Dissertationen zum Thema „Nari“

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-117).
Nariman Dossabhai Gandhi, one of the earLiest proponents of organic architecture Taliesin and heaviLy influenced by Frank LLoyd Wright's teachings on the same subj personal understanding of the term: organic, extending it beyond his mentor's architectural rendition. Nari Gandhi defied the Legal and social norms that govern most present day ... Less-known exemplar of the organic ideology. This study of his works is placed in th that saw the emergence of new social thought, culture and architectural ... nation wanting to renew its physical identity. My thesis looks at his Life, unusual working ... and attempts to understand the ramifications of the rarity he embodied. A 37 mln film, researched and shot in India, accompanies this text and is the first like and works.
by Aftab Amirali Jalia.
S.M.

L'etude sedimentologique, geochimique, petrophysique et petrographique d'un encroutement carbonate de galilee a montre qu'il etait constitue, de bas en haut, d'un facies d'alteration du substrat crayeux sur lequel il repose, d'un depot colluvial de versant, de la racine d'un paleosol et d'une croute zonaire qui scelle le profil. La complexite des microfacies et des ciments revele une evolution polyphasee ou phenomenes diagenetiques precoces (dessiccation, cimentation) et tardifs (induration) interferent. La croute zonaire est un horizon biologique d'origine cyanophytique, se formant au contact de l'atmosphere, et est assimilable a un stromatolithe. Les filaments calcifies, decrits dans la litterature, sont en fait des hyphes myceliens oxalatises, evoluant lors de la diagenese vers une calcification imparfaite. Les calcites en aiguilles, ciment frequent, sont rapportees a une origine bacterienne, physico-chimique, ou a l'activite d'hyphes myceliens. L'evolution, comme les caracteristiques petrographiques des calcretes, n'attestent aucunement une origine pedologique per descensum de ces formations, mais plutot une origine polygenique ou interferent phases sedimentaires, pedologiques et stromatolithiques

Les petits ARN régulateurs et les systèmes à deux composants sont des régulateurs très répandus de l’expression des gènes chez les bactéries. Dans la plupart des cas, les systèmes à deux composants agissent comme des régulateurs transcriptionnels. Un grand nombre de petits ARN agissent quant à eux au niveau post-transcriptionnel en modulant la traduction et/ou la stabilité de leur(s) ARN messager(s)-cible. Des connexions entre ces deux systèmes ont récemment pu mettre en lumière des circuits de régulations complexes aux propriétés encore peu connues.Mon travail a tout d’abord porté sur la connexion entre le système à deux composants EnvZ-OmpR et les petits ARN OmrA et OmrB chez Escherichia coli. Dans un premier temps, nous avons montré qu’OmpR activait directement la transcription d’omrA et d’omrB en se fixant à leur promoteur. Cette activation permet la production des petits ARN OmrA et OmrB qui, via leur extrémité 5’ conservée, ciblent à leur tour plusieurs ARN messagers-cibles et notamment le messager ompR-envZ. En accord avec des études précédentes, le contrôle d’ompR-envZ par les Omr n’affecte pas le niveau de forme phosphorylée d’OmpR. Ce phénomène posait donc la question de l’intérêt d’une telle régulation. Nous avons ensuite pu montrer que la régulation d’omrA et d’omrB est assez unique car leurs promoteurs répondent non seulement à la forme phosphorylée mais aussi à la forme non phosphorylée d’OmpR. Ce phénomène permet à ces ARN régulateurs de limiter leur propre synthèse en ayant un effet limité sur l’expression des autres cibles d’OmpR comme les porines OmpC et OmpF.Ce travail nous a conduits à chercher à caractériser d’autres exemples de modulation des systèmes à deux composants par des petits ARN régulateurs. Nous avons notamment étudié la régulation du système NarQ-NarP. En effet, nos travaux ont montré que la synthèse de narP était contrôlée par le petit ARN RprA. Cette régulation semble affecter les cibles de NarP et en particulier l’opéron napFDAGHBC. De plus, RprA répondrait au même stimulus que le système NarQ-NarP créant ainsi un lien physiologique entre le petit ARN et sa cible.Pour finir, un autre aspect de ce travail de thèse a été de s’intéresser à la régulation d’OmrA/B dans un contexte d’infection des macrophages par une souche d’Escherichia coli pathogène, la souche LF82. En effet, des données suggéraient que ces petits ARN étaient induits au cours de l’infection. J’ai pu valider ces données et montrer que cette induction était dépendante de la présence du système EnvZ/OmpR.En conclusion, j’ai pu montrer par diverses approches que les circuits de régulation intégrant des systèmes à deux composants et des petits ARN régulateurs possédaient des propriétés assez inédites permettant à la bactérie de s’adapter à divers stress
Small regulatory RNA (sRNAs) and two component systems (TCS) are both widespread regulators of gene expression in bacteria. While TCS are mostly transcriptional regulators, a large class of sRNAs acts as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression by modulating translation and/or stability of target-mRNAs. Many connections have recently been unraveled between these two types of regulators, resulting in mixed regulatory circuits with poorly characterized properties.First, we have investigated in details the negative feedback circuit that exists between the EnvZ-OmpR TCS and the OmrA/B sRNAs in Escherichia coli. We have found that OmpR directly activates transcription from omrA and omrB promoters, allowing production of OmrA/B sRNAs that target multiple mRNAs through their conserved 5’ end, including the ompR-envZ mRNA. In agreement with previous reports, we have found that this control of ompR-envZ by OmrA/B sRNAs does not affect the amount of OmpR-P i.e. the presumably active form of the regulator. This phenomenon therefore raised the question of the possible interest of such a regulation. Thereafter, we found that OmrA/B regulation is really unique because they respond to the phosphorylated form but also to the unphosphorylated form of OmpR. As a result, OmrA/B limit their own synthesis while they have only a limited effect on others targets of OmpR, such as the OmpC or OmpF porins.This work led us to try to characterize other examples of modulation of two-component systems synthesis by small regulatory RNAs. In particular, we studied the regulation of the NarQ-NarP system. Indeed, our work showed that the synthesis of narP is controlled by the RprA sRNA. This regulation appears to affect NarP targets and in particular the napFDAGHBC operon. Moreover, RprA would respond to the same stimulus as the NarQ-NarP system, thus creating a physiological link between the small RNA and its target.Finally, another aspect of this work was to study the regulation of OmrA/B in a context of infection of macrophages by an Escherichia coli pathogenic strain, LF82. Indeed, data suggested that these small RNAs were induced during infection. I was able to validate these data and showed that this induction was dependent on the presence of the EnvZ-OmpR system

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti Kauno miesto stacionarinių įstaigų reabilitacijos komandų specialistų pasitenkinimą darbu. Uždaviniai: Įvertinti reabilitacijos komandų specialistų pasitenkinimą darbu ir nustatyti su juo susijusius veiksnius, nustatyti reabilitacijos komandų specialistų profesinio tobulėjimo galimybes bei reabilitacijos specialistų komandos darbo ypatumus ir darbe iškylančias problemas Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas buvo atliktas 2007 m. visuose Kauno m. reabilitacijos stacionaruose. Anoniminės apklausos būdu buvo apklausti 144 reabilitacijos komandų specialistai. Duomenų analizei apskaičiuoti imties požymių vidurkiai, standartinės paklaidos bei 95 proc. pasikliautinieji intervalai, Studento (t) kriterijus, dispersinė analizė (ANOVA), Spirmeno ranginės koreliacijos koeficientas. Rezultatai. 85,7 proc. apklaustųjų buvo patenkinti savo darbu. Pasitenkinimo darbu balų vidurkis - 4,2 (iš 5 galimų). 19,3 proc. respondentų norėtų keisti darbovietę ir tai susiję su jaunu respondentų amžiumi. Vyresnio amžiaus respondentai labiau patenkinti karjeros galimybėmis, pripažinimu, įstaigos politika bei darbu bendrai. Pasitenkinimas darbu susijęs su galimybėmis realizuoti savo sugebėjimus bei tobulėti, su atmosfera komandoje bei santykiais su tiesioginiu vadovu ir bendradarbiais. Respondentų požiūriu didžiausios reikšmės pasitenkinimui darbu turėjo – galimybė padėti žmonėms (78,5 proc. respondentų), santykiai su bendradarbiais (64,6 proc.), ir pati darbo esmė (59,7 proc.). Labiausiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Aim of the study. Evaluate job satisfaction among specialists of rehabilitation teams in Kaunas city in-patient institutions. Objectives. Evaluate job satisfaction among specialists of rehabilitation teams and establish the factors associated with it; establish the possibilities of professional training among specialists of rehabilitation teams; and peculiarities as well as problems emerging at rehabilitation teams’ work. Methods. The research was carried out at all six in-patient rehabilitation institutions of Kaunas in 2007. Anonymous questionnaire survey was carried out with 144 specialists of rehabilitation teams. Sample means, 95% confidence intervals, Spearman rank correlation, Student (t) test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for the statistical analysis of the data. Results. 85.7% of specialists of rehabilitation teams were satisfied with their job. The average score of job satisfaction was 4.2 (from 5). 19.3% of respondents would like to change their job place, and it was related with the young age of the respondents. Older respondents were more satisfied with the possibilities of career, recognition, institution’s policy and job in general if compared to the younger ones. Job satisfaction was associated with the possibilities to realize the skills and improve them, with team’s atmosphere and relationship with the direct chief and colleagues. Respondents indicated that the greatest significance to job satisfaction had possibility to help people (78.5%)... [to full text]

RESUMO: Os carcinomas localizados no nariz são muito frequentes em todas as séries conhecidas. São de diagnóstico clínico fácil e a sua confirmação por biópsia é muito segura. As terapêuticas mais indicadas são a cirurgia e a radioterapia, genericamente eficazes. Verifica-se, no entanto, que os pacientes continuam a solicitar tratamento em estádios muito avançados, mesmo conhecendo o diagnóstico e tendo acesso aos serviços sem custos. Esta situação poderá explicar-se face ao curso relativamente lento de muitos destes tumores e à idade geralmente avançada dos doentes que, de acordo com alguns inquéritos, receiam mais a terapeûtica do que a doença. Para obtenção de informação útil para condução deste problema, foram ainda analisados outros parâmetros. A maioria dos pacientes continua a solicitar tratamento quando as lesões envolvem duas subunidades nasais. Esta circunstância permite planear o tratamento cirúrgico com relativa facilidade, isto é, com exérese e reconstrução cujo resultado estético final é bastante aceitável. Os tumores de grandes dimensões, envolvendo várias subunidades, sendo frequentes, raramente implicam rinectomia total. Pelo contrário, são mais frequentes os tumores que envolvem metade do nariz e as estruturas vizinhas tais como o maxilar, a órbita e o lábio superior, atingindo mesmo a base do crânio. O controlo da doença nestes estádios é muito difícil. Não raramente, quando se crê que a doença está controlada, a cirurgia reconstrutiva bem como outras formas de reabilitação conjugadas, deixam ainda muita insatisfação. A nossa actividade tem-se desenvolvido seguindo os critérios adoptados nos melhores centros, isto é, as técnicas clássicas, complementadas com refinamentos recentes. Porém reflectindo sobre os resultados obtidos no tratamento de tumores do nariz, surge-nos um conjunto de questões para as quais ainda não encontrámos respostas cabais. Actuando de acordo com os princípios que definem o estado da arte, não obtivemos ainda resultados que satisfaçam tanto os doentes quanto os cirurgiões. Incessantemente procuramos novos dados técnicos e científicos que nos permitam sair deste ciclo vicioso em que o doente retarda a procura de assistência, receoso de que a terapêutica o deixe desfigurado. Tendo sempre em vista a obtenção dos melhores resultados com o mínimo de tempos cirúrgicos, valorizamos alguns detalhes praticados nos retalhos com padrão vascular bem definido. Dado que as sequelas na zona dadora de tecidos são uma incontornável preocupação, procuramos refinar a sua aplicação no sentido de as atenuarmos. A fronte, excelente zona dadora para reconstrucção nasal major, era sede de sequelas actualmente inaceitáveis. Estudado o comportamento dos tecidos na fronte, depois de levantado o retalho e efectuado o seu encerramento com uso da técnica de expansão intra-operatória, determinámos a presença do Factor de Crescimento Vascular Endotelial no próprio retalho e na zona dadora, tendo em vista que a sua presença poderá explicar o comportamento dos tecidos que foram submetidos a esta técnica. Procurou-se estudar a qualidade da reconstrução em 45 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de exérese e reconstrução nasal major, assim como a qualidade de vida, relacionada com a doença e a terapêutica. Embora se possa admitir a existência de dados sugestivos de estratégias mais adequadas, não foi possível relacionar a qualidade da reconstrução com qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Poderá eventualmente concluir-se que a observação permanente da reconstrução, com qualidade estética e funcional, será o melhor método de alterar a ideia clássica, ainda muito divulgada, mas já ultrapassada, de que a cirurgia reconstrutiva do nariz não é mais que transformar um defeito horroroso num defeito ridículo.---------------ABSTRACT: Malignant tumours found in the nose are very frequent in all known series. Clinical diagnosis is simple and confirmation of biopsy diagnosis is accessible and safe. The most advisable therapies are surgery and radiotherapy. Despite everything patients continue to wait until the tumour is in an advanced stage before asking for therapy, although they know the diagnosis and have free access to specialised services. This situation could probably be explained by the slow development rate of the tumours which is associated with the age of the patient. Upon inquiry, it was found that a significant number of patients are more afraid of therapy than of the disease itself. Other parameters have been analysed in order to obtain useful information about the management of this problem. The majority of patients seek adequate treatment when the lesions involve two nasal subunits. This allows the programming of surgical therapy with relative ease as they may be removed and reconstructed with interesting final aesthetical results. Large tumours involving several subunits are frequent, but they rarely call for total rhinectomy. On the contrary, tumours more frequently involve half of the nose and their neighbouring structures: for example, maxillary, orbital and upper lip, even reaching as far as the base of the skull. The control of the disease is very difficult in these stages.In cases in which it is believed that the disease is under control, reconstructive surgery in conjunction with other forms of rehabilitation still result in a lot of dissatisfaction. In our activity we try to follow the criteria adopted by the best centres following classic techniques, complemented with recent refinements. Reflecting on the treatment of tumours of the nose has led us to a series of questions to which we haven’t yet found the answers. In accordance with the defined principles of ‘the state of the art’ it still doesn’t satisfy either the patients or the surgeons. We are looking for new technical and scientific data which allows us to leave this vicious cycle, in that the deferred patient avoids looking for assistance, based on the fear that therapy could leave them disfigured. We attach importance to some practiced details on the well-defined vascular pattern of the flaps, with the principle aim of obtaining a good result, from the minimum number of operations. It is known that sequels in donor sites are a concern, so applied refinements are used in order to reduce the defect. The forehead has been considered an excellent donor site for major nasal reconstruction but the area of sequel is nowadays unacceptable. We tried to study the behaviour of the tissues of the forehead after taking the flap and closing the wound, using the intraoperative expansion technique. We determined the presence of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in the flaps and in the donor site, in which its presence could explain the behaviour of the tissues of the forehead that are submitted to this technique. The quality of the reconstruction was studied in 45 patients who were submitted to surgical exeresisand major nasal reconstruction, as was the relationship between the disease and the therapy regarding quality of life. It was not possible to directely relate the quality of the reconstruction to the quality of patients life, although some suggestive data of more adequate manegement may be interesting. One might eventually conclude that, permanent exposure of the reconstruction with aesthetic and funcional quality would be the best method in order to modify the classic idea which is still known although overridden today, that nasal reconstruction could transform a horrible defect into a ridiculous one.-------RÉSUMÉ: Les carcinomes situés sur le nez sont très fréquents dans toutes les séries connues. Ils sont de diagnostic facile et la confirmation de ce dernier par une biopsie, est accessible et très fiable. La chirurgie et la radiothérapie sont les thérapeutiques les mieux indiquées. Toutefois les patients continuent de solliciter un traitement, seulement dans des états très avancés bien qu’ils aient eu connaissance du diagnostic et ayant accès aux services. Cette situation pourra probablement s’expliquer par l’évolution relativement indolente de beaucoup de tumeurs, associée à l’âge des malades; bien que selon quelques enquêtes réalisées un nombre élevé de malades craint davantage la thérapeutique que la maladie. D’autres paramètres sont analysés en vue d’obtenir des informations utiles pour l’accompagnement de ce problème. La majorité de nos patients sollicite le traitement adéquat quand les lésions entourent deux sous-unités nasales, ce qui permet de planifier le traitement chirurgique avec une certaine facilité, c’est à dire l’exérèse et la reconstruction ayant un résultat final esthétique généralement très acceptable. Les tumeurs de grandes dimensions entourant différentes sous-unités sont fréquentes mais elles impliquent rarement une amputation nasal total. Au contraire, les tumeurs les plus fréquentes sont celles qui entourent la moitié du nez et les structures voisines comme le maxillaire, l’orbite et la lèvre supérieure, parfois, elles peuvent même atteindre la base du crâne. Le contrôle de la maladie dans ces états est très difficile et quand nous pensons que la maladie est contrôlée, la chirurgie reconstructrice associée à d’autres formes de réhabilitation provoquent encore une grande insatisfaction. Nous exerçons notre activité en essayant de suivre les critères adoptés dans les meilleurs centres. Nous appliquons les techniques classiques complétées de retouches pour obtenir un meilleur resultat. Le fait de traiter les tumeurs nasales nous fait réfléchir et poser un ensemble de questions auxquelles nous n’avons pas pu trouver de réponses. En actuant en accord avec les principes qui définissent l’état de l’art, nous n’avons pas obtenu de résultats qui satisfassent les malades et les chirurgiens. Nous recherchons de nouvelles données techniques et scientifiques qui nous permettent de sortir de ce cercle vicieux dans lequel le patient retarde la recherche d’aide craignant que la thérapeutique le défigure. Nous valorisons certains détails pratiqués sur les lambeaux de patron vasculaire bien défini et ayant comme principaux objectifs l’obtention d’un bon résultat en moins de temps de chirurgie. Nous savons que les séquelles de la zone donneuse de tissus sont préoccupantes, ainsi, que les retouches qui ont été appliqués dans l’objectif de les atténuer. Le front, excellente zone donneuse pour la reconstruction nasale majeure, était une source de séquelle actuellement inacceptable. Nous avons étudié le comportement des tissus du front après avoir relevé le lambeau et effectué la fermeture avec la technique de l’expansion intraoperative. Nous avons déterminé la présence du Facteur de Croissance Vasculaire Endothéliale dans le propre lambeau et dans la zone donneuse, celle-ci pourra expliquer le comportement des tissus du front qui ont été soumis à cette technique. On a essayé d´etudier la qualité de la reconstruction sur 45 patients soumis à la chirurgie d´exérèse et la reconstruction nasal majeure, ainsi comme la qualité de vie en relation avec la maladie et la thérapie. Quoique l´on puisse conclure par l´existence des données subjectives des stratégies plus justes, il est impossible de faire un rapport sur la qualité de la reconstruction avec la qualité de vie des patients. Eventuellement l´on purrait conclure que l´observation permanente de la reconstruction avec qualité esthétique et fonctionnelle, se serait la meilleure méthod de changer l´idée classique, mais depassée, de que la rhinopoièse n´est pas que transformer un affreux défaut par un défaut ridicule.

Europos Sąjungos (toliau – ES) – ypač dinamiškai besivystanti nepriklausomų valstybių sąjunga pasaulyje. Joje vykstantys integraciniai procesai neabejotinai veikia daugelį teisės šakų bei skirtingus rinkos komponentus. Viena jautriausių ES integracijos sričių – laisvas asmenų judėjimas. Laisvas asmenų judėjimas – viena pagrindinių laisvių, kurią užtikrina Bendrijos teisė ir kuri suteikia teisę dirbti ir gyventi kitoje valstybėje narėje. Laisvas asmenų judėjimas suteikia galimybę ES piliečiams realizuoti subjektinę teisę – apsigyventi, steigti savo verslą ir dirbti bet kurioje ES valstybėje. Pagrindinis visuomeninio-socialinio gyvenimo elementas yra šeima. Šeimos nariai yra tarpusavy susiję asmeniniais, socialiniais, kultūriniais, moraliniais, teisiniais bei ekonominiais ryšiais, todėl ypatingai svarbu išanalizuoti šeimos narių teises, ES piliečio teisių įtaka šeimos narių teisinio statuso įgijimui, pasikeitimui ir praradimui. Tradiciškai, šeima yra santuoka pagrįsta vyro ir moters sąjunga, kurios nariais yra sutuoktiniai, kartu su jais gyvenantys vaikai ir kiti asmenys, susiję tarpusavyje kraujo ryšiais, šeimos teisėmis ir pareigomis. tėvų ir vaikų tarpusavio santykiai - kaip santuokinių santykių padarinys. Vykstant spartiems europinės integracijos ir globalizacijos procesams bei teisinės minties pokyčiams, atsiranda netradiciniai šeimos kūrimo modeliai, santuoka nebėra vienintelis gyvenimo kartu pagrindas, o sutuoktiniais, ne tik heteroseksualios poros, bet ir seksualinės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
European union – the most rapidly developing and independent union of countries in the world. Without any doubt all integrational processes influences different component of market ant laws. Free movement of persons is the most sensitive mater talking about EU integration. Free movement of persons – the basic liberty, which is ensured according EU law and grants right to live and work in another member state This liberty helps EU citizens realize their subjective right – live, work or set up business in another country. Family is fundamental cell of public-social life. Personal, social, culture, moral, legal and economical maters relates family members, that’s why analysis of family members status is very important. Traditionally, family is marriage substantiated men’s and women’s union. According integrational and global processes, as well changes of legal mind, appears new comprehension of family and family members. Untraditional family model embrace not only heterosexual couples, thus sexual minority. High importance of Maastrich treaty shows that, after 1992 each EU citizen has fundamental and personal right move along EU not only working purpose, but even personal. After EU citizenship was legalized, every EU members state citizen, have become EU citizen. Until that, citizens of members states had at least economical rights, so in today the same citizens, without economical, have political and civil rights and duties. Thus, EU citizenship ensures movement by... [to full text]

A. Čepienė. Kaimo bendruomenės narių socialinio dalyvavimo modeliavimas. Socialinio darbo magistro studijų programos baigiamasis darbas. Darbo vadovas prof. dr. E. Acienė, Klaipėdos universitetas: Klaipėda, 2011. – 66 p. Darbe atlikta teorinių šaltinių analizė. Pirmoje tyrimo dalyje pristatomas kiekybinis tyrimas, siekiant išsiaiškinti šiandieninio kaimo bendruomenės žmonių gyvenimą, jų veiklos galimybes, kuriant geresnį, aktyvesnį gyvenimą. Antroje tyrimo dalyje pristatomas kokybinis tyrimas, pasirenkant pusiau struktūruoto interviu metodą, siekiant patikslinti kaimo bendruomenių evoliucijos (raidos) įtaką, aplinkos poveikį kaimo bendruomenės veikloms, kaimo bendruomenių tikslus, veiklos struktūrą bei kaimo bendruomenių veiklų aktyvinimą. Iškelta tyrimo hipotezė – nūdienos kaimo bendruomenės narių socialinis dalyvavimas bendruomenės veikloje nėra aktyvus, neturi aiškių dimensijų tiek turinio, tiek veiklų prasme. Tyrimo objektas. Kaimo bendruomenės narių socialinio dalyvavimo modeliavimas. Tyrimo tikslas – suformuoti kaimo bendruomenės socialinio dalyvavimo modelį paremtą aktyviu bendruomenės narių dalyvavimu socialinėse veiklose ir profesionalia socialinio darbuotojo pagalba. Tyrimo uždaviniai: Atskleisti socialinį dalyvavimą aktyvioje ir atviroje kaimo bendruomenėje akcentuojant socialinio dalyvavimo fenomeną. Išanalizuoti kaimo bendruomenės socialinį dalyvavimą sprendžiant problemas, įvertinant bendruomenės socialinio dalyvavimo raišką socialinio darbo aspektu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
A. Čepienė. Simulation of Social Participation of Village Community Members. The final paper of social work master‘s degree supervised by Prof. Dr. E. Acienė, Klaipėda University: Klaipėda, 2011–66 p. The analysis of the theoretical sources is carried out in the work. In the first part of the study a quantative research aiming to find out today‘s rural community peoples‘ life, their work opportunities to create a better and more active life is presented. In the second part of the study a qualitative research having used a semi-structured interview method in order to clarify the influence of rural communities evolution, the impact of environment on activities in rural communities, the objectives and structure of activities of rural communities and activating of rural communities work is presented. The hypothesis of the research is that today‘s rural community members‘ social participation is not active, with no clear content and work dimensions. The object of the research is rural community members’ simulation of social participation. The goal of the research is to establish a rural community-based model of social participation based on active community participation in social activities and a professional social worker‘s assistance. The following are the tasks of the research: To reveal social participation within an active rural community emphasizing the phenomenon of social participation. To analyze the social participation of rural communities in solving problems... [to full text]

Magistriniame darbe nagrinėjama ir vertinama priklausomų asmenų šeimos patirtis, teoriniai priklausomybių aspektai. Darbo tikslas – teoriškai išanalizuoti priklausomybių sampratą, atlikti išsamų priklausomybės liga sergančių asmenų šeimos narių patiriamų jausmų ir išgyvenimų tyrimą, pateikiant rezultatus ir išvadas, pasiūlyti galimus pagalbos šeimai sprendimus. Darbo objektas – patirtis, kurią išgyvena priklausomų asmenų šeimos nariai ir jos vertinimas. Darbo hipotezė – priklausomų asmenų šeimos nariai patiria neigiamus išgyvenimus, emocijas ir jausmus, kuriuos sukelia priklausomybės liga šeimoje, tačiau jie neprašo arba negauna pagalbos, nes bijo neigiamos visuomenės reakcijos, taip pat jiems trūksta informacijos, susijusios su pagalbos gavimu. Darbe analizuojami teoriniai priklausomybės aspektai: pateikiama priklausomybės samprata, apibrėžiama, kas yra priklausomybė nuo psichotropinių medžiagų, jos priežastys, alkoholizmo esmė, samprata, priežastys, šių priklausomybių įtaka šeimai ir ypač vaikams. Empiriniu tyrimu apklausti 122 respondentai, kurių šeimos narys – priklausomas asmuo. Nagrinėta, kokia buvo respondentų pirmoji reakcija į priklausomybę, kokios pagalbos ieškojo ir kur kreipėsi, kokios pagalbos sulaukė, kokios tikisi. Taip pat nagrinėti gyvenimo pokyčiai, susiję su priklausomybės faktu bei ateities perspektyvos. Tyrimas parodė, kad dėl priklausomybės fakto nukenčia visi šeimos nariai, susidūrę su priklausomybės faktu, jie išgyvena daug neigiamų emocijų, kurios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Master thesis analyse and evaluate experience of substance dependent person family members, theoretical aspects of substance dependent persons also are presented. Aim of the paper is to analyse theoretically concept of substance dependent person, to perform empirical research focused on the experienced emotions and feelings of substance dependent person family members. To propose possible help forms for substance dependent person family members. Object of this master thesis – evaluation of substance dependent person family member’s experience. Hypothesis of this work – family members of substance dependent person deals with a wide negative emotions and feeling, that substance dependent person brings to the family, but they do not ask or search for any help avoiding negative public opinion and labeling also feels lack of information about help sources. Main theoretical aspects of substance dependent person, its’ reasons, concept of drug substance dependent person, alcoholism and its’ impact on family members specially children are presented and discussed. Empirical research, that involved 122 family members of substance dependent persons showed that all members of family are impacted by substance dependent person, they deals with wide range of various negative emotions, such as anger, fear, embarrassment, turmoil, it influences their ability to communicate suitably with their friends, relatives, public and them selves. During the research, respondents named that they are... [to full text]

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis, 2016.
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Há algum tempo, a prática da performance clown, ou a palhaçaria, tem se tornado cada vez mais frequente em instituições de saúde, principalmente nos hospitais. Atuando tradicionalmente através de ONGs e iniciativas privadas. Os grupos de palhaçaria, a partir da PNH (Política Nacional de Humanização) também passaram a ser incluídos na agenda das políticas públicas. Esse é o caso dos Terapeutas da Alegria, grupo estudado nesta pesquisa, que busca entender principalmente o movimento da arte e da performance clown enquanto projeto de extensão universitária incluso em uma política pública de saúde para a humanização (no caso, a PNH). Através de uma descrição densa, o trabalho busca compreender como a performance artística é inserida no ambiente institucional público: hospital, por meio de um projeto extensão universitário (no caso descrito, o NUHAS - Núcleo de Humanização, Arte e Saúde da UFSC) e incluir-se ao mesmo tempo em uma política pública de saúde. Assim, a ideia de terapêutica e eficácia simbólica aqui é relacionada em uma prática que pode ser tomada como uma ação de Estado indireta, sendo este o foco deste estudo, que também busca enxergar como processos de afecção se manifestam e entram em ambientes institucionais tidos tradicionalmente como distanciados do afeto e de perspectivas não humanizadoras.

Abstract : For some time, the practice of clown performance, or clowning, has become more and more frequent in health institutions, especially in hospitals. Working traditionally through NGOs and private initiatives. The groups of clownwork, from the PNH (National Humanization Policy) also came to be included in the public policy agenda. This is the case of Terapeutas da Alegria (Joy Therapists), a group studied in this research, which seeks to understand mainly the movement of art and clown performance as a project of university extension included in a public health policy for humanization (in this case, PNH). Through a dense description, the work seeks to understand how the artistic performance is inserted in the public institutional environment: hospital, through a university extension project (in the case described, NUHAS - UFSC Humanity, Art and Health Center) and be included at the same time in a public health policy. Thus, the idea of therapeutics and symbolic efficacy here is related in a practice that can be taken as an indirect state action, and this is the focus of this study, which also seeks to see how affection processes manifest themselves and enter in institutional environments traditionally as distanced from affection and nonhumanizing perspectives.

The research object- the customs policy of the Republic of Lithuania. The research aim- to determine the changes in customs policy after Lithuania Joined EU. The objectives: 1) to research theoretical foundation of customs- to determine customs conception, functions, to estimate their significance and features of classification, to present the instrumentation of customs; 2) to do the analysis of Lithuania foreign trade and customs policy by joining the EU. 3) analize and evaluate the customs policy and overseas trade after Lithuania has become a EU member country. 4) anticipate the perspectives of customs policy implemented by Lithuania after joining the EU. Research methods- the analysis and synthesis of economical literature, logical abstraction, the methods of comparison, grouping and graphic modeling, interpretation and estimation of statistics. The scientific and economic literature, the regulation of the European community, also the law certificate of the Republic of Lithuania was explored in order to gain the main purpose. There were analyzed the reports of Foreign Office, the department of statistic, which is related to the government of the Republic of Lithuania next to the Board of exchequer. There were introduced the peculiarities of foreign customs and determined changes in trade treatment after joining the E.U.

Europos Sąjungos valstybių narių atsakomybė buvo įtvirtina ir yra vis dar plėtojama Europos Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Ji buvo nustatyta Francovich byloje, tokiu būdu sustiprinant ES teisės autonomiškumą ir viršenybę, sankcionuojant valstybių narių pareigų nevykdymą ir dar labiau užtikrinant individams suteikiamas Bendrijos teises. Šiame sprendime apibrėžtos ir būtinosios sąlygos, besiskiriančios nuo kitų atsakomybės rūšių. Tačiau Brasserie du Pêcheur jos dar buvo papildytos kvalifikuotu kriterijumi. Taigi ES valstybė narė gali būti pripažinta atsakinga, jeigu yra patenkinamos šios trys sąlygos: pažeidimas yra pakankamai akivaizdus; turi būti tiesioginis priežastinis ryšys tarp nustatytos valstybei pareigos pažeidimo ir nukentėjusių asmenų patirtos žalos. Pirmoji sąlyga neturėtų sukelti didelių sunkumų tiek pareiškėjams dėl žalos atlyginimo, tiek ja taikantiems teismams. Iki šiol ETT praktikoje buvo tik viena byla, kurioje pripažinta, kad ES teisės norma nesuteikia teisių asmenims. Tačiau antroji sąlyga yra labiau komplikuota. Tam, kad kiltų valstybės narės atsakomybė neužtenka vien ES teisės pažeidimo. Jis turi būti „pakankamai akivaizdus“. Remiantis Teismo praktika toks pažeidimas valstybei naudojantis plačia diskrecija yra, kai ji akivaizdžiai ir rimtai peržengia savo įgaliojimų ribas, bet kai valstybė nebuvo raginama pasirinkti teisės aktų leidybos galimybes ir turėjo ribotą veiksmų laisvę arba iš viso jos neturėjo, paties Bendrijos teisės pažeidimo gali pakakti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
European Union (EU) Member States liability was established and is still developing in European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law. It was introduced in Francovich, thus strengthening EU law autonomous and superior legal order, sanctioning Member States infringements of their obligations and enhancing Community rights of individuals. Also specific and different from all other types of liability prerequisites were determinated by ECJ in this case. However, in Brasserie du Pêcheur a qualified criteria was added. So EU law provides a right to reparation and Member State may be held liable when three conditions are met: the rule of law infringed must be intended to confer rights on individuals; the breach must be sufficiently serious; and there must be a direct causal link between the breach of the obligation resting on the State and the damage sustained by the injured parties. It seems that first condition can not cause any problems to potential “Francovich” claim applicants and courts applying it. There was only one case where the Court has ruled that the rule of law in question did not confer an enforceable right to individuals. However, second condition is more complicated. For a Member State to incur liability it is not enough merely to identify a breach of EU law attributable to it. The breach must be “sufficiently serious”. In accordance with ECJ case law, “sufficiently serious” breach where Member State has wide discretion to make legislative choices is where it, in the... [to full text]

Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra juridinių asmenų valdymo organų narių civilinės atsakomybės teisinis reguliavimas bei praktinis taikymas ir aiškinimas. Kadangi Lietuvos teisinei sistemai būdinga juridinių asmenų rūšių įvairovė, darbo apimtis nulėmė poreikį atsiriboti nuo skirtingoms juridinių asmenų rūšims būdingų specifinių valdymo organų narių teisinio statuso bei civilinės atsakomybės problemos aspektų ir koncentruotis tik į bendriausius jų bruožus. Tyrimo tikslai sąlygojo, kad didesnis dėmesys skiriamas juridiniams asmenims, užsiimantiems ūkine-komercine veikla, kadangi būtent šie teisės subjektai dažniausiai susiduria su juridinio asmens valdymo organų narių civilinės atsakomybės problema. Visgi šiame darbe aptariami atsakomybės principai mutatis mutandis turėtų būti taikomi ir kita veikla užsiimančių juridinių asmenų valdymo organų nariams. Šiame darbe sistemiškai ir išsamiai išanalizuota juridinio asmens valdymo organų narių civilinės atsakomybės prigimtis, šios atsakomybės kilimo bei įgyvendinimo ypatumai, atskleistos aktualiausios šio instituto aiškinimo bei taikymo problemos ir, remiantis užsienio šalių patirtimi bei naujausiomis pasaulinėmis tendencijomis, pateikti teisiškai pagrįsti pasiūlymai ir rekomendacijos šioms problemoms efektyviai spręsti bei esamam teisiniam reguliavimui tobulinti.
The object of the dissertation is the legal regulation, practical application and interpretation of the civil liability of the members of management bodies of the legal entities. Whereas Lithuanian legal system is characterised by the variety of types of legal persons, the scope of the research determined the necessity to disassociate from the specific aspects of the problems of legal status and civil liability of the members of management bodies in respect of different types of legal persons and to concentrate only on common characteristics. The aims of the research determined that greater attention is paid to the legal entities engaged in economic-commercial activities, because they mostly face with the problems of civil liability of the members of management bodies. However, the principles discussed in this research should apply mutatis mutandis to the members of the management bodies of legal persons engaged in other activities. The thesis systematically and comprehensively analyses the nature of civil liability of the legal entity’s management body members, features of rise and realization of this liability, as well as reveals the most relevant interpretation and application problems of this legal institute and, on the basis of foreign experience and the latest global trends, provides legally-based suggestions and recommendations to effectively solve these problems and improve existing legal regulations.

O estudo de sistemas voltados para a detecção e discriminação de compostos e substâncias gasosas tem se destacado nas áreas da nanociência e da nanotecnologia devido ao grande interesse no controle de odores e aromas presentes em alimentos, cosméticos e no meio ambiente. Dentre os diversos tipos de sensores matriciais de gases, conhecidos como narizes eletrônicos, os feitos à base de polímeros vêm se destacando devido ao baixo custo, fácil processabilidade, operação em temperatura ambiente e boa resposta sensorial. O presente trabalho mostra a confecção e análise de sensores poliméricos e um nariz eletrônico de pequenas dimensões, portátil e de baixo custo baseado em polímeros condutivos. Como materiais ativos dos sensores foram estudados materiais pertencentes à classe das polianilinas, politiofenos, polipirrol e ftalocianina de níquel, depositados por duas técnicas diferentes: spin coating e automontagem. As análises da espessura, reprodutibilidade e estabilidade elétrica mostraram diferenças em relação aos materiais empregados e a técnicas escolhidas, em que a uniformidade superficial não está associada diretamente com a estabilidade elétrica. Sensores que empregam PAni e POMA sofrem variação da resistência elétrica em função do tempo, o que está relacionado com a perda de dopagem desses materiais. O projeto e desenvolvimento de uma câmara de medidas são relatados com simulações que mostraram o perfil adequado para o posicionamento dos sensores. Para nortear a concepção do nariz, foi realizado um comparativo entre resistência e capacitância elétricas como parâmetros de interrogação mostrando resultados similares na discriminação, mas com diferenças de 100 vezes em valor relativo, o que resultou na escolha da resistência elétrica. O nariz eletrônico concebido apresenta poder de discriminação não só comparável ao da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, como também permite discriminar diversos tipos de analitos: perfumes, álcool etílico puro e adulterado, sucos de maçã, vinhos, cachaças e cachaças adulteradas e mel, tanto através da técnica de PCA quanto por redes neurais artificiais. O emprego de uma elipsóide como selecionador da região das classes facilitou o processo de visualização e análise dos dados enquanto que o uso de redes neurais mostrou classificações corretas próximas a 100% para praticamente todos os analitos.
The study of sensors for detection and discrimination of gaseous substances and compounds have been gaining much attention in areas such as nanocience and nanotechnology due to the great motivation in control of odors and substances associated with food, cosmetics and environment. Within several types of gas sensor arrays, known as electronic noses, polymeric-made ones distinguishes due to good sensory response, can be utilized at ambient temperature, are able to be easily processed and are of potential low cost. This work shows the fabrication and analysis of polymeric sensors and a small size, low cost and portable electronic nose. Polymeric materials belonging to polyaniline, polythiophene and polypyrrole classes and nickel phtalocyanines, deposited by two different techniques (spin coating and self assembly) were studied as active materials for the sensors. Analysis of thickness, reproducibility and electrical stability were performed and they showed differences among the studied materials and deposition techniques, where superficial uniformity is not associated directly with electrical stability. Sensors with PAni and POMA showed an electrical resistance variation in function of time which is related to dopant loss. Project and development of an analysis chamber are reported with simulations that showed an adequate profile for sensor positioning. A comparison between resistance and capacitance was performed aiming the electronic nose conceptualization. Both parameters showed similar discrimination capability but a 100 times difference in relative variation, leading to the choice of the electrical resistance. The conceived electronic nose shows a discrimination capability similar to gas chromatography and also allows the discrimination of many different analyte types: perfumes, pure and adulterated ethanol, apple juices, wines, pure and adulterated cachaças and honey, either with PCA technique or as well with artificial neural networks. The use of an ellipsoid to envelop class regions ease the visualization process and data analysis from PCA results while neural networks showed correct classifications near to 100% for almost all analytes.

Critical properties of the NaCI-H₂0 fluid system are of fundamental interest to a variety of geochemical applications including fluid inclusion studies, numerical modeling of hydrothermal systems, and development of theoretical models for two·component fluid systems. Although many workers have expressed interest in NaCl·H₂0 fluid critical properties, most studies have been limited to small compositional ranges with little agreement among data sets at higher salinities. Critical densities are recorded in only one of these reports, and no studies have determined the locations of NaCl-H₂0 critical isochores (PT projections of critical densities). Furthermore, no studies to date have determined critical properties of NaCl·H₂0 solutions in excess of room temperature saturation (26.4 wt.% NaCl).

Master of Science

In thesis thesis, studies associated with the rehabilitation of the Malatya-Narli No: 7 Railroad Tunnel are presented. The rehabilitation work includes cleaning of two collapses and stopping of deformations occurring in the tunnel as well as characterizing the rock-mass by evaluating the cores obtained from 67 drill holes. Due to two collapses ocurred in the tunnel a large sinkhole (15x10x20 meters) was developed at the surface and the tunnel closed to train traffic for 10 months (September, 2002-July, 2003) covering the initiation of Iraq War. Originally, the tunnel had been opened into the paleo-landslide material in 1930. The rock-mass surrounding the tunnel consists of limestones, metavolcanics, and schists. Although the main problem in the tunnel is the reduced tunnel span caused by displacements triggerred by underground water, poor rock mass and time dependent deformations, from engineering point of view the other problems can be sited as collapses occurred in the tunnel, sinkhole devoloped at the surface and unstable sections existing in the tunnel. During the field studies, 15 deformation monitoring stations were installed aimed at determining the deviation from tunnel alignment. In order to provide stability of the tunnel Self Drilling Anchors (Mai bolts) were installed systematically around the tunnel. The details of the rock reinforcement design was presented in this thesis.

Resumo: Com o aumento das taxas transmissão de dados em redes, novos tipos de ataques e suas quantidades têm aumentado. Sistemas de detecção de intrusão são ferramentas essenciais para a segurança de redes de computadores. Esses sistemas, quando implementados em redes com altas taxas de tráfego e ataques, processam muitas informações e podem gerar grandes volumes de evidências de tentativas de ataques através de alertas. Torna-se portanto necessário um sistema que produza, de forma resumida, evidências para análise por um humano. Esse trabalho descreve um sistema de correlacionamento distribuído de alertas, chamado Nariz. O Nariz baseia-se em duas fases de correlacionamento, com préprocessamento local e pós-processamento distribuído. O correlacionamento distribuído de alertas é uma técnica nova de correlacionamento de alertas. O sistema Nariz visa correlacionar alertas de forma distribuída em uma rede de alta velocidade, através de sub-sistemas de correlacionamento que podem ser executados em computadores com custo menor do que em sistemas centralizados. O correlacionamento distribuído utiliza troca de mensagens entre seus correlacionadores, que estão espalhados pela rede. O alerta é encaminhado ao administrador da rede quando o sistema tem vários indícios sobre uma tentativa de ataque. Mostramos em resultados experimentais que com esse mecanismo o Nariz pode reduzir o número de alertas sobre um mesmo evento, bem como o número de falsos positivos.

In this paper the problems of finding error estimates of quadrature formulas are discussed. A method proposed by K.Plukas was tested. One of the most important tests was the one determining the error estimates that are too optimistic. The results have shown that there are 1/8 of such error estimates and that there is no visible pattern when they occur. The second very important test was the one that shows how many iterations are needed to get the estimate of integral. After comparing the results to the ones produced by method of T.O.Espelid it was obvious that method of K.Plukas produced results even when method of T.O.Espelid was not able to. Comparison of these results have also shown that method of K.Plukas is not always as effective as method of T.O.Coteda, i.e. in many cases method of K.Plukas produced the result after more iterations than method of T.O.Coteda.

TRUMPA DARBO APŽVALGA Magistrinio darbo tema „Feldšpatų izomorfinės eilės narių nustatymas gemologiniais tyrimų metodais“. Darbo vadovas dok. A. Kleišmantas. Magistrinis darbas yra bakalaurinio darbo tęsinys. Bakalauro darbe gemologiniais metodais buvo ištirti 67 feldšpatų grupės pavyzdžiai ir padaryta išvada, kad jų identifikavimas gemologiniais metodais yra įmanomas. Darbo objektas: feldšpatų grupės mineralai ir mineralų agregatai iš skirtingų pasaulio kasyklų, radimviečių. Jų fizinių, bei optinių savybių priklausomybė nuo cheminės sudėties, kitų mineralų priemaišų, bei kristalo gardelės susitvarkymo laipsnio. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas - įvertinti gemologinių tyrimų metodo pritaikomumą bei efektyvumą identifikuojant feldšpatų grupės mineralus. Pagrindiniai darbo uždaviniai - Naudojantis įvairia literatūra, aprašyti feldšpatų grupę, išskiriant tris pogrupius, bei atskirai apibūdinti kiekvieną grupės mineralą, sudaryti lenteles, susiejant kiekvieno grupės mineralo optines savybes su jo radimvietėmis. Surinkus kuo įvairesnių pavyzdžių paruošti juos tyrimams, nustatyti jų lūžio rodiklį, ir dvejopą lūžį, apskaičiuoti jų masę ir tankį, pagal pasirinktą schemą atskirai aprašyti kiekvieną pavyzdį ir jį identifikuoti. Chemijos institute atlikti kristalocheminius tyrimus, pavyzdžiuose nustatant Ca; K ir Na procentinę sudėtį, palyginti abiejų metodų rezultatus, tokiu būdu įvertinant gemologinių tyrimų metodų pritaikomumą bei efektyvumą identifikuojant feldšpatų grupės mineralus. Darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
SUMMARY KRISTIJONAS UNDZĖNAS IDENTIFICATION OF THE FELDSPAR GROUP ISOMORPHIC ROW MEMBERS USING GEMOLOGICAL METHODS The main objective of this dissertation is to assess the gemological methods affectivity and reliability for the identification of feldspar group minerals. The main task of this dissertation is to investigate and identify minerals of the feldspar group by using gemological investigation methods. After that to the part of the samples, which are representing the different kind of feldspar group minerals, to make crystal chemical analysis in Vilnius chemistry Institute. And after that to compare the results of the crystal chemical analysis and gemological investigation methods. Thereby to assess the affectivity and reliability of the gemological investigation methods in identification of feldspar group minerals. In this dissertation there were 86 minerals of the feldspar group investigated. 56 samples were identified like plagioclases and 30 were classified to the alkaline feldspar subgroup. From the plagioclases group there were indicated 32 Labradorites, 17 oligoclases, 4 albites, 3 andesines. And from the alkaline feldspar, there were 6 amazonites, 2 microclines, 22 orthoclases. Proceeding the job, there were made next finding: 1. It is easily possible to separate the plagioclases subgroup from the alkaline feldspar subgroup minerals, even to indicate the approximate plagioclase number, by using the gemological methods. 2. Performed crystal chemical analysis... [to full text]

Magistro darbe tiriamas Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo nario teisinio statuso elementų - imunitetų ir indemniteto - teisinis reguliavimas, apsiribojant Lietuvoje nustatyto teisinio reglamentavimo apžvalga, tačiau pažvelgiant lyginamuoju požiūriu į kai kuriuos atskirų valstybių nacionalinių teisės sistemų teisinio reguliavimo aspektus. Darbą sudaro įžanga, penkios dėstomosios dalies struktūrinės dalys, išvados bei panaudotų šaltinių sąrašas. Darbo dėstomoji dalis pradedama nuo Seimo nario imunitetų ir indemniteto sampratos, paskirties bei reikšmės bendro aptarimo. Toliau darbo dėstomosios dalies struktūra konstruojama atsižvelgiant į atskirus Seimo nario imunitetų ir indemniteto teisinio reguliavimo aspektus, tuo pačiu aptariant problemas. Identifikuojamas Seimo nario imunitetų ir indemniteto taikymo pradžios momentas, aptariamas Seimo nario imunitetų panaikinimo tvarkos teisinis reguliavimas (teoriniu ir praktiniu aspektais), Seimo nario indemniteto turinio svarbiausi elementai. Darbe formuluojamos pagrindinės išvados, gautos išanalizavus Seimo nario imunitetų ir indemniteto teisinį reguliavimą Lietuvos Respublikoje, pateikiami autoriaus siūlymai dėl aptartų problemų sprendimo.
The Master’s thesis studies the legal regulation of some legal status elements of the Seimas member of the Republic of Lithuania - immunity and indemnity - limited by legal regulation review established in Lithuania but from the comparative point of view towards some legal regulation aspects of national legal systems of some particular states. The thesis consists of an introduction, five structural parts of the presentational part, conclusion and a list of used sources. The presentational part of the thesis starts from discussion of general conception of immunity and indemnity of the Seimas member, purpose and meaning. Further construction of structure of the presentational part is realized under consideration of some certain aspects of the legal regulation of the Seimas member immunity and indemnity thus discussing the problems. Seimas member immunity and indemnity application commencement moment is identified, legal regulation of Seimas member immunity cancellation procedure (under theoretical and practical aspect) and the most important elements of the Seimas member indemnity contents are discussed. The thesis lays down main conclusions obtained upon analyzing of legal regulation of the Seimas member immunity and indemnity in the Republic of Lithuania, presents the author’s suggestions on settlement of the problems discussed.

Kiekvienos valstybės viena iš prioritetinių politikos krypčių yra visuomenės ir asmens sveikata. Tačiau, kad ir stengiamasi užtikrinti žmogaus sveikatos apsaugą, kiekvieną dieną visame pasaulyje žmonės neišvengiamai susiduria su mirtimi. Kai kuriose valstybėse, kalbant apie nepagydomai sergančius ligonius, kurie kenčia didelius skausmus ar apie komos ištiktus žmones, vis dažniau iškeliamas eutanazijos klausimas, kuris dažnai apibrėžiamas kaip sąmoningas žmogaus gyvybės atėmimas kiek įmanoma švelnesnėmis priemonėmis, atliekamas vien marinamojo labui. Vis dėlto eutanazijos įteisinimo klausimas yra opus ir visada lydimas aršių debatų tarp jos šalininkų bei priešininkų. Šio darbo tikslas yra aptarti eutanazijos įteisinimo aspektus bei ištirti Lietuvos visuomenės požiūrį aprašomo reiškinio atžvilgiu. Visas pirmasis darbo skyrius skirtas teorinio modelio aprašymui. Šio skyriaus poskyriuose, atliekant mokslinės literatūros analizę, aptariami viešosios politikos formavimo ir interesų grupių teoriniai modeliai, kuriais grindžiamas šis darbas. Antroji dalis skirta eutanazijos politikai apžvelgti. Poskyriuose aptariamas eutanazijos reiškinys, jos rūšys ir interesų grupių argumentai už ir prieš eutanazijos politiką. Taip pat analizuojami ir lyginami eutanazijos įteisinimo atvejai Nyderlanduose ir Belgijoje. Trečioji dalis skirta praktinei darbo pusei aprašyti. Pristatomas Lietuvoje atliktas empirinis kiekybinis tyrimas, kuriuo buvo siekiama ištirti Lietuvos visuomenės – medikų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Public and personal health is one of the priority policies of every state. However, despite the attempt to ensure the protection of human health, every day people in all over the world inevitably come face to face with death. While talking about the incurable patients, who suffer from severe pain or are in coma, some countries raise the question of euthanasia, which is often defined as the intentional taking of a person‘s life for the good of that person by the means as delicate as possible. However, the legitimation of euthanasia is a sensitive issue, always accompanied by the savage debates between its supporters and opponents. The aim of this work is to discuss the aspects of the legitimation of euthanasia and to investigate the attitude of Lithuanian society towards the described phenomenon. The first part of this paper discloses the theoretical description of the model. Using the analysis of scientific literature, the subchapters discuss the theoretical models of public policy formation and interest groups, on which this work is based. The second part reviews the policy of euthanasia. The subchapters discuss the phenomenon of euthanasia, its types and the arguments of interest groups for and against the policy of euthanasia. Moreover, the cases of the legitimation of euthanasia in the Netherlands and Belgium are analyzed and compared. The third chapter is devoted to the practical part of the work. The quantitative empirical study accomplished in Lithuania, which has... [to full text]

Sienų apsauga yra aktuali tema bet kurioje pasaulio valstybėje. Tenka pastebėti, kad kuomet valstybė turi išorines sienas su kitomis valstybėmis, ji turi sukūrusi politiką, teisinę bei institucinę bazę sienos apsaugai, užtikrinančiai tos valstybės gyventojų socialinius, politinius, teisinius, ekonominius, kultūrinius, mokslinius interesus. Europos Sąjungos sienos apsaugos srityje, išskiriamos dvi sienų sąvokos – vidaus bei išorės sienos. Valstybių narių bendradarbiavimas, pagrįstas integruotos išorinės sienos apsaugos koncepcija, orientuotas į valstybių narių bendras pastangas, siekiant užtikrinti ES vidaus saugumą, vykdant sienos kontrolę, ją saugant bei bendradarbiaujant vykdant įvairias operatyvines operacijas bei bendrus projektus. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti ES valstybių narių bendradarbiavimo sienos apsaugos srityje gaires bei įvertinti bendradarbiavimo efektyvumą. Darbą sudaro įvadas, kuriame pateikiamas temos aktualumas, analizuojama problema, keliamas tikslas bei uždaviniai, pateikiami tyrimo metodai, trys dėstomosios dalys bei išvados ir pasiūlymai. Darbe remiantis jau atliktai tyrimais, taip pat Šengeno teisynu, Amsterdamo sutartimi, Europos Ekonominės Bendrijos steigimo sutartimi, Lisabonos sutartimi analizuojamos ES valstybių narių bendradarbiavimo sienos apsaugos srityje gairės, išskiriamos problemos, vertinamas bendradarbiavimo efektyvumą.
Border guard, control and surveillance are a relevant topic in every country. It should be mentioned, that when the country has borders with other countries, it has created the policy, legal and institutional basis for the control and surveillance of its border that secures social, political, legal, economical, cultural and scientific interests of the citizens of that country. There are two border concepts in the European Union – internal and external borders. The co-operation of the member states, based on the integrated border management concept, is oriented to the common attempt to control and secure the external border carrying out various joint operations and projects. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the guidelines of the cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border guard and to evaluate the effectiveness of this cooperation. This paper consists of preface, where the relevance, problem, purpose, objectives are presented, three main parts, conclusions and appendixes. The analysis of the guidelines of cooperation of the EU member states in the field of external border surveillance and evaluation of the effectiveness of this cooperation is being carried out using the researches, Shengen acquis, the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Treaty of Rome, the Treaty of Lisbon, etc.

Teisės doktrinoje teigiama, kad juridinis asmuo yra išvestinis civilinės teisės subjektas, įgyjantis civilines teises, prisiimantis civilines pareigas ir jas įgyvendinantis per savo organus, kurie sudaromi ir veikia pagal įstatymus ir juridinių asmenų steigimo dokumentus. Atsižvelgiant į ribotą darbo apimtį, darbe nagrinėjami valdybos, kaip kolegialaus valdymo organo, narių civilinės atsakomybės labiausiai Lietuvos Respublikoje paplitusiai privačiųjų juridinių asmenų rūšiai – bendrovei taikymo ypatumai. Turint omenyje, kad teisinė atsakomybė kyla nevykdant ir/ar netinkamai vykdant asmeniui nustatytas teisines pareigas, visų pirma, darbe yra identifikuojamos valdybos narių pareigos bendrovei, šių pareigų turinys, aptariama valdybos teisinė prigimtis. Pagrindinis darbo tyrimas yra nukreiptas į valdybos narių teisinės atsakomybės prigimties, jos taikymo prielaidų ir pagrindų nustatymą. Šiuo tikslu darbo autorius nagrinėja ir apibrėžia teisinį santykį, susiklostantį tarp bendrovės ir valdybos narių. Darbe analizuojama kokia civilinės teisinės atsakomybės rūšis yra taikoma valdybos nariams – sutartinė ar deliktinė. Siekiant nustatyti valdybos narių civilinės teisinės atsakomybės taikymo prielaidas, analizuojama koks iš civilinės teisinės atsakomybės valdybos nariams modelių – individualus ar kolektyvinis, yra taikomas Lietuvos Respublikoje. Taip pat darbe yra nagrinėjami civilinės teisinės atsakomybės valdybos nariams taikymo sąlygų probleminiai aspektai. Darbe plačiai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Legal doctrine holds that a legal entity is a derivative subject of the Civil law which acquires civil rights, assumes civil obligations and implements it through their bodies which are formed and act in accordance with the laws and documents of incorporation. Considering the limited scope of work, this thesis analyzes the peculiarities of civil liability of Board members as a collegial body to the most widespread type of private legal entities in the Republic of Lithuania - companies. Taking into account that the civil liability arises due to a failure to perform or improper performance of civil duties, thesis defines the duties of Board members to the company, the scope of such duties, as well as discusses the legal nature of the Board. The main focus of the study is to determine the nature of legal liability of Board members, its assumptions and bases. To achieve this goal the author examines and defines the legal relationship between the company and Board members. Thesis analyzes which kind of civil liability - contractual or tort - applies to the members of the Board. In order to determine the assumptions of civil liability of the members of the Board, it is analyzed whether individual or collective model of civil liability of Board members is applied in the Republic of Lithuania. Moreover, thesis covers the problematic aspects of the conditions of civil liability applied to Board members. Thesis extensively relies on jurisprudence of the courts of the Republic of... [to full text]

The Northern Aerosol Regional Climate Model (NARCM) is being developed in order to better understand how aerosols affect the Canadian climate. NARCM uses microphysical and chemical parameterizations that enable it to predict the evolution of the aerosol spectrum using the concentration and composition in 12 size-segregated bins as prognostic variables. In this study, two aerosol species are considered as prognostic variables within NARCM: sulphate and sea-salt. The sulphur species concentrations and aerosol distributions simulated by NARCM are evaluated against clear-sky in-situ aircraft measurement taken off the coast of Nova Scotia during the North Atlantic Regional Experiment (HARE). NARCM demonstrates skill at predicting the column burdens of the sulphur species concentrations at the NARE site throughout the NARE period. Simulations of the average column burdens of sulphur dioxide and sulphate showed differences of 57% and 28% respectively from the observed values. The accumulation mode in the aerosol distributions simulated by NARCM has a tendency to be smaller than the measured mode. There is evidence that the absence of other aerosol species may account for the too small sizes of the simulated aerosol when sulphate volumes are small.

The transport of a species in complex flow fields is an important phenomenon related to many areas in science and engineering. There has been significant progress theoretically and experimentally in understanding active transport in steady, periodic flows such as a chain of vortices but many open questions remain for transport in complex and chaotic flows. This thesis investigates the active transport in a three-dimensional, time-dependent flow field characterized by a spatiotemporally chaotic state of Rayleigh-Be?nard convection. A nonlinear Fischer-Kolmogorov-Petrovskii-Piskunov reaction is selected to study the transport within these flows. A highly efficient, parallel spectral element approach is employed to solve the Boussinesq and the reaction-advection-diffusion equations in a spatially-extended cylindrical domain with experimentally relevant boundary conditions. The transport is quantified using statistics of spreading and in terms of active transport characteristics like front speed and geometry and are compared with those results for transport in steady flows found in the literature. The results of the simulations indicate an anomalous diffusion process with a power law 2 < ? < 5/2 a result that deviates from other superdiffusive processes in simpler flows, and reveals that the presence of spiral defect chaos induces strongly anomalous transport. Additionally, transport was found to most likely occur in a direction perpendicular to a convection roll in the flow field. The presence of the spiral defect chaos state of the fluid convection is found to enhance the front perimeter by t^3/2 and by a perimeter enhancement ratio r(p) = 2.3.
Master of Science

Nous reconstruisons le parcours politique et littéraire de l'historien florentin Iacopo Nardi à travers l'étude croisée des documents d'archives et de la tradition manuscrite et imprimée que constituent sa correspondance et ses œuvres. Par sa position de " citoyen moyen " et son intégration dans un réseau de clientélisme culturel et politique, il joue un rôle d'intermédiaire entre factions. Dans ses œuvres (poésie, théâtre, discours, traductions, historiographie), il est influencé par l'humanisme que cultivent l'oligarchie et - différemment - les Médicis, la littérature municipale en langue vulgaire et un modèle moralisateur d'inspiration prophétique. Il se réfère aux principes républicains d'égalité et d'union des citoyens garants de la liberté, aux pratiques de tendance oligarchique ou autocratique et à leur relecture savonarolienne. Son cas révèle l'ambivalence de la tradition républicaine et l'enjeu de sa réinterprétation lors de la crise institutionnelle au début du XVIe siècle.

Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses
O presente trabalho propõe-se a analisar três filmes de diferentes períodos da carreira de Mira Nair, Salaam Bombay!, Monsoon Wedding e The Namesake. Para dar cumprimento a esta tarefa procedo a uma contextualização histórica da vida e obra da realizadora desde o seu nascimento até á actualidade. Seguidamente, procedo à análise de aspectos de consciência social e os meios técnicos utilizados por Mira Nair para chamar atenção para os aspectos sociais nos seus filmes, tais como a importância do uso da cor, a música, a abertura dos filmes, as performances dos actores, a comunicação não verbal e os códigos de vestuário. Eu também foco as vulnerabilidades das crianças e das mulheres, assim como o uso das drogas e faço alguns paralelos com a actualidade. Seguidamente apresento um pequeno estudo sobre o sistema de castas e a religião na Índia a sua importância e peso na sociedade Indiana. Depois disso introduzo alguma informação sobre diáspora Indiana e mostro como estes assuntos são lidados e problematizados nos filmes de Mira Nair. ABSTRACT: This thesis aims to analyse three Mira Nair films from different periods of her career, Salaam Bombay!, Monsoon Wedding and The Namesake. To accomplish my task I provide a historical contextualization of the life and work of the film director from her birth till the present day. Then, I carry out an analysis of her social awareness and the technical and narrative features which Mira Nair uses to draw attention to social issues in her films, such as the importance of the use of colour, the arresting openings of the films, the performances of the actors, non-verbal communication and dress codes. I also focus on the vulnerabilities of children and women in her work, as well as on drug abuse, and make a few parallels with how things are today. Then I present a brief survey of the caste system and religion in India and their traditional importance to and effects on Indian society. After that I introduce some information about the Indian diaspora, and show how these issues are problematised and dealt with in Nair’s films.

Doutoramento em Química
Com o presente trabalho, pretendeu-se, desenvolver um nariz electrónico, composto por uma bateria de sensores piezoeléctricos, capaz de detectar e quantificar diversos compostos, ou pelo menos distinguir padrões de sinais. Este nariz, após selecção dos revestimentos dos sensores mais adequados à aplicação a que se destina, ainda que sejam todos eles não específicos e capazes de se adequarem a diversos tipos de trabalhos, foi utilizado em aplicação em áreas tão distintas como na área ambiental, alimentar, ou clínica. Para além da selecção dos revestimentos dos cristais piezoeléctricos, foi feito um grande esforço na optimização do sistema de aquisição (osciladores e software) para permitir a leitura da frequência de vários sensores em simultâneo e o armazenamento em intervalos de um segundo com uma resolução de 0,1 Hz. A utilização das redes neuronais artificiais em conjunto com a bateria de sensores permitiu desenvolver um nariz electrónico com a capacidade de identificar e quantificar o composto volátil acidentalmente libertado numa sala com 3x3x2,5 m3, aquando da quebra de um frasco de 2,5 L. O sistema desenvolvido permitiu uma rápida e correcta identificação do contaminante de entre um conjunto de dez compostos, bem como a sua quantificação. O nariz electrónico composto por uma bateria de sensores, onde alguns sensores foram substituídos por outros com revestimentos diferentes, aliado a um método de classificação baseado no teorema de Bayes permitiu a classificação de fruta de cinco variedades diferentes, em fruta comestível ou fruta estragada. Esta distinção apresentou uma taxa de sucesso de 95% e, no caso da fruta ser separada por variedades chegou a apresentar, para algumas variedades de fruta, taxas de sucesso de 100%. O sensor revestido com TEA, em conjunto com algumas metodologias analíticas de pré-concentração e de eliminação de interferentes, tornou possível a análise de H2S no hálito. Com este sistema obteve-se um limite de detecção de 50 ppb para o H2S e foi possível distinguir pacientes saudáveis de pacientes com problemas periodontais.
The aim of this work was to develop an electronic nose, based on piezoelectric quartz crystals, to detect and quantify several compounds, or at least to distinguish signal patterns. After selection of the most appropriate coatings, this electronic nose was used in such distinct areas as environmental monitoring, food safety and clinical diagnosis. Besides coating selection, the greatest effort was devoted to the optimization of the frequency acquisition system. Oscillators have been changed and new software has been written in order to monitor and store simultaneously the frequency of several sensors with 0.1 Hz of resolution, and at intervals of 1 second. The combination of the array of sensors with an artificial neural network allowed developing an electronic nose capable of identifying and quantifying the gaseous compound accidentally released in a storage room 3x3x2.5 m3 after the accidental breaking of a 2.5 L flask. The developed system allowed a quick and accurate identification of one compound out of 10, as well as its quantification. The same electronic nose, with a few changes in sensors coatings, combined with a classification method based on Bayes theorem succeeded in classifying fruits from five different varieties in edible or rotten. Without forming fruit variety subsets, discrimination between edible and rotten fruit was achieved with 95 % success. Analysing a single variety of fruit, classification in edible and rotten fruit was achieved with 100 % success for most varieties. An analytical system composed of a sensor coated with TEA a preconcentration column and a few traps and analytical procedures devoted to the elimination of interfering compounds, made possible H2S analysis in breath. Detection limits as low as 50 ppb allowed to distinguish between healthy individuals and patients with periodontal disease.

Aphrodisiac and anti-aphrodisiac pheromone production and composition in the green-veined white butterfly Pieris napi L. were investigated. Aphrodisiac pheromone biosynthesis had different time constraints in butterflies from the diapausing and directly developing generations. Effects of stable isotope incorporation in adult butterfly pheromone, in the nectar and flower volatiles of  host plants from labeled substrates were measured by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A method to fertilize plants with stable isotopes was developed and found to be an effective method to investigate the transfer of pheromone building blocks from flowering plants to butterflies. The anti-aphrodisiac methyl salicylate was not biosynthesized from phenylalanine in flowers of Alliaria petiolata. Both aphrodisiac and anti-aphrodisiac pheromones in P.napi are produced not only from resources acquired in the larval stage, but also from nutritional resources consumed intheadult stage. Males of P. napi produce the anti-aphrodisiac pheromone from both the essential amino acid L-phenylalanine and from common flower fragrance constituents.

QC 20140311

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Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco
Os animais interagem no ambiente de diversas maneiras e o cheiro a sua volta é de extrema importância para o transporte da informação, essencial para sobrevivência. Tanto para os animais quanto para os seres humanos, o cheiro exerce um papel importante. Devido a esta importância, o estudo do olfato humano começou há bastante tempo atrás. Apesar da sua importância, ainda hoje existem muitas perguntas sem resposta a respeito do sentido do olfato. Muitos pesquisadores estão trabalhando nesta área tentando encontrar respostas para estas perguntas e os estudos que estão sendo desenvolvidos na área de narizes artificiais podem ajudar na compreensão deste sistema, além de ser possível responder algumas das muitas perguntas sem resposta. Neste sentido, existe hoje, uma grande demanda de instrumentos eletrônicos para imitador o sentido do olfato humano, com baixo custo e aquisição de informação sensorial rápida e precisa. Com esta demanda, houve um grande avanço no desenvolvimento de nariz artificial e hoje é possível encontrar aplicações em várias áreas, a saber: controle de qualidade de alimentos, indústria de bebida, monitoração ambiental, diagnósticos médicos, perfumaria , robótica e segurança. O nariz artificial é um dispositivo composto de um sistema de sensibilidade química e um sistema do reconhecimento de padrão. O sistema químico do sensor possui um conjunto de sensores diferentes para a detecção dos vapores. Há tecnologias diferentes para preparar os sensores. Neste trabalho nós aplicamos a rede neural para resolver o sistema do reconhecimento de padrão de um nariz artificial completamente projetado e construído por nós (equipe da informática, da química e da física). O uso da rede neural é essencial como uma técnica para o reconhecimento de padrão devido à flexibilidade. Especialmente em nosso caso algumas arquiteturas de rede neural particulares mostraram resultados bons para reconhecer sinais de aroma. Nosso trabalho envolveu quatro protótipos do nariz artificial, com uma melhoria gradual na tecnologia de sensor, na instrumentação da aquisição de dados e no reconhecimento de padrão. a tecnologia do sensor mudou de eletrodos preparados manualmente com uma abertura do polipirrol depositada eletroquimicamente como um material ativo para eletrodos de quatro pontas de prova e o mesmo material ativo do primeiro protótipo e finalmente a tecnologia de filmes finos orgânicos preparados pela técnica de crescimento livre. O sistema de aquisição de dados seguiu esta mudança melhorando a relação do sinal/ruído e o desempenho. O sistema de rede neural teve também diversas versões para seguir este desenvolvimento e adaptar-se às situações novas envolvendo outras abordagens. Inicialmente nós realizamos testes com diversos modelos da rede neural para tratar dados do cheiro do primeiro protótipo e analisamos os dados para encontrar um modelo bom para o reconhecimento destes dados. Os dados do segundo protótipo eram mais precisos e com menos ruído em relação ao primeiro. Nós usamos vários métodos para avaliar o desempenho dos modelos da rede neural com estes dados e encontramos bons resultados com o modelo Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). O último estágio desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens para rede neural projetada especialmente para tratar com dados de odor. Nós sugerimos os narizes artificiais baseados em modelos biológicos do sistema olfativo humano. Nestes modelos a arquitetura de rede neural é um elemento fundamental na construção de narizes artificiais. Apesar de outros modelos de narizes artificiais focalizarem a dinâmica e a fisiologia dos sinais que controlam e reconhecem o sinal já pré-processado dos elementos mais externos, nós sugerimos uma aproximação baseada na anatomia. O ponto fundamental de nosso modelo é a codificação do sinal através das conexões entre células mitrais, glomérulos e os neurônios sensoriais. Este estágio corresponde a um pré-processamento do sinal, selecionando e concentrando a essência da informação de um sensor químico humano, o sistema olfativo

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of North Texas, 2006.
System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Accompanied by 4 recitals, recorded Apr. 22, 2002, Apr. 4, 2003, Apr. 30, 2004, and Aug. 1, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-46).

Šiame darbe atliktas ES teisės viršenybės principo pripažinimo tyrimas ES teisėje ir valstybių narių nacionalinėje teisėje, taip pat Lietuvos Respublikos teisėje. Pirmoje šio darbo dalyje atliktas ES teisės viršenybės principo ES teisėje tyrimas. Atskleista ES teisės viršenybės principo prigimtis ES teisėje, aptarta ETT praktika plėtojant ES teisės viršenybės principo koncepciją ir suformuluota ES teisės viršenybės principo ES teisėje samprata šiandien, parodanti ES teisės viršenybės principo pripažinimo valstybėse narėse maksimalią apimtį. Antroje šio darbo dalyje atliktas ES teisės viršenybės principo pripažinimo valstybių narių nacionalinėje teisėje tyrimas ir nustatytas ES teisės viršenybės principo pripažinimo lygis tiriamosiose valstybėse narėse.
This is research of European Union (EU) law's supremacy principle and fulfilled analysis nature of this principle and development of EU law's supremacy in EU and recognizing it on domestic law systems of member states and in Lithuania’s law system. EU law's supremacy principal acknowledging process of member states indicates that the constitutional basis of EC law supremacy principle should be on the basis of national constitutional law by the members of the EU, and the main actors who invoke this principle are national courts, especially Constitutional Courts of member states. The research of this job shows what level of acknowledging process took place in some member states. This level is result of assessment national constitutional provisions and judicial practice. One group of member states have a good constitutional basis and recognizing practice in the national courts i.e. United Kingdom, Sweden and Finland. Another group of member states have sufficient constitutional basis and recognizing practice in the national courts i.e. Austria, Netherlands and Greece and. Next group of member states have satisfactory or insufficient constitutional basis and recognizing practice in the national courts i.e. Belgium and Luxemburg Member countries of the same group like, Slovenia ant Portugal have satisfactory constitutional basis but partly recognizing judicial practice. Lithuania is taking a special place between Luxemburg or Belgium and Czech Republic, because Lithuania has a... [to full text]

Šiuolaikinis miestas — tik nauja ilgus amžius augusio žmogaus noro išreikšti save per simbolinius piešinius rezultatas. Tačiau šiuolaikinio graffiti sprogimas yra su niekuo nepalyginamas. Taigi nepaisant to, kad daugelis iš mūsų gyvename informacinėje bei ganėtinai tolerantiškoje visuomenėje, kur egzistuoja neribojamai dideli meninės raiškos būdai, galimybių ir variacijų skaičius, graffiti, kaip meno kryptis, kūrinio statusas ar vieta (padėtis), taip ir liko neišspręstas bendrajame kultūriniame kontekste ir ligi šiol traktuojamas kaip neigiamumas ar net nihilistinio požiūrio išraiška į visuomeninius kriterijus bei normas. Šio darbo tikslas — atskleisti mokyklos bendruomenės narių požiūrį į graffiti. Tyrimo metodai: teorinis ― darbo tema aktualios literatūros sisteminė analizė; empiriniai ― IX klasių moksleivių anketinė apklausa, padėjusi išsiaiškinti jų žinias ir požiūrį į graffiti; pedagogų anketinė apklausa, padėjusi išsiaiškinti jų žinias ir požiūrį į graffiti; moksleivių tėvų anketinė apklausa, padėjusi išsiaiškinti jų žinias ir požiūrį į graffiti. Matematinės statistikos metodai: chi kvadrato kriterijaus taikymas, kontingencijos koeficientas (C), procentinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad daugiausia apie graffiti žino, jį priima ir vertina mokiniai. Vadinasi, tai patvirtina, faktą, jog subkultūra yra jaunimo pasaulėžiūros atspindys. Ar graffiti – meno rūšis ar vandalizmo aktas, vienareikšmiškai atsakyti negalima. Tai priklauso nuo visuomenės išprusimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
SUMMARY A modern city is just a new result of a person’s wish to express himself in symbolic paintings that has been growinf for long ages. But the explosure of modern graffiti cannot be compared with anything. So, in spite of that most of us live in the information and however tolerant society where unlimited big ways of artistic expression, a number of possibilities and variations exist, graffiti as an art tendency, the status place (position) of a piece of art has not been solved in the general cultural context and it has still been treated as negative expression or even a nihilistic attidude towards criteria or norms of the society. The purpose of this work is to reveal the attitude of the members of the school community towards graffiti. Methods of the research: theoretic ― systematic analysis of the literature actual about the theme of the work; empiric ― questionnaire of the pupils of the IX class that helped to find out their knowledge and attitude towards graffiti; Questionnaire of the pedagogues that helped to find out their knowledge and attitude towards graffiti; Questionnaire of the pupils’ parents that helped to find out their knowledge and attitude towards graffiti. Methods of mathematical statistics: application of the criterion of chi square, coefficient of contingency (C), per cent analysis of the data. Within the research, it became clear that graffiti is mostly known, accepted and appreciated by the pupils. Also the fact can be confirmed that subculture... [to full text]

ES valstybėmis narėmis šiuo metu yra 27 šalys, tačiau visos valstybės, nepaisant jų skirtumų, turi atskirą teisminę, vykdomąją ir įstatymų leidžiamąją valdžią. ES yra unikali sąjunga: jos valstybės narės yra įsteigusios bendras institucijas, kurioms perduoda dalį savo suvereniteto, kad tam tikri konkretūs bendro intereso klausimai galėtų būti naudingai sprendžiami Europos lygmeniu, taip pat egzistuoja atskira teismų sistema. ES teisės sistema nėra visiškai savarankiška, formaliai ES ir jos teisės sistema išlieka pagrįsta nacionalinėmis konstitucijomis ir yra priklausoma nuo nacionalinių institucijų tiek ES teisės kūrimo, tiek jau priimtos ES teisės įgyvendinimo ir taikymo aspektu. Valstybių narių teisinių sistemų grupavimas (iš pradžių į bendrosios teisės ir kontinentinės (civilinės) teisės) padeda pastebėti jų tarpusavio panašumus ir skirtumus bei daromą įtaką ES teisinei sistemai. Kontinentinė teisė dar skirstoma į: prancūzų, germanų, Skandinavijos šalių šeimos grupes. Pagrindiniai skirtumai tarp bendrosios teisės ir kontinentinės yra: sprendimų priėmimas, teisės aktų kalba, civilinių procesų, įstatymo aiškinimo metodai. Panašumai: kontinentinės teisės nei vienoje valstybėje nėra formaliai įteisinto teisinio principo, kuris įpareigotų teismą laikytis aukštesnio teismo sprendimo, tačiau praktikoje tokio principo daugelyje šalių visgi laikomasi, o štai bendrojoje teisėje vis ryškesnis siekis unifikuoti teisę. Kalbant apie Skandinavijos šalių teisę, tai jos vieningumui buvo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
There are 27 Member States in European Union (EU), and all of them are based on separate legislative, executive and judiciary power. EU is a unique union, which Member States established common institutions, for which they transfer a part of their sovereignty, for the purpose that common questions would be usefully solved at European level. Moreover, there are also separate judiciary system. Actually, EU legal system is not independent, formally EU and its legal system is based on national constitutions and depends on national institutions in creation of EU law, and also depends on realizing of already legislated EU law. Assorting legal systems of Member States is useful, because it helps to see their differences and similarities and also the impact of them to EU legal system. Firstly, dividing legal systems to common law and continental law groups. Latter is divided into French, German and Scandinavian law groups. Basic differences between common law and continental law are: making the decisions, the language of laws, civil process, methods of interpreting law. Similarity is that, nevertheless there are not in continental Europe states officially established principle for lower courts to follow the decision of higher court, but in practice this principle is acknowledged. Another similarity is that in common law there are obvious purpose to unify law with the help of legislator. As to the Scandinavian law, so for this unity of law there were favourable circumstances: common... [to full text]

Svarbiausiomis šeimos vertybėmis studentai nurodo tarpusavio supratimą ir meilę. Idealios šeimos modeliu laiko tokią šeimą, kurioje išpildomos visos funkcijos, vertina lygiaverčius santykius tarp sutuoktinių, pripažįsta tradicinį pasiskirstymą veiklos rūšimis šeimoje. Pasirengimą santuokai lemia ne tik prigimtis, dvasinė branda, bet ir pačio žmogaus nuostata į santuoką ir šeimos kūrimą. Respondentų nuostata į tėvų šeimos patirties įtaką kuriant savąją šeimą tyrimo hipotezės nepatvirtino, nes jaunimas nenorėtų sekti savo tėvų gyvenimo pavyzdžiu ir savo šeimą kurtų pagal savąjį modelį. Šeimos kūrimo motyvai išliko tie patys: meilė pagrindinis santuokos sudarymo motyvas. Pragmatiški santuokos sudarymo motyvai nedominavo.
Mutual understanding and love are indicated by the students as the main family values. The model of an ideal family is considered to be such a family that fulfills all the functions, where equal relations between spouses are valued, where traditional distribution by types of activity in the family is recognized. Readiness for marriage is determined not only by nature, spiritual maturity but also by attitude of the person himself/herself towards marriage and conclusion of family. The attitude of the respondents towards the influence of the parents` experience on creation of their own family has not confirmed the hypothesis of the investigation as the young people wouldn’t like to follow the example of their parent’s life and would create their own family according to their own model. The motives for creation of a family have remained the same: love is the main motive for conclusion of marriage. Pragmatic motives for conclusion of marriage have not dominated.