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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Nature of Proper names“
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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Berestnev, G. I. „PROPER NAME IN SYNCHRONISTIC COINCIDENCES“. Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, Nr. 3 (2021): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2021-3-75-87.
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The article launches a new approach to studying coincident proper names in different cultural conditions - names viewed in a synchronistic perspective, in the Jungian sense. The paper purports to answer a number of questions adding to the theory of language, depth psychology and cognitive science. The main research methods, such as cognitive analysis and reconstruction, allow recovering data on deep cognitive attitudes of a person and possible connections of his/her mental sphere with physical reality. In this regard, the functional and cognitive nature of proper names is analyzed. It is determined by a number of characteristics that form the basis for further research. The paper further elaborates on the conditions and models of synchronistic coincidences of proper nouns (mostly personal names). The identified conditions and models are as follows: a) thematic seriality of personal names; b) their cross-matching; c) their systemic parallel matching; d) their complete coincidence in space and time; e) their promising coincidences in fortune telling; f) coincidence of ideal and real personal names; g) coincidences of personal names “framing” certain historical epochs; h) coincidences of proper names, removing the referential certainty of the named subjects. The data presented in the article made it possible to make some generalizations and to outline research prospects in this area. First of all, researching proper names from the point of view of synchronistic coincidences allows us to have an insight into human cognition and shed light on its deep structure. In addition, such studies have interdisciplinary significance bringing cognitive linguistics and the fundamental sciences closer together. Finally, the analysis of synchronistic coincidences of proper names allows us to reconstruct some deep cognitive attitudes in the human psyche, demonstrating the unity of mental and physical realities. Even more promising in this regard is the unification of cognitive linguistics with other advanced scientific disciplines engaged in this issue.
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Farzam, Khalilullah. „Frege’s Theory of Proper Names“. Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 2, Nr. 09 (24.09.2023): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55559/sjahss.v2i09.127.
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Gottlob Frege, in order to explain the relationship between language and reality, believes that in addition to the subjective meaning and external reference of words, related to the words and signs in their entirety, there is also a third thing that expresses how the words designate or stand for external references. Frege calls this third phenomenon the sense of words. Sense is the mode of presentation of reference which is designated by a proper name. Sense contrary to meaning, which is subjective and personal, is an objective and external matter that everyone can enjoy or access to it. Frege’s theory will be examined in this article with the aim of showing how the theory is incomplete. Besides the fact that there is an inconsistency in his view concerning the nature of meaning (Frege considers sense sometimes objective and on other occasions something imaginary.), his argument to prove the objectivity of sense is unsuccessful. Even if we accept his assumption of the objectivity of sense, Frege cannot drive the problem of psychologism out of the path of human knowledge. That is, Frege fails to achieve its original objective; proving that psychologism is wrong.
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Zhuanyshpaeva, S. Zh, G. T. Mukhamedzhanova, A. S. Beisenbayeva und N. M. Baekina. „INFORMATIVE-BACKGROUND FEATURES OF NAMES AND PROPER NAMES“. Vestnik of M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Nr. 1 (57) (19.05.2023): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54596/2958-0048-2023-1-137-144.
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As one of the urgent problems of modern Kazakh linguistics, it is possible to form a theoretical and methodological basis for the field of poetic onomastics by studying the title of a work of art, names denoting the character on the part of the writer. Consideration of onyms in the language of the work, including poetonyms in cognitive orientation in ethno–cultural and ethno-linguistic integrity - onomastic units that mentally characterize the surrounding reality, serves as a basis for maximum refinement of the experience of cognition accumulated on the scale of "language-consciousness-nation".The language of fiction occupies a special place in the language of a certain nation. That is, the literary language plays a huge role in the development and formation of the national language. The fact that linguistic means are factual material for the formation of a literary language considers their independent need for individual author's use as an aesthetic category.The scientific article tells that onomastic units in a work of art are not only the result of artistic thinking of a native speaker, but also ethno-cultural and linguistic symbols covering all spheres of life of the nation. In addition, the features of the titles are illustrated by the plot of the work, the meaningful idea, the world of artistic images, the language of the hero and the truce of the hero. Thus pointing out that under the name of each hero lie age-old worldviews, national identity, national character, national traditions, linguistic phenomena arising from national beliefs, the authors note that they are linguocultural in nature, as well as differentiation of the specifics of the use of names in a work of fiction and clarification of nominal properties are part of the definition of language expression and culture.
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Resticka, Gita Anggria, Erwita Nurdiyanto und Sri Nani Hari Yanti. „BANYUMAS PROPER NAMES: STRUCTURE AND CULTURAL REFLECTION“. LEKSEMA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, Nr. 1 (30.04.2021): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/ljbs.v6i1.2441.
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Proper name is a linguistic symbol that reflects people’s perspectives and thoughts over something. This study aims to reveal current naming convention in Banyumas from linguistic perspective and to describe naming classification which covers list of proper names, their sociocultural background, the meanings, and the functions. This study used descriptive-qualitative method with snowball technique for the sampling. Banyumas proper names are dominated by the use of monomorphemic form. The languages used to give proper names come from local language, Bahasa Indonesia, as well as foreign languages.The naming structure covers first name, functioning as gender and birth order markers; middle name, containing ethnical or foreign element; and last name, containing family name. Naming reference mostly uses adjectives, famous figures’ names, nature elements, flower names, puppet characters’ names, and/or numbers and symbols. Prefix su- also characterizes some proper names in Banyumas. Cultural reflection from Banyumas proper names is that the proper names chosen by the name givers, mostly parents, resemble their hope and prayer for their children. Proper name as a part of culture and folklore becomes ethnical identity for the people themselves.
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Popovych, Mykhailo. „Les paradoxes dans l’étude du nom propre“. Romanica Wratislaviensia 69 (28.11.2022): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0557-2665.69.6.
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It is explicitly or implicitly stated in many scholarly works on proper names that the linguistic status of these lexical items is “odd” (étrange). Their odd nature is due to several factors, such as their functional propensity to correlate with a single referent, lack of conceptual meaning, morphological invariability, inability to be clearly differentiated from common names due to a lack of unambiguous and generally accepted criteria, etc. Therefore, the class of proper names looks, both quantitatively and qualitatively, like a very vague conceptual structure. Under the umbrella term of “proper name,” researchers include lexical units that are different in their lexical-semantic and communicative-pragmatic nature, which, in many cases, contradicts the theoretical propositions offered to explain their linguistic and speech features. Thus, quoting Gustave Guillaume, the proposed principles of theories of proper names “do not always face the facts in an antagonistic position.” This is the essence of inconsistencies in the interpretation of the linguistic status of proper names. The present study analyzes the conceptual foundations of several basic, in our opinion, paradoxes that are inherent in the linguistic studies of proper names.
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O.V., Chornous. „THE PHENOMENON OF PROPER NAMES“. South archive (philological sciences), Nr. 85 (12.04.2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-4.
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Purpose. The task of the study is to define the boundary between common and proper names, and to systematize the main differential characteristics of the onyms.Methods. The research is based on different scientific methods. A scientific literature review was used to demonstrate how statements about boundary between appellatives and propriatives are changing and developing over time. Observation, analysis as well as the descriptive and comparative methods were used for identifying distinctions between proper and common names. Comparative method was used for identifying common and distinct peculiarities of proper and common names. Generalization and abstraction techniques were used to establish broad patterns of distinction between common and proper names, as well as systematization of specific features of proper names. Significant differences and some similarities between pronouns and proper names were described.Results. The article focuses on the debate in the scientific community about whether there is a clear distinction between common and proper names. Various positions of scientists on this issue have been identified and analysed. As a result, a number of arguments have been identified that are clearly or fairly contentious. The scientific works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers on the specific of proper names have been studied and a list of them has been organized (27 characteristics). Differences in proper and common names are sought in functions, nature and linguistic characteristics, context, etymology and translation. It also highlights features that are recognized by some scholars because of their support or the negation of the theory of the non-existence of semantics in proper names.Conclusions. The debate on the boundary between common and separate names, which dates back to ancient times, has not yet been definitively resolved. From the analysis of the different approaches, it appears more convincing that the proper and common names differ considerably in their characteristics, in their purpose, but they interact closely and complement each other. This is what onymization and apelativization processes demonstrate. It has been suggested that the list of specific characteristics of proper names can be augmented as a result of new research on the proper names.Key words: common names, proper names, boundaries between two classes of lexicon, specific characteristics of proper names, pronouns. Мета. Метою дослідження є окреслення межі між апелятивною та пропріальною лексикою, а також систематизація основних диференційних ознак онімів.Методи. У роботі використані метод аналізу наукової літератури для виявлення різних поглядів учених на межу між апеля-тивами та пропріативами; спостереження, аналіз, а також описовий, порівняльно-історичний методи для виявлення специфіки розмежування власних та загальних назв; порівняльний метод для виявлення спільного та відмінного щодо деяких специфічних ознак власних та загальних назв; методи узагальнення та абстрагування для встановлення загальних закономірностей розмежування апелятивів та пропріативів, а також систематизацію специфічних ознак власних назв.Результати. У науковій розвідці зосереджено увагу на дискусії, яка розгорнулася в науковій спільноті щодо наявності або відсутності чіткої межі між загальними та власними назвами. Окреслено різні позиції вітчизняних та зарубіжних науковців з цього питання, проведено їх аналіз. У результаті виявлено низку аргументів, які видаються однозначними або доволі спір-ними. Простежено наукові пошуки вітчизняних та зарубіжних дослідників щодо специфічних ознак онімів, упорядковано їх перелік із 27 позицій. Відмінності пропріативів та апелятивів дослідники шукають у функціях, властивостях, закономірностях розвитку, сутності та мовних особливостях, контексті, етимології та перекладі. Виокремлено також такі ознаки, які визнають-ся лише деякими науковцями з огляду на їх підтримку або заперечення теорії асемантичності власних назв. Виявлено суттєві відмінності та деякі подібні риси між займенниками та власними назвами.Висновки. Відома ще з давніх часів дискусія про межу між загальними та власними назвами й на сьогодні не має оста -точного розв’язання. У результаті аналізу різних підходів більш переконливим видається, що власні та загальні назви значно різняться за своїми характеристиками, призначенням, але при цьому тісно взаємодіють, взаємодоповнюють одне одного, що демонструють процеси онімізації та апелятивізації. Зроблено припущення, що виявлений спектр специфічних ознак онімів може бути доповнений з огляду на нові дослідження онімної лексики.Ключові слова: загальні назви, власні назви, межа між двома класами лексики, специфічні ознаки онімів, займенник
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Montemurro, Sonia, Sara Mondini, Massimo Nucci und Carlo Semenza. „Proper name retrieval in cognitive decline“. Mental Lexicon 13, Nr. 2 (31.12.2018): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.18004.mon.
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Abstract This study explores the retrieval of proper names and the sensitivity of this lexical category to the modulatory effect of cognitive reserve in an aging population. Thirty-two elderly patients, undergoing their first neuropsychological evaluation were matched for age and education to thirty-two healthy controls. All participants were administered the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to measure their global cognitive performance, the Famous Face Naming test to assess proper name retrieval, and the Cognitive Reserve Index (CRI) questionnaire to obtain an index of cognitive reserve. The two groups had comparable CRI total scores, but patients’ performance was worse in both MoCA and Famous Face naming test, compared to healthy controls. Results showed that cognitive reserve predicted global cognitive performance (i.e., MoCA score) in the patients, but not in the healthy participants. Naming proper names was independent from cognitive reserve. This might be due to their lexical nature, which lies in a poor semantic connection between proper names and their bearers.
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Saetti, M. C., P. Marangolo, E. De Renzi, M. C. Rinaldi und E. Lattanzi. „The Nature of the Disorder Underlying the Inability to Retrieve Proper Names“. Cortex 35, Nr. 5 (Januar 1999): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70827-x.
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Furusa, Munashe. „Spelling Our Proper Name“. Journal of Black Studies 40, Nr. 1 (07.08.2009): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934709335133.
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This article examines internal and external intellectual discourses that have developed around Africana Studies as an academic discipline within the United States from its inception to the present. It explores intellectual constructs and discursive contexts that have shaped the variations, complexities, and contradictions in the conceptualization, scope, and philosophical direction of Africana Studies as a discipline. It argues that the name or names of the discipline should reflect the nature and scope, curriculum content and structure, declared goals and expected outcomes of Africana Studies.
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Arkhanhelska, Alla. „TRANSFORMATIONS OF SET PHRASES WITH THE PROPER NAME COMPONENT IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN MEDIA DISCOURSE“. Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, Nr. 9(77) (30.01.2020): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-87-94.
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The paper deals with set phrases (phraseologisms, set comparisons, and proverbs) with the proper name component of the precedent and unprecedent nature in texts of modern Ukrainian media. The paper is focused both on the semantic and structural semantic transformations of set phrases with the proper name component and on creating the transformed phrases on the basis of the model. The paper traces the rate of transformations of phraseological units and proverbs with the proper name component of the precedent and unprecedent nature in the modern Ukrainian media discourse, investigates the types of transformations (semantic and structural-semantic), outlines the trends of transforming set phrases based both on Ukrainian and borrowed proper names, and describes the creation of transformed units on the basis of the model. The study is based on the material of biblical names, ancient names, mythological anthroponyms, names of historical persons and figures in modern politics as well as connotative onyms that are a component of the Ukrainian linguoculture, which were all investigated based on Ukrainian printed and electronic publications, Internet forums and blogs of the beginning of the 21st century.
Dissertationen zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Przyjemski, Katrina. „Natural language variables : variable-based semantic theories of pronouns and proper names“. Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2ec9cd7c-5fe3-4dd5-ae3b-e94e317246c1.
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Semanticists, philosophers and logicians have standardly analyzed a range of natural language expressions on the model of the variables of formal languages. This dissertation explores variable- based semantic theories of pronounsand proper names. The first two chapters argue that a variable-based, presuppositional semantics for pronouns proposed by Cooper (1979, 1983) resolves an apparent trilemma arising from the conjunction of three plausible commitments concerning the semantics of pronouns: that some anaphoric pronouns with quantifier antecedents are bound variables, that referential pronouns have context-independent meanings, and that the relation between bound and referential pronouns is not ambiguity or homonymy. The first chapter argues that Cooper’s semantics is descriptively and empirically superior to alternative theories, including Kaplan’s account, which does not resolve the trilemma. The second addresses an important objection to the view that bound and referential pronouns make the same semantic contribution, involving cases where bound pronouns do not appear to trigger semantic presuppositions. I argue that this appearance is misleading: bound pronouns do trigger semantic presuppositions and have the same (Cooper-style) denotations as referential pronouns. The third chapter addresses the phenomenon of non c-command or ‘donkey’ anaphora. These anaphors appear to require a departure from Cooper’s semantics and, more generally, from the view that anaphoric pronouns correspond to (classical) bound variables. I consider D-type accounts of donkey anaphora and argue that these accounts must be revised in ways that bring the denotations of donkey anaphors closer to those of ordinary bound and referential pronouns. The last chapter asks whether proper names require a variable-based semantics. I consider a pair of recent anaphoric theories of proper names, according to which proper names have anaphoric uses and are thus better modeled as variables. I argue that there are important reasons to reject a variable-based model for proper names, in contrast with pronouns.
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陳啓恩 und Kai-yan Chan. „A critique of Kripke's theories of proper names and names of natural kinds: an application of the laterWittgenstein's methodology“. Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31236546.
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Chan, Kai-yan. „A critique of Kripke's theories of proper names and names of natural kinds : an application of the later Wittgenstein's methodology /“. Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19019385.
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Clémencon, Éric. „La référence dans le langage des sciences de la nature“. Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10117/document.
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La question à laquelle nous essayons de répondre est : comment les sciences réfèrent à des entités posées comme "réelles", extralinguistiques? Le problème est divisé en deux problématiques : par quels outils linguistiques les sciences assurent-elles la relation référentielle ? A quelles sortes d'entités (individus, classes, classes de classes) les sciences réfèrent-elles ? L'enquête prend la forme d'une analyse linguistique du langage des sciences de la nature. Nous commençons par étudier la structure des classifications. En effet, les lexiques scientifiques sont impliqués dans des systèmes formels, dont nous cherchons à montrer qu'ils sont justiciables de la théorie des types russellienne. Les 2nde et 3ème parties examinent ces lexiques normalisés et codifiés que sont les nomenclatures des sciences naturelles. Nous retraçons d'abord l'origine des nomenclatures biologique et chimique de Linné à Lavoisier. Nous exposons ensuite les débats nomenclaturaux et taxinomiques de la biologie systématique qui se sont déroulés au cours de la 2nde moitié du 20ème siècle. Cette présentation est centrée sur le "type nomenclatural" ou "type porte-nom" qui apparaît comme l'outil méthodologique par excellence par lequel la biologie assure la fonction référentielle des noms des espèces. Nous confrontons enfin le type nomenclatural au "stéréotype" de Putnam et cherchons à déterminer dans quelle mesure la théorie de la référence causale est utile pour clarifier la référence dans les sciences de la natureWe try to answer the question: How do sciences refer to entities that are deemed "real", extralinguistic? The problem is two-fold: (i) What linguistic tools do sciences use in order to establish and ensure the relation of reference? (ii) What kinds of entities (individuals, classes ans classes of classes) do sciences refer to? Our enquiry takes the form of a linguistic analysis of the language of the natural sciences.The first step consists of a study of the structure of classifications. Actually, the scientific lexicons of entities have a distinctive feature: they are involved in formal systems, that is say, in nomenclatures. We purport to establish that Russell's theory of types provides a sound account of such systems. The 2nd and 3rd parts examine those standarized and codified vocabularies found in sciences. We first relate the origin of biological and chemical nomenclatures from Linnaeus to Lavoisier. We then present the nomenclatural and taxonomic debates conducted in the 2nd half of 20th century in systematic biology. This presentation focuses on the "nomenclatural type" or "name-bearer" as the major methodological tool by which biology fixes the reference of species's names. We conclude by comparing the nomenclatural type with the "stereotype" elaboratd by Putnam in the context of the causal theory of reference, and we try to determinate if and to what extend this theory can be useful in order to throw light on reference in the language of the natural sciences
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Lambert, Aaron. „Proper names“. Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20660.pdf.
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Pollock, William J. „The epistemology of necessity“. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4053.
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The thesis examines the direct reference theory of proper names and natural kind terms as expounded by Saul Kripke, Hilary Putnam and others and finds that it has not succeeded in replacing some kind of description theory of the reference of such terms - although it does concede that the traditional Fregean theory is not quite correct. It is argued that the direct reference theory is mistaken on several counts. First of all it is question-begging. Secondly, it is guilty of a 'use/mention' confusion. And thirdly, and most importantly, it fails to deal with the notion of understanding. The notion of understanding is crucial to the present thesis - specifically, what is understood by a proper name or natural kind term. It is concluded that sense (expressed in the form of descriptions) is at least necessary for reference, which makes a significant difference to Kripke's claim that there are necessary a posteriori truths as well as contingent a priori truths. It is also argued that sense could be sufficient for reference, if it is accepted that it is speakers who effect reference. In this sense, sense determines reference. The thesis therefore not only argues against the account of reference given by the direct reference theorists, it also gives an account of how proper names and natural kind terms actually do function in natural language. As far as the epistemology of necessity is concerned the thesis concludes that Kripke (along with many others) has not succeeded in establishing the existence of the necessary a posteriori nor the contingent a priori from the theory of direct reference. Whether such truths can be established by some other means, or in principle, is not the concern of the thesis; although the point is made that, if a certain view of sense is accepted, then questions of necessity and a priority seem inappropriate.
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Hollis, Jarrod. „Cognitive processing of proper names“. Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.396025.
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Boeckx, Dirk Anton. „Aspects of proper names and content“. Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322035.
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BARROSO, CICERO ANTONIO CAVALCANTE. „AN INTERNALIST ANALISYS OF PROPER NAMES“. PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15774@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREste trabalho tem o objetivo de mostrar que a função básica dos nomes próprios é a função de código e não a função referencial. Embora a função referencial seja uma das funções mais importantes dos nomes próprios, ela é dependente da função de código, ou seja, um nome próprio só pode ser um designador porque em primeiro lugar é um código. Como um código se distingue pelo fato de fornecer informação para um sistema de decodificação, nomes próprios também devem ser considerados informativos. Eles fornecem informação para nossos sistemas mentais de processamento de linguagem. Vê-se assim que a função de código dos nomes próprios só pode ser explicada dentro de uma perspectiva internalista, ou seja, dentro de uma perspectiva que leve em conta os fatores mentais envolvidos no uso de nomes próprios. A análise de nomes próprios feita neste trabalho esclarece quais são esses fatores e é isso que a torna internalista. Tal análise também dá suporte a um certo tipo de descritivismo, segundo o qual o conteúdo descritivo de um nome próprio é o conjunto de informações associadas ao nome quando ele é usado em dada ocasião.
The purpose of this monograph is to show that the basic function of proper names is a coding function and not a referential function. Although the referential function is one of the most important functions of proper names, it is dependent on the coding function, i.e., a proper name can only be a designator because it is a code in the first place. Since a code is distinguished by the fact that it provides information to a decodification system, proper names must be considered informative too. They provide information to our language processing mental systems. So it is possible to see that the coding function of proper names can only be explained from an internalist perspective, that is to say, from a perspective that takes into account the mental factors involved in the use of proper names. The analysis of proper names in this work makes clear what these factors are, and it is this that makes it an internalist analysis. This analysis also supports a certain kind of descriptivism, according to which the descriptive content of a proper name is the information set associated to the name when it is used on a given occasion.
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Wyatt, Nicole M. „The meaning and use of proper names“. Thesis, University of Canterbury. Philosophy, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4638.
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The contemporary accounts of the semantic content of proper names fall into two broad categories - Millian views which maintain that the semantic content of a proper name is always its referent, and neo-Fregean views that maintain that in propositional attitude contexts the referent of a name is a sense or mode of presentation of its usual referent. I argue that neither of these two general pictures is correct and that proper names and other singular terms cannot be assigned a uniform semantic content. That is, proper names do not make exactly the same semantic contribution whenever they occur, and the contributions they do make cannot be captured by a general (and not merely disjunctive) function from context to content.
I argue that the semantic contribution of proper names is highly context sensitive and that none of the contemporary accounts of proper names account for all their uses. I discuss a number of puzzling simple sentences due to Jennifer Saul and argue against the view our intuitions about the puzzle sentences can be explained in terms of the pragmatic implicatures of the utterances. Furthermore, careful attention to the puzzles shows in some cases the content contributed by the proper name cannot be specified by independent means The propositions expressed by means of such uses of names are such that the circumstances in which they are true do not have anything in common other than the fact that they are circumstances in which those propositions are true. These circumstances are instead tied together by overlapping relations of similarity. I suggest that the actual linguistic function of proper names is to make the practice of using a name salient, and that this practice then serves as input for a pragmatic process which takes account of extra-linguistic knowledge and other features of the context.
Bücher zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Ingraham, Holly. People's names: A cross-cultural reference guide to the proper use of over 40,000 personal and familial names in over 100 cultures. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 1997.
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Sokolova, Elena. Onomastic space of monuments of writing of Kievan Rus. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1869553.
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The monograph is devoted to the problem of recreating the linguistic-ethnic unity of the Old Russian anthroponymic and toponymic systems, the discovery of direct connections between the proper name and mental landmarks.
The monograph provides a comprehensive description of the onomasticon of ancient Russian monuments of writing in line with comparative historical linguistics, taking into account the encyclopedic, ethnolinguistic and etymological characteristics of proper names. The system and structure of the onomastic space of monuments of ecclesiastical and secular content of the XI-XIII centuries are investigated, conceptual approaches to their description are proposed. The study of the functions of proper names, their morphemics and semantics allowed us to establish the national and cultural specifics of the Old Russian onomastic vocabulary, to determine the prospects for its evolution, as well as the formation of the modern Russian anthroponymic system.
Modeling of the Old Russian onomastic space both in the field of anthroponymy and toponymy takes into account the connection of proper names with contextual usage. The participation of nominal signs in the formation of the space of written and artistic texts of the era of the Kievan state is based on the attachment of certain proper names to texts of a religious and secular nature. Nomination in the space of proper names is considered in the monograph not only as a process of activity of a creative nature, but also as a means of onymic word production in the older era.
It is addressed to specialists in historical lexicology and onomastics, language history, teachers of literature, local historians.
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Proper names. London: Athlone Press, 1996.
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Proper names. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1996.
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Alam, Jordan. By Their Proper Names. [Brooklyn, NY]: The author, 2014.
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Gillian, Cohen, und Burke Deborah M, Hrsg. Memory for proper names. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.
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Articles and proper names. Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2001.
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Proper nouns. Edina, Minn: Abdo Pub., 2001.
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Emerich, Jean. Proper noun speller. Los Angeles, Calif: QuikRef Pub., 1990.
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Cassell dictionary of proper names. London: Cassell, 1994.
Den vollen Inhalt der Quelle findenBuchteile zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Grass, Thierry, Denis Maurel und Odile Piton. „Description of a Multilingual Database of Proper Names“. In Advances in Natural Language Processing, 137–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45433-0_21.
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Bouchou, Béatrice, Mickael Tran und Denis Maurel. „Towards an XML Representation of Proper Names and Their Relationships“. In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, 44–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11428817_5.
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Savary, Agata, Joanna Rabiega-Wiśniewska und Marcin Woliński. „Inflection of Polish Multi-Word Proper Names with Morfeusz and Multiflex“. In Aspects of Natural Language Processing, 111–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04735-0_5.
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Piton, Odile, und Denis Maurel. „“Beijing Frowns and Washington Pays Close Attention” Computer Processing of Relations between Geographical Proper Names in Foreign Affairs“. In Natural Language Processing and Information Systems, 66–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45399-7_6.
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Powell, George. „Proper Names“. In Language, Thought and Reference, 32–99. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230274914_3.
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Papagno, Costanza, und Carlo Giussani. „Proper Names Retrieval“. In Intraoperative Mapping of Cognitive Networks, 207–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75071-8_13.
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Cooper, Robin. „Proper Names in Interaction“. In New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence, 5–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61572-1_1.
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Lisbach, Bertrand, und Victoria Meyer. „Introduction to Proper Names“. In Linguistic Identity Matching, 28–44. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8348-2095-2_3.
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„Index of Proper Names“. In Nature in Medieval Thought, herausgegeben von Chumaru Koyama, 185–86. BRILL, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004453173_012.
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Bulgakov, Sergii. „The “Proper” Name“. In Philosophy of the Name, 172–96. Cornell University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501765650.003.0006.
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This chapter assesses the acts of naming and names. Every name in its genesis is common as something arising from appellation (naming), but it is without fail also proper if it adheres to its bearer as its permanent predicate, so that its bearer is named with this predicate. Every naming is a judgment; in other words, every name has meaning, and this constitutes the so-called inner form of a name. However, with the passage of time, if a given name is destined for stability, it can become pallid in its meaning and will begin sounding like a sobriquet, a nickname, a “proper name.” Such is the fate of many names and place-names, which originally were semantic designations, names through predicates, but afterwards they became simply nicknames that had lost their meaning and forgotten their inner form. The question about the distinction of proper and common names has paramount significance for a philosophy of the name. The chapter breaks down into two questions: about the nature of a name itself and about the nature of its bearer.
Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Maximova, Olga, und Tatiana Maykova. „PROPER NAMES AS TERMINOLOGY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE“. In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/20.
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Proper names reflect the interaction between society and language. They identify unique entities and are used to refer to them. At the same time, it is not uncommon of proper names to serve as a source for word-formation. It should be noted, however, that while in a natural language (notably English) proper names mostly give rise to denominal verbs or adjectives, terminologies are different. Most units that count as terms are nouns, which makes their semantics somewhat special. The paper originates as one of a series towards a typology of sociological terminology and endeavors to analyze the terms whose etymology refers to a proper name (that is, eponymic terms). The research poses the following questions: whether this type of terms is common in Social Science, what are their structural and semantic distinctions as well as mechanisms behind their motivation, whether they are culture specific. The terms were manually retrieved from a set of data of 2500 terminological units extracted from a number of dictionaries and other sources. They were further grouped by structural criteria and the nature of eponymous components and made subject to morphological and semantic analyses. The research shows that structurally eponymic terms are morphological derivatives or two-(or more)-word compounds, with their prevalence estimated at 2%. The authors come to conclusion that terms of this type feature substantial diversity with regard to their eponymous components; they are motivated through the combination of encyclopedic knowledge of the entity, represented by the eponym, and the semantics of derivational morphemes or appellative components. Mythology-based eponymous terminology is represented by two groups, the first tracing back to Antiquity or biblical tradition, and the second of later origin, which requires a specific cultural experience for the meaning to be retrieved. Further analysis shows that the latter type along with toponym-based terminology is culture-specific in relation to American culture.
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van Deemter, Kees. „Designing Algorithms for Referring with Proper Names“. In Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6605.
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Adde, Line, und Torbjorn Svendsen. „Pronunciation variation modeling of non-native proper names by discriminative tree search“. In ICASSP 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2011.5947461.
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Kenyhercz, Róbert. „Interpretation of data and sources in etymological research“. In International Conference on Onomastics “Name and Naming”. Editura Mega, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30816/iconn5/2019/39.
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The aim of the paper is to emphasize the importance of source criticism in etymological research. It is widely known that the main sources for the early history of toponyms in the Carpathian Basin are the charters created in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom, because these official documents contained a large number of vernacular proper names embedded in the Latin text. However, it is important to mention that the medieval charters were produced by the chancery and places of authentication along specific principles and needs. I argue that this circumstance must always be considered during the interpretation of the data. I will show some examples illustrating that – in certain cases – we have to take into account the nature of the sources in the reconstruction of the genesis of place names. My goal is to offer a brief outline of this issue through my own investigations.
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Adde, Line, und Torbjorn Svendsen. „On the use of discriminative and non-discriminative pronunciation priors in pronunciation variation modeling of non-native proper names“. In 2010 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/slt.2010.5700856.
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Castro Ferreira, Thiago, Sander Wubben und Emiel Krahmer. „Towards proper name generation: a corpus analysis“. In Proceedings of the 9th International Natural Language Generation conference. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/w16-6636.
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Kornieva, Svitlana. „PROPER NAMES FREQUENCY IN ENGLISH PROVERBS“. In Trends in Development of Innovative Scientific Research in the Context of Global Changes. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-076-6-18.
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San-Segundo, Ruben, Juan Manuel Montero, Ricardo de Córdoba und Juana Gutiérrez-Arriola. „Stress assignment in Spanish proper names“. In 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 2000). ISCA: ISCA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21437/icslp.2000-547.
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Cherniak, Alexei. „Proper Names as Triggers of Narratives“. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccessh-19.2019.217.
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Wacholder, Nina, Yael Ravin und Misook Choi. „Disambiguation of proper names in text“. In the fifth conference. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/974557.974587.
Der volle Inhalt der QuelleBerichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Nature of Proper names"
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Balandina, Nadiya. STRUCTURE OF MEDIAENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE PRISM OF LEXICAL INNOVATIONS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12167.
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Using theoretical and empirical methods, this paper proves that the modern mediaenvironment is a complex configuration made by the material and the virtual components and is reflected in the language in various ways. Innovative lexis with the component media and its systematization has become the key to understanding the mediareality, in particular, detecting the constituent elements of the structure of the mediatized environment. In total, 455 lexemes chosen from the Ukrainian dictionaries, academic publications, and the results provided by Google search engine have been analyzed. The systematization of the lexical units have been done according to the principle of the lexical and semantic field, and as the result macro-, midi-, and mini-fields have been allocated with the subsequent ranging of the lexis into the core, the centre, and the periphery. Within the macro-field MEDIAENVIRONMENT, the midi-fields have been located – TECHNICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, and SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE. The conceptual core of the macro-field MEDIAENVIRONMENT has been shown to form lexemes signifying space specified from the point of view of temporality, structuredness, contextuality, and evaluation. TECHNICAL midi-field is represented by the names of media equipment; TECHNOLOGICAL midi-field – by the names of methods, processes, and ways of using media equipment. The structural and semantic framework of the SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE concentre is represented by mini-fields: WHO – FOR WHAT PURPOSE – WHAT – CHANNEL – TO WHOM – EFFECTS. The senders of information are shown as social institutions, groups, and individuals. The nominations of the addressee reflect the transformation of the passive information consumer to the user. The informational object has been specified according to its form, meaning, and the virtual «shell». The wide array of names for communication channels shows the link between the social field with the technical and technological ones, with their relative autonomy. The effects of consuming the information are verbalized by a smaller number of lexemes, largely of behavioral and evaluative nature. To sum up, the specified groups of neolexemes with the component media create a qualitative-quantitative hierarchical structure, the most numerous parts of which serve as the indicators of the most media-determined spheres of socioenvironment. Key words: mediaenvironment, structure, verbalization, neolexemes with the component media, lexical-semantical field.
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Baader, Franz, Stefan Borgwardt, Patrick Koopmann, Ana Ozaki und Veronika Thost. Metric Temporal Description Logics with Interval-Rigid Names (Extended Version). Technische Universität Dresden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.233.
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In contrast to qualitative linear temporal logics, which can be used to state that some property will eventually be satisfied, metric temporal logics allow to formulate constraints on how long it may take until the property is satisfied. While most of the work on combining Description Logics (DLs) with temporal logics has concentrated on qualitative temporal logics, there has recently been a growing interest in extending this work to the quantitative case. In this paper, we complement existing results on the combination of DLs with metric temporal logics over the natural numbers by introducing interval-rigid names. This allows to state that elements in the extension of certain names stay in this extension for at least some specified amount of time.
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Datsyshyn, Chrystyna. FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF ANTHROPONYM AS ONE OF THE VARIETIES OF FACTUAL MATERIAL IN THE MEDIA TEXT. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12169.
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The main objective of the study is to reveal the functional parameters of anthroponyms in the media texts. Methods of investigation: the method of media texts monitoring, the comparative method; the method of contextual analysis, the methods of functional analysis. Results. Anthroponyms in media texts contribute to the exact reproduction of facts, the display of a certain time-space. The use of an anthroponym in the media gives its bearer greater social significance; silencing an anthroponym demonstrates a desire to remove its bearer from the public agenda. Anthroponyms can reflect person’s social connections, inform about a belonging to a certain national, ethnic, age, social group. Conclusions Anthroponyms give media text more credibility, because they inform about a specific person in specific realities, personalize information. Anthroponyms are capable to mark time-space, therefore the actualization of proper names can be a means of transferring to another time, informing about forgotten historical facts and persons. Given the ability of anthroponyms – the names of famous persons – to be reduced, the journalist should take into account the possible difficulties of identifying such a person in a different time-space or under the condition of insufficient recognition. Entering the language game, anthroponyms are actualizing simultaneously meanings associated with different time-spaces, such ability can be effectively used to draw historical or cultural parallels, create an expressive load. Given the ability of anthroponyms to increase or decrease social status, journalists should be responsible in the selection of proper names as part of the factual material of the media text. Marking through anthroponyms the connection with national, social, age groups makes these words unique identifiers of the division into “own” or “strangers”, demonstrates the attitude of the speaker towards the bearer of his own name. Significance. The revealed functional parameters of anthroponyms as part of the actual material of the media text provide journalists with ample opportunities for the implementation of various communicative tasks. Key words: media text, anthroponym, factual material, language picture of the world, time-space, social communications.
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Filkorn, Harry F. 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology Results From the Haycock Mountain, Little Creek Peak, and Panguitch Lake Quadrangles, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, Mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-751.
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This open-file report makes available raw analytical data from laboratory procedures completed to determine the age of rock samples collected during geologic investigations in southwestern Utah by Harry Filkorn (Pierce College, California) in 20182019. Table 1 provides sample identifications, locations, and notes for the age data. The references listed near the end of the document generally provide additional information such as sample location, geologic setting, and significance or interpretation of the samples in the context of the area where they were collected. This report was prepared by NIGL under contract to Filkorn. These data are highly technical in nature and proper interpretation requires considerable training in the applicable geochronologic techniques.
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McKean, Adam P., Zachary W. Anderson, Donald L. Clark, Diego Fernandez, Christopher R. Anderson, Tiffany A. Rivera und Taylor K. McCombs. Detrital Zircon U-Pb Geochronology Results for the Bountiful Peak, Coalville, James Peak, Mount Pisgah, Paradise, and Payson Lakes 7.5' Quadrangles, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, Mai 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-743.
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This Open-File Report makes available raw analytical data from laboratory analysis of U-Pb ages of zircon grains from samples collected during geologic mapping funded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program (STATEMAP) and the Utah Geological Survey (UGS). The references listed in table 1 provide additional information such as sample location, geologic setting, and interpretation of the samples in the context of the area where they were collected. The data were prepared by the University of Utah Earth Core Facility (Diego Fernandez, Director), under contract to the UGS. These data are highly technical in nature and proper interpretation requires considerable training in the applicable geochronologic techniques.
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Prysyazhnyi, Mykhaylo. UNIQUE, BUT UNCOMPLETED PROJECTS (FROM HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN EMIGRANT PRESS). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, März 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11093.
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In the article investigational three magazines which went out after Second World war in Germany and Austria in the environment of the Ukrainian emigrants, is «Theater» (edition of association of artists of the Ukrainian stage), «Student flag» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Young friends» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth). The thematic structure of magazines, which is inferior the association of different on age, is considered, by vital experience and professional orientation of people in the conditions of the forced emigration, paid regard to graphic registration of magazines, which, without regard to absence of the proper publisher-polydiene bases, marked structuralness and expressiveness. A repertoire of periodicals of Ukrainian migration is in the American, English and French areas of occupation of Germany and Austria after Second world war, which consists of 200 names, strikes the tipologichnoy vseokhopnistyu and testifies to the high intellectual level of the moved persons, desire of yaknaynovishe, to realize the considerable potential in new terms with hope on transference of the purchased experience to Ukraine. On ruins of Europe for two-three years the network of the press, which could be proud of the European state is separately taken, is created. Different was a period of their appearance: from odnogo-dvokh there are to a few hundred numbers, that it is related to intensive migration of Ukrainians to the USA, Canada, countries of South America, Australia. But indisputable is a fact of forming of conceptions of newspapers and magazines, which it follows to study, doslidzhuvati and adjust them to present Ukrainian realities. Here not superfluous will be an example of a few editions on the thematic range of which the names – «Plastun» specify, «Skob», «Mali druzi», «Sonechko», «Yunackiy shliah», «Iyzhak», «Lys Mykyta» (satire, humour), «Literaturna gazeta», «Ukraina і svit», «Ridne slovo», «Hrystyianskyi shliah», «Golos derzhavnyka», «Ukrainskyi samostiynyk», «Gart», «Zmag» (sport), «Litopys politviaznia», «Ukrains’ka shkola», «Torgivlia i promysel», «Gospodars’ko-kooperatyvne zhyttia», «Ukrainskyi gospodar», «Ukrainskyi esperantist», «Radiotehnik», «Politviazen’», «Ukrainskyi selianyn» Considering three riznovektorni magazines «Teatr» (edition of Association Mistciv the Ukrainian Stage), «Studentskyi prapor» (a magazine of the Ukrainian academic young people is in Austria), «Yuni druzi» (a plastoviy magazine is for senior children and youth) assert that maintenance all three magazines directed on creation of different on age and by the professional orientation of national associations for achievement of the unique purpose – cherishing and maintainance of environments of ukrainstva, identity, in the conditions of strange land. Without regard to unfavorable publisher-polydiene possibilities, absence of financial support and proper encouragement, release, followed the intensive necessity of concentration of efforts for achievement of primary purpose – receipt and re-erecting of the Ukrainian State.
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H V, Dr Pooja, und Dr Ravulapati Vineel Sai. OCULAR MORBIDITY AMONG COVID PATIENTS AT A TERTIARY CARE RURAL HOSPITAL. World Wide Journals, Februar 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/0506743.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the ocular morbidity among the patients post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted on patients post SARS-Co-V-2 infection, at a dedicated tertiary COVID-19 hospital in South India from June,2020 to August, 2021.A thorough history regarding the onset, duration, progression, nature of symptoms and its associated factors, medication history, treatment history were elicited and documented. Ocular examination was performed by an ophthalmologist with proper care. Further investigations including imaging were sought for, depending on clinical indications. A Results: total of 60 patients were examined. Of them, 41 (68.3%) were males and 19 (31.7%) were females, the age group ranged from 12 years to 62 years. On clinical examination, 45 (75%) developed ocular manifestations, of which 22 (48.8%) had features suggestive of Bilateral viral conjunctivitis solely,20(44.4%) had features suggestive of viral retinitis and 2(4.4%) had combined features of conjunctivitis and viral retinitis. 1 (2.2%) patient had developed Mucor mycosis. In our study, Viral retinitis was most common ocula Conclusion: r morbidity among the covid patients.This pandemic has changed our lives in many ways and various ocular morbidities were seen too, of which few cases recovered with timely diagnosis and management.
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Lane, Lerose, R. Gary Hicks, DingXin Cheng und Erik Updyke. Manual for Thin Asphalt Overlays. Mineta Transportation Institute, Oktober 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1906.
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This manual presents best practices on project selection, mix design, and construction to ensure a superior product when constructing thin asphalt overlays. Experience shows these treatments provide excellent performance when placed on pavements in fair to good condition using proper construction techniques. Though sometime referred to by other names, thin asphalt overlays have been widely used for pavement preservation throughout the world for over 50 years. Limited infrastructure funding at the local, state, and federal levels has resulted in greater emphasis on the use of pavement preservation techniques to extend pavement life and reduce maintenance costs. Thin asphalt overlays are one of many preventative maintenance treatments. Thin asphalt overlays are placed directly on existing pavement and can range from 1/2 inch to 1 1/2 inches in thickness. Thin asphalt overlays have proven to be an economical means for maintaining and improving the functional condition of an existing pavement since the 1960s. Specifically, this manual provides guidance for engineers regarding where and when to use thin asphalt overlays including: (1) Types and variations of thin overlays; (2) Materials and the design process; (3) Construction; (4) Quality Assurance; and (5) Troubleshooting. This chapter by chapter guidance enables an Agency’s engineers to design and construct a successful thin asphalt overlay project to completion. This manual is one of four new manuals prepared by the California Pavement Preservation Center (CP2Center) using funding from California Senate Bill 1 (SB-1), passed in April 2017. The other three manuals provide detailed design and construction information for (1) chip seals, (2) slurry surfacing, and (3) Cape seals. The creation of these manuals was a task funded entirely from SB-1 monies for the purpose of disseminating training and technical information on highway pavement preservation to local agencies throughout California.
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Droogan, Julian, Lise Waldek, Brian Ballsun-Stanton und Jade Hutchinson. Mapping a Social Media Ecosystem: Outlinking on Gab & Twitter Amongst the Australian Far-right Milieu. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2022.6.
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Attention to the internet and the online spaces in which violent extremists interact and spread content has increased over the past decades. More recently, that attention has shifted from understanding how groups like the self-proclaimed Islamic State use the internet to spread propaganda to understanding the broader internet environment and, specifically, far-right violent extremist activities within it. This focus on how far right violent extremist—including far-right racially and ethnically motivated violent extremists (REMVEs) within them—create, use, and exploit the online networks in which they exist to promote their hateful ideology and reach has largely focused on North America and Europe. However, in recent years, examinations of those online dynamics elsewhere, including in Australia, is increasing. Far right movements have been active in Australia for decades. While these movements are not necessarily extremist nor violent, understanding how violent far right extremists and REMVEs interact within or seek to exploit these broader communities is important in further understanding the tactics, reach, and impact of REMVEs in Australia. This is particularly important in the online space access to broader networks of individuals and ideas is increasingly expanding. Adding to a steadily expanding body of knowledge examining online activities and networks of both broader far right as well as violent extremist far right populations in Australia, this paper presents a data-driven examination of the online ecosystems in which identified Australian far-right violent extremists exist and interact,1 as mapped by user generated uniform resource locators (URL), or ‘links’, to internet locations gathered from two online social platforms—Twitter and Gab. This link-based analysis has been used in previous studies of online extremism to map the platforms and content shared in online spaces and provide further detail on the online ecosystems in which extremists interact. Data incorporating the links was automatically collected from Twitter and Gab posts from users existing within the online milieu in which those identified far right extremists were connected. The data was collected over three discrete one-month periods spanning 2019, the year in which an Australian far right violent extremist carried out the Christchurch attack. Networks of links expanding out from the Twitter and Gab accounts were mapped in two ways to explore the extent and nature of the online ecosystems in which these identified far right Australian violent extremists are connected, including: To map the extent and nature of these ecosystems (e.g., the extent to which other online platforms are used and connected to one another), the project mapped where the most highly engaged links connect out to (i.e., website domain names), and To explore the nature of content being spread within those ecosystems, what sorts of content is found at the end of the most highly engaged links. The most highly engaged hashtags from across this time are also presented for additional thematic analysis. The mapping of links illustrated the interconnectedness of a social media ecosystem consisting of multiple platforms that were identified as having different purposes and functions. Importantly, no links to explicitly violent or illegal activity were identified among the top-most highly engaged sites. The paper discusses the implications of the findings in light of this for future policy, practice, and research focused on understanding the online ecosystems in which identified REMVE actors are connected and the types of thematic content shared and additional implications in light of the types of non-violent content shared within them.
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Saville, Alan, und Caroline Wickham-Jones, Hrsg. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland : Scottish Archaeological Research Framework Panel Report. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, Juni 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.163.
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Why research Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Scotland? Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology sheds light on the first colonisation and subsequent early inhabitation of Scotland. It is a growing and exciting field where increasing Scottish evidence has been given wider significance in the context of European prehistory. It extends over a long period, which saw great changes, including substantial environmental transformations, and the impact of, and societal response to, climate change. The period as a whole provides the foundation for the human occupation of Scotland and is crucial for understanding prehistoric society, both for Scotland and across North-West Europe. Within the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods there are considerable opportunities for pioneering research. Individual projects can still have a substantial impact and there remain opportunities for pioneering discoveries including cemeteries, domestic and other structures, stratified sites, and for exploring the huge evidential potential of water-logged and underwater sites. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology also stimulates and draws upon exciting multi-disciplinary collaborations. Panel Task and Remit The panel remit was to review critically the current state of knowledge and consider promising areas of future research into the earliest prehistory of Scotland. This was undertaken with a view to improved understanding of all aspects of the colonization and inhabitation of the country by peoples practising a wholly hunter-fisher-gatherer way of life prior to the advent of farming. In so doing, it was recognised as particularly important that both environmental data (including vegetation, fauna, sea level, and landscape work) and cultural change during this period be evaluated. The resultant report, outlines the different areas of research in which archaeologists interested in early prehistory work, and highlights the research topics to which they aspire. The report is structured by theme: history of investigation; reconstruction of the environment; the nature of the archaeological record; methodologies for recreating the past; and finally, the lifestyles of past people – the latter representing both a statement of current knowledge and the ultimate aim for archaeologists; the goal of all the former sections. The document is reinforced by material on-line which provides further detail and resources. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic panel report of ScARF is intended as a resource to be utilised, built upon, and kept updated, hopefully by those it has helped inspire and inform as well as those who follow in their footsteps. Future Research The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarized under four key headings: Visibility: Due to the considerable length of time over which sites were formed, and the predominant mobility of the population, early prehistoric remains are to be found right across the landscape, although they often survive as ephemeral traces and in low densities. Therefore, all archaeological work should take into account the expectation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic ScARF Panel Report iv encountering early prehistoric remains. This applies equally to both commercial and research archaeology, and to amateur activity which often makes the initial discovery. This should not be seen as an obstacle, but as a benefit, and not finding such remains should be cause for question. There is no doubt that important evidence of these periods remains unrecognised in private, public, and commercial collections and there is a strong need for backlog evaluation, proper curation and analysis. The inadequate representation of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic information in existing national and local databases must be addressed. Collaboration: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross- sector approaches must be encouraged – site prospection, prediction, recognition, and contextualisation are key areas to this end. Reconstructing past environments and their chronological frameworks, and exploring submerged and buried landscapes offer existing examples of fruitful, cross-disciplinary work. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology has an important place within Quaternary science and the potential for deeply buried remains means that geoarchaeology should have a prominent role. Innovation: Research-led projects are currently making a substantial impact across all aspects of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology; a funding policy that acknowledges risk and promotes the innovation that these periods demand should be encouraged. The exploration of lesser known areas, work on different types of site, new approaches to artefacts, and the application of novel methodologies should all be promoted when engaging with the challenges of early prehistory. Tackling the ‘big questions’: Archaeologists should engage with the big questions of earliest prehistory in Scotland, including the colonisation of new land, how lifestyles in past societies were organized, the effects of and the responses to environmental change, and the transitions to new modes of life. This should be done through a holistic view of the available data, encompassing all the complexities of interpretation and developing competing and testable models. Scottish data can be used to address many of the currently topical research topics in archaeology, and will provide a springboard to a better understanding of early prehistoric life in Scotland and beyond.