामाजिकीकरणका सन्दर्भको प्रविष्टिमा आधिक्य रहने अपेक्षा भने गर्न सकिन्छ । In order to develop social behavior and relationships in children, identifying and analyzing the context of socialization included in child-literature is an expected area of criticism. Since no analysis of this nature has been done in Nepali child-novels (Bal-Upanyas), this article has been prepared with factual analysis. The main purpose of this article is to analyze the context of socialization used in Nepali child-novels. In this article, Nepali child-novels have been used as primary material by collecting facts from library studies. Various theoretical books related to socialization have been taken as secondary material and a descriptive method has been used in this article. In this article, the context of socialization used in Nepali child-novels has been analyzed in relation to the social values and behaviour of Nepali society. Socialization means being a member of any family, friends, society and community and participating in activities in that area. Socialization helps in building positive social behavior. It has been found that there are very few Nepali child-novels that are aimed at socializing children. In the novel, it seems that children are socialized and made to participate in social values and beliefs by focusing on the aspects of behaviour with family members, friendship with friends, cooperation, collaboration, reconciliation, etc. The contexts that give children a role in the activities of the household, society, and school environment and make them involved in cooperation with friends, friendship, sports, etc. have not been found adequately in Nepali child-novels. The major Nepali child- novels that aim to motivate children for socialization are 'Adha Deshka Rajkumar', 'Cunning Fox and Arrogant Bagh', 'Jal Mathi Chal' and 'Our School'. It can be expected that there will be an excess in the inclusion of the contexts of socialization from the authors of Nepali child-novels.

The goal of the study is to determine how Rajbanshi social marriage songs are learned and how oral education is used in their rituals. The Rajbanshi family resides in Bangladesh, Nepal, the far northern section of West Bengal, and the Lower part of Assam. They follow diverse traditions from birth to death since they have unique customs and indigenous cultures such as "Chura koron," "Upanayan," "Brata," "Bhat Khoa," "Biyao," "Puja," and "Dasha & Shradd". The Rajbanshi have been performing the social marriage song for a many of years as part of their ceremonies. The Rajbanshis are mostly practice this skill orally and have learned it through transmission from one generation to the next. Over the decade People have passed the song along to others. This oral tradition is done in groups, primarily by elderly women, in the Rajbangsi community of North Bengal. Nowadays, it is hardly ever practiced. It needs to be kept and practiced regularly so those future generations will know about it.