Thematische Bibliographien / Natural cooling

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Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Natural cooling“

Autor: Grafiati

Veröffentlicht am 28. Juni 2021

Zuletzt aktualisiert am 21. Februar 2023

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Zeitschriftenartikel zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Sadov, V. V., und N. I. Kapustin. „AUTOMATED INSTALLATION FOR MILK COOLING USING A NATURAL COOLING AGENT“. Vestnik Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, Nr. 11 (2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53083/1996-4277-2021-205-11-116-122.

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In the chain from milk production to the sale of dairy products, the process of ensuring the required temperature is the main one. Moreover, to cool the milk, the tempera-ture of the cooling agent should be above milk freezing. Taking into account the fact that the process of cooling and storing milk in a chilled form imposes strict requirements for reliability and quality of management on farms, compressor refrigeration units have been used in recent years despite high energy consumption. Theanalysis of technical solu-tions in this direction by the example of farms of the Altai and Novosibirsk Regions showed that during the greatest boom of the livestock industry, film-tray, spray-cooling tow-er, and pipe and tank installations using natural cooling agents were widely used. Taking into account the climatic features of the area when choosing water cooling units as an intermediate coolant made it possible to significantly reduce energy consumption for milk cooling especially in winter. However, the complexity of controlling the process of preparing the intermediate coolant with unpredictable environmental parameters did not allow for high reliability and quality of manual control. A device for cooling the in-termediate coolant with the main -natural cold in winter with an automatic direct-acting regulator that provides the required operating mode of the cooling unit is proposed. The variants of automatic device operation both when the outdoor air temperature decreases and increases are con-sidered. An automated installation for cooling the interme-diate coolant with natural cold may be recommended both for cattle farms and processing enterprises

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Kemp, K. O. „Natural draught cooling towers“. Engineering Structures 19, Nr. 12 (Dezember 1997): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0296(97)00040-0.

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Kozlovtsev, A. P., und G. S. Korovin. „Natural cold milk cooling system“. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 666 (07.12.2019): 012070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/666/1/012070.

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Gupta, Vinod. „Natural Cooling Systems of Jaisalmer“. Architectural Science Review 28, Nr. 3 (September 1985): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00038628.1985.9696577.

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Fisenko, S. P., A. I. Petruchik und A. D. Solodukhin. „Evaporative cooling of water in a natural draft cooling tower“. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 45, Nr. 23 (November 2002): 4683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(02)00158-8.

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Song, Guoqing, Xudong Zhi, Feng Fan, Wei Wang und Peng Wang. „Cooling performance of cylinder-frustum natural draft dry cooling tower“. Applied Thermal Engineering 180 (November 2020): 115797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.115797.

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Dorokhov, Aleksey S., Dmitriy Yu Pavkin, Vladimir V. Ivanov und Aleksey B. Korshunov. „Energy Saving Milk Cooling Unit Using Natural Cold and Low Temperature Coolants“. Elektrotekhnologii i elektrooborudovanie v APK, Nr. 3 (20.09.2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2658-4859-2020-67-3-3-8.

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Improving the energy efficiency of equipment for dairy farms is one of the most important tasks in the agriculture. A promising direction for further improving the energy efficiency of existing systems is the use of environmentally friendly refrigerants with a low freezing point (low-temperature coolants) and the potential of natural cold directly. One of the technological factors for the introduction of such systems in farms is the cooling of milk without freezing an "ice water", which requires fundamentally new technical solutions. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in increasing the energy efficiency of milk cooling using natural cold and eco-salt for the developed module. (Materials and methods) The technical characteristics of the developed module were studied in order to identify the effectiveness of primary milk cooling due to the potential of outdoor air with the possibility of further implementation of this system in farms. (Results and discussion) The article presents the results of experimental studies of an energy-saving module developed in VIM for milk cooling using natural cold and low-temperature coolants. The module is a pre-cooling unit for milk, where a closed loop with a low-temperature coolant is used instead of ground water, which allows cooling milk through the potential of external air. The article presents the dependence of the efficiency of milk cooling on the configuration of equipment and the potential of natural cold. (Conclusions) The energy efficiency of the developed milk cooling system for the Central Russia allows reducing the electricity consumption for cooling of 1 ton of milk by 15-17 kilowatt-hours, which on average will reduce financial costs by 50 percent. The introduction of a developed energy-saving module to existing cooling systems in dairy farms is proposed.

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Ebrahim, Shikha A., und Emil Pradeep. „Rapid cooling performance of zirconium rods quenched in natural seawater“. Physics of Fluids 34, Nr. 3 (März 2022): 037112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086524.

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The viability of using natural seawater as an effective working coolant to ensure safe and efficient cooling mechanism is a significant study in the Arabian Gulf region. This study investigates transient pool boiling characteristics of natural seawater collected from different locations in the Arabian Gulf coast of Kuwait, compared to the baseline case of distilled water. Seawater samples are collected from prime locations (Shuwaikh, Al Zour, and Doha ports), which are highly capable of accommodating upcoming power plants and nuclear reactors. Extremely heated vertical zirconium rods are quenched in saturated pools at atmospheric pressure. A detailed study of the seawater samples is carried out through semi-quantitative calculation (SQX) results to evaluate the elemental composition, and water quality comparisons are made based on pH, total dissolved solids, and conductivity. The cooling performance is monitored by plotting the quenching and cooling rate curves, and evaluated based on the minimum film boiling temperature ( Tmin) and maximum cooling rate. The results demonstrate an excellent improvement in Tmin and maximum cooling rate by employing natural seawater collected from Al Zour, which is located in the southern part of Kuwait. A minimum of 10% increase in Tmin is depicted by Al Zour seawater. The enhancement is attributed to the salt deposition activity caused by sudden evaporation of seawater on the surface. The salt deposits destabilize the vapor film to promote early vapor film breakage and act as an additional nucleation site to initiate early nucleate boiling, leading to an efficient cooling performance. Seawater collected from Shuwaikh port demonstrates a negative influence on the effective change in Tmin. A detailed examination is carried out on the surface of zirconium samples with the help of wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis and SQX analysis, to identify and evaluate the prime elements responsible for the enhanced cooling performance. This study proves that even though the seawater is collected along the same coast, its characteristics differ when utilizing it in cooling systems.

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Knoblauch, Kurt, und A. E. Einert. „NATURAL COOLING OF TALL BEARDED IRIS“. HortScience 25, Nr. 8 (August 1990): 862d—862. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.8.862d.

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Iris rhizomes were dug and graded by size. One hundred rhizomes, avg. wt. 23.4 g., were singly potted in 6 inch plastic standard pots. The pots were plunged, to the pot rim, into fresh sawdust, in an open coldframe. After 4 weeks in the coldframe, and at subsequent two week intervals, pots were brought into a greenhouse for forcing. Half of each group was forced under long day conditions by night break, following a natural daylength. The other half received continuous lighting. Forcing studies were terminated when irises in the field bloomed. Bloom dates were similar under long days and continuous light treatments. The highest percentage of plants bloomed under long days. Stalk heights at anthesis averaged 12 to 18 in. Stalk height decreased as natural cooling time increased in plants under long days, but not under continuous light. Plants with shorter flower stalks also had shorter foliage.

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Shin, Jung-Chul. „HWR Shield Cooling Natural Circulation Study“. Journal of Energy Engineering 21, Nr. 3 (30.09.2012): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2012.21.3.221.

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Dissertationen zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Al-Hinai, Hilal Ali Zaher. „Natural Cooling Techniques For Buildings“. Thesis, Cranfield University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3591.

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Modern development in many Third World countries in the hot regions of the world,, have been accompanied by the construction of highly energy-wasteful buildings. The interiors of these buildings have to be mechanically airconditioned in order to achieve thermal-comfort conditions. The consequence of this, has been the rapid increase in electricity-generating plant capacity to match demand (of which, for example at present in Oman, more than 70% nationally is used for air-conditioning modern, energyinefficient buildings). The aim of this work was to find the most suitable way of stabilising or even reducing the electricity demand in a country like Oman. The first step taken to achieve this aim, was to study and draw out lessons from the vernacular architecture of the different climatic regions in Oman. This has been followed by a literature survey that looks at passive and active natural cooling techniques for buildings in hot climates. Mathematical models were then developed to analyze and compare those passive techniques that are most suitable for an environment like that of Oman. Different ways of reducing the heat gain through the roof were investigated and compared. These include the addition of insulation, shading, air-cooling of the roof when the ambient air temperature is lower than that of the roof, and roof ponds. Roof ponds were found to be the most effective of those techniques analyzed. An improved design of the roof pond (the Water Diode roof pond) that eliminates the need for covering the roof pond during the day and uncovering it at night, was suggested and analyzed. The analysis showed promising results. Mathematical models were also developed to analyze and compare dif f erent ways of reducing the heat gain through the walls. These included the use of closed cavities, naturally ventilated cavities, the addition of insulation, and the effect of using brick as compared to concrete block. The analysis suggested that the combination of a Water Diode roof pond and insulated brick wall construction will reduce the heat gain through the envelope of a single room by more than 90%, when compared to a room with un-insulated roof and single-leaf concrete block walls. An empirical validation of the mathematical models was conducted. The results showed a good agreement between the actual and predicted values. An economical analysis of the commonly used roof and wall constructions in Oman, was also conducted. This compared the life-cycle cost of nine different construction techniques, with eight different airconditioning schedules. The result of this analysis showed a clear advantage of using roof insulation, reflective double glazing, and insulated walls with brick outer-leaf and concrete block inner-leaf.

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Worthington, D. R. E. „The cooling of electronic power supplies by natural convection“. Thesis, University of Exeter, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380691.

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Van, Der Merwe Daniel. „Evaluation of natural draught wet-cooling tower performance uncertainties“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50709.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT) was modelled using the Merkel method with an improved energy equation as recommended by Kloppers and Kroger (2005a) - referred to as the Improved Merkel method. The improved energy equation is used for calculating the heat rejection rate of the tower and includes the energy associated with water evaporation. The sensitivity indexes of a NDWCT were calculated numerically with the Improved Merkel method model. It was found that the perfonnance of a NDWCT is most sensitive to the fill Merkel number. The "Natklos" fill test facility at Stellenbosch University was used to estimate typical uncertainties found in fill performance characteristics. The zeroth order uncertainty for the Merkel number and loss coefficient was calculated to be 0.2100 m-1 and 0.4248 m- 1 , respectively, while the first order uncertainty for the Merkel number and loss coefficient was calculated to be 0.1933 m- 1 and 0.2008 m-1 , respectively. ASME requires that the uncertainty in tower capability has to be less than 6 % for a NDWCT perfonnance test to be deemed ASME approved. Propagating typical measurement uncertainties found in NDWCT test standards and experimental data into the tower capability showed that the 6 % uncertainty limit imposed by ASME is unrealistic and too stringent. Performance curve generator (PCG) is a software package developed that generates NDWCT perfonnance curves. With these performance curves it is possible to easily and effectively adjust the off-design test results in order to detennine whether the NDWCT has met its guarantee or not.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werksverrigting van 'n natuurlike trek nat koeltoring (NTNT) is gemodelleer deur gebruik te maak van die Merkel metode met 'n verbeterde energie vergelyking, soos aanbeveel deur Kloppers en Kroger (2005a) - Verbeterde Merkel metode. Die energie vergelyking word gebruik om die toring se tempo van warmteoordrag te bereken en sluit die energieverlies as gevolg van verdamping in. Die Verbeterde Merkel metode model was gebruik om die sensitiwiteits-indekse van 'n NTNT te bepaal. Die analise toon dat die toring se werksverrigting die sensitiefste is vir die pakking se Merkel getal. Die Natklos pakkingstoetsfasiliteit aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch was gebruik om tipiese onsekerheid in die pakkingsprestasiekarakteristieke te bepaal. Die zero-orde onsekerheid in die Merkel getal en verlieskoeffisient was bereken as 0.2100 m· 1 en 0.4248 m· 1 , onderskeidelik, terwyl die eerste-orde onsekerhede bereken was as 0.1933 m·1 en 0.2008 m· 1 , onderskeidelik. Die toelaatbare onsekerheid in toringvennoe vir 'n NTNT aanvaardingstoes volgens ASME is 6 %. Deur tipes meetonsekerhede, soos gegee deur NTNT aanvaardings-toesstandaarde sowel as eksperimentele data, deur te propageer, word 'n onsekerheid veel groter as die toelaatbare 6 % gegenereer. 'n Renekaarpakket, genaamd Performance Curve Generator (PCG), is ontwikkel om werksverrigtinskurwes vir 'n NTNT te genereer. PCG se werksverrigtinskurwes maak dit moonltik om maklik te bepaal of a NTNT sy ontwerpskriterea bereik het of nie.

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HEINERUD, VICTOR, und ANDRÉ SAHLSTEN. „Natural Refrigerants in Data Center Cooling with Thermosiphon Application“. Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192880.

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Ever since the computer was invented, there has been a need of data storage and the demand has strictly grown since. This has resulted in a huge amount of data centers and the trend has shown no signs of changing. The data centers are powered by electricity and in 2010 the electricity consumption for data centers stood for 1.3% of the world’s electricity usage. The most energy consuming part of a data center is the servers themselves, but the second largest energy consuming part is the cooling system which, in a normal data center, stands for two fifths of the energy usage. Besides the energy consumption, the cooling systems are in most cases a cooling machine using HCFC and HFC refrigerants. These refrigerants are all bad for the environment since HCFCs have high ODP and GWP values and HFCs have high GWP values. The purposes of this work is: A) Find a way to make the cooling systems more efficient. Previous work has shown that using free cooling from the ambient air is an effective method of reducing the yearly electricity demand. Further the systems use a two-phase thermosiphon to move heat from the servers to the ambient, which means that there is no need of pumping power. B) Find solutions using natural refrigerants that have no ODP and very low or zero GWP. C) Evaluated if there is a possibility to recover the waste heat from the data center to e.g. an office building. This work contains two systems being mathematically modeled with the software Engineering Equation Solver: a direct R744 system and an indirect system running with R290 and R744. Both systems are using a thermosiphon application, connected to a condenser, to use free cooling up to a certain set point temperature and the rest is covered with a vapor compression cycle. These systems are then matched to temperature profiles for five cities, Stockholm, Paris, Phoenix, Tokyo and Madrid, to see how many hours of the year are covered by free cooling. The systems are then evaluated considering both energy consumption and cost. To be able to compare these systems to a present cooling system, a reference system is modeled which uses R22 as refrigerant, that is the most commonly used refrigerant in the world today for the data center cooling application. The results show that a direct R744 system or an indirect system with R290/R744 with a thermosiphon application have both energy and economical savings compared to the reference system. The energy savings are up to 88% and the total annual cost savings are up to 69%. The Power Usage Effectiveness is reduced with up to 6% and up to 8% if only cooling is considered. These savings are for an optimized condenser with a 2000 m2 fin area and 6 fans with a set point temperature of 22°C. The indirect R290/R744 system is the best in all cities considering energy efficiency. Both systems are also well suited for use with heat recovery. The Seasonal Performance Factor for the heat recovery is between 8.3 and 15.2, which is a consequence of the high evaporation temperature and low supply temperature to the heating system.
Ända sedan datorn uppfanns har det funnits ett behov av datalagring, ett behov som ökat stadigt. Detta har resulterat i en stor mängd datacenter och det finns inget som tyder på att trenden kommer ändras. Datacenter drivs av el och under 2010 var elförbrukningen för datacenter 1.3% av världens totala elanvändning. Den mest energikrävande delen av ett datacenter är de faktiska servrarna och den näst största energikrävande delen är kylsystemet, vilket i ett normalt datacenter står för två femtedelar av energianvändningen. Förutom energiförbrukningen, är kylsystemen i de flesta fall, en kylmaskin med HCFC- och HFC-köldmedier. Dessa köldmedier är dåliga för miljön eftersom HCFC har högt ODP- och GWP-värden och HFC har höga GWP-värden. Syftet med detta arbete är: A) Hitta ett sätt att göra kylsystem effektivare. Tidigare arbeten har visat att användning av frikyla från den omgivande luften är en effektiv metod för att minska det årliga elbehovet. Det finns även system som använder en två-fas termosifon för att flytta värme från servrar till den omgivande luften, vilket innebär att det inte behövs några pumpar. B) Hitta systemlösningar med naturliga köldmedier som har noll ODP och mycket låg eller noll GWP. C) Utvärdera om det finns möjlighet att återvinna spillvärme från ett datacenter till exempelvis en kontorsbyggnad. Detta arbete innehåller två system vilka modelleras matematiskt med hjälp av programvaran Engineering Equation Solver: ett direkt R744-system och ett indirekt system som använder R290 och R744. Båda systemen använder en termosifonslinga som är ansluten till en kondensor för att kunna använda frikyla upp till en viss brytpunktstemperatur och det resterande behovet täcks av en kylmaskin. Dessa system matchas sedan mot temperaturprofiler för fem städer, Stockholm, Paris, Phoenix, Tokyo och Madrid, för att se hur många timmar av året som frikylakan användas. Systemen utvärderas sedan utifrån både energiförbrukning och kostnad. För att kunna jämföra dessa system mot ett befintligt kylsystem modelleras ett referenssystem med R22 som kylmedel, vilket är det vanligaste köldmediet i världen idag för kylning av datacenter. Resultaten visar att ett direkt R744-system eller ett indirekt system med R290/R744, båda med en termosifonslinga, är både energieffektivare och ekonomiskt fördelaktigare jämfört med referenssystemet. Energibesparingen uppgår till 88% och de totala årliga kostnadsbesparingarna uppgår till 69%. Power Usage Effectiveness värdet reduceras med upp till 6% och om enbart hänsyn tas till nedkylning, upp till 8%. Dessa besparingar är för en optimerad kondensor med en flänsyta på 2000 m2 samt 6 stycken fläktar då kondensatorn har en brytpunktstemperatur på 22° C. Det indirekta R290/R744-systemet är det bästa i alla städer vad gäller energieffektivitet. Båda systemen är också väl lämpade för användning med värmeåtervinning. Årsvärmefaktorn för värmeåtervinningen är mellan 8.3 och 15.2, vilket är en följd av den höga förångningstemperaturen och den låga framledningstemperaturen till värmesystemet.

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Gallarotti, Maura. „CFD ANALYSIS ON THE COOLING OF NON GUIDED OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS“. Thesis, KTH, Mekanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203970.

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ABB is moving towards more powerful and compact transformers and an efficient cooling is of paramount importance in order to avoid overheating.In this master thesis, transformers without guides for the oil flow have been analysed: they allow a faster and cheaper manufacturing process, but at the same time the absence of guides makes the cooling design more difficult.In order to be able to perform several parametric studies, a script with the Pointwise mesher has been developed for the automatic generation of the geometry and mesh of transformer windings. This has allowed to analyse transformer windings with a different shape, assessing the effect of a certain number of geometrical parameters on the cooling efficiency.The software ANSYS Fluent was used to perform 2D axisymmetric unsteady simulations on the company cluster and the simulation set up was validated thanks to comparison with experimental measurements in ABB in Vaasa (Finland), that showed an average relative error below 2%.A remarkable result of this study is the identification of a periodic pattern in the temperature of the windings from the inlet to the outlet of the transformer, with hot spot locations every 10-20 disc windings. This conclusion has also been confirmed by the experimental measurements performed in Vaasa on a test transformer. Furthermore, a periodic behaviour of the temperature of the windings and of the oil in time has also been identified.Finally, transformers with an additional cooling channel in the disc windings have been studied, revealing that an accurate design is needed when adding oil channels through the windings in order to avoid the formation of unexpected hot spots.

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Reuter, Hanno Carl Rudolf. „Performance evaluation of natural draught cooling towers with anisotropic fills“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5440.

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Thesis (PhD) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the design of a modern natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT), structural and performance characteristics must be considered. Air flow distortions and resistances must be minimised to achieve optimal cooling which requires that the cooling towers must be modelled two-dimensionally and ultimately threedimensionally to be optimised. CFD models in literature are found to be limited to counterflow cooling towers packed with film fill, which is porous in one direction only and generally has a high pressure drop, as well as purely crossflow cooling towers packed with splash fill. This simplifies the analysis considerably as the effects of flow separation at the air inlet are minimised and fill performance is determined using the method of analysis originally employed to determine the fill performance characteristics from test data. Many counterflow cooling towers are, however, packed with trickle and splash fills which have anisotropic flow resistances, which means the fills are porous in all flow directions and thus air flow can be oblique through the fill, particularly near the cooling tower air inlet. This provides a challenge since available fill test facilities and subsequently fill performance characteristics are limited to purely counter- and crossflow configuration. In this thesis, a CFD model is developed to predict the performance of NDWCTs with any type of spray, fill and rain zone configuration, using the commercial code FLUENT®. This model can be used to investigate the effects of different: atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, air inlet and outlet geometries, air inlet heights, rain zone drop size distributions, spray zone performance characteristics, variations in radial water loading and fill depth, and fill configurations or combinations on cooling tower performance, for optimisation purposes. Furthermore the effects of damage or removal of fill in annular sections and boiler flue gas discharge in the centre of the tower can be investigated. The CFD modelling of NDWCTs presents various options and challenges, which needed to be understood and evaluated systematically prior to the development of a CFD model for a complete cooling tower. The main areas that were investigated are: spray and rain zone performance modelling by means of an Euler-Lagrangian model; modelling of air flow patterns and flow losses; modelling of fill performance for oblique air flow; modelling of air pressure and temperature profiles outside and inside the cooling tower. The final CFD results for the NDWCT are validated by means of corresponding one-dimensional computational model data and it is found that the performance of typical NDWCTs can be enhanced significantly by including protruding platforms or roundings at the air inlet, reducing the mean drop size in the rain zone, radially varying the fill depth and reducing the air inlet height.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By die ontwerp van ‘n moderne natuurlike trek nat koeltoring (NTNK), moet strukturele en werkverrigtings eienskappe in ag geneem word. Wanverdeelde lugvloei en vloeiweerstande moet geminimaliseer word om optimale verkoeling te bewerkstellig, wat vereis dat die koeltorings twee-dimensioneel en uiteindelik driedimensioneel gemodelleer moet word om hulle te kan optimeer. Dit is gevind dat berekeningsvloeidinamika (BVD of “CFD” in engels) modelle in die literatuur, beperk is tot teenvloei koeltorings gepak met film tipe pakking, wat net in een vloeirigting poreus is en boonop gewoonlik ook ‘n hoë drukval het, sowel as suiwer dwarsvloei koeltorings met spatpakking. Hierdie vergemaklik die analise aansienlik omdat die effekte van vloeiwegbreking by die luginlaat verklein word en die pakking se werkverrigtingsvermoë bereken kan word met die analise metode wat oorspronklik gebruik is om die pakkingseienskappe vanaf toets data te bepaal. Baie teenvloei koeltorings het egter drup- (“trickle”) of spatpakkings met anisotropiese vloeiweerstand, wat beteken dat die pakking poreus is in alle vloeirigtings en dat die lug dus skuins deur die pakking kan vloei, veral naby die koeltoring se lug inlaat. Hierdie verskaf ‘n uitdaging aangesien beskikbare pakking toetsfasiliteite, en dus ook pakking karakteristieke, beperk is tot suiwer teenvloei en dwarsvloei konfigurasie. ‘n BVD model word in hierdie tesis ontwikkel wat die werkverrigtingsvermoë van NTNK’s kan voorspel vir enige sproei, pakking en reënsone konfigurasie deur van die kommersiële sagteware FLUENT® gebruik te maak. Hierdie model kan gebruik word om die effekte van verskillende: atmosferiese temperatuur- en humiditeitsprofiele, lug inlaat en uitlaat geometrië, lug inlaat hoogtes, reënsone druppelgrootteverdelings, sproeisone werkverrigtingskarakteristieke, variasie in radiale waterbelading en pakking hoogte, en pakking konfigurasies of kombinasies op koeltoringvermoë te ondersoek vir optimerings doeleindes. Verder kan die effekte van beskadiging of verwydering van pakking in annulêre segmente, en insluiting van ‘n stoomketel skoorsteen in die middel van die toring ondersoek word. Die BVD modellering van NTNK bied verskeie moontlikhede en uitdagings, wat eers verstaan en sistematies ondersoek moes word, voordat ‘n BVD model van ‘n algehele NTNK ontwikkel kon word. Die hoof areas wat ondersoek is, is: sproeien reënsone modellering mbv ‘n Euler-Lagrange model; modellering van lugvloeipatrone en vloeiverliese; modellering van pakking verrigting vir skuins lugvloeie; modellering van lugdruk- en temperatuurprofiele buite en binne in die koeltoring. Die BVD resultate word mbv van data van ‘n ooreenstemmende eendimensionele berekeningsmodel bevestig en dit is bevind dat die werkverrigting van ‘n tipiese NTNK beduidend verbeter kan word deur: platforms wat uitstaan of rondings by die luginlaat te installeer, die duppelgrootte in die reënsone te verklein, die pakkingshoogte radiaal te verander, en die luginlaathoogte te verlaag.

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Aboul, Naga Mohsen M. „Natural ventilation and cooling by evaporation in hot-arid climates“. Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4043/.

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In hot climates, outside air is too hot during the day. In hot arid climates, low humidity increases discomfort. For comfort, hot air should be cooled before flowing into dwellings and moisture in the moving air increased. For the poor, comfort must be sought cheaply. In places without electricity only 'natural' ventilation is feasible. The air temperature difference between the sunny and the shaded side of a building can be exploited to promote ventilation. Ventilation cooling can be enhanced with an 'evaporative cooling cavity' attached to a dwelling on its shaded side. The cavity has a top external inlet and a bottom internal outlet, and incorporates one or two wet partitions. The air within the cavity, being moist. descends. drawing the outside warm and dry air into the cavity. Evaporation cools the air and raises its humidity. The cool incoming air will reduce inside air temperature and improve comfort. The performance of a typical cavity to induce cooling ventilation by evaporation was investigated theoretically and experimentally with a full scale model. The temperature drop. velocity and relative humidity of the air were measured. The pattern of the air flow in the cavity was observed. The optimum dimensions of the cavity were established. Buoyancy air flow and fan-assisted air flow were analysed in the steady state. Since a convective heat transfer coefficient for air flowing between two parallel vertical surfaces was not found in the literature, appropriate convective heat and surface mass transfer coefficients were derived from measurements. The results show the convective heat transfer coefficient to be independent of the separation of the wet surfaces, and that with separation greater than 3Omm, each wet surface behaves as a 'free' surface. The optimum separation between wet surfaces was assessed, and the water removed by evaporation was determined, and found to be small. The Admittance Method was used to assess comfort. Ventilation and evaporation effectiveness were evaluated. An outlet air velocity of O.3m/s accompanied with a temperature drop of about 6K was achieved. Design proposals for hot arid climates are offered.

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Ehlers, Frederik Coenrad. „Condition-based monitoring of natural draught wet-cooling tower performance-related parameters“. Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17904.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The meteorological conditions at Eskom’s Majuba Power Station are measured, evaluated and trended in this dissertation. The results are used to evaluate the current natural draught wet-cooling tower (NDWCT) design- and performance test specifications and to compare these to the original design- and performance test specifications. The evaluation reveals that the design parameters for the NDWCTs at Majuba Power Station, a cooling system that was originally designed optimally, could have been determined differently and arguably more accurately by using the wet-bulb temperature (Tawb) as the main design variable instead of the dry-bulb temperature (Ta). A new technique to determine optimal NDWCT design and performance test conditions is consequently proposed. In order to satisfy the atmospheric conditions required for a successful NDWCT performance test, it is also proposed that the tests be undertaken between 12:00 and 14:00 during Summer. It is found that the NDWCT inlet Tawb, measured at specific heights, does not compare well to the far-field Tawb measured at the same heights when a Tawb accuracy of 0.1 K is required. It is proposed that a more representative far-field Tawb measuring height of 10 m should be used in future NDWCT designs as the NDWCT design temperature reference height. The industry-standard reference height should, however, still be used during temperature profile calculations. A parametric study of the water-steam cycle and wet-cooling system at Majuba indicates that during full load conditions, the generated output (Pst) is primarily dependent on the condenser saturation pressure (pc). The latter is reliant on Tawb, the temperature lapse rate (LRT) that is represented by the temperature profile exponent (bT), the main cooling water flow rate (mcw), atmospheric pressure (pa), and wind speed (VW). Using historical plant data relatively simple methods, enabling the quick and effective determination of these relationships, are proposed. The plant-specific and atmospheric parameters required for these analyses are also tabulated. Two NDWCT effectiveness models, one mathematical (Kröger, 1998) and one statistical artificial neural network (ANN) model are presented and evaluated. ANNs, which are not often used to evaluate NDWCT effectiveness, provide accurate NDWCT temperature approach results within 0.5 K of measured values for varying dependent variables. This motivates that an ANN, if set up and used correctly, can be an effective condition-monitoring tool and can be used to improve the accuracy of more empirical NDWCT performance models. The one-dimensional mathematical effectiveness model provides accurate results under NDWCT design conditions. The dependency of Majuba’s NDWCT to the rain zone mean drop diameter (dd) is evaluated by means of the one-dimensional mathematical model. A reduction in dd from 0.0052 m to 0.0029 m can reduce the NDWCT re-cooled water temperature (Tcwo) so that the rated pc is reduced by 0.15 kPa, which relates to a combined financial saving during peak and off-peak periods of R1.576M in 2013 and R1.851M in 2016. Similar improvements can result in higher savings at other wet-cooled stations in the Eskom fleet due to less optimally-designed wet-cooling systems. The proposed techniques should be considered in future economic evaluations of wet-cooling system improvements at different power stations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meteorologiese toestande by Eskom se Majuba-kragstasie is deur die navorser gemeet en -evalueer. Die resultate word gebruik om die Natuurlike-trek, Nat koeltoring (NTNKT) se ontwerp- en werkverrigting toetsspesifikasies te evalueer en vergelyk met die oorspronklike toetsspesifikasies. Die resultate dui daarop dat die ontwerpsparameters vir die NTNKTs by Majuba-kragstasie, ‘n verkoelings-sisteem wat aanvanklik optimaal ontwerp is, op ‘n ander, selfs meer akkurate manier bepaal kon word deur die natbol-temperatuur (Tawb) te gebruik as die hoof-ontwerpsparameter inplaas van die droëbol temperatuur (Ta).’n Nuwe tegniek wat gebruik kan word om akkurate NTNKT ontwerp- en werkverrigting toetsspesifikasies te bepaal word voorgestel. Die tydperk vir die mees optimale atmosferiese toestande, wanneer NTNKT-toetse uitgevoer moet word, word vasgestel as tussen 12:00 en 14:00 tydens Somermaande. Dit word bewys, vir ’n Tawb akkuraatheid van 0.1 K, dat die NTNKT inlaat-Tawb, gemeet by verskillende hoogtes, nie vergelykbaar is met Tawb wat ver van die NTNKT af op dieselfde hoogtes gemeet word nie. ’n Meer aanvaarbare hoogte van 10 m word voorgestel as die NTNKT ontwerpstemperatuur verwysingshoogte vir toekomstige NTNKT ontwerpe wanneer die Tawb ver van die NTNKT af meet word. Die industrie-standaard temperatuur verwysingshoogte moet wel steeds gebruik word tydens temperatuur-profielberekeninge. ’n Parametriese studie van die turbine se water-stoom siklus en die nat-verkoelingstelsel by Majuba dui daarop dat die generator se uitset (Pst) hoofsaaklik afhanklik is van die kondensator se druk (pc) gedurende vol-vrag toestande. Druk (pc) is weer afhanklik van Tawb, die temperatuur vervaltempo (LRT) wat voorgestel word deur die temperatuur profiel eksponent (bT), die verkoelingswater-vloeitempo (mcw), atmosferiese druk (pa) en windspoed (VW). Deur die gebruik van historiese data word redelike eenvoudige metodes voorgestel om dié verhoudings doeltreffend te bepaal. Die atmosferiese- en stasie-spesifieke parameters wat benodig word vir dié ontleding is ook getabuleer. Twee modelle vir NTNKT-effektiweit, ’n wiskundige (gebaseer op Kröger, 1998) en statistiese kunsmatige neurale-netwerk (KNN) model, word aangebied en geëvalueer. KNNe, wat nie gereeld gebruik word om NTNKTe se effektiwiteit te evalueer nie, lewer akkurate NTNKT temperatuur-benadering resultate binne 0.5 K van die gemete resultate vir wisselende afhanklike parameters. Dié resultate motiveer dat ’n KNN wat korrek opgestel is doeltreffend gebruik kan word om die toestand van NTNKTs te bepaal en om die akkuraatheid van ander NTNKT-modelle te verbeter. Die eendimensionele, wiskundige model lewer akkurate resultate onder NTNKT ontwerpspesifikasies. ’n Wiskundige NTNKT-model word gebruik om die afhanklikheid van Majubakragstasie se NTNKTe tot die reënsone druppelgrootte (dd) te bereken. 'n Vermindering in dd van 0,0052 tot 0,0029 m kan die NTNKT se afgekoelde watertemperatuur (Tcwo), van só 'n aard verlaag dat pc verminder met 0,15 kPa. Só kan ’n gesamentlike vol- en gedeeltelike vrag finansiële besparing van R1.576M in 2013 en R1.851M in 2016 behaal word. Soortgelyke verbeterings aan verkoelingstelsels sal lei tot meer en hoër besparings by ander Eskom nat-verkoelde stasies. Dié tegnieke moet in ag geneem word tydens toekomstige ekonomiese evaluasies van verbeterings tot nat-verkoelingstelsels by ander kragstasies.

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Villarreal, Guerrero Federico. „Enhanced Greenhouse Cooling Strategy with Natural Ventilation and Variable Fogging Rates“. Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202717.

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High-pressure fog (HPF) systems have advantages for greenhouse cooling compared to traditional systems, such as pad and fan. Such advantages include the potential of improving climate uniformity. Water is distributed throughout the greenhouse space thus reducing water use and energy operation costs, especially if used within naturally ventilated greenhouses. Fog cooling in combination with natural ventilation is difficult to manage, primarily because accurate estimation of air exchange rates is required to determine the precise amount of fog required. This limitation on automated control has been the main reason restricting the widespread commercial use of HPF systems. The goal of this research was to develop and implement a control strategy for a naturally ventilated greenhouse with a variable HPF system. The strategy that was developed included variable rate of fog introduced into the greenhouse, a dynamic control of the air ventilation openings, and it considered the contribution of cooling and humidification from the crop by evapotranspiration. Three evapotranspiration models, including Penman-Monteith, Stanghellini and Takakura, were calibrated and evaluated in terms of prediction accuracy. The Stanghellini model provided the best overall performance for several growing seasons and under two different evaporative cooling systems (i.e. pad and fan and natural ventilation with HPF), and was selected and implemented in the cooling control strategy. The strategy utilized enthalpy and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of the greenhouse atmosphere for the control parameters. Using a calibrated greenhouse mechanistic climate model, a computer algorithm was created to simulate the capabilities of the proposed. The control strategy that was developed was able to maintain the greenhouse climate closer to the pre-established set points while consuming less water and energy, compared to a constant HPF system based on VPD control. Finally, the strategy was implemented in a single span research greenhouse. A four-day validation study provided good agreement for measured and simulated greenhouse climate values, as well as for water and energy use. Moreover, the strategy was able to maintain VPD around its set point for all the experiments and temperature remained around its set point when outside enthalpy was lower than the enthalpy set point.

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Rai, Roby. „Cooling multi-family residential units using natural ventilation in the Central U.S“. Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34565.

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Master of Science
Department of Architecture
Michael D. Gibson
The use of Natural Ventilation (NV) to cool buildings in mixed climates can conserve significant cooling energy. In mixed climates it is particularly important during the fall and the spring, where appropriately designed buildings should use very little energy for heating or cooling. Natural ventilation is also important in residential buildings, where internal heat gain can be managed, making cooling by natural ventilation easier. Earlier investigations have clearly shown the economic, social, and health benefits of the use of NV in built environment. Studies have shown that increased airflow or air-speed during ventilation can bring a significant rise in comfort range which further reduces the cooling energy required to maintain comfort. The climatic data of the central United States (U.S.) shows that the availability of frequent high speed wind and favorable seasonal humidity conditions make natural ventilation feasible in late spring and early fall, where NV can offset most of the cooling demand for a home or multifamily residential unit, though it is not possible to maintain thermal comfort during the entire summer with NV alone. In mixed climates, NV for multifamily residential units has not been investigated thoroughly. According to 2009 International Residential Code, multifamily residential buildings are typically designed to use a code minimum amount of operable or ventilating windows, 4% of the floor area being ventilated, while also using lightweight construction methods (such as wood framing) that is prone to fast thermal response during the overheated periods of the year. While climate may favor the use of NV in these building types, the sizing of windows and the building construction type limit the potential to save energy with NV. This study hypothesized that the maximum benefits from NV in the climate of the central U.S. requires further optimization of window openings beyond the energy code minimum, and a construction system incorporating mass that can slow thermal response during overheated periods. During the study, the climatic data of the central US was scrutinized to understand the most suitable time frames where NV could be applied in order to maintain indoor thermal comfort in various construction systems in residential buildings: mainly lightweight using wood framing, and heavier construction using concrete and masonry. The location of the housing unit, first level or second level, was also examined to account for the differences in thermal gains and losses as a result of ground coupling and additional heat gain from the roof. Further, computational fluid dynamics evaluated the comfort achieved with different ventilation areas. Change in comfort hours by using NV tested the practicability of the use of NV to maintain indoor thermal comfort for different scenarios. The study concluded with design recommendations for building orientation, operable window size, and construction type as these factors relate to thermal comfort and the optimization of multifamily residential buildings to utilize NV for energy savings in the U.S.

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Bücher zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. The Architecture of Natural Cooling. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551.

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Sweetser, Richard S. The fundamentals of natural gas cooling. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, Inc., 1996.

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Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Winter. Natural and mixed convection in electronic equipment cooling. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988.

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McHugh, P. R. Natural circulation cooling in U.S. pressurized water reactors. Washington, DC: Division of Systems Research, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1992.

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1964-, Matsui Kazue, Hrsg. Kūrā-irazu no suzushii seikatsu 99 no waza. Tōkyō-to Shinjuku-ku: Komonzu, 2011.

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Parareda, Guillermo Yáñez. Arquitectura solar: Aspectos pasivos, bioclimatismo e iluminación natural. Madrid: MOPU, Dirección General para la Vivienda y Arquitectura, 1988.

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Johnson, Olga S. Determination of natural heating and cooling of intake air in underground mines. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, School of Graduate Studies, 2004.

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Davis, G. de Vahl. Three-dimensional natural convection in a cavity with localised heating and cooling. Kensington, N.S.W: University of New South Wales, School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 1988.

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L, Haggard Kenneth, Hrsg. Passive solar architecture: Heating, cooling, ventilation, daylighting and more using natural flows. White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Pub., 2010.

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Wheeler, C. L. Review of the natural circulation effect in the Vermont Yankee spent-fuel pool. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering and Systems Technology, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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Buchteile zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Aquaprox. „Natural Water“. In Treatment of Cooling Water, 7–11. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01985-2_2.

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Aquaprox. „Analysis of Natural Water“. In Treatment of Cooling Water, 13–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01985-2_3.

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Wang, Xidong. „Typhoon and Sea Surface Cooling“. In Exploring Natural Hazards, 75–86. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2018.: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315166858-3.

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Shuster, William W. „Cooling of Thermal Discharges“. In Water Resources and Natural Control Processes, 107–38. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4822-4_3.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Origins and Opportunities“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 2–23. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-1.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Case Study 2“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 194–211. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-10.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Case Study 3“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 212–23. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-11.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Case Study 4“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 224–37. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-12.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Case Study 5“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 238–51. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-13.

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Ford, Brian, Rosa Schiano-Phan und Juan A. Vallejo. „Case Study 6“. In The Architecture of Natural Cooling, 252–67. Second edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2020. | First edition published by PHDC Press 2010.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315210551-14.

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Konferenzberichte zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Bhosale, Praddyumn, Ashutosh Bhosale, Ajit Kulkarni, Navnath Jagtap und Uday Karvekar. „Natural Air Cooling System“. In National Conference on Relevance of Engineering and Science for Environment and Society. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.118.7.

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Increase of indoor temperature compared with outdoor temperature is a major concern in modern house design. Occupants suffer from this uncomfortable condition because of overheating indoor temperature. Poor passive design causes heat to be trapped, which Influences the rise in indoor temperature. The upper part, which covers the area of the roof, is the most critical part of the house that is exposed to heat caused by high solar radiation and high emissivity levels. During day time, the roof accumulates heat, which increases the indoor temperature and affects the comfort level of the occupants. Our aim is to provide cooling effect by arrangement of electric fan and Copper pipe with minimum cost. Our second aim is to drop the room temperature by 6-8 Degree Celsius.

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Dutkiewicz, R. K. „NATURAL DRAUGHT SPRAY COOLING TOWERS“. In International Heat Transfer Conference 3. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc3.600.

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Kirez, O., B. Sumer und Bora Yazici. „Turbulent natural convection cooling of electronics using liquid coolant“. In THMT-15. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium On Turbulence Heat and Mass Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2015.thmt-15.790.

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Wits, Wessel W., Davoud Jafari, Yannick Jeggels, Sjoerd van de Velde, Daniel Jeggels und Norbert Engelberts. „Freeform-Optimized Shapes for Natural-Convection Cooling“. In 2018 24rd International Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/therminic.2018.8593305.

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Bjazic, Toni, Fetah Kolonic und Petar Crnosija. „Experimental Identification of Natural Gas Cooling Process“. In IECON 2006 - 32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2006.347482.

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Yan, Jun, und Zhen-Guo Li. „Immersion Natural Circulation Evaporative Cooling Server Cluster“. In 2016 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Information Systems. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ceis-16.2016.96.

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Ho, Mark K. M., Guillaume Bois, Dave Wassink und Guan Heng Yeoh. „NATURAL CONVECTION COOLING OF HOT MOLYBDENUM PLATES“. In Proceedings of CHT-08 ICHMT International Symposium on Advances in Computational Heat Transfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.2008.cht.2440.

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Shipkovs, Janis, Peteris Shipkovs, Andrejs Snegirjovs, Kristina Ļebedeva, Galina Kashkarova, Lana Migla und Vidas Lekavicius. „Optimization of Solar Cooling System in Latvia“. In Advanced HVAC and Natural Gas Technologies. Riga: Riga Technical University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/rehvaconf.2015.027.

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Maaty, Talal Abou El. „Natural convection cooling for LEU irradiated fuel plates“. In 2010 3rd International Conference on Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies Theory and Applications (ThETA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/theta.2010.5766424.

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Secnik, Matej, Brane Sirok, Marko Hocevar, Tomasz Barszcz und Jure Smrekar. „CTProfiler measurement method for natural draft cooling towers“. In 2019 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec45492.2019.8994666.

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Berichte der Organisationen zum Thema "Natural cooling"

Brown, William T., und III. Performance Analysis of Natural Gas, Cooling Technology at Air Force Bases. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Dezember 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada359312.

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Sohn, Chang W., und Jorge L. Alvarado. Natural Gas-Electric Hybrid Cooling System for Army Facilities - A Decision Tool. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Juli 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada406300.

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Buckner, M. R. Natural Convection and Boiling for Cooling SRP Reactors During Loss of Circulation Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Juni 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/782817.

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Peter A. Pryfogle. Investigation of Microbial Respirometry for Monitoring Natural Sulfide Abatement in Geothermal Cooling Tower Basins. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/966166.

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Brown, William T., und III. Performance Analysis of Natural Gas Cooling Technology at Warner-Robins AFB, GA, Fiscal Year 2000. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada388629.

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Mulchandani, Anjali, Meagan Mauter, Alison Fritz und Eric Grol. Impact of Non-Steady State Operation on Cooling Water Consumption at Coal- and Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), Januar 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1901808.

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Willits, Daniel H., Meir Teitel, Josef Tanny, Mary M. Peet, Shabtai Cohen und Eli Matan. Comparing the performance of naturally ventilated and fan-ventilated greenhouses. United States Department of Agriculture, März 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586542.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to predict the performance of naturally and fan-ventilated greenhouses as a function of climate, type of crop, evaporative cooling and greenhouse size, and to estimate the effects of the two cooling systems on yield, quality and disease development in the different crops under study. Background In the competitive field of greenhouse cultivation, growers and designers in both the US and Israel are repeatedly forced to choose between naturally ventilated (NV) and fan ventilated (FV) cooling systems as they expand their ranges in an effort to remain profitable. The known advantages and disadvantages of each system do not presently allow a clear decision. Whether essentially zero operating costs can offset the less dependable cooling of natural ventilation systems is question this report hopes to answer. Major Conclusions US It was concluded very early on that FV greenhouses without evaporative pad cooling are not competitive with NV greenhouses during hot weather. During the first year, the US team found that average air temperatures were always higher in the FV houses, compared to the NV houses, when evaporative pad cooling was not used, regardless of ventilation rate in the FV houses or the vent configuration in the NV houses. Canopy temperatures were also higher in the FV ventilated houses when three vents were used in the NV houses. A second major conclusion was that the US team found that low pressure fogging (4 atm) in NV houses does not completely offset the advantage of evaporative pad cooling in FV houses. High pressure fog (65 atm) is more effective, but considerably more expensive. Israel Experiments were done with roses in the years 2003-2005 and with tomatoes in 2005. Three modes of natural ventilation (roof, side and side + roof openings) were compared with a fan-ventilated (with evaporative cooling) house. It was shown that under common practice of fan ventilation, during summer, the ventilation rate is usually lower with NV than with FV. The microclimate under both NV and FV was not homogeneous. In both treatments there were strong gradients in temperature and humidity in the vertical direction. In addition, there were gradients that developed in horizontal planes in a direction parallel to the direction of the prevailing air velocity within the greenhouse. The gradients in the horizontal direction appear to be larger with FV than with NV. The ratio between sensible and latent heat fluxes (Bowen ratio) was found to be dependent considerably on whether NV or FV is applied. This ratio was generally negative in the naturally ventilated house (about -0.14) and positive in the fan ventilated one (about 0.19). Theoretical models based on Penman-Monteith equation were used to predict the interior air and crop temperatures and the transpiration rate with NV. Good agreement between the model and experimental results was obtained with regard to the air temperature and transpiration with side and side + roof ventilation. However, the agreement was poor with only roof ventilation. The yield (number of rose stems longer than 40 cm) was higher with FV

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Kawaji, Masahiro, Dinesh Kalaga, Sanjoy Banerjee, Richard R. Schultz, Hitesh Bindra und Donals M. McEligot. Experimental Investigation of Forced Convection and Natural Circulation Cooling of a VHTR Core under Normal Operation and Accident Scenarios. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569844.

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Farmer, M. T., D. J. Kilsdonk, C. P. Tzanos, S. Lomperski, R. W. Aeschlimann und D. Pointer. Topical report: Natural convection shutdown heat removal test facility (NSTF) evaluation for generating additional reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS) data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/925335.

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Brown, Willliam T., und III. Performance Analysis of Natural Gas Cooling Technology at Air Force Bases Youngstown-Warren ARS and Warner-Robins AFB, Fiscal Year 1999. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, Dezember 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada371555.

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