Dissertationen zum Thema „Nazis au cinéma“

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Esta pesquisa visa investigar como Leni Riefenstahl usou o cinema, um instrumento da modernidade, para explorar elementos pertencentes ao romantismo histórico presentes no Zeitgeist, o “espírito do tempo”, e assim redefinir a identidade ariana em sua obra cinematográfica, como almejada por Adolf Hitler. As quatro produções selecionadas para análise são A Luz Azul (Das blaue Licht, 1932), O Triunfo da Vontade (Triumph des Willens, 1935), Olympia (Idem, 1938) e Tiefland (Idem, 1954). Embora as películas contemplem temas distintos e tenham sido produzidas com um intervalo de 22 anos, elas possuem unicidade identária em seu cerne. Esta tese percorre os contextos histórico, político e cultural, respectivamente, por meio das obras de Richard Evans (2014), Ian Kershaw (2010), Peter Gay (1978), Siegfried Kracauer (1988) e Lotte Eisner (1985); os conceitos de cultura e identidade são adotados a partir da perspectiva de Denys Cuche (1999) e Clifford Geertz (2015). Para a análise das películas, elegeu-se como metodologia o esquema quaternário de Massimo Canevacci (1990) e a binariedade proposta por Claude Lévi-Strauss (2012 e 2013). Os filmes selecionados fornecem elementos que permitem aferir o espírito do tempo na Alemanha, assim como a ideologia da diretora, que mesmo após a queda do regime nazista manteve em sua obra elementos identitários alinhados com o propósito de Hitler.
This research seeks to investigate on how Leni Riefenstahl used a modernity instrument such as cinema, to explore elements of historical romanticism in Zeitgeist, the “spirit of time” and therefore redefine the Aryan identity in his cinematographic work, as longed by Adolf Hitler. Four productions were chosen for the analysis, including: The Blue Light (Das Blaue Licht, 1932), Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens, 1935), Olympia (Olympia, 1938) and Tiefland (Tiefland, 1954). Although the movies contemplate different themes and were produced with an intermission of 22 years, they share an identity oneness in their core. This present thesis travels through the historical, political and cultural contexts, respectively, by means of Richard Evans’ (2014), Ian Kershaw’s (2010), Peter Gay’s (1978), Siegfried Kracauer’s (1988) and Lotte Eisner’s (1985) works; the concepts of culture and identity are adopted from the perspective of Denys Cuche (1999) and Clifford Geertz (2015). For the movies’ analysis, the methodology chosen were the quaternary scheme by Massimo Canevacci (1990) and the binarity proposed by Claude Lévi-Strauss (2012 and 2013). The selected movies provide elements that allow assess to the spirit of time in Germany, as well as the directors’ ideology, that even after the fall of the Nazi regime she kept identity elements in her works, aligned with Hitler’s purpose.

Cette étude décrit le marché des films allemands en Moselle pendant l'annexion du département à l'Allemagne nazie. Elle analyse la politique locale du cinéma mise en place par les nouvelles autorités (partie 1), la programmation des films (partie 2), leurs circulations et leurs consommations par les spectateurs (partie 3). Privilégiant une approche anthropologique du cinéma, l'observation essaie d'interroger l'efficacité des mécanismes d'hégémonie culturelle qui ne se réduisent ni à une entreprise de manipulation politique, ni à l'imposition implicite d'une vision du monde. Elle porte son attention sur le plaisir comme moteur de la conduite esthétique et expression d'une sensibilité partagée.Dès juillet 1940, le cinéma est entièrement « germanisé » : l’organisation de l’activité cinématographique est placée sous le contrôle du NSDAP et les films (Deutsche Wochenschau, Kulturfilm et longs-métrages) sont tous projetés en allemand. Pour autant, le cinéma demeure l’activité-phare de l’annexion. La fréquentation des salles de cinéma est massive notamment du fait de la qualité d'une filmographie qui était déjà la première en Europe avant l'avènement du nazisme. L'analyse du marché montre également la faible présence des films de propagande les plus spontanément associés au cinéma nazi et la normalité d'un divertissement de culture germanique centré sur le succès des genres les plus populaires (comme les films musicaux, les mélodrames, les films historiques) et sur le prestige et la beauté de vedettes admirées (Viktor de Kowa, Marika Rökk, Viktor Staal, Ilse Werner, etc.).L'étude de la réception des films allemands en Moselle annexée est l'étude de l'expérience qu'en font les spectateurs, notamment les plus jeunes d'entre eux, dont nous avons pu raviver les souvenirs par l'intermédiaire d'enquêtes orales. Les films sont un moyen de se divertir, de s’extraire d'un quotidien coercitif et répressif, et d’observer les tensions sociales inhérentes à la société de l’époque. Cette appropriation des films est à l’origine d'une neutralisation des effets idéologiques des plus virulents d'entre eux, et d’un attachement profond des spectateurs au cinéma allemand en général. Son plaisir est entretenu. Il fait l'objet d'échanges, de discussions, de partages. Mais l'assimilation systématique de tous ces films à l'idéologie nazie a rendu impossible sa transmission après la chute du Troisième Reich et la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale.Pensé volontairement comme un vecteur essentiel de la germanisation des populations de l'Est de la France appelées à devenir des Allemands à part entière, utilisé comme un instrument de propagande de l'idéologie nazie et une vitrine culturelle de l'Allemagne, le cinéma en Moselle annexée est un loisir sous influence qui se vit pourtant librement. Le plaisir du cinéma allemand est à la fois ce qui permet aux autorités de s'imposer politiquement dans l'ordre du loisir et dans le même temps, ce qui rend possible, par le biais du jeu, caractéristique de l'homo ludens, le souci de soi et l'estime des autres. Cette ambivalence paradoxale est le propre de l'hégémonie culturelle
This study describes the German film market in Moselle during the annexation of the department to Nazi Germany. It analyses the local politics of cinema put in place by the new authorities (part 1), the programming of films (part 2), their circulation and their consumption by the spectators (part 3). Focusing on an anthropological approach to the cinema, it attempts to question the effectiveness of the mechanisms of cultural hegemony that are not reduced to political manipulation, nor to the implicit presentation of a worldview. The focus is on pleasure as the driving force of aesthetic behaviour and the expression of a shared sensibility.From July 1940, the cinema is completely "Germanized": the organisation of the film industry is placed under the control of the NSDAP and the films (Deutsche Wochenschau, Kulturfilm and feature films) are all screened in German. However, the cinema remains the core activity of the annexation. Cinema attendance is significant, particularly because of the quality of films that were the best in Europe before the advent of Nazism. Market analysis also shows how few propaganda films, of the kind most readily associated with Nazi cinema were shown and that Germanic cultural entertainment focused predominantly on the most successful genres (such as musicals, melodramas, historical films) and on the reputation and beauty of famous celebrities (Viktor de Kowa, Marika Rökk, Viktor Staal, Viktor Rökk, etc.)The study of German films in annexed Moselle is essentially a study of the experience of the viewers, especially the youngest of them, whose memories we have been able to revive through oral surveys. The films are a way to have fun, of escaping a coercive and repressive daily life, and the social tensions inherent in society at the time. This appropriation of film is aimed at neutralising the more dangerous ideological ideas, and the profound attachment of viewers to the German cinema in general. The gratification continues because it is the subject of exchanges, discussions, sharing. However, the systematic assimilation of all these films to Nazi ideology made it impossible to show them after the fall of the Third Reich and the end of the Second World War.Deliberately conceived as an important tool in the Germanisation of the peoples of eastern France (who were expected to become fully-fledged Germans) and to be used as a propaganda tool for Nazi ideology and a cultural showcase for Germany in annexed Moselle, cinema was a free-spirited leisure activity. The popularity of German cinema is what allowed the authorities to politically manipulate leisure-time, moreover, it was made possible through cultural play or 'homo lumens' and by caring for oneself and the esteem of others. This paradoxical ambivalence is characteristic of a cultural hegemony

This thesis approaches the topic of feminine representation through comparative readings of two eighteenth-century Enlightenment tragedies, G. E. Lessing's Emilia Galotti (1772) and Charlotte von Stein's Dido (1794), as well as two twentieth-century Nazi films, Leni Riefenstahl's The Blue Light (1932) and Veit Harlan's Jew Süss (1940). In addition to the obvious diachronic dimension of this project, my framework for examination is thematically structured. Drawing on numerous theories and secondary sources, I will investigate these texts under three specific topics – namely, female sexuality, female sacrifice, and finally, the female corpse. All three chronologically represent the junctures of the rhetorical instrumentalization and abuse of the female body in these texts. In light of this, the thesis seeks to thus reveal not only the unexpected diachronic parallels between the texts and therefore between the Enlightenment and the Nazi period, but more importantly, it seeks to reinterrogate hitherto accepted readings of these texts vis-à-vis feminine representation.
Ce mémoire aborde le sujet de la représentation de la femme à travers des lectures comparatives de deux tragédies de l'époque de les Lumières, Emilia Galotti (1772) de G. E. Lessing et Dido (1794) de Charlotte von Stein, ainsi que de deux films nazis, La lumière bleue (1932) de Leni Riefenstahl, et Juif Süss (1940) de Veit Harlan. Outre la dimension diachronique évidente de ce projet, ma recherche est organisée par thèmes. En me référant à plusieurs théories et sources secondaires, j'explore ces œuvres en me concentrant sur trois thèmes spécifiques : la sexualité féminine, le sacrifice féminin et finalement le cadavre féminin. Ces trois thèmes illustrent les étapes de l'instrumentalisation et de l'abus rhétoriques du corps féminin dans ces œuvres. Ce mémoire révèle donc ainsi non seulement les parallèles diachroniques imprévues entre les œuvres, et, donc, entre les Lumières et le Nazisme, mais, de façon plus significative, ce mémoire remet en question les interprétations que l'on a faites de ces œuvres quant à la représentation de la femme.

En analysant les films allemands qui, depuis 1945, ont choisi le nazisme comme sujet de narration, ce travail propose une confrontation de leur contenu avec la societe qui les a emis. Ainsi, les films de chaque epoque traitent le nazisme et la culpabilite qui lui est inherente selon des modalites qui dependent etroitement de la politique interieure et exterieure de l'allemagne. Par deux fois, et a des epoques differentes, les films qui traitent le sujet l'ont elude au profit d'une accusation envers des personnages etrangers, egalement mis en accusation par l'opinion de l'epoque: le russe dans les annees cinquante, l'americain dans la periode contemporaine. Cette particularite mise en evidence par l'analyse stigmatiserait donc la difficulte des allemands a aborder le nazisme sans utiliser de substituts comme filtre a leur memoire.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Albuquerque Miranda
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Esta é uma proposta de investigação sobre a construção de uma narrativa cinematográfica em consagração ao nacionalismo no filme "O Triunfo da Vontade" de Leni Riefenstahl. Nesta busca, procura-se compreender a construção de imagens alegóricas que, inferidas pelo produto fílmico e legitimadas pelos valores e anseios do III Reich, serviriam para corroborar suas aspirações pela raça pura e pelo nacionalismo como sentimento de pertencimento à nação ¿ aludindo e ajudando a construir uma persistente estética de filmagem. O objetivo central desta pesquisa, portanto, é o estudo da forma estética deste filme e de sua persistência na memória contemporânea, buscando-se entender os ideais políticos intrínsecos ao III Reich e ¿ para além dele ¿ aos regimes totalitários
Abstract: This is an proposal¿s inquiry about the construction of a cinematographic narrative in consecrate the nationalism in the film "Triumph of the Will" of Leni Riefenstahl. In this search, it is looked for understanding the use of illustrative images that, inferred by the film and legitimated by the values and yearnings of III Reich, would serve to corroborate its aspirations for a pure race and for the nationalism as feeling of belonging to the nation ¿ alluding and helping to construct an persistent esthetic of filming The central objective of this research, therefore, is the study of the esthetical form of this film and its persistence in the contemporary memory, searching to understand the political ideals intrinsic in the III Reich and ¿ for beyond it ¿ to the totalitarianism
Mestrado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação

O propósito principal desta tese de doutorado é desenvolver um estudo de histórias conectadas sobre a expansão internacional do modelo de cinema nazista na Europa e na América Latina, durante as décadas de 1930 e 1950. A influência da Alemanha nazista sobre as indústrias de cinema e as produções cinematográficas da Itália fascista, de Portugal salazarista, da Espanha franquista, do Brasil varguista e da Argentina peronista, representou a tentativa de Berlim tornar-se a Nova Hollywood Mundial e teve importantes implicações políticas, culturais e econômicas em todos esses regimes políticos de massas, que nos propomos analisar. A tese analisa também três instituições político-culturais privilegiadas do III Reich: 1) O Ministério Nacional para Esclarecimento Público e Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda - RMVP), através do qual o ministro da propaganda nazista, Dr. Joseph Goebbels, empenhou-se na conquista do controle total dos meios de comunicação de massa, na reestruturação forçada das indústrias cinematográficas e na padronização das sessões de cinema, impondo uma produção obrigatória, planejada para aumentar o potencial propagandístico do cinema; 2) A Câmara Internacional de Cinema (Internationale Filmkammer IFK), uma organização internacional de representantes da indústria cinematografia de vinte e duas nações, fundada em 1935 para estabelecer o controle hegemônico da Alemanha nazista sobre um espaço europeu econômico e cultural integrado, que pudesse rivalizar com os modelos de cinema dos Estados Unidos da América e da União Soviética e; 3) A Hispano-Film-Produktion (HFP), através da qual o cinema nazista tentou conquistar os mercados hispânicos (Espanha e América Latina). Em termos gerais, a análise das políticas governamentais, dos principais temas políticos apresentados nos filmes, da influência da censura e de outros aspectos relacionados à produção cinematográfica, tais como legislação, políticas de crédito e sistemas de co-produções entre esses regimes políticos de massas, pretende mostrar como o cinema mundial foi influenciado e controlado pela Alemanha nazista, mas apresentou especificidades que procuramos mostrar neste trabalho.
The main purpose of this PhD Thesis is to develop a connected histories study on the international expansion of Nazi Cinemas model in Europe and Latin America, during the 1930s and 1950s. The Nazi Germanys influence over the film industries and cinematographs productions of Mussolinis Italy, Salazars Portugal, Francos Spain, Vargas Brazil, and Perons Argentine, represented the Berlins ruthless attempts at becoming the New World-Wide Hollywood, and also had important political, cultural and economical implications in all these mass political regimes, that we proposed to analyze. The thesis also analyzes three privileged political-cultural institutions of the III Reich: 1) The Reich Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda (Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda - RMVP), through which the Nazi propaganda minister, Dr. Joseph Goebbels, sought to achieve total control of the mass media communications, forced restructuring of national film industries, and standardized film screening by imposing a compulsory production, designed to enhance films propagandistic potential; 2) The International Film Chamber (Internationale Filmkammer IFK), a international organization of national film industry representatives from twenty-two nations, founded in 1935 to establish a Nazi Germany hegemonic control over an integrated European economic and cultural space that could rival the United States of America and the Soviet Union cinemas models, and; 3) The Hispano-Film-Produktion (HFP), through which Nazi cinema tried to conquer Spanish markets (Spain and Latin America). In general terms, the analysis of the governmental policies, the main politics themes presented on the films, the influence of censorship, and others aspects related to the cinematograph productions, such as legislation, credit policies, and co-productions system between these mass political regimes, present how the world cinema was influenced and controlled by Nazi Germany, but presented specificities that we intend to point out in these PhD thesis.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, Florianópolis, 2016.
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Abstract : Cinematographic representations of Nazi Germany are, in general, focused on the crimes and atrocities committed by its followers, being the major ones those associated to the Holocaust. Recently, new cinematographic productions have also portraryed German characters during the Nazi period as saviors, resisters and even heroes. This problem is the starting point from this thesis: Schindler?s List (1993) portrays a German industrialist who saved about 1,200 Jewish people from death; Valkyrie (2008) shows a German Army officer who conspired to kill Hitler; and The Reader (2008) has as its protagonist a Nazi agent whose participation in a Holocaust crime is somehow neutralized by a more human portrayal. These different portrayals of Nazi characters can be identified by an analysis of (1) the overall narratives of the films; and (2) by the constitutive elements of filmic image (such as editing, photography, lighting, sound, among other). These films will be compared to films in which Nazi characters are shown as the antagonists whose role as murderers and criminals is well known: Sophie?s Choice (1982), Escape From Sobibor (1987) and Saving Private Ryan (1998). Postmodern theory is proper to contextualize and to explain these new representations, as its skepticism towards master narratives gives room for historical revisionism. Furthermore, such representations arise from a certain temporal distancing between the historical fact and the filmic production which portrays it. Microhistory, which recovers events related to specific characters who protagonize these historical events, such as the main characters of the films in analysis, also helps to contextualize the films?production. The dissertation also presents an analysis of the films? use of representation, stereotypes, melodrama, and the casting of stars in the roles of Nazi characters. The analysis of the films suggests the ethical limits of postmodern theory vis-à-vis the problems proposed by such representations.

As representações cinematográficas da Alemanha Nazista são, em geral, fundamentadas com base em crimes e atrocidades cometidos por seus seguidores, sendo os principais referentes ao Holocausto. No entanto, recentemente têm sido verificadas novas produções cinematográficas nas quais alguns personagens alemães durante o período Nazista são retratados como salvadores, resistentes e até mesmo heróis; há inclusive filmes nos quais perpetradores de crimes são retratados de forma diferente da usual. Esse problema é o ponto de partida desta tese: em Schindler?s List (1993), há o personagem de um industrial alemão que salvou da morte cerca de 1,200 judeus; em Valkyrie (2008), há a história de um oficial do Exército que conspirou para matar Hitler; e em The Reader (2008), tem?se a personagem de uma agente nazista que participou de um crime relacionado ao Holocausto, mas que é retratada de forma muito diferente e humana, em relação à outros filmes mais antigos sobre o mesmo tema. Para demonstração dessas diferenças, sequências específicas dos três filmes acima são apresentadas com base nos elementos constitutivos da imagem fílmica (tais como montagem, fotografia, iluminação, som, dentre outros) e comparadas com sequências de outros três filmes anteriores, onde os personagens da Alemanha Nazista são mostrados da forma mais comum (como assassinos e criminosos): Sophie?s Choice (1982), Escape From Sobibor (1987) e Saving Private Ryan (1998). A teoria Pós?Moderna é adequada para contextualizar e explicar as novas representações dos filmes mais recentes, visto que seu ceticismo em relação às grandes narrativas abre espaço para o revisionismo. Ademais, tais representações surgem a partir de um certo distanciamento temporal entre o fato histórico e a produção cinematográfica que o retrata. Outro fator, além do Pós?Modernismo e do distanciamento, é a microhistória, que busca resgatar eventos relacionados a personagens específicos que protagonizam esses acontecimentos históricos, tais como os personagens centrais dos filmes em análise. Ainda, são discutidos conceitos importantes para a linguagem cinematográfica, tais como representação, a construção de estereótipos, o melodrama e a presença de grandes estrelas nesses filmes, dentre outros. Discutem-se, ainda, os limites éticos da teoria Pós-Moderna e como eles estão relacionados com o problema proposto por tais representações.

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This study aims to analyze the social representations of Nazism in feature films in european and american cinema (german and non-german). The two central issues of the work are: the dehumanization and resistance to dehumanization. This is documentary research with approach according to the methodology of Laurence Bardin Content Analysis. To understand the different representations in the cinema of the origins, development, maintenance, fall and resurgence "contemporary" of Nazism, were found as a result of the research, 190 films, including documentaries and fictions. Of this total, based on predefined elements were selected 28 films, in-depth analysis of objects in the work. We started the journey with a foundation on cinema and its relationship with politics, by reference to the Theory of Social Representations of Serge Moscovici. Then the prophetic film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Dr. Mabuse and Fausto announced what would in a few years, the rise of the Führer, presented here in Triumph of the Will, Architecture of Destruction, Amen and The Fall! Living the dilemma of accepting and/or resist, we come exercise of submission with five films, among them, Mephisto and Good. Some lived in the night and fog scenario, as represented in Bent and The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, examples of the unnameable, the incomprehensible suffering that only a man can break the other. To escape the invasion of the territory, took a ride on the Train of Life piloted by a ―wise fool‖ or ―crazy wise‖ that all-knowing and all resolves. But as the trial delays, but it does not fail, either in this world or the other, we face Nuremberg and the controversial position of philosopher Hannah Arendt. How to understand the dark side of all of us? Maybe movies like American History X and The Wave can explain the threatening seed of evil lurking and allows genocides are phenomena not only of the past but still present today. In the epilogue of this journey, we conclude, the analysis of the films, the dehumanization and the resistance to it, lie not only in large or small acts of individuals, but mainly in the awareness and responsibility of each and every one
Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as representações sociais do nazismo em filmes de longa-metragem no cinema americano e europeu (alemão e não alemão). As duas questões centrais do trabalho são: a desumanização e a resistência à desumanização. Esta é uma pesquisa de natureza documental com abordagem segundo a Metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo de Laurence Bardin. Para entender as diferentes representações no cinema das origens, desenvolvimento, manutenção, queda e ressurgimento ―contemporâneo‖ do nazismo, foram localizados, como resultado da pesquisa, 190 filmes, entre ficções e documentários. Desse total, com base em elementos predefinidos, foram selecionados 28 filmes, objetos de análise aprofundada no trabalho. Iniciamos o percurso com uma fundamentação sobre o cinema e sua relação com a política, tendo como referência a Teoria das Representações Sociais de Serge Moscovici. Em seguida, o cinema profético de O Gabinete do Dr. Caligari, Dr. Mabuse e Fausto anunciava o que viria em poucos anos, a ascensão do Füher, apresentado aqui em O Triunfo da Vontade, Arquitetura da Destruição, Amém e A Queda! Vivendo o dilema de aceitar e/ou resistir, chegamos ao exercício da submissão com cinco filmes, entre eles, Mephisto e Um Homem Bom. Alguns viveram no cenário de noite e neblina, como representado em Bent e O Menino do Pijama Listrado, exemplos do inominável, do incompreensível sofrimento que somente um homem pode infringir a outro. Para fugir da invasão dos territórios, pegamos carona no Trem da Vida pilotado por um ―sábio louco‖ ou um ―louco sábio‖, que tudo sabe e tudo resolve. Mas como o julgamento tarda, mas não falha, seja deste mundo ou do outro, enfrentamos Nuremberg e a controversa posição da filósofa Hannah Arendt. Como compreender o lado obscuro de todos nós? Talvez filmes como A Outra História Americana e A Onda possam explicar a semente ameaçadora do mal que espreita e permite que genocídios sejam fenômenos não só do passado, mas ainda presentes na atualidade. No epílogo desse percurso, concluímos, pela análise dos filmes, que a desumanização e a resistência a ela, residem não só nos grandes ou pequenos atos dos indivíduos, mas principalmente na consciência e responsabilidade de todos e de cada um

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O Nacional-socialismo representou, ao negar os princípios centrais da modernidade ocidental, a idéia de uma outra modernidade baseada, ao mesmo tempo, no resgate e na projeção futura das antigas glórias da nação germânica. Neste sentido, o filme O Triunfo da Vontade da cineasta alemã Leni Riefenstahl aparece como a grande representação estética do nazismo, traduzindo em imagens os principais aspectos da ideologia nacional-socialista. Ao trabalhar com extrema genialidade todo um conjunto de referências simbólicas e míticas presentes no imaginário alemão, Riefenstahl construiu, portanto, uma das mais impactantes peças de divulgação do regime hitlerista, apresentando ao mundo os ideais do Terceiro Reich e a força da nova Alemanha.
The National Socialism, as it denied the basic principles of the occidental modernism, represented the idea of another modernity based on the rescue and the future projection of the past glories of the Germanic nation. In this sense, the movie Triumph of the Will produced by the German film-maker Leni Riefenstahl appears as the great representation of the Nazism esthetics, showing through images the main aspects of the National Socialist ideology. By working every symbolic and mythical reference presented in the German imagination with a great geniality, Riefenstahl built one of the most impacting instruments of distribution of the Hitler regime, showing to the world the ideals of the Third Reich and the strength of the New Germany.

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Nesta dissertação apresentam-se interpretações para a Luz cinematográfica: políticas e manipulações dos momentos em luz no cinema. E suas sombras: as inscrições guardadas nos espaços escuros da tela: interpretações e significados. Essas interpretações dão-se em torno do filme "O triunfo da vontade", de Leni Riefenstahl, lugar em que se coloca o olhar, buscando, nas transparências e opacidades da imagem, remontar os vitrais que constituem as imagens nazistas e seus valores de ordem, pureza, poder e sacralização: uma transparência controlada em luz e difusa em sombras; sugerida nas sombras e opacas na luz. Através de um caminho - os dias e os lugares em que acontece o Congresso Nazista - procuram-se as imagens latentes em construção.
Abstract: I explored interpretations for the "light" as it appears in the movies: politics and manipulations of light moments, and its shadows: interpretations and meannings. These interpretations are presented in a major production: "The triumph of will", by Leni Riefenstahl, as a counterface of Dürer's stained glasses in Nürenberg: images of order, purety, power and religious values: a ligth control and uncontrol shadows: during the Nazi Congress, 1934.
Mestrado
Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte
Mestre em Educação

Mediante o cotejo interdisciplinar entre a crítica historiográfica, a análise fílmica e a interpretação psicanalítica nas linhas freudiana e lacaniana, essa pesquisa investigou quatro obras cinematográficas comissionadas pelo governo nazista durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial com a finalidade de promoção de suas políticas raciais e de gênero: Jud Süß (1940), Die große Liebe (1942), Münchhausen (1943) e Titanic (1943). A partir dessas produções, o estudo perscrutou os sistemas de justaposição de fantasias socialmente partilhadas aos denominadores ideológicos do nacional-socialismo. Identificou, igualmente, os processos de negociação entre as instâncias da indústria cultural e as agências governamentais para alinhar o desejo e a doutrina na forma flutuante da fantasia cinematográfica.
Making use of instruments pertaining to the domain of historical criticism, filmic analysis and psychoanalytic theory under Freudian and Lacanian guidelines, this research investigated four cinematographic works commissioned by the Nazi government during World War II aimed to promoting its racial and gender policies: Jud Süß (1940), Die große Liebe (1942), Münchhausen (1943) and Titanic (1943). Through these films, the analysis examined the systems of juxtaposition between socially shared fantasies and the ideological denominators of National Socialism. The research identified also the schemes of negotiation between instances of cultural industry and government agencies in order to align desire and doctrine in the floating form of film fantasy.

Inspired by 2009 pastiche Inglourious Basterds (US/DE), my research presents counterfactual historical film, firstly, as a marginalised type of film: the 2000s and 2010s have seen an abundance of overtly fictional films which do not intend to represent the past but nonetheless playfully refer to imageries of National Socialist and Holocaust history. These films have so far been neglected by historical film studies which, despite a consensus not to judge films according to their factual accuracy, tend to focus on genres close to historiography. My research considers as historical films the counterfactual parodies Churchill: The Hollywood Years (GB 2004) and Mein Führer: Die wirklich wahrste Wahrheit über Adolf Hitler (DE 2007), as well as Inglourious Basterds and, in a brief conclusion, Nazi zombie films. In this sense, counterfactual historical film is, secondly, a research approach which suggests reconfiguring academic definitions of the field of history and film and historical film. Assuming that historical film never visualises past reality but engages with a history that is always already medialised, I propose that the above films despite their counterfactual plots embark on a visual historical discourse, and what is more reflect upon cinema and history in their own enlightening ways. My analyses show how twenty-first century counterfactual historical films revise Nazi and Holocaust visual history, and how they describe National Socialist history as visually constructed and historical Nazism as an eclectic amalgamation drawing on fictional as well as factual media sources. In regard to the present, they explore tensions between popular and academic culture through the dissolving binaries of fiction film and historiographical fact, and propose to recognise the reciprocity of media representation and actual past as an object of research in its own right. My research demonstrates the value of cinema's playful engagement with history as a potential contribution to the theory and practise of historical film studies.

TEIXEIRA, Karoline Viana. A orgia dos sentidos: a construção do corpo nas imagens de Olympia, de Leni Riefenstahl. 2008. 188 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2008.
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The present work aims at the historical study of meanings and constructions of body in the documentary film Olympia (ALE, 1938), by the German director Leni Riefenstahl. The film shows a portray of the Olympic Games in Berlin, occurred two years before in full Nazi regime. In this event, Adolf Hitler promoted an intense mobilization to propagate an image of Germany as a harmonious and pacific nation. But, at the same time, it also searched to demonstrate the physical superiority of the Germanic race over the other ones. It is looked, in this direction, to demonstrate as this body portrayed in this film is resulted of a series of conceptions and social political questions that gain force since the end of XIX century. From the care of itself, the popularity of sports as form to discipline body and mind to the nudist groups that had multiplied in Germany, all these movements had been absorbed and gained new meanings for the totalitarian dictatorship. Olympia shows an ideal of body and beauty unique and segregated, on behalf of which Nazis will promote the elimination of different ones by means of the Final Solution.
O presente trabalho visa o estudo histórico das significações e construções do corpo no documentário Olympia (ALE, 1938), da diretora alemã Leni Riefenstahl. O filme retrata os Jogos Olímpicos de Berlim, ocorridos dois anos antes em pleno regime nazista. Nesse evento, Adolf Hitler promoveu uma intensa mobilização para propagar uma imagem da Alemanha como uma nação harmoniosa e pacífica. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, buscou-se também demonstrar a superioridade física da raça germânica em relação aos demais. Procura-se, nesse sentido, demonstrar como esse corpo retratado no filme é resultado de uma série de concepções e questões sócio-políticas que ganham força desde o final do século XIX. Do cuidado de si, da popularização do esporte como forma de disciplinar corpo e mente aos grupos nudistas que se multiplicaram na Alemanha, todos esses movimentos foram absorvidos e ressignificados pela ditadura totalitária. Olympia mostra um ideal de corpo e beleza único e segregador, em nome do qual os nazistas vão promover a eliminação dos desviantes por meio da Solução Final.

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The film Pink Floyd The Wall, adaptation to the cinema of the Pink Floyd´s concept album, tells the Pink´s story, a musician, that was born in England during the World War II final years, he had his father died in a battle and this fact start a process of depression and melancholy that culminate in his total apathy towards life. This research has its focus on the literary content of the songs from the original album, the aim is study the film formal structure, its differences, similarities and complementarities comparing to the album narrative, observing the translation and artistic recreation process from the album to the movie and also confirming the dialogical relations between the different problems, contextualization, languages and representations explored in this art piece.
O filme Pink Floyd The Wall, adaptação para o cinema do álbum conceitual da banda Pink Floyd, narra a história, desde a infância até sua completa alienação, do protagonista Pink, um músico nascido na Inglaterra nos anos finais da Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuja morte do pai durante a guerra lhe desencadeia um processo de depressão e melancolia que culmina em sua total apatia diante da vida. A presente pesquisa, tendo como foco o teor literário das canções do álbum original, tem por objetivo o estudo da estrutura formal do tecido fílmico, suas diferenças, semelhanças e complementaridades com a narrativa musical contida no álbum, observando e constatando os processos de tradução e recriação de uma obra para outra, além das relações dialógicas entre as diferentes problemáticas, contextualizações, linguagens e representações exploradas na obra.

Riefenstahl's career is examined through criticism which only allows two images: Riefenstahl as a Nazi film propagandist or Riefenstahl as a pure artist. My research shows that Riefenstahl is a complex person; therefore, it is impossible to place her into categories. Through her memoirs, Die Macht der Bilder, Das Blaue Licht, Triumph des Willens, Olympia, Tiefland, her Nuba material, and her underwater work it becomes clear that her career must be examined within the context of its time. Her films and photographs are considered for their artistic qualities as well as for their innovative elements.

A propaganda tem como desígnio provocar emoções e desejos, de forma que o público a quem se destina identifica o emissor como único capaz de atendê-los. Hitler utilizou a propaganda política como forma de conquistar a massa e conseguir atingir seus objectivos de conseguir o poder e purificar a raça ariana alemã por meio das ideologias do NSDAP. Tem-se como objetivo principal desta pesquisa levantar a maneira com a qual o cinema foi elaborado com o intuito de construir e disseminar os ideais nazis utilizando sua propaganda durante o Terceiro Reich. Pretende-se nesta dissertação estudar o aparelho propagandístico cinematográfico nazi e a relação dele com a divulgação dos ideais nazi e com o condicionamento comportamental dos alemães durante o Terceiro Reich. Para tal utilizouse técnica de investigação análise de conteúdo numa vertente qualitativa. Nesta dissertação tornou-se de relevo a revisão dos períodos entre guerras e pós-guerras, visando compreender as origens dos pensamentos defendidos pela ideologia nazi. Espera-se com este estudo contribuir para a discussão do poder da propaganda nazi na disseminação da ideologia hitleriana defendida durante o período de 1933-1945 na Alemanha.
The propaganda aims to provoke emotions and desires, so the target audience identifies the issuer as only one capable of serving them. Hitler used the politic propaganda as a way of conquering the masses to achieve their goals of gaining power and purify the Aryan Germany Race through the ideologies of NSDAP. Its the main objective of this research know the way wich cinema was elaborated with the intention to construct and spread the Nazis ideals using its propaganda during the Third Reich.This dissertation intends to study the Nazi cinematographic propagandistic apparatus and his relation with the nazi ideals dissemination and behavioral conditioning of Germans during the Third Reich. For this research purpose was used contente analysis in a qualitative way. In this dissertation became importante the revision of periods between war and postwar, to understand the origns of thoughts defended by Nazi ideology. This study intention is to contribute to discussion about the power of Nazi propaganda in the Hitler’s ideology dissemination defended during the period of 1933-1945 in Germany.

This dissertation analyses the roles and functions of the German film press during the Third Reich and explores the changes and tensions that characterized German cinema and, by extension, German society during that time period. A close reading of three major publications -- a trade journal, Film-Kurier, a popular magazine, Filmwelt, and the regime's official publication, Der deutsche Film -- first challenges the traditional view of a monolithic, top down control by the Nazi regime. I show the extent and the limits of the regime's utilization of culture and media and demonstrate how different parties used the film press to pursue different, but not mutually exclusive goals. By delineating the film press as a more dynamic public forum than previously assumed, this study secondly informs us about the multifaceted uses and functions of the film publications, and about the changing relationships between the film industry and the regime, as well as the theater, the music, and the press industries. I combine a media specific approach--demonstrating the central role of film publications in articulating the contradictions within film culture--with an exploration of the media convergence in place at the time. I thus firmly position the film press at the nexus of politics, business, film professionals, and the audience, and uncover a lively, albeit restricted, discursive system, with theoretical and practical discussions about film, its achievements under the new regime, its weaknesses and the need for improvement. I focus on the three most discussed issues: the relationship between film and theater, between film and music, and, as a correlation of the two previous topics, the need to train a new generation of film professionals, the Nachwuchs. This dissertation thus traces an important moment in German film history characterized by sustained debates about political, technical, aesthetic, and social aspects of film. More importantly, it uses the film press as a mirror to some of the tensions that characterized German society along several divides such as the masses and the elite, the past and the present, as well as the contradictions in its treatment and representation of gender and sexuality.
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Esta dissertação estuda a experiência multimídia Rätsel der Urwaldhölle – “Os enigmas da selva infernal” – de Otto Schulz-Kampfhenkel (1910 – 1989), um jovem estudante de zoologia que viajou à Amazônia brasileira com o intuito de empreender uma expedição científica, que durou 17 meses entre 1935 e 1937. Mas a ciência que se encontrava na origem do projeto logo foi convertida em espetáculo quando ele transformou sua viagem em um livro, um filme e uma exposição itinerante – homônimos – lançadas entre 1938 e 1939. Schulz-Kampfhenkel, um alemão, executou produziu sua obra durante a ditadura nazista (1933-45) – que, inclusive, contribuiu com capital estatal para a realização da expedição e das manifestações artísticas que dela derivaram. Esta investigação busca enquadrar Rätsel der Urwaldhölle nos devidos contextos e universos simbólicos que a produziram: o do nazi-fascismo – em qual medida o Terceiro Reich pautava a cultura popular alemã do período e como influía em um retrato criativo do Brasil – e do imperialismo europeu – que encontrava na arte outro espaço para expressão ideológica. Este trabalho também analisa as representações dos povos indígenas na cultura brasileira contemporânea à Schulz-Kampfhenkel com o objetivo de examinar as semelhanças e as diferenças entre as imagens do índio que circulavam no Brasil de Vargas em comparação com as da Alemanha de Hitler. Ademais, disserto sobre a reação dos dois governos à expedição amazônica de Schulz-Kampfhenkel e a respeito do destino da coleção zoológica e etnológica que ele trouxe do “inferno verde” – como chamava a selva.
This dissertation studies a multimedia experience named Rätsel der Urwaldhölle - "Riddles of the Hell’s Jungle" –, created by Otto Schulz-Kampfhenkel (1910 – 1989), a young zoology student who traveled to the Brazilian Amazon on a scientific expedition that lasted 17 months between 1935 and 1937. However, soon he transformed the science project into a cultural spectacle: his journey gave origin to a book, a film and a traveling exhibition – homonyms – released between 1938 and 1939. Schulz-Kampfhenkel, a German, worked under the Nazi dictatorship years (1933-45) – and the Nazi State gave him financial support. This research aims to frame Rätsel der Urwaldhölle in its due contexts and symbolic universes: Nazi-Fascism – to what extent the Third Reich controlled the German popular culture of the period and this lead could influence the creation of a portrait of Brazil – and European imperialism – which found in art another space for ideological expression. This study also analyzes the portrayal of indigenous peoples in Brazilian artistic expressions contemporary to Schulz-Kampfhenkel’s work in order to examine the similarities and differences between the depiction of Indians circulating in Vargas’ Brazil in comparison with those of Hitler’s Germany. In addition, I address how both governments reacted to Schulz-Kampfhenkel’s Amazonian expedition and, lastly, on the fate of the zoological and ethnological collection he brought from the “green hell” – as he called the jungle.