Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema „Navy (Swedish)“
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Nilsson, H. „Submarine Power Systems Using the V4-275R Stirling Engine“. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 202, Nr. 4 (November 1988): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1988_202_036_02.
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The Stirling power module V4-275R, integrated with a liquid oxygen system, is currently built for submarines for the Royal Swedish Navy and for the offshore company Comex in France. Since mid 1985 the Stirling engine system for the Swedish Navy has been successfully tested in a full-scale submarine test section. The next step in this programme will be an integration of the Stirling system into an operational Swedish submarine. A contract has been signed having Kockums as the main contractor. The French programme means a 500 ton manned diver lock-out submarine, the SAGA I, which is under final construction at Comex in Marseille. The energy system for the SAGA submarine consists of two V4–275R Stirling engines of maximum 100 kW power each. The oxygen storage, manufactured by AGA Cryo in Gothenburg, consists of two liquid oxygen tanks providing a total capacity of 10000 kWh, allowing the submarine to perform missions of up to 14 days submerged.
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Hammar, AnnaSara. „How to transform peasants into seamen: The manning of the Swedish navy and a double-faced maritime culture“. International Journal of Maritime History 27, Nr. 4 (November 2015): 696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871415610103.
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During the seventeenth century Sweden rapidly changed from a small insignificant country in Europe’s northern periphery to a great military power. The navy was a crucial part of the expansion, but to maintain a standing navy was a demanding task for a comparatively poor and sparsely populated country. One of many difficulties was to recruit skilled and competent seamen. Sweden had no large merchant fleet that could serve the navy with experienced men, and to hire professional crews would have been too expensive. The solution was to recruit poor men from the lower strata of society in coastal villages and towns through what is known as the allotment system (in Swedish: indelningsverket). Those men normally had very little experience of handling large sailing vessels but were soon trained for the task. Once conscripted in the navy they lived two lives. In the summer during the sailing season they were naval seamen. During winter they became farmhands, workers and craftsmen ashore. Thus they constructed a maritime culture of their own, with ideals and values that sometimes were closely linked to a broader maritime culture in Europe and sometimes had more in common with a Swedish rural community culture. This article investigates how this maritime/rural culture was shaped; to what extent the seamen adjusted themselves to a military order and finally what happened when the seamen’s values and ideas collided with the hierarchy and power relations within the navy.
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Svensson, Harry R:son. „The Case of Fabian Philip, Karlskrona’s First Jewish Entrepreneur: A Swedish example of the Port Jews Phenomenon?“ 1700-tal: Nordic Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 11 (17.08.2014): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.3084.
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When studying a local society dominated by naval officers and the extent to which they integrated the Jewish community in their midst, a new perspective on Swedish naval history is revealed. The Swedish Royal Navy has always been internationally orientated, but previous research has not taken this into account. Furthermore, not much research has been undertaken on the Swedish Royal Navy at all. As a metropolitan outpost, Karlskrona has generally been seen, by historians and contemporaries alike, as largely peripheral to the upheavals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Jews were not allowed to settle in Sweden until 1779, but in 1782 their settlement was permitted, though restricted to Stockholm, Gothenburg and Norrköping. The naval city of Karlskrona became an exception to the regulations. Previous research on the Jewish parish in Karlskrona was undertaken in the 1910s, and mistakenly concluded that it was the most unfriendly environment for Jews in early modern Sweden. This article seeks to reinterpret old sources and add newly found ones, which together engender a new perception of Jewish integration in Karlskrona. This is done by adopting the Port Jews concept and recognizing naval cities as internationally orientated production centres. In line with this, the article argues that Karlskrona, together with Gothenburg, should be interpreted as a Swedish example of the Port Jews concept.
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Cederlund, Carl Olof. „The Regal Ships and Divine Kingdom“. Current Swedish Archaeology 2, Nr. 1 (28.12.1994): 47–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.1994.03.
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This paper deals with the use of old, preserved ships as ship symbols in society. Emanating from this is also a special treatment of the projection of the symbolism of the "regal ship" in Swedish society since the 17th century. 'Regal ship" was a denomination, during the 17th century, of big, sailing warships in the Swedish navy. In this connection is also traced and discussed the ideology adhering to the symbolic expressions around the "regal ships" in past and present society.
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Olyunin, Leonid A. „Gains and losses of the Swedish Merchant Navy in World War II“. International Naval Journal 3, Nr. 1 (12.09.2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/inj.2014.3.49.
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LABUTINA, T. L. „THE RUSSIAN-SWEDISH WAR OF 1741-1743 IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF THE BRITISH AMBASSADORS IN RUSSIA“. LOMONOSOV HISTORY JOURNAL 64, Nr. 2023, №3 (17.12.2023): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0083-8-2023-64-3-41-57.
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The article covers the important aspects of the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-1743, which has attracted little attention in Russian historiography. The war was waged over three campaigns, witnessed by two British ambassadors in Russia, Edward Finch and Cyril Wyche. Based on the diplomatic correspondence of the British ambassadors, previously unexplored in the Russian historical science, the author analyzes the information which they received from high-ranking Russian officials, including commanders of the troops, and then passed on to London. In particular, it concerned the state of the Russian armed forces on the eve of the war with Sweden. The diplomats noted and informed their superiors about the weaknesses of the Russian navy. Keeping track of the course of the war, the ambassadors briefed the Secretary of State about its causes, the main being the desire of the Swedes to abrogate the conditions of the Nishtad peace and regain the territories lost during the Northern War of 1700-1721. Both ambassadors acknowledged the courage and heroism shown by the Russian soldiers in battles with the enemy, as well as their humane treatment of the captured Swedes. At the same time, they drew attention to the manifestations of cruelty inflicted by irregular troops who participated in the raids in Finland. The dispatches of the ambassadors also reveal the stance taken by a number of countries towards the conflict between Russia and Sweden: hostile on the part of France and generally benevolent on the part of official London, which did not want to spoil relations with the Russian court on the eve of the conclusion of the 1742 Treaty of Alliance. Other documents of indisputable interest are manifestos (included in the correspondence of diplomats) addressed by the Swedish king and the Russian empress to the population of the border territories and aimed at showing goodwill towards the enemy troops. The facts about the Russian-Swedish war presented by the British ambassadors and analyzed in the article fill the existing gap in one of the episodes of Russian-Swedish relations in the middle of the eighteenth century.
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Lewis Shattuck, Nita, Panagiotis Matsangas, Joakim Dahlman und Anna Dahlman. „Assessment of the fixed 4-hours on/8-hours off watchstanding schedule on a surface vessel of the Swedish Royal Navy“. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, Nr. 1 (Dezember 2020): 846–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641196.
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We assessed the utility of the 3-section, fixed, 4hrs-on/8hrs-off watchstanding schedule on a ship of the Swedish Royal Navy (HSwMS ORIOΝ). Data from the ORIOΝ (n=12 sailors) were compared with data from three USN vessels (n=22). Daily sleep duration, number of sleep episodes/day, and daily work duration were equivalent in the two samples. Compared to their USN peers, however, sailors on the ORION were more alert, reported better sleep quality, less severe insomnia symptoms, and better mood. Also, sailors on the ORION were faster and made fewer errors on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT). Analysis of daily activities suggests that Swedish sailors may have felt and performed better because sailors working night shifts were allowed to wake up later. Our findings suggest the sailor well-being when standing watch on the fixed 4/8 can be improved when sailors are allowed flexible wake up times in the morning after a night shift.
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Nazarenko, Kirill B. „The Swedish Origin of the Russian Naval Artillery Drill Regulations during the Time of Peter the Great“. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, Nr. 4 (2023): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.408.
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The article is devoted to the study of the origin of the Russian Naval artillery drill regulations (so called exercise) of the era of Peter the Great. Previously only one Russian Naval artillery exercise of the 18th century, introduced by F. M. Apraksin in 1718, was known. The comparison of two printed treatises of D. Grundell (the head of the Swedish Naval artillery in 1712–1716) with the exercise of Apraksin has revealed their obvious similarity. The author has discovered the Russian exercise of the late 1740s. Its analysis enables to prove that in the Russian Navy (at least from 1717 to the middle of the 18th century) there existed one exercise, and this exercise was a translation and adaptation of the Swedish one. Russian and Swedish exercises were totally different compared to the French and English ones. The study confirms that two articles of the Russian Naval Charter of 1720 are a translation of the two passages of D. Grundell’s treatise of 1705, and this treatise itself was in circulation in Russia and, possibly, was known to Peter I. The biography of D. Grundell, who joined the Russian service in 1698 but did not actually serve, has been clarified. The current research raises questions of the dissemination of scientific, technical, and regulatory information of the 18th century. This process could take a variety of forms (oral, written, printed) — from the transfer of information by the teacher to the student to publications that referred to their approval by the relevant authorities or officials.
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Daly, Aoife, Niklas Eriksson und Jim Hansson. „Neptunus and To Løver: An Archaeological, Archival, and Dendrochronological Survey of Two Danish Prize Ships, Scuttled in the Stockholm Archipelago in 1659“. Acta Archaeologica 94, Nr. 1 (31.01.2024): 176–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-09401055.
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Abstract We report the archaeological survey, dendrochronological analysis, and archival research concerning two shipwrecks located in shallow waters outside Vaxholm in the Stockholm Archipelago, Baltic Sea. According to oral tradition, the two wrecks are the remains of Neptunus and To Løver, two former Danish warships that were taken as prizes at the battle of Fehmarn in 1644. The Swedish navy then used the two ships until 1659, when they were reportedly scuttled as a blockage along the sea route towards Stockholm. Before being intentionally scuttled, the two ships drifted away and sank. The work presented in this article confirms the substance of the tradition and reports that substantial portions of the two ships are preserved. Moreover, the two wrecks shed light on the scuttling process and the construction of an underwater barrier.
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Engren, Jan-Erik, und Kristin Ilves. „Political upheaval, external influences and domestic traditions: The emergence of the nineteenth-century Ålandic yacht“. International Journal of Maritime History 33, Nr. 4 (November 2021): 651–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714211061653.
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This article examines the emergence of the nineteenth-century Ålandic peasant yacht within the larger political, economic and social context of the central and northern Baltic Sea region. Through an analysis of the region's fluctuating and changing trading environment following the Finnish War of 1808–1809, it is demonstrated that the increasing uncertainty, as well as decreasing profitability, of previously stable trading relations provided the necessary impetus to change the traditional vessel design. Avenues for both foreign and domestic innovations are examined. In addition to exogenous influences, wherein the role of the Ålandic peasant sailors’ involvement in the Swedish navy is accentuated, the effects of the increasing smuggling activities of the archipelago's inhabitants and the competitive sailing environment that emerged during trading journeys are considered as factors that possibly affected shipbuilding. The results highlight the complex networks and processes through which innovations are generated, transmitted and adopted.
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Müller, Leos. „Sweden’s Early-Modern Neutrality: Neutral Vessels, Prize Cases and Diplomatic Actors in London in the Late Eighteenth Century“. Journal of Early Modern History 23, Nr. 5 (02.10.2019): 475–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342650.
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Abstract Early modern shipping under neutral flags was an activity that required many capacities, combining practices from three different fields: commerce and shipping, diplomacy, and international law. This complexity of neutral shipping is the reason why traditional diplomatic history paid limited attention to it, despite the fact that shipping and prize cases consumed much of the attention and time of diplomats of neutral nations. The neutral agents had to be able to understand, communicate and move between all three fields. This article studies seizures of Swedish neutral vessels by British privateers and the Royal Navy between 1770 and 1800, including the years of the War of American Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars. It provides examples of how exchanges between different field actors—e.g. shipmasters, ship-owners, merchants, agents, lawyers, naval officers and diplomats—were communicated and understood from the perspective of Sweden’s representatives in London.
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Harland, W. Brian. „Part 1: Chapter 2 Outline History of Geological Research“. Geological Society, London, Memoirs 17, Nr. 1 (1997): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1997.017.01.02.
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Useful records of observations perhaps began in 1596 with Barents' voyage and resulting chart. The many expeditions until the middle of the eighteenth century were primarily for whaling with minor additions to the charts. In 1758 A. R. Martin led a Swedish voyage and in 1773 C. J. Phipps commanded a British naval expedition, the first of several, to seek a northeast passage to the Pacific. They penetrated no further than Spitsbergen and made useful observations. At that time and for many years the British Admiralty was concerned with extensive Arctic exploration. The elaborate nature of these expeditions was not so much designed for scientific purposes as for useful employment for enterprising officers, with ships in numbers no longer needed in the period of naval supremacy after 1805. Hydrographic survey was often the principal achievement. In terms of efficiency and Arctic know-how the early whalers such as Scoresby were superior.1827 may be considered as the year when geological work began, with expeditions from Norway (B. M. Keilhau 1831) and Britain (Capt. Parry, e.g. Horner 1860; Salter 1860). Keilhau, a geologist, visited Edgeoya and Bjornoya. Admiral Parry, Hydrographer of the Navy, wintered on HMS Hecla in Sorgfjorden where further specimens were collected. In 1837 an early Swedish expedition was directed by Loven. Then, 1838 to 1840, the French voyage of La Recherche took place under the Commission Scientifique du Nord (e.g. Robert 1840).Only a selection of the many expeditions in the second half of the century are noted here.
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Kobzar, T., O. Savinok und K. Marinicheva. „INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION OF SHIPS, BOATS AND SUBMARINS“. Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, Nr. 14 (25.01.2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.1.45-54.
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In this scientific publication presents an analysis of the existing experience of countries of the world in innovative developments in the technology of building ships, boats and submarines, problems, prospects of their application are revealed and possible ways of their improvement are determined due to technical progress. Creating a modern NAVY requires a lot of time and finance, but also other factors, such as seaworthiness, hull strength, protection against weapons of destruction, secrecy from detection tools, and others. In the design and construction of surface ships, technical ideas and specific solutions must meet the level of development of technology not only of the current period, but also of the forecast for the next 10 to 20 years, which will be aimed at improving the combat and operational qualities of surface ships and submarines. This study examined in detail the modular principle when creating surface ships, which allows you to quickly change the specialization of ships by installing the necessary set of modules of equipment and weapons. The authors turned to the analysis of innovative developments of the Swedish corvette «Visby», which by its properties can be called an invisible ship, the «Marlin-350» underwater vehicle, which corresponds to the latest world trends in the development of underwater apparatus engineering. Also, attention is paid to the development and application of submarines, diesel-electric and strategic nuclear. The authors paid special attention to the use by armed forces of the countries of the world for their arsenals of unmanned systems for various purposes. Three categories were considered: Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV), Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The publication also examined the use of ships and boats, powerful guided water cannons as the main engines, which ensures their high speed and maneuverability. Keywords: warship, boat, submarine, propulsion, trimaran, innovation, Ukrainian Navy.
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TSEPENDA, IGOR. „MILITARY-POLITICAL CONFRONTATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NATO MEMBER STATES IN THE BALTIC REGION“. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University 6, Nr. 2 (20.06.2019): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.6.2.9-16.
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This article analyses a range of problems faced by the NATO member states in the Baltic region in connection with Russian aggression in Ukraine. It is indicated that the Russian Federation boosts its military presence in the Kaliningrad Oblast: it deploys advanced missile systems and armored fighting vehicles to the region, increases its military contingent and rearms its Navy in the Baltic Sea. It is stressed that Russia has violated the 1987 Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles (the INF Treaty) and in recent years has been conducting large-scale military exercises.
It is pointed out that amid the growing threat from Russia, the countries of the Baltic region have to reconsider their military strategies, to join their efforts in order to prevent any possible aggression. The NATO member states, the United States of America in particular, take part in the military drills in the region. Sweden’s military cooperation with NATO and the United States of America – a controversial issue in Swedish political circles – is discussed. The question of enhancing military interaction between the members of NATO – Germany and Norway, the Unites States and Poland – is addressed too. The advantages of building collective missile defense capability in the Baltic region and taking other steps to restrain Russia’s aggressive actions are indicated.
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Cruwys, Liz, und Beau Riffenburgh. „Charles Swithinbank: glaciologist“. Polar Record 38, Nr. 206 (Juli 2002): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400017782.
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AbstractThis is the second in a series of biographies entitled ‘Children of the Golden Age,’ the purpose of which is to describe the background and contributions of significant living figures in polar research who began their scientific careers in the years following World War II. Born on 17 November 1926 in Burma, Charles Winthrop Molesworth Swithinbank attended Bryanston School in Dorset before joining the Royal Navy in 1944. He read geography at the University of Oxford and was named assistant glaciologist for the Norwegian-British-Swedish Expedition (1949–52). After completing his DPhil, he joined the Scott Polar Research Institute, where he studied ice distribution in the Northwest Passage. Moving to the University of Michigan (1959–63), he led three expeditions to the Ross Ice Shelf before becoming the first British exchange scientist with the Soviet Antarctic Expedition (1963–65). Returning to the Scott Polar Research Institute, he developed a glaciological programme that led to his appointment as chief glaciologist of the British Antarctic Survey. He became head of the Earth Sciences Division in 1974, a post he held until his retirement in 1986. Swithinbank's contributions to Antarctic science include studies of the deformation, flow, and thickness of glaciers and the interpretation of satellite imagery. He served as president of the International Glaciological Society (1981–84) and has received a number of honours and awards.
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Feld, Claudia. „How Do Perpetrators Become Visible? Photographs and Visibility <em>Dispositifs</em> in the Identification of a Perpetrator During the Argentine Dictatorship“. Journal of Perpetrator Research 6, Nr. 1 (22.12.2023): 20–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21039/jpr.6.1.135.
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This article examines the connections between forced disappearances in Argentina, the public visibility of perpetrators, and the role of photographic images. It focuses on Alfredo Astiz, who was identified during the dictatorship for his involvement in two internationally renowned abduction cases: the disappearance of the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin and the abduction of the French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet, who were taken to the Navy Mechanics School or ESMA (Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada). By analysing two series of photographs of Astiz that were published during the dictatorship, along with the accompanying texts and paratexts circulating at the time, and within the contexts, settings, and media that facilitated the identification and visibility of this perpetrator, this article sheds light on the dynamics, limitations, tensions, and opportunities presented by images of the figure of the perpetrator. The article proposes to understand visibility dispositifs as specific tools for investigating the visual representation of perpetrators and the complex processes involved in constructing meanings around perpetration over time. In the more specific field of forced disappearance studies, this text aims to discuss the role of images in making perpetrators visible, thus shifting the research focus away from the photographs of victims, which have been extensively examined in previous work. Its uniqueness also lies in considering this issue within a dictatorial rather than a transitional or post-conflict context.
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Artamonov, V. A. „Proclamation of the All-Russian Empire – the Beginning of the Way to the Great Power Status“. MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, Nr. 2 (10.05.2022): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-2-83-51-68.
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Many historians believe that Russia became a great power either as a result of the Poltava victory in 1709, or after the Nystadt Peace of 1721. It is difficult to agree with this. Peter the Great’s rule indeed produced a combat-ready regular army, a guard, an officer corps, a navy with shipyards, military bases, and coastal artillery. There was an upsurge in the metallurgical industry and mining. Schools with high-quality military and secular education, the Academy of Sciences, the Senate, and the Synod were established. St. Petersburg was founded. Talented and enterprising individuals were promoted to military, diplomatic and administrative posts. The main factor in the rise of the state was military modernization. The main geopolitical achievement of Peter I was the conquest of full access to the Baltic Sea. However, a limited resource base, military and diplomatic defeats and setbacks did not allow Russia to rise to the rank of a great power. The disasters of Narva in 1700 and on the Prut River in 1711 were painful. Russia lost access to the Sea of Azov, the city of Azov, city of Taganrog, the Azov squadron, shipyards and shipbuilding in the Voronezh Territory were lost. The damage from three treatises with the Ottomans in 1711-1713 was great. Russia has lost all of Zaporozhye. The demarcation of the borders of 1714 threw Russia back several hundred kilometers from the Black Sea region. In 1719, the Russian military force was squeezed out of Central Europe – from Mecklenburg. The sphere of influence of Russia after the victorious Peace of Nystad in 1721 was established only in Northern and Eastern Europe – in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Swedish and Danish-Norwegian kingdom, partly in Prussia. The tsar had no claims to hegemony in Europe and no claims to join the circle of the then great powers. Russia was not a great power like the Habsburg monarchy, France, Great Britain, and the Eurasian-African Ottoman Empire. Russia could not compare with the great powers of that time neither in terms of economic (industrial, financial) power, nor in terms of the intensity of expansionism. The entry of the Russian Empire into the system of international relations as one of the five great powers – France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia – occurred during the Seven Years War of 1756-1763. Another rise to great power took place during the reign of Catherine II. The apogee of greatness and the culmination of Russia's influence on European affairs was the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815.
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu. „Sources on the History of Russian-Finnish Relations in Early 20th Century: Problems and Prospects of Publication“. Herald of an archivist, Nr. 3 (2023): 932–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2023-3-932-938.
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The review examines content and features of sources published in the three-volume collection “Russia and the Independence of Finland” (2021), prepared by the Russian-Finnish team of authors (compiled by M. V. Zelenov and P. Hakala) headed by the head of the Federal Archival Agency, Doctor of Historical Sciences A. N. Artizov, with participation of the National Archive of Finland. The publication presents documents from the Russian federal archives: State Archive of the Russian Federation (GA RF), Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA), Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI), Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF), Russian State Military Archive (RGVA); from departmental archives: Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (WUA RF), Archive of the President of the Russian Federation (AP RF); and from the National Archive of Finland (NAF). From the NAF fonds have been chosen for publication mostly Russian-language documents of Russian institutions and officials. The collection contains documents revealing the development of political process starting with the Grand Duchy of Finland’s struggle for autonomy and ending with Finland’s movement for the state independence. Commentary, nominal and geographical indexes, chronicle of events, appendices with a list of resolutions of the Russian and Soviet institutions in Finland are of independent scientific significance. Absence of illustrative materials is compensated by lists of photographic documents, including photographs and documentary newsreel footage, with indication of the archives. The collection materials expand the source base of research, reflect specifics of the source base on the history of Russian-Finnish relations, where prevail documents on the legal status of the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire. The authors pay considerable attention not only to the legal controversy of the parties, but also to documents revealing the complex political relations between Russia and Finland, especially in the period of 1917–20. Introduction into scientific use of documents containing information on the underlying causes of confrontation between the Russian and Finnish political elites of the Russian Empire and on interaction of the Soviet and Finnish structures give credit to the team of Russian and Finnish archivists. Among documents published for the first time, stand out documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia on the support of revolutionary movement in Russia in 1905–07 by the Finnish left-wing political forces. The documents point to diverging positions of Russian bureaucracy on the Finnish issue and search for compromise solutions. Introduction into scientific use of documents containing information on the underlying causes of confrontation between Russian and Finnish political elites and their publication are associated with difficulties in deciphering handwritten texts and their translation from French, Swedish, and other languages. It is noted that some documents on the essence of the Russian-Finnish contradictions during the First World War have already been introduced into scientific use by Russian researchers, indicating presence of research interest and need for further work on the publication of sources.
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BLUMFIELD, FIONA. „NAVA BERGMAN: The Cambridge Biblical Hebrew Workbook: Introductory Level. xiii, 375 pp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. £17.99. (Originally published in Swedish, Studentlitteratur, Lund, Sweden, 2000).“ Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 69, Nr. 1 (Februar 2006): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x06240072.
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Wienberg, Jes. „Iøjnefaldende arkitektur – Nordens middelalderlige rundkirker“. Kuml 63, Nr. 63 (31.10.2014): 205–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v63i63.24466.
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Conspicuous architecture. Medieval round churches in ScandinaviaThe aim of this article is partly to argue why round churches were built and partly to present an updated overview of Scandinavian round churches.Round churches (fig. 1) are often seen as something unusual, deviant and mysterious, and in need of special explanation. Thus the most recent overview for many of them, the influential Swedish dissertation Nordens befästa rundkyrkor – The fortified round churches of Scandinavia – by Hugo F. Frölén from 1910‑11, states (wrongly) that all round churches were fortified.Today (2014), 34 round churches are known in Scandinavia (fig. 2). They are distributed as follows: There are 19 in Medieval Denmark: St. Michael in Schleswig; Thorsager and Malling in Jutland; Horne on Funen; Bjernede, Farendløse, Himlingøje, Hørve, Pedersborg, All Saints in Roskilde, Selsø, Store Heddinge (octogonal nave) and Søborg, all on Zealand; Helsingborg and Valleberga in Scania; Ny, Nylars, Ols and Østerlars, all on Bornholm. Medieval Sweden has 13 round churches: Hagby and Voxtorp in Småland; Borgholm on Öland; Bromma, Munsö and Solna in Uppland; Agnestad, Dimbo and Skörstorp in Västergötland; Klosterstad, Tjärstad and Vårdsberg in Östergötland; and Holy Spirit (octogonal nave) in Visby on Gotland. Medieval Norway has two examples, namely St. Olav in Tønsberg and St. Nicholas in Orphir in the Orkneys.Their state of preservation is described, together with the history of their (re-)discovery since the 19th century. New discoveries of round churches are still to be expected, as several have been found by accident; however as a type they will remain a rarity. The presently known round churches constitute only c. 0.8 percent of Scandinavia’s 4400 medieval stone churches.Generations of scholars have attempted to classify the round churches according to their size, plan and construction. This article focuses instead on their function and shows how round churches were functionally ‘normal’ in their regional church topography, based on an examination of six clusters, for example on Bornholm (fig. 3).The article presents current knowledge on their chronology and social context, using the round churches of Bjernede (fig. 4) and St. Olav in Tønsberg (fig. 5) as illustrative examples. Dendrochronological analyses only exist for Voxtorp (fig. 6), where they indicate a date in the 1240s. In general, round churches relate to both the 12th and13th centuries, like the majority of Romanesque churches. Where a social context is known, the round church is an elite phenomenon. We find kings, earls, archbishops, bishops and nobility, perhaps also fraternities, as at the Holy Spirit in Visby (fig. 7). However, the popular Knights Templar must be ruled out as initiators.Deviant church architecture, including round churches, has been explained from three major perspectives that need to be combined to include all examples (fig. 8): The theory of the defensive church, the theory of the multifunctional church and the theory of symbolic imitation.I have found the round churches to be normal, apart from their relatively low rate of survival, their elite context and their extraordinary plan. I argue that the elite consciously chose ‘conspicuous architecture’ as a social strategy relative to status and rivalry. The concept is inspired by the concept of ‘conspicuous consumption’ introduced into sociology by Thorstein Veblen in 1899.Frölén and others after him have interpreted round churches as memorials to the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem (fig. 9), built by returning crusaders or pilgrims. Crusaders in the Baltic may also have constructed round churches, for example at Valleberga (fig. 10). My study demonstrates that round churches, as icons for the crusades, were built by kings, bishops or noblemen who sought honour and who had been on a crusade or pilgrimage to Jerusalem, travelled to another place – or had chosen to stay at home.Finally, I discuss Richard Krautheimer’s theory of medieval imitation, where selected elements represented a symbolic whole, insofar as the period was able to produce copies. The copying of buildings might be described as a ‘bricolage’. Medieval building work was an active process, whereby architectural elements from numerous sources were taken and used to create something new, as in the medieval reuse of ‘spolia’. Every building became a unique and ambiguous node in an infinite web of influences. Consequently, the creation of new typologies to classify and bring order to round churches, and the continuing hunt for foreign models in order to explain their architecture, both represent methodological dead ends.Jes WienbergInstitutionen för arkeologi och antikens historiaLunds universitet
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Linderoth, Andreas. „Sweden – a nation of seafarers or peasants? Swedish naval officers and national identity as revealed in the magazine Vår Flotta, 1905–1939“. International Journal of Maritime History, 11.09.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08438714231201280.
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Swedish national identity reflects a tradition of independent freeholding peasants, even though the majority of the population lives along the coasts. The sea has often been neglected in studies analysing Swedish national identity. This article analyses one of many Swedish narratives of national identity – namely, that found in the monthly magazine Vår Flotta: Tidskrift för Sjövapnet (Our Fleet: Magazine for the Navy). The narrative of the magazine strongly emphasized the importance of the sea to Sweden. The sea, with its strong symbolism, was a vital part of the magazine's national narrative. According to Vår Flotta, the sea and its control would determine Sweden's fate as it had historically. The navy had saved Sweden from being dragged into a war or being invaded by foreign powers. A close connection to the sea, facing its dangers, would also allow the true Swedish national qualities to develop: bravery, calmness, confidence, cleanliness and a willingness to make sacrifices for the greater good. The national-identity narrative in the magazine remained fairly constant across the 35 years studied in this article.
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Liwång, H., und H. Jonsson. „COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT SURVIVABILITY MEASURES ON A GENERIC FRIGATE“. International Journal of Maritime Engineering 158, A1 (13.12.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/ijme.v158ia1.976.
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The authors are to be thanked for publishing results from their Swedish Navy funded work into frigate Survivability. Given the sensitivity of the subject, while there have been a lot of recently published articles on the topic of warship survivability, it is worthwhile to get a view from a navy still considering relatively small warships to be frigates. It is also very helpful to have a set of four “Survivability levels” (at end of Section 2.1) to gauge a design’s performance in this regard.
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Silvanius, Mårten, Hans Rullgård,, Magnus Ekström und Oskar Frånberg,. „Proposed Thalmann algorithm air diving decompression table for the Swedish Armed Forces“. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, 01.01.2023, 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/01.01.2023.37.
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The Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF) air dive tables are under revision. Currently, the air dive table from the U.S. Navy (USN) Diving Manual (DM) Rev. 6 is used with an msw-to-fsw conversion. Since 2017, the USN has been diving according to USN DM rev. 7, which incorporates updated air dive tables derived from the Thalmann Exponential Linear Decompression Algorithm (EL-DCM) with VVAL79 parameters. The SwAF decided to replicate and analyze the USN table development methodology before revising their current tables. The ambition was to potentially find a table that correlates with the desired risk of decompression sickness. New compartmental parameters for the EL-DCM algorithm, called SWEN21B, were developed by applying maximum likelihood methods on 2,953 scientifically controlled direct ascent air dives with known outcomes of decompression sickness (DCS). The targeted probability of DCS for direct ascent air dives was ≤1% overall and ≤1‰ for neurological DCS (CNS-DCS). One hundred fifty-four wet validation dives were performed with air between 18 to 57 msw. Both direct ascent and decompression stop dives were conducted, resulting in incidences of two joint pain DCS (18 msw/59 minutes), one leg numbness CNS-DCS (51 msw/10 minutes with deco-stop), and nine marginal DCS cases, such as rashes and itching. A total of three DCS incidences, including one CNS-DCS, yield a predicted risk level (95% confidence interval) of 0.4-5.6% for DCS and 0.0-3.6% for CNS-DCS. Two out of three divers with DCS had patent foramen ovale. The SWEN21 table is recommended for the SwAF for air diving as it, after results from validation dives, suggests being within the desired risk levels for DCS and CNS-DCS.
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Silvanius, Mårten, Hans Rullgård, Magnus Ekström und Oskar Frånberg. „Proposed Thalmann Algorithm Air Diving Decompression Table for the Swedish Armed Forces Based on Logistic Probabilistic Modeling of No-Stop Air Diving Data“. Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, 01.01.2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22462/01.01.2023.14.
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The Swedish Armed Forces (SwAF) air dive tables are under revision. Currently, the air dive table from US Navy (USN) Diving manual (DM) Rev.6 is used with a msw to fsw conversion. Since 2017, USN has been diving according to USN DM rev. 7, which incorporates updated air dive tables derived from the exponential linear decompression algorithm (EL-DCM) Thalmann with VVAL79 parameters. The SwAF decided to replicate and analyze the USN table development methodology before revising their current tables. The ambition was to potentially find a table that correlates with the desired risk of decompression sickness. New compartmental parameters for the EL-DCM algorithm, called SWEN21B, were developed by applying maximum likelihood methods on 2953 scientifically controlled direct ascent air dives with known outcomes of decompression sickness (DCS). The targeted probability of DCS for direct ascent air dives was ≤1% overall and ≤1‰ for neurological DCS (CNS-DCS). 154 wet validation dives were performed with air between 18-57 msw. Both direct ascent and decompression stop dives were conducted, resulting in two joint pain DCS (18msw/59min), one leg numbness CNS-DCS (51msw/10min with deco-stop), and nine marginal DCS, such as rashes and itching. A total of three DCS, including one CNS-DCS, yield a predicted risk level (95% confidence interval) of 0.4-5.6% for DCS and 0.0-3.6% for CNS-DCS. Two out of three divers with DCS had patent foramen ovale, PFO. The SWEN21 table is recommended for the SwAF for air diving as it, after results from validation dives, suggests being within the desired risk levels for DCS and CNS-DCS.
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Saar, Teele. „Laevaliinide avamise tingimused Balti kubermangudes ja Soomes 1837–70“. Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal 175, Nr. 1/2 (22.12.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2021.1-2.01.
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Russia’s Baltic provinces and Finland differed from Russia’s interior areas due to their long coastline. On the one hand, it helped to connect those areas, but on the other hand, the Baltic Sea played a crucial role in connecting Russia to Europe. In 1837–70, 16 passenger steamboat routes had been established that called at Estonian ports. Due to Estonia’s geographical position, entrepreneurs from Turku, Riga and St Petersburg as well as from Tallinn operated those lines. With the exception of studies on migration policies, the roles of institutions and legislation have not been addressed in depth in maritime history studies. Therefore this article focuses on the following questions: how legislation impacted the establishment of steamboat companies, and how the state organised steamboat traffic.
Steamship companies were the first transportation organisations to operate as joint-stock enterprises. Joint-stock laws started developing in Russia in the first decades of the 19th century. The first legislation regulating steamship companies that operated between Baltic Sea ports was adopted in 1835. A comprehensive act regulating all joint-stock companies followed in 1836. According to the 1836 law, which was in force until 1917, the establishment of a joint-stock company depended a great deal on the state. Both the tsar and the Ministry of Finance had to approve the company statutes. Both had the right to make changes in the statute’s clauses or in proposals for capital formation. The Grand Duchy of Finland followed its own separate path. Joint-stock companies in Finland were exempted from this legislation until 1864 because Finland adhered to the Swedish Law of Entrepreneurship and Shipping from the 18th century. Due to those circumstances, personal relations and the company’s own contribution played a key role in joint-stock companies.
Statutes approved by the Ministry of Finance and the tsar provided companies with the opportunity to apply for benefits and prerogatives like tax relief or monopoly rights for certain routes for fixed time periods. Such various supportive measures were highlighted to foster the development of steamship connections on routes of national importance. The state could take part in the establishment process as well, as the case of the Osilia steamship company demonstrates. In cases where there was insufficient establishing capital, and to encourage the establishment of companies, the state bought a certain number of stocks in the company.
Russian merchant shipping legislation and organisation was introduced for the first time in contemporary Estonia at the beginning of the 18th century after the Great Northern War, whereby Estonian territory was incorporated into Russia. The organisation of both merchant and passenger shipping was divided between different authorities in Russia. The aim of establishment ministries in the first decade of the 19th century was to set up a system where tasks were clearly divided and unambiguous. In reality, this goal was not put into practice for the whole system. Hence merchant shipping was still divided between the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of the Navy, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in addition local authorities. Local authorities became the link between the companies and state authorities because they were familiar with local circumstances and could provide consultative information.
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Gallego-Martinez, Alvaro, Alba Escalera-Balsera, Natalia Trpchevska, Paula Robles-Bolivar, Pablo Roman-Naranjo, Lidia Frejo, Patricia Perez-Carpena et al. „Using coding and non-coding rare variants to target candidate genes in patients with severe tinnitus“. npj Genomic Medicine 7, Nr. 1 (30.11.2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41525-022-00341-w.
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AbstractTinnitus is the phantom percept of an internal non-verbal set of noises and tones. It is reported by 15% of the population and it is usually associated with hearing and/or brain disorders. The role of structural variants (SVs) in coding and non-coding regions has not been investigated in patients with severe tinnitus. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing in 97 unrelated Swedish individuals with chronic tinnitus (TIGER cohort). Rare single nucleotide variants (SNV), large structural variants (LSV), and copy number variations (CNV) were retrieved to perform a gene enrichment analysis in TIGER and in a subgroup of patients with severe tinnitus (SEVTIN, n = 34), according to the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) scores. An independent exome sequencing dataset of 147 Swedish tinnitus patients was used as a replication cohort (JAGUAR cohort) and population-specific datasets from Sweden (SweGen) and Non-Finish Europeans (NFE) from gnomAD were used as control groups. SEVTIN patients showed a higher prevalence of hyperacusis, hearing loss, and anxiety when they were compared to individuals in the TIGER cohort. We found an enrichment of rare missense variants in 6 and 8 high-constraint genes in SEVTIN and TIGER cohorts, respectively. Of note, an enrichment of missense variants was found in the CACNA1E gene in both SEVTIN and TIGER. We replicated the burden of missense variants in 9 high-constrained genes in the JAGUAR cohort, including the gene NAV2, when data were compared with NFE. Moreover, LSVs in constrained regions overlapping CACNA1E, NAV2, and TMEM132D genes were observed in TIGER and SEVTIN.
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Malik, Wasim Shahid, Ahsan ul Haq Satti und Ghulam Saghir. „Price Setting Behaviour of Pakistani Firms: Evidence from Four Industrial Cities of Punjab“. Pakistan Development Review, 26.03.2024, 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v47i3pp.247-266.
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Macroeconomic research has mostly been focused on investigating micro foundations of the theory and transmission channels of policy ever since rational expectations have found place in the literature. It was in the 1990s that macroeconomists started working on models incorporating the assumption of nominal rigidity in the optimal behaviour of individuals and firms. These models have gained empirical support from both aggregate as well as firm-level data. The evidence for developing countries on the issue is limited and Pakistan is no exception. This study aims at investigating the price setting behaviour of Pakistani firms. Besides this, the potential effects of changes in financial cost on the overall pricing and production decisions have also been investigated. Pakistani firms perceive themselves to be operating in a competitive environment though most of their clientele is regular. The majority of the firms use current information while reviewing prices. Around 70 percent of the firms use either a state-dependent pricing rule or a combination of both time and state-dependent rules. Pakistani firms revise and change their prices usually in the months of June and July. The main determinants of change in the price level are the cost of raw material, energy and inflation. The competitors’ price generally figures in price decrease. Among the causes of price stickiness, implicit contract with the customers is at the top; the fixed term contract comes next. Most of the firms change their wage structure annually. About half of the firms index their workers’ wages to inflation and for the purpose refer to the earlier inflation rate. On the whole labour productivity and changes in inflation rate are observed as the main determinants of wage change. 1. INTRODUCTION Ever since rational expectations nave found place in the literature much of the research in the area of macroeconomics has been focused on investigating micro foundations of macroeconomic theory and transmission channels of policy. Macroeconomists started working on macro models in the 1990s incorporating the assumption of nominal rigidity with explicit modelling of optimal behaviour of individuals and firms, [see for instance, Rotemberg and Woodford (1997); McCallum and Nelson (1999); Woodford (2003)]. These models incorporate various forms of price and wage rigidities making monetary policy effective, though only in the short run. More recently these models have gained empirical support1 from both aggregate as well as firm-level data. In this regard micro-level evidence is more convincing since aggregated data may depend on the assumptions used and methodology employed, whereas micro level research offers direct evidence. For instance, micro level data directly investigates the price-setting behaviour of firms. Some studies in the literature on the price setting behaviour of the firms investigate the issue by collecting data from a particular sector of the economy or a group of firms [e.g. Kashyap (1995); Dutta, et al. (1999); Copaciu (2004)]. Another strand of literature, with the pioneer work of Blinder (1991), uses a survey-based approach to investigate various aspects of price stickiness. These studies have an added advantage as they allow additional insights and permit a clear ranking of the causes and patterns of price stickiness. Hall, et al. (1997) extended Blinder’s work for UK firms. Similarly Apel, et al. (2005) investigated the price setting behaviour of Swedish firms and Fabiani, et al. (2004) did the same for Italian firms. A number of survey-based studies conducted within the Eurosystem’s Inflation Persistence Network used this approach. A limited number of studies are also available that focus on developing countries. Studies in Pakistan have little micro level focus which this study as the first attempt to deal with the firms’ price setting behaviour aims to do. Besides this, the potential effects of changes in financial cost on the overall pricing and production decisions have also been investigated. Moreover this study is different from others in that data has been collected through enumerators and field investigators instead of mailing questionnaires to respondents. The study mainly focuses on four issues. First, the type of pricing rule; whether it is state-dependent or time-dependent? Second, what type of information (past, current or future forecast) is used for price calculations and, what is the frequency and size of the average price change. Third, it deals with different theories of price stickiness by investigating the determinants. The wage setting behaviour, which has certain implications for the effectiveness of monetary policy, is the fourth area the study deals with. The study proceeds as follows: Section 2 highlights the methodological issues. Section 3 outlines the main characteristics of the market. Section 4 deals with the price setting behaviour while Section 5 highlights determinants of price change and causes of price stickiness. The wage setting behaviour is investigated in Section 6 and Section 7 concludes the study.