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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Neotropical forest biodiversity and functioning“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Neotropical forest biodiversity and functioning"
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Tundisi, JG, und T. Matsumura-Tundisi. „Biodiversity in the neotropics: ecological, economic and social values“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, Nr. 4 suppl (November 2008): 913–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000500002.
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Biodiversity in the neotropical region is of enormous importance, specially related to the future exploitation of this natural resource for food production, medical applications and restoration ecology and technology. Knowledge of this biodiversity and its conservation represents an important step from the scientific and applied point of view. Neotropical biodiversity is endangered by human interventions. Loss of this large genetic and phenotypic base will affect the functioning of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Neotropical forests and floodplains, great internal deltas of rivers are active centers of evolution. Loss of neotropical biodiversity will represent the loss of processes, economic values and ecosystem services.
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Poorter, Lourens, Masha T. van der Sande, Eric J. M. M. Arets, Nataly Ascarrunz, Brian J. Enquist, Bryan Finegan, Juan Carlos Licona et al. „Biodiversity and climate determine the functioning of Neotropical forests“. Global Ecology and Biogeography 26, Nr. 12 (16.11.2017): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12668.
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Poorter, Lourens, Masha T. van der Sande, Eric J. M. M. Arets, Nataly Ascarrunz, Brian Enquist, Bryan Finegan, Juan Carlos Licona et al. „Biodiversity and climate determine the functioning of Neotropical forests“. Global Ecology and Biogeography 27, Nr. 3 (14.02.2018): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geb.12721.
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Cañadas, Alvaro Gustavo, Diana Rade, Joffre Andrade Candell, José Ciro Hernández-Díaz, Carlos Molina Hidrovo, Marcos Zambrano und Christian Wehenkel. „Gap edge attributes in Neotropical rainforest, Ecuador“. Revista de Biología Tropical 66, Nr. 1 (13.12.2017): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i1.27612.
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In many parts of the world, forestry objectives are now shifting from focusing on maximum production to a wider perspective that includes biodiversity preservation and ecosystem functioning. To achieve these targets, managers are increasingly designing cutting regimes that imitate natural disturbances, with the aim of generating a more naturally structured forest. In many old-growth forests, tree fall gaps caused by tree death constitute the dominant type of disturbance. The application of gap dynamics theory appears to be a promising option for tropical forest management and conservation. In the present study of a tree species-rich and old-growth Ecuadorian Neotropical forest, we assessed the spatial distribution of gaps and gap size in relation to: i) tree number at the gap edge, ii) number of tree species at the gap edge, iii) number of tree species per stem at the gap edge, iv) species similarity, v) species evenness at the gap edge, vi) size differentiation at the gap edge, vii) gap isolation and viii) species mingling at the gap edge. Understanding natural gap processes in these forests is crucial for establishing new forestry practices in these forests to mimic natural processes of disturbance. Our results demonstrated that the spatial distribution of gaps was random. Various gap attributes were strongly associated with gap size. The number of tree species per stem at the gap edge was negatively correlated to the gap size. Gap sizes up to 50 m2 were mostly sufficient to generate tree species-rich forest stands. Assuming that our results were representative for an old-growth neotropical rainforest in Ecuador, our study remarks the following management recommendations: 1) Rainforests have a very complex spatial and diversity structure and logging activities should preferably be omitted because of adverse effects. 2) If logging is inevitable, this should mimic a random choice of trees and tree species, to prevent special selection of tree dimension and species; and a random distribution of trees to be logged, to produce gaps smaller than 50 m2 and never larger than 400 m2. Additionally, we suggest cutting not more than 5 % of the tree biomass per 10-20 years period, to preclude stronger alterations of ecosystem processes, and the reduction of existing dead wood from the ecosystem.
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Mendes, Mayara Ferreira, Monica Laner Blauth, Luana Amaral Dos Santos, Vera Lúcia da Silva Valente Gaiesky und Marco Silva Gottschalk. „Temporal edge effects structure the assemblages of Drosophilidae (Diptera) in a Restinga forest fragment in Southern Brazil“. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 16, Nr. 2 (12.05.2021): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.16.e61481.
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Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation directly affects ecological processes, leading to negative biodiversity impacts for insects and other biota. Increased edge effects are one consequence of fragmentation, and may alter the composition or abundance of species in the remaining habitat fragments. Understanding the ways in which edge effects impact upon the biota is essential for conservation decision-making in fragmented landscapes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the seasonal patterns of abundance, richness, and composition of Drosophilidae in a Restinga forest fragment in the extreme south of Brazil, as a function of the distance from the edge to the interior of the fragment. The data were analyzed using SIMPER analyses, which showed that the edge and the forest interior were most dissimilar during winter, followed by spring, autumn and summer. An NMDS and the SIMPER analyses showed that the lower dissimilarity between the edge and interior in spring, autumn and summer, compared to winter, is driven by immigration of individuals from outside of the forest fragment. Furthermore, some species were asymmetrically distributed in the fragment, with some species restricted to the edge of the fragment and others to the interior. This information aids in the understanding of the functioning and dynamics of fragmentation, which is fundamental for the maintenance and integrity of environments and their fauna.
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Cajaiba, Reinaldo Lucas, Eduardo Périco, Wully Barreto Silva, Edilson Caron, Bruna Caroline Buss, Marina Dalzochio und Mário Santos. „Are primary forests irreplaceable for sustaining Neotropical landscapes' biodiversity and functioning? Contributions for restoration using ecological indicators“. Land Degradation & Development 31, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2019): 508–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3467.
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Aerts, Raf, und Olivier Honnay. „Forest restoration, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning“. BMC Ecology 11, Nr. 1 (2011): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-11-29.
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Rozendaal, Danaë M. A., Frans Bongers, T. Mitchell Aide, Esteban Alvarez-Dávila, Nataly Ascarrunz, Patricia Balvanera, Justin M. Becknell et al. „Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests“. Science Advances 5, Nr. 3 (März 2019): eaau3114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3114.
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Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.
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Esteves, FA, A. Caliman, JM Santangelo, RD Guariento, VF Farjalla und RL Bozelli. „Neotropical coastal lagoons: an appraisal of their biodiversity, functioning, threats and conservation management“. Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, Nr. 4 suppl (November 2008): 967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000500006.
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Neotropical coastal lagoons (NCL) are human-dominated ecosystems. Their distribution along densely populated coastal areas of developing countries makes these systems among the most threatened in the world. Here, we summarize some aspects of the causes and consequences of NCL biodiversity, their functioning, their importance to the surrounding populations, their fragility, and their responses to local and global anthropogenic impacts and the challenges that Neotropical countries face in conserving these systems. Although still scarce and geographically concentrated, a growing body of studies has shown that NCLs are physiographically diversified systems, which harbor a considerable and particular proportion of the Neotropical inland aquatic biodiversity. Despite the fact that coastal lagoons are ecotones that are intricately connected to surrounding environments, they develop mechanisms for structural and functional regulation, which confer to these systems higher productivity and carrying capacities than surrounding ecosystems. Such traits attract residential developments and subsidize local traditional populations with important economic and aesthetic ecosystem revenues such as fisheries and scenic beauty. However, the disorganized human occupation around NCLs are causing profound impacts such as eutrophication, salinization, exotic species introduction, as well as other effects, which are ultimately imposing major habitat degradations and biodiversity extirpations in NCLs. We argue that interdisciplinary conservation strategies, which integrate scientific expertise, government officials, private companies and the general public, are the most likely to overcome the geographic and economic obstacles to NCL conservation.
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Leite, Yuri L. R., Leonora P. Costa, Ana Carolina Loss, Rita G. Rocha, Henrique Batalha-Filho, Alex C. Bastos, Valéria S. Quaresma et al. „Neotropical forest expansion during the last glacial period challenges refuge hypothesis“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, Nr. 4 (11.01.2016): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513062113.
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The forest refuge hypothesis (FRH) has long been a paradigm for explaining the extreme biological diversity of tropical forests. According to this hypothesis, forest retraction and fragmentation during glacial periods would have promoted reproductive isolation and consequently speciation in forest patches (ecological refuges) surrounded by open habitats. The recent use of paleoclimatic models of species and habitat distributions revitalized the FRH, not by considering refuges as the main drivers of allopatric speciation, but instead by suggesting that high contemporary diversity is associated with historically stable forest areas. However, the role of the emerged continental shelf on the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot of eastern South America during glacial periods has been ignored in the literature. Here, we combined results of species distribution models with coalescent simulations based on DNA sequences to explore the congruence between scenarios of forest dynamics through time and the genetic structure of mammal species cooccurring in the central region of the Atlantic Forest. Contrary to the FRH predictions, we found more fragmentation of suitable habitats during the last interglacial (LIG) and the present than in the last glacial maximum (LGM), probably due to topography. We also detected expansion of suitable climatic conditions onto the emerged continental shelf during the LGM, which would have allowed forests and forest-adapted species to expand. The interplay of sea level and land distribution must have been crucial in the biogeographic history of the Atlantic Forest, and forest refuges played only a minor role, if any, in this biodiversity hotspot during glacial periods.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Neotropical forest biodiversity and functioning"
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De, Souza Maira. „Predicting biodiversity loss in insular neotropical forest habitat patches“. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/52054/.
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Neotropical forests have experienced high rates of biodiversity loss as a result of burgeoning land-use changes. Habitat conversion into cropland, pastures, and more recently hydroelectric lakes, are leading drivers of forest loss and fragmentation of pristine forests in the world’s most biodiverse region. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of the impacts of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity loss in Neotropical forests by evaluating the patterns of floristic changes and vertebrate extinctions in forest patches. Two approaches at different scales were conducted. First, a systematic literature review was carried out on the effects of fragmentation on Neotropical primates at a continental-scale. Second, biodiversity inventories were conducted on medium and large bodied vertebrates (including mammals, birds and tortoises) and trees ≥10 cm diameter at breast height at 37 islands and three continuous forest sites within the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir in Brazilian Amazonia. Patch area was a key driver of species persistence for all study taxa, yet other factors were also important. Hunting pressure exerted a strong influence on patterns of primate persistence within 760 fragments, and edge effects, including edge-related ground-fires, were the main predictors of floristic transitions using data from 87 quarter hectare forest-plots at Balbina. Additionally, matrix composition and species life-history traits played a key role in explaining patterns of species persistence. This study therefore highlights the importance of considering anthropogenic stressors in assessing the effects of land-use change to explain patterns of species persistence in forest patches, aside from including parameters related to the matrix and ecological life history traits of focal species. As conservation recommendations, prioritising large (>100 ha) patches, increasing their protection, and enhancing connectivity of surrounding habitats becomes clearly important. For future Amazonian dams, it is recommended that engineers should consider the overall topography of planned reservoirs to maximise landscape connectivity and/or reject plans targeting unfavourable river basins.
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Maurent, Eliott. „Des forêts tropicales et des humains dans les Amériques : trajectoires de réponse aux perturbations anthropiques de la diversité et de la composition des arbres. Of tropical forests and humans in the Americas : response trajectories of tree diversity and composition to anthropogenic disturbances“. Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AGPT0014.
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Les forêts tropicales sont confrontées à des perturbations anthropiques fréquentes et intenses, telles que l'exploitation sélective - l'abattage de quelques arbres dans des forêts anciennes, tandis que le reste du peuplement se régénère naturellement. De nombreuses études ont été menées sur la reconstitution des stocks de carbone et de bois, en raison d'un intérêt pour l'atténuation du changement climatique et la rentabilité de l'exploitation. Malgré le rôle crucial de la biodiversité pour le maintien et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes - et sa valeur intrinsèque - peu d'études ont été menées sur l'impact de l'exploitation sélective sur la biodiversité. Par conséquent, cette thèse vise à caractériser la réponse de la diversité et de la composition des arbres à l'exploitation forestière dans les forêts tropicales américaines.Grâce aux inventaires forestiers (1986-2021, diamètre à hauteur de poitrine ≥ 10 cm) de la station de Paracou (Guyane française), nous avons construit un cadre bayésien de modélisation des trajectoires de la diversité et de la composition des arbres après exploitation : Paracou a été perturbé par des traitements sylvicoles de différentes intensités en 1986-1987. Nous avons propagé l'incertitude associée à la détermination botanique et aux mesures des traits fonctionnels, et modélisé les trajectoires de diversité et de composition taxonomique, phylogénétique et fonctionnelle des arbres au niveau de l'espèce, par rapport à leurs niveaux pré-perturbation. En outre, nous avons évalué l'effet des caractéristiques des communautés d'arbres pré-perturbation, des conditions biophysiques et des propriétés de la perturbation sur nos trajectoires d'attributs forestiers. Deuxièmement, nous avons utilisé une version simplifiée du cadre de modélisation susmentionné sur des inventaires forestiers à long terme provenant de parcelles situées au Costa Rica et dans trois pays amazoniens (Observatorio de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Costa Rica et Tropical managed Forest Observatory). Nous avons modélisé leurs trajectoires de diversité et de composition taxonomique et fonctionnelle après exploitation au niveau du genre, à partir desquelles nous avons extrait des indicateurs sur la période d'inventaire de chaque site. Nous avons ensuite évalué l'effet de la structure de la communauté d'arbres pré-perturbation et des propriétés de la perturbation sur ces indicateurs. Bien que plus variables dans la seconde étude ayant une portée géographique plus large, nous avons observé des tendances similaires dans les deux études : la diversité a majoritairement augmenté après exploitation et les communautés d'arbres sont principalement passées de stratégies de conservation à des stratégies d'acquisition des ressources. Ces changements semblent provenir du recrutement abondant et momentané d'espèces de début de succession présentant des caractéristiques d'acquisition des ressources, ce qui leur confère un avantage compétitif lorsque l'intensité de perturbation - i.e., disponibilité de la lumière et de l'espace - augmente. En effet, les changements de diversité et composition ont augmenté dans les deux études avec l'intensité de perturbation, alors que les autres descripteurs n'ont pas eu d'effet significatif. Troisièmement, suite à l'importance de l'intensité de perturbation dans les études précédentes, nous avons développé un cadre commun de modélisation des trajectoires de forêts perturbées à travers un gradient d'intensité de perturbation. Nous avons testé notre approche de modélisation sur des inventaires forestiers de long-terme du Costa Rica et de Guyane française, après exploitation sélective, agriculture, et coupe à blanc suivie d'un feu.Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives sur les méthodes d'évaluation de la réponse forestière aux perturbations, la réponse des forêts elle-même et ses processus écologiques sous-jacents, et l'intérêt des forêts perturbées pour les plans de gestion et de conservation forestièresTropical forests face more frequent and intense anthropogenic disturbances, such as selective logging, namely the felling and harvesting of a few commercially valuable trees in old-growth forests, while the remaining stand is left for natural regeneration. Many studies focused on this regeneration, particularly on the recovery of carbon and timber stocks, most likely due to a strong interest in climate change mitigation and logging profitability. However, despite the crucial role of biodiversity for ecosystem maintenance and functioning - and its intrinsic value - there have been few studies on the impact of selective logging on biodiversity. Therefore, this thesis - organised in three studies - aimed at characterising the response of tree diversity and composition to logging in tropical American forests.First, we drew upon the long-term forest inventories (1986-2021, trees with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm) from Paracou experimental station to build a Bayesian modelling framework of tree diversity and composition trajectories after selective logging. Paracou is located in French Guiana and was disturbed by silvicultural treatments of different intensities in 1986-1987. We propagated in our Bayesian framework the uncertainty associated with botanical determination and functional trait measurements, and modelled Paracou trajectories of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional tree diversity and composition at the species level, relatively to their pre-disturbance levels. Additionally, we assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community characteristics, biophysical conditions and disturbance properties on our forest attribute trajectories. Second, we used a simplified version of the aforementioned Bayesian modelling framework on long-term forest inventories from sample plots located in Costa Rica and three Amazonian countries (respectively belonging to the Observatorio de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Costa Rica and the Tropical managed Forest Observatory). We modelled their post-logging trajectories of taxonomic and functional tree diversity and composition at the genus level, from which we extracted indicators solely over the inventory timespan of each site. We then assessed the effect of pre-disturbance tree community structure and disturbance properties on such indicators. While more variable in the second study with a broader geographical scope than in the first one, we observed similar trends in both studies: diversity mostly increased after logging and tree communities mainly shifted from resource-conservative strategies to resource-acquisitive strategies. Such changes appeared to be driven by the abundant and transient recruitment of early-successional species with acquisitive trait values, which provided them with a competitive advantage as disturbance intensity - i.e., light and space availability - increased. Indeed, changes in diversity and composition increased in both studies with disturbance intensity whereas disturbance selectivity, pre-disturbance tree community characteristics and biophysical conditions had no significant effect. Third, building up on the paramount importance of disturbance intensity in the two previous studies, we developed an original Bayesian hierarchical model of recovery trajectories, considering disturbed forests in a common framework, through a disturbance intensity gradient. We tested our modelling approach on data from two long-term experiments in Costa Rica and French Guiana, set up after selective logging, agriculture, and clearcutting and fire.Overall, these results opened various perspectives on the methods used to evaluate forest response to disturbance, the forest response itself and the ecological processes underlying forest succession, and how disturbed forests could be considered in forest management and conservation plans
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Slade, Eleanor M. „The effects of tropical forest management on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d4689410-3c13-4e92-9f35-e4abe0d8e0ac.
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The Effects of Tropical Forest Management on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Eleanor M. Slade 1. Between 35 % and 50 % of all closed-canopy tropical forest has been lost, and the rate of deforestation continues to increase throughout the tropics. Despite a wealth of literature on the effects of tropical forest disturbance on the diversity and composition of a variety of taxa, there is still no clear consensus on the value of disturbed forests for biodiversity. 2. If forest management practises are to be sustainable in the long-term they should maintain both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (the interactions and processes of the ecosystem), as well as a timber harvest. However, few studies have investigated the extent to which ecosystem functioning is reduced in logged forests. The effects of different logging intensities on a variety of taxa, and the ecosystem processes with which they are associated, were assessed in the Danum Valley Conservation Area in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo). 3. Even under high logging intensities, the forests of Sabah appear to have been managed in a way that maintains timber yields in the short-term. However, other aspects of forest structure had been affected, which could have important consequences ecologically, and for the long-term sustainability of timber harvests. 4. Combining field studies with manipulative experiments allows assessment of the impacts of species changes associated with habitat modification on measures of ecosystem functioning. Dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) functional group richness and composition were manipulated in a series of field experiments. Certain functional groups and species were found to have a greater impact on ecosystem functioning than others; nevertheless a full complement of species was needed to maintain full ecosystem functioning. 5. Dung beetles appeared to be relatively robust to changes in forest structure associated with selective logging, but species richness was reduced with high-intensity logging. There was a corresponding decrease in ecosystem functioning (dung and seed removal) with a decrease in species richness, and a decrease in the biomass of large nocturnal tunnellers, suggesting that although some species are dominant, rare species are also needed to preserve full ecosystem functioning. 6. A complex interaction between birds and ants resulted in reduced herbivory of seedlings of the important timber tree, Parashorea malaanonan, in some instances. However, this interaction was not affected by either selective or high intensity logging. Seedfall of P. malaanonan, was reduced in logged forest compared to primary forest. Despite insect seed predation being higher in primary forest, there was still successful recruitment during a non-mast year. Parasitism of insect-predated seeds was found to be inversely density dependent, and was higher in logged forest where seed predation was lower. 7. The results of this thesis suggest that the forests of Sabah appear to be being logged under a management system that is compatible with sustainable timber management, but not necessarily sustainable forest management. Low intensity selective logging seems to preserve much of the original forest structure, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning compared to logging at higher intensities. However, ecosystem processes were variable in their response to logging, suggesting that management decisions should be based on the consideration of multiple taxa and processes.
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Griffiths, Hannah. „Invertebrate mediated biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships : lessons from tropical forest dung beetles“. Thesis, Lancaster University, 2015. http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/76227/.
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Biological communities are changing across the globe as a result of anthropogenic pressures; abundances of individuals are declining within populations and species are becoming extinct. Biological diversity and trophic complexity in grasslands and soil food webs are positively associated with the cycling of nutrients in soil and water, primary productivity and decomposition. Since these ecosystem processes underpin a number of goods and services to society, human-driven changes in the structure of ecosystems could negatively impact upon human wellbeing. However, the majority of our knowledge of the role of biodiversity in ecosystem functioning comes from studies conducted in temperate grassland systems. Consequently, our understanding of how of higher-level organisms influence ecological processes in different ecosystems is limited. This thesis aims to address these knowledge gaps by investigating how dung beetle traits and functional diversity influence the secondary dispersal of seeds and the emergence and survival of seedlings in the northeastern Brazilian Amazon. My first research aim was to understand the importance of intraspecific variability in dung beetle traits for the accuracy of functional diversity (FD) indices (Chapter 2). This chapter demonstrates that intraspecific differences in dung beetle traits are small compared to between species differences. However, failure to include intraspecific variability resulted in large errors in the calculation of FD indices when describing small and/or species poor communities. Second, I investigated how dung beetle diversity influences secondary seed dispersal, and the role of environmental context in modulating relationships. Here I reveal positive relationships between dung beetle functional diversity and both the probability of seed burial and the dispersion of seeds throughout the soil profile. However, these patterns were dependant on soil type and thus environmental context (Chapter 3). Finally, I explored the multitrophic significance of findings from Chapter 3 by testing how dung beetle communities affect the burial of different sizes of seeds and emergence and survival of seedlings (Chapter 4). Results from this chapter demonstrate how dung beetles could influence vegetation regeneration because beetle diversity negatively affected the likelihood that experimental seeds emerged from the soil surface, but positively impacted on the likelihood that emerged seeds survived until the end of the experiment period. Furthermore, I show that large seeds could be more vulnerable to anthropogenic driven changes in dung beetle communities than smaller seeds. These research aims were realised through field-based experiments from which I sampled and identified approximately 2,650 dung beetles from 180 naturally formed communities, collected more than 17,000 morphological trait measurements and sieved approximately 11 tonnes of soil in search of 1800 seed mimics. Overall, this work demonstrates diversity in dung beetle communities is positively associated with the ecological processes they govern but that environmental context is instrumental in modulating biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships. I use the outcomes from this work to discuss the challenges in describing diversity-functioning relationships across trophic levels. Finally, I highlight that ecological processes are the product of complex species-specific interactions, dependent on the biotic and abiotic environment. Therefore, predicting the consequences of anthropogenic-driven species losses for the structure and functioning of natural systems is a major research challenge.
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Kambach, Stephan [Verfasser], Helge [Gutachter] Bruelheide, Ingolf [Gutachter] Kühn und Christian [Gutachter] Messier. „Meta-analysis in forest biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research / Stephan Kambach ; Gutachter: Helge Bruelheide, Ingolf Kühn, Christian Messier“. Halle (Saale) : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1210731541/34.
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Healy, Chrystal. „The biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationship : separating the effects of species richness, from those of species identity and environmental heterogeneity in a tropical tree plantation“. Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101136.
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This study attempts to expand existing knowledge on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, by studying a four year old tropical tree plantation. The growth of trees coming from monocultures, three species mixtures and six species mixtures was compared. Through multivariate statistical analysis, the variation in tree productivity was partitioned into different components: variation explained by (1) species richness, (2) species identity and (3) the environment. Results reveal that the environment explains the largest portion of variability in tree growth. Moreover, of the small amount of variation explained by diversity, species identity is found to be twice as important then species richness. Of notable significance was the amount of variation explained by the interaction of diversity with the environment.
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Duarte, Marina Melo. „How is forest restoration plantations\' functioning affected by tree diversity?“ Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-22082018-181301/.
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Tropical forests restoration is an important tool for climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. We can ally both of these elements, according to the biodiversity and ecosystem (BEF) functioning theory, which says that diversity enhances ecosystem functions, as primary productivity. Nevertheless, the greatest part of BEF studies up to very recently have focused on grasslands and not on as complex ecosystems as tropical forests. It is necessary to better understand above- and below-ground processes through which biodiversity acts on ecosystem functions. This work aimed to investigate effects of tree richness on both above- and below-ground ecological processes. It was based on two tropical forests undergoing restoration, in Sardinilla (Panama) and in Anhembi (Brazil). The former was especially designed for BEF studies and allowed to untangle effects of biodversity on ecosystem functions. The latter had more than a hundred species in plots and permitted investigation of the effects of high tree richness levels. In both Sardinilla and Anhembi, we investigated if tree richness levels affected an above-ground ecological process, light interception, and which mechanisms could be related to it. Richness could enhance light interception and mechanisms as spatial (horizontal and vertical) and temporal light distribution. It promoted both selection and complementarity effects. In Anhembi, we investigated if species richness influenced below-ground processes related to soil carbon stocks. Stand richness enhanced fine root production and stock. Effects of stand number of species on litter decomposition and stock were not linear. Richness of litter content, however, did not affect its decomposition rates. Number of stand species did not influence litter production. Differences of litter production, stock and fine root production among distinct richness levels did not change over the time. However, distribution of fine roots over the space, within different layers of soil, was affected by number of tree species. We concluded that even very high richness levels could not saturate some of the ecological processes studied. Diversity acted on both above- and below-ground processes, in various and sometimes opposite ways, counting on multi-direction feedbacks. It is very important to understand these mechanisms in order to potencialize biodiversity convervation and carbon sequestration by tropical forest restoration. Future studies may focus on untangling effects of diversity on below-ground processes (which have not been exhaustively explored in research), on understanding how high diversity levels affects natural regeneration and on investigationg functional traits provided by different species.A restauração de florestas tropicais é uma importante ferramenta para a mitigação de mudanças climáticas e conservação de biodiversidade. Essas duas medidas podem ser aliadas, de acordo com a teoria de biodiversidade e funcionamento de ecossistemas (BEF, do inglês: biodiversity and ecosystem functioning), segundo a qual a diversidade pode favorecer funções do ecossistema, como a produtividade primária. Entretanto, a maior parte dos estudos de BEF até muito recentemente focaram em campos de gramíneas e não em ecossistemas tão complexos quanto florestas tropicais. É necessário entender tanto processos acima quanto abaixo do solo pelos quais a biodiversidade atua no funcionamento de ecossistemas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da riqueza de espécies arbóreas em processes ecológicos acima e abaixo do solo. Ele se baseou em duas áreas de estudo, em Sardinilla (Panamá) e em Anhembi (Brasil). A primeira foi especialmente projetada para estudos de BEF e permitiu destrinchar efeitos da biodiversidade em funções do ecossistema. A segunda possuía parcelas com mais de cem espécies, permitindo explorar os efeitos de altos níveis de riqueza. Tanto em Sardinilla quanto em Anhembi, investigamos se a riqueza de espécies arbóreas influenciou um processo ecológico acima do solo, a interceptação de luz, bem como mecanismos que podem estar associados a ele. A riqueza de espécies aumentou a interceptação de luz pelo dossel e estimulou mecanismos como a distribuição de luz ao longo do espaço (horizontal e vertical) e tempo. Ela promoveu tanto efeito de seleção quanto de complementaridade. Na área de Anhembi, investigamos se a riqueza de espécies influenciou processes abaixo do solo relacionados ao estoque de carbono nesse compartimento. A riqueza no dossel aumentou a produção e o estoque de raízes finas. Número de espécies do dossel teve efeito não linear sobre taxas de decomposição e estoque de serapilheira. A riqueza do conteúdo da serapilheira, contudo, não influenciou sua decomposição. O número de espécies do dossel também não influenciou a produção de serapilheira. As diferenças de produção e estoque de serapilheira e de produção de raízes finas, entre diferentes níveis de riquezas, não se alteraram ao longo do tempo. Contudo, o número de espécies arbóreas promoveu maior distribuição de raízes finas em diferentes camadas do solo. Concluímos que elevados níveis de riqueza não saturaram alguns processes ecológicos estudados. A diversidade foi capaz de atuar em processos tanto acima quanto abaixo do solo, por vários meios, muitas vezes em sentidos opostos, contando com feedbacks multidirecionais. É muito importante entender esses mecanismos para potencializar a conservação da biodiversidade e a provisão de funções ecossistêmicas, no processo de restauração de florestas tropicais, em um contexto internacional de necessidade de mitigação de mudanças climáticas. Estudos futuros devem focar em efeitos da diversidade em processos abaixo do solo (que são os menos abordados em estudos até o momento), em entender como altos níveis de diversidade podem afetar a regeneração natural em florestas e em explorar os atributos funcionais apresentados por cada espécie.
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Mirabel, Ariane Sandrine. „Réponse et résilience de la biodiversité d'une Forêt Tropicale après Perturbation Inescapable Taxonomists : Workable Biodiversity Management Based on a Minimum Field Work Post-Disturbance Tree Community Trajectories in a Neotropical Forest 30 Years of Post-disturbance Recruitment in a Neotropical Forest“. Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0006.
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Dans le contexte de changements actuel, clarifier la réponse des forêts aux perturbations est indispensable pour préserver les biens et services qu’elles rendent. Le fonctionnement et le maintien des forêts dépend largement de la diversité des communautés d'arbres qui devient un enjeu majeur, en particulier dans les régions tropicales où les forêts sont les plus menacées et où les enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux sont les plus importants. Cette thèse étudie la réponse aux perturbations de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle d’une communauté en forêt Néotropicale. Nous analysons les trajectoires de diversité sur le long terme pour déterminer les processus écologiques sous-jacents la réponse des communautés aux perturbations, à expliciter les aspects taxonomiques et fonctionnels de la restauration, et enfin à discuter de perspectives de gestion et de modélisation de la dynamique forestière. Le dispositif expérimental de Paracou en Guyane Française a permis de suivre la réponse des communautés d'arbres sur 30 années après un gradient de perturbation. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi et validé un estimateur de diversité fiable, pour pallier les incertitudes de botaniques des inventaires forestiers et des bases de données fonctionnelles. L'estimateur propage les incertitudes taxonomiques aux mesures de diversité via les probabilités d'associations entre noms vernaculaires et noms botaniques. L’estimateur de diversité, employé dans l'ensemble de la thèse, a été calibré pour optimiser l'estimation la précision de l'estimation en fonction des données disponibles, puis testé avec des inventaires forestiers pré-exploitation pour proposer un protocole d'inventaire optimisant le coût et la précision de ces inventaires. Dans un deuxième temps, en combinant les inventaires botaniques à un large jeu de données fonctionnel comprenant des traits des feuilles, du bois et des traits d'histoire de vie, nous avons analysé les trajectoires de diversité, de composition, et de redondance taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés après perturbation . Enfin, nous avons spécifiquement étudié les trajectoires de diversité et de composition des communautés recrutées. Notre étude a montré l'émergence de processus déterministes après perturbation déterminant la réponse taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés en favorisant le recrutement d'un pool restreint de pionnières. Nous avons montré la restauration progressive des communautés pré-perturbation et de processus stochastiques tels qu'observés en l'absence de perturbation. Les perturbations ont augmenté la richesse et l'équitabilité taxonomiques des communautés jusqu'à un certain seuil, au delà duquel la dominance de quelques pionnières diminue la richesse taxonomique, conformément à la théorie des perturbations intermédiaires. Les trajectoires fonctionnelles en revanche ont montré une augmentation de la diversité quelle que soit la perturbation et une convergences fonctionnelle entre les communautés: ce découplage entre trajectoires taxonomiques et fonctionnelles s'est expliqué par la redondance fonctionnelle des communautés, atténuant l’impact fonctionnel des perturbations. Nos résultats ont montré une restauration taxonomique et fonctionnelle tangible des communautés mais encore inachevée. A la lumière de ces résultats nous proposons une discussion sur la possibilité d'une exploitation durable des forêts et de nouvelles perspectives de modélisation de la diversitéForest are currently threatened by the global changing context. Maintain the goods and services they provide require clarifying tree community diversity response to disturbance, that determine forest functioning, maintenance and resilience. This is specifically crucial in tropical forests that are both the most threatened regions and those with the highest environmental, social and economic stakes. In this context, this work studies the taxonomic and functional response to disturbance of a Neotropical community. Through post-disturbance diversity trajectories in the long term we examined the ecological processes underlying community response to disturbance, explicit the taxonomic and functional aspects of community recovery, and eventually discussed some perspectives for forest management and modeling. From the monitoring dataset of the Paracou experimental station in French Guiana we examined tree community response to disturbance over the thirty years following a disturbance gradient. First, we developed and tested a diversity estimator tackling the taxonomic uncertainties of forest inventories and improving the accuracy of biodiversity surveys. The estimator based on botanical/vernacular association probability to account of taxonomic uncertainties in various diversity measurement framework. The estimator, further used in this worked, was first calibrated to improve the estimation accuracy and was then validated with real forest inventories. The results allowed designing an inventory protocol optimizing the cost of inventories and the accuracy of the diversity measure. Second, we analyzed the post-disturbance taxonomic and functional trajectories of diversity, composition and redundant at the scale of the whole community. We combined the 30 years of botanical inventories with a large functional dataset encompassing key leaf, root, wood and life-history functional traits. Eventually, we specifically analyzed the post-disturbance recruitment processes and the diversity and composition succession.We highlighted the emergence after disturbance of deterministic processes driving community taxonomic and functional response to disturbance. Deterministic processes favored the recruitment of a restricted pool of pioneer species, similar for to all communities and disturbance intensity. Around fifteen years after disturbance, the recovery of community initial characteristics started with the recovery of stochastic processes driving non-disturbed communities. At the whole-community scale, this succession translated into a cyclic trajectory of taxonomic composition leading to a recovery of the pre-disturbance composition and a maintenance of differences among communities. Disturbance increased both taxonomic richness and evenness until an intensity threshold above which, in accordance with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the taxonomic richness decreased and the pioneers became persistently dominant. The functional trajectories however proved decoupled from taxonomic trajectories. Functional diversity increased whatever the disturbance, without any intensity threshold, and functional composition trajectories converged in the functional space without marked differences among communities. This decoupling was explained by the functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance and proved to be the slow parameter of tropical forest recovery.Our results showed a tangible taxonomic and functional recovery of communities after the gradient of disturbance but this recovery proved decades-long. In the light of those results, we discussed the practices of sustainable forest management and several perspectives of forest diversity modeling
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Tolkkinen, M. (Mikko). „Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in boreal streams:the effects of anthropogenic disturbances and naturally stressful environments“. Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209043.
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Abstract The effect of biodiversity loss and change on the functioning of ecosystems is one of the key questions in ecological research. For stream ecosystems, compelling evidence indicates that species diversity may enhance ecosystem functions. However, ecosystem functions are often regulated by the same environmental factors that also shape diversity; thus, a major challenge for ecologists is to separate the effects of biodiversity loss on the ecosystem functions from the direct effects of human induced disturbance. In this doctoral thesis, I studied how decomposer communities and ecosystem functions respond to human disturbances (nutrient enrichment, acidification) and a natural stressor (naturally low water pH). I also studied how human disturbances and natural stressors affect the phylogenetic structure of stream fungal communities. I showed that human disturbance had a strong impact on species dominance patterns by reducing species evenness. Species dominance patterns also explained the variation in decomposition rates. Changes in abiotic variables also had a direct effect on leaf decomposition rates. In the naturally acidic sites, human impact (land drainage) further decreased water pH and increased metal concentrations, thereby reducing leaf decomposition rates, whereas high nutrient concentrations enhanced leaf decomposition. Naturally low pH had no effect on decomposition rates. Decomposer community similarity was higher in drainage-impacted sites, but only in naturally acidic, not in circumneutral, streams. Human induced disturbance also modified the phylogenetic similarity of fungal decomposer communities, with communities in disturbed sites consisting of more closely related species when compared to those in circumneutral reference sites. Leaf litter decomposition showed greater temporal variation in human disturbed sites than in reference sites, whereas fungal community variability was similar in disturbed and reference sites. Thus, temporally replicated monitoring may be needed for a reliable assessment of human disturbance in streams. My thesis emphasizes that using both functional and taxonomic measures allows a more comprehensive assessment of biological responses to human disturbanceTiivistelmä Biodiversiteetin väheneminen ja siitä seuraava ekosysteemin toiminnan heikkeneminen on eräs keskeisimmistä ekologisista kysymyksistä. Ekosysteemin toiminnot ovat kuitenkin monesti yhteydessä ympäristöolosuhteisiin, joten on vaikea erottaa vähentyneen biodiversiteetin ja ympäristöolojen suhteellista merkitystä ekosysteemien toimintoihin. Tässä väitöskirjatyössäni tutkin, kuinka virtavesien hajottajayhteisöt ja ekosysteemin toiminnot (lehtikarikkeen hajotus) muuttuvat valuma-alueen ihmistoimintojen myötä. Tutkin myös, kuinka luontainen stressi (matala pH) vaikuttaa yhteisöihin ja ekosysteemin toimintoihin. Tarkastelen myös akvaattisten sienten fylogeneettistä rakennetta ihmistoiminnan muuttamissa vesiympäristöissä. Osoitan tutkimuksissani, että ihmistoiminnoilla on vaikutuksia hajottajayhteisöiden kokonaisrunsauden jakautumiseen lajien kesken. Muutamien runsaiden lajien dominoimissa yhteisöissä lehtikarikkeen hajoaminen on tehokkaampaa kuin yhteisöissä, joissa lajien runsauserot ovat pienempiä. Myös ympäristöoloilla on vaikutus lehtikarikkeen hajotukseen. Luontaisesti happamissa puroissa metsäojituksen seurauksena lisääntynyt veden metallipitoisuus ja alhainen pH vähentävät hajotuksen määrää. Toisaalta joen korkea ravinnepitoisuus lisää hajotusta. Lehtikarikkeen hajotus vaihtelee enemmän vuosien välillä ihmistoimintojen muuttamissa virtavesissä kuin luonnontilaisissa vesissä. Toisaalta sieniyhteisöt pysyvät koostumukseltaan samankaltaisina vuosien välillä ihmistoiminnan muuttamissa paikoissa ja referenssipaikoissa. Tämä työ osoittaa, että toiminnallisten ja yhteisöihin perustuvien indikaattorien yhteiskäyttö antaa kokonaisvaltaisimman kuvan ihmistoimintojen vaikutuksesta virtavesien ekosysteemeihin
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Pereira, Ismael Martins. „Ecologia, conservação e aspectos taxonômicos do gênero neotropical Davilla Vand. (Dilleniaceae)“. Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-30072014-110731/.
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Neste trabalho realizou-se o estudo de distribuição, riqueza e conservação do gênero Davilla Vand. (Dilleniaceae) no Neotrópico. Para tal utilizou-se a modelagem de distribuição de espécies com o algoritmo Maxent. Este produz distribuição das espécies no espaço geográfico a partir de dados ambiental e de ocorrência. Foram estudadas as espécies de acordo com o bioma de ocorrência: Mata Atlântica; Cerrado; e Amazônia. Este grupo está representado no Neotrópico por 25 espécies. Para o Cerrado incluiu-se além das espécies do gênero Davilla as demais espécies da família Dilleniaceae. Os resultados indicaram que no Cerrado o grupo está representado por nove espécies de Davilla, além de Curatella americana L. e três espécies de Doliocarpus Rol., destas cinco são endêmicas (Doliocarpus elegans Eichler e 4 Davilla spp.). Para a Mata Atlântica ocorrem 12 espécies de Davilla, oito delas são endêmicas, incluindo uma espécie ameaçada de extinção. Para a Floresta Amazônica são conhecidas nove espécies, cinco delas endêmicas. Duas outras espécies são Neotropicais, portanto, compartilhadas por todos os biomas citados anteriormente. As demais espécies são de ocorrência em pelo menos dois biomas. Para estes três biomas produziu-se a distribuição e a riqueza de espécies visando comparar os resultados com as unidades de conservação, objetivando discutir questões relativas à conservação deste grupo. Os parâmetros conservacionistas como espécies raras, zonas de endemismo, zonas de alta riqueza, áreas de preservação ambiental, foram confrontados objetivando indicar áreas prioritárias para a conservação do grupo e da biodiversidade. Os resultados indicaram existir três centros de diversidade para este grupo. O principal deles está localizado na Mata Atlântica, principalmente nas florestas litorâneas do estado da Bahia. Outro centro de diversidade localiza-se na região central do Cerrado, especialmente nos estados de Goiás e Bahia. A outra área de diversidade localiza-se próximo à foz do Rio Amazonas e ao longo de seu curso. Devido ao hábito predominante das espécies serem lianas, estas são importantes componentes das florestas, das quais usamos este referencial para discutir questões relativas à conservação destes habitats, de suas espécies e da biodiversidade. As informações completas estão apresentadas nos capítulos de acordo com os respectivos biomas abordados.In this study was realized to study the distribution, richness and conservation of the Davilla Vand. (Dilleniaceae) in the neotropics. For this purpose was used to distribution model of species with Maxent algorithm. This produces species distribution in geographic in space based on environmental and occurrence data. Species in accordance with biome of occurrence were studied: Atlantic Forest; Cerrado; and the Amazon. This group is represented by 25 species in the neotropics. For the Cerrado was included in addition to the Davilla species all species of Dilleniaceae family. The results indicated that in the Cerrado this group is represented by nine species of Davilla, and Curatella americana L. and three species of Doliocarpus Rol., to these five are endemic (Doliocarpus elegans Eichler and 4 Davilla spp.). For Atlantic Forest occur 12 Davilla species, eight of which are endemic, including an endangered species. For the Amazon are known nine species, five of these endemic. Two other neotropical species are therefore shared by all biomes mentioned above. The other species are occurring in at least two biomes. For these three biomes produced the distribution and species richness in order to compare the results with the protected areas, aiming to discuss issues relating to the conservation of this group. Conservationists parameters as rare species, areas of endemism, areas of high species richness, conservation areas, were confronted aiming indicate priority areas for conservation of biodiversity and too this group. The results indicated three centers of diversity for this group. The main one is located in the Atlantic Forest in coastal forests of Bahia. Another center of diversity is located in central region of Cerrado, especially in the states of Goias and Bahia. The other area of diversity is located near the mouth of the Amazon River and along its course. Due to the prevailing habit of the species are lianas, these are important components of forests, of which we use this framework to discuss issues relating to the conservation of these habitats, their species and biodiversity. Full details are presented in chapters according to their biomes addressed.
Bücher zum Thema "Neotropical forest biodiversity and functioning"
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P, Churchill Steven, Institute of Systematic Botany (New York Botanical Garden) und Aarhus universitet. Afdelingen for systematisk botanik., Hrsg. Biodiversity and conservation of neotropical montane forests. Bronx, N.Y., U.S.A: New York Botanical Garden, 1995.
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Voss, Robert. Mammalian diversity in Neotropical lowland rainforests: A preliminary assessment. New York, N.Y: American Museum of Natural History, 1996.
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Henrik, Balslev, Aarhus universitet. Afdelingen for systematisk botanik., New York Botanical Garden und Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium (1993 : New York Botanical Garden), Hrsg. Neotropical montane forests: Biodiversity and conservation : abstracts from a symposium at the New York Botanical Garden, June 21-26, 1993. Risskov, Denmark: Dept. of Systematic Botany, Aarus University in collaboration with the New York Botanical Garden, 1993.
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Sylvie, Gourlet-Fleury, Guelh Jean-Marc und Laroussinie Olivier, Hrsg. Ecology and management of a neotropical rainforest: Lessons drawn from Paracou, a long-term experimental research site in French Guiana. Paris: Elsevier, 2004.
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Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests: Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium, the New York Botanical Garden, 21-26 June 1993. New York Botanical Garden Press, 1995.
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Neotropical Montane Forests: Biodiversity and Conservation. Abstracts from a Symposium at the New York Botanical Garden, June 21-26, 1993 (Aau Reports, 31). Dept. of Systematic Botany Aarus University, 1993.
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Pouliot, Alison. Allure of Fungi. CSIRO Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486308583.
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Although relatively little known, fungi provide the links between the terrestrial organisms and ecosystems that underpin our functioning planet.
The Allure of Fungi presents fungi through multiple perspectives – those of mycologists and ecologists, foragers and forayers, naturalists and farmers, aesthetes and artists, philosophers and Traditional Owners. It explores how a history of entrenched fears and misconceptions about fungi has led to their near absence in Australian ecological consciousness and biodiversity conservation.
Through a combination of text and visual essays, the author reflects on how aesthetic, sensate experience deepened by scientific knowledge offers the best chance for understanding fungi, the forest and human interactions with them.
Buchteile zum Thema "Neotropical forest biodiversity and functioning"
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Mendoza-Henao, Angela M., und Juan C. Garcia-R. „Neotropical Biodiversity: Hypotheses of Species Diversification and Dispersal in the Andean Mountain Forests“. In The Andean Cloud Forest, 177–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57344-7_9.
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Kuyper, Thomas W. „Fungal Species Diversity and Forest Ecosystem Functioning in The Netherlands“. In Biodiversity, Temperate Ecosystems, and Global Change, 99–122. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78972-4_7.
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Ellis, Kelsey, und Anthony Di Fiore. „Variation in Space Use and Social Cohesion Within and Between Four Groups of Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) in Relation to Fruit Availability and Mating Opportunities at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Ecuador“. In Movement Ecology of Neotropical Forest Mammals, 141–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03463-4_10.
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Huntley, Brian John. „Solar Energy, Temperature and Rainfall“. In Ecology of Angola, 95–125. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18923-4_5.
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AbstractThe climatic forces that determine Angola’s biodiversity and ecosystem patterns (and all life forms on Earth) are based on the energy that comes from the Sun. This chapter examines the concepts and functioning of solar radiation and photosynthesis, the basis of primary production. Strong seasonality of temperature and rainfall and their variation across latitude and altitude result in the diversity of Angola biomes, including Guineo-congolian lowland rain forest, Afromontane forest, mesic savanna, arid savanna, desert and mangrove biomes. Driving the climatic gradients are the oceanic and atmospheric systems, dominated in the north by the Intertropical Convergence Zone and in the south by the South Atlantic and Botswana Anticyclones. The physical processes driving these systems are described, and the local influences of maritime, continental, altitudinal and aspect factors that account for subtle changes from one ecoregion to the next are illustrated graphically and statistically. The recent impacts of El Niño events are described and the anticipated impacts of climate change on Angola are outlined.
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„3. BREEDING STRUCTURE OF NEOTROPICAL DRY-FOREST TREE SPECIES IN FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES“. In Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica, 30–37. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520937772-004.
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Hamrick, James L., und Victoria J. Apsit. „Breeding Structure of Neotropical Dry-Forest Tree Species in Fragmented Landscapes“. In Biodiversity Conservation in Costa RicaLearning the Lessons in a Seasonal Dry Forest, 30–37. University of California Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520223097.003.0003.
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Sinclair, A. R. E., und Charles J. Krebs. „Trophic Interactions, Community Organization, and the Kluane Ecosystem“. In Ecosystem Dynamics Of The Boreal Forest, 25–48. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133936.003.0003.
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Abstract The conservation of biodiversity depends on functioning natural ecosystems and com munities. There are various scientific reasons for conserving natural ecosystems. One is that we need to retain representative portions of the natural world as base line controls for human impacts elsewhere. Another is that we need to preserve species that may later be of benefit to humans. To conserve natural systems, however, we have to understand how disturbances affect natural systems and whether those effects will cause irreversible changes. Alternatively, in human-dominated systems, we need to understand how changes will affect our own livelihood through the stability of the system.
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„Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages“. In Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages, herausgegeben von Marcos Callisto, Diego R. Macedo, Marden S. Linares und Robert M. Hughes. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874561.ch14.
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<i>Abstract.</i>—Despite its importance as a global biodiversity hotspot, the Neotropical savanna is threatened by rampant agricultural, hydropower, and mining development. This chapter describes the influence of landscape patterns and land uses on the taxonomic composition and structure of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in wadeable streams and hydropower reservoirs in the Neotropical savanna, southeastern Brazil. We used the following approaches: (1) an environmental fragility (erodibility) index, (2) an integrated disturbance index, (3) a hemeroby index of natural vegetation change, (4) the spatial distribution of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, (5) macroinvertebrate multimetric indices, and (6) a simplified macroinvertebrate tolerance index for urban streams. We found that land use and anthropogenic disturbances at the catchment scale had significant effects on the structure and functioning of lotic ecosystems, thereby reducing their ability to deliver ecosystem services. Our results also showed that citizen science projects can successfully apply simple, inexpensive methodologies and open an important dialogue between academia and the society at large. This chapter is a synthesis of multistatus and multispatial scale assessment of landscape effects on benthic macroinvertebrates living in headwaters and hydropower dam reservoirs in the Neotropical savanna. Future challenges include incorporating novel ecological methodologies in ecological syntheses (e.g., eco-bioinformatics), functional trait-based indices and holistic thermodynamic indices, and standardized assessment methodologies. Doing so will further our understanding of the many-layered ecological effects of land use and other anthropogenic disturbances on aquatic biota at landscape scales.
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Augusto Gomes de Souza, Luiz. „Biodiversity of Fabaceae in the Brazilian Amazon and Its Timber Potential for the Future“. In Tropical Forests - Ecology, Diversity and Conservation Status [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110374.
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The vegetation of Neotropical forest of Amazonian region is one representative part of global biodiversity in Fabaceae, with numerous species for wood production, oil, fruits, or other forests products or same ecosystemic services for agricultural production. This chapter gathers information on the biodiversity of Fabaceae of the Amazon, highlighting the timber species in the set of existing plant genetic resources. Systematic information emphasizes the importance of basic forestry information, and potential for cultivation in agroecosystems or for management, forestry and reforestation. The product of the highest economic value of the Fabaceae of the Brazilian Amazon is wood, which is sold in local, regional markets and exported to other countries. Also noteworthy is the ability acquired evolutionarily by many Fabaceae: the symbiotic fixation of N2 with soil bacteria of the Rhizobia group, character particularly important for soil recuperation or reforestation.
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Ayodeji Olatoye, Tolulope, Oluwayemi IbukunOluwa Olatoye, Sonwabo Perez Mazinyo, Gbadebo Abidemi Odularu und Akinwunmi Sunday Odeyemi. „Analysis of Anthropogenic Impediments to African Forest Ecosystems Conservation: Case of Gambari Forest Ecosystem, Ibadan, Nigeria“. In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104452.
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Gambari Forest Reserve (GFR) is located in Oyo State, in the south-western region of Nigeria, in the Mamu locality (Gambari Forest), co-ordinate 3.7 and 3.9E” and latitude 7°26 1 N and longitude 3°5 1 E. i.e. 17 km South-East of Ibadan, along the Ibadan/Ijebu-Ode road. The major taxa studies for this research include the forest tree species forest ecosystem in Gambari Forest Reserve, such as: Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena glauca, Gliricidia sepium,Tectona grandis, Gmelina arborea, Swietenia macrophylla, Acacia spp., Albizia spp., Cassia siamea, and Pithecellobium saman. 200 key respondents participated in this study, which were drawn from the seven main communities namely Ibusogboro, Oloowa, Daley North and south, Onipe, Mamu, Olubi and Onipanu respectively. The results revealed that there are significant anthropogenic interventions taking place in the study area. It is therefore imperative to conserve and safeguard GFR ecosystem resources, as ensuring that ecosystem services and biodiversity function at optimum levels. This study therefore recommends continued research to be undertaken, in addition to consistent monitoring and conserving our fragile forest resources, with the aim of achieving optimum functioning and service delivery.