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Otsubo, Yuki, Shoji Matsumura, Naohiro Ikeda und Osamu Morita. „Hawk-Seq™ differentiates between various mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain caused by exposure to Ames test-positive mutagens“. Mutagenesis 36, Nr. 3 (16.02.2021): 245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geab006.
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Abstract A precise understanding of differences in genomic mutations according to the mutagenic mechanisms detected in mutagenicity data is required to evaluate the carcinogenicity of environmental mutagens. Recently, we developed a highly accurate genome sequencing method, ‘Hawk-Seq™’, that enables the detection of mutagen-induced genome-wide mutations. However, its applicability to detect various mutagens and identify differences in mutational profiles is not well understood. Thus, we evaluated DNA samples from Salmonella typhimurium TA100 exposed to 11 mutagens, including alkylating agents, aldehydes, an aromatic nitro compound, epoxides, aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We extensively analysed mutagen-induced mutational profiles and studied their association with the mechanisms of mutagens. Hawk-Seq™ sensitively detected mutations induced by all 11 mutagens, including one that increased the number of revertants by approximately 2-fold in the Ames test. Although the sensitivity for less water-soluble mutagens was relatively low, we increased the sensitivity to obtain high-resolution spectra by modifying the exposure protocol. Moreover, two epoxides indicated similar 6- or 96-dimensional mutational patterns; likewise, three SN1-type alkylating agents indicated similar mutational patterns, suggesting that the mutational patterns are compound category specific. Meanwhile, an SN2 type alkylating agent exhibited unique mutational patterns compared to those of the SN1 type alkylating agents. Although the mutational patterns induced by aldehydes, the aromatic nitro compound, aromatic amines and PAHs did not differ substantially from each other, the maximum total base substitution frequencies (MTSFs) were similar among mutagens in the same structural groups. Furthermore, the MTSF was found to be associated with the carcinogenic potency of some direct-acting mutagens. These results indicate that our method can generate high-resolution mutational profiles to identify characteristic features of each mutagen. The detailed mutational data obtained by Hawk-Seq™ can provide useful information regarding mutagenic mechanisms and help identify its association with the carcinogenicity of mutagens without requiring carcinogenicity data.
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Ang, Jocelyn, Lisa Yun Song, Sara D'Souza, Irene L. Hong, Rohan Luhar, Madeline Yung und Jeffrey H. Miller. „Mutagen Synergy: Hypermutability Generated by Specific Pairs of Base Analogs“. Journal of Bacteriology 198, Nr. 20 (25.07.2016): 2776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00391-16.
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ABSTRACTWe tested pairwise combinations of classical base analog mutagens inEscherichia colito study possible mutagen synergies. We examined the cytidine analogs zebularine (ZEB) and 5-azacytidine (5AZ), the adenine analog 2-aminopurine (2AP), and the uridine/thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (5BrdU). We detected a striking synergy with the 2AP plus ZEB combination, resulting in hypermutability, a 35-fold increase in mutation frequency (to 53,000 × 10−8) in therpoBgene over that with either mutagen alone. A weak synergy was also detected with 2AP plus 5AZ and with 5BrdU plus ZEB. The pairing of 2AP and 5BrdU resulted in suppression, lowering the mutation frequency of 5BrdU alone by 6.5-fold. Sequencing the mutations from the 2AP plus ZEB combination showed the predominance of two new hot spots for A·T→G·C transitions that are not well represented in either single mutagen spectrum, and one of which is not found even in the spectrum of a mismatch repair-deficient strain. The strong synergy between 2AP and ZEB could be explained by changes in the dinucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools.IMPORTANCEAlthough mutagens have been widely studied, the mutagenic effects of combinations of mutagens have not been fully researched. Here, we show that certain pairwise combinations of base analog mutagens display synergy or suppression. In particular, the combination of 2-aminopurine and zebularine, analogs of adenine and cytidine, respectively, shows a 35-fold increased mutation frequency compared with that of either mutagen alone. Understanding the mechanism of synergy can lead to increased understanding of mutagenic processes. As combinations of base analogs are used in certain chemotherapy regimens, including those involving ZEB and 5AZ, these results indicate that testing the mutagenicity of all drug combinations is prudent.
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Nazarenko, M. M. „The influence of radio-mimetic chemical mutagen on the chromosomal complex of winter wheat cells“. Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, Nr. 2 (07.05.2017): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021744.
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In this article we report the results of our investigation of cytogenetic parameters of changes in the chromosomal complex of new Ukrainian winter wheat varieties and some relationships between values of cytological indexes and different concentrations of DAB (1,4-bis-diazoacetyl butane). Analysis of chromosomal aberrations following mutagenic action of any kind of mutagen by the anaphase method is one of the most widely investigated and most precise methods which can be used to determine the fact of mutagenic action on plants and identify the nature of the mutagen. We combined in our investigation sensitivity of genotype to mutagen using cytological analysis of mutagen treated wheat populations with the corresponding different varieties by breeding methods to reveal their connections and differences, specific sensitivity to mutagenic action on the cell level. Dry seeds of 7 varieties and 1 line of winter wheat were subjected to DAB in 0.1% and 0.2% concentration, which is standard practice for mutation breeding of winter wheat. We investigated rates and spectra of chromosomal aberrations in the cells of the primary root tips of winter wheat during mitosis. The coefficient of correlations between the rate of chromosomal aberrations and the concentration of DAB was at the level 0.6%. Fragments/bridges ratio is a clear and sufficient index for determining the nature of the mutagen agent. We distinguished the following types of chromosomal rearrangements: chromatid and chromosome bridges, single and double fragments, micronuclei, and lagging chromosomes. Investigation of DAB action confirmed the reliability of the fragments-bridges ratio (prevalence of fragments over bridges for chemical mutagens and vice versa for gamma-rays) for identification of the nature of the mutagen. Complicated (or combined) aberrations, micronucleus, lagging chromosomes were not observed for some varieties under DAB action. Genotypes selected after action of chemical mutagens are less sensitive to recurrent mutagenesis with chemical mutagens.
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Moreno, Débora Antunes Neto, Jaqueline de Cássia Proença-Assunção, Anna Paula Farias-de-França, Gabriel Ferreira Dos Santos und Yoko Oshima-Franco. „The antimutagenic potential of Vanillin and Betulin based on the antimutagenicity of Resveratrol“. CONTRIBUCIONES A LAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES 16, Nr. 8 (30.08.2023): 13224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/revconv.16n.8-255.
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Due to daily exposure to several compounds with mutagenic potential, it is extremely important to find antimutagenic agents, as here proposed to vanillin and betulin found in Dipteryx alata plant, evaluated by the Salmonella/microsome assay and resveratrol as reference. The antimutagenicity test employs mutagens that are incubated with a test substance to assess the inhibitory ability of the mutagenicity, interpreted as absent, moderate, or strong when the percentage of inhibition is lower than 25%; between 25 – 40% or greater than 40%, respectively. The assays were carried out in the absence (-S9) and in the presence (+S9) of metabolic activation using conventional mutagens for TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102. Resveratrol strongly inhibited all mutagens from -S9 and +S9. Vanillin moderately inhibited the mutagen of TA97a (-S9), and strongly for all strains in +S9. Betulin moderately inhibited mutagen from TA97a (-S9), strongly for TA100 and TA102 (-S9), and all strains in +S9. The obtained results were all concentration dependent. Concluding, this is an unprecedented study in which all mutagens commonly used in the Salmonella/microsome assay were tested to attribute antimutagenic abilities – from moderate to strong - to vanillin and betulin face to resveratrol, a strong antimutagen.
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Rajkumari, Jinu Devi. „Efficiency and effectiveness of physical and chemical mutagens in Trigonella foenum graecum L“. NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 6, Nr. 1 (2012): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2012.v06i01.013.
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Trigonella foemum graecum L was utilized to study the Chlorophyll mutations, mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness by physical mutagen gamma rays and chemical mutagen EMS. The frequency of chlorophyll mutation in M1 & M2 generation were more in gamma treated plants but the mutation spectra and mutagenic efficiency of EMS was higher than gamma. The most efficient mutagens were 0. 02% EMS, 0.06% EMS and 3KR gamma radiation to induce mutation in T. foenum graceum L.
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Mullainathan, L., und S. Umavathi. „Induced Mutagenesis in Cicer arietinum“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 12 (März 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.12.1.
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The traditional varieties of chick pea have low potentiality and restricted variability with respect to economic characters. Broadening the genetic base for crop improvement can be quickly achieved through induced mutagenesis. The present study was undertaken in order to comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens on Cicer arietinum. In this regard, Co – 4 variety of chick pea was subjected to different dose/concentration of Gamma rays (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kR) and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mM) for inducing mutation. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was calculated based on biological damage in M1 and chlorophyll mutations in M2. The results indicated that, mutagenic effectiveness increased with the increase in dose/concentration of mutagen. Intermediate treatments in general were found more efficient in causing less biological damage and inducing maximum amount of mutations. It shows that the chemical mutagens are more effective and efficient than physical mutagen for inducing mutation in Chick pea
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Mullainathan, L., und S. Umavathi. „Induced Mutagenesis in <i>Cicer arietinum</i>“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 12 (14.03.2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-cp3s6r.
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The traditional varieties of chick pea have low potentiality and restricted variability with respect to economic characters. Broadening the genetic base for crop improvement can be quickly achieved through induced mutagenesis. The present study was undertaken in order to comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens on Cicer arietinum. In this regard, Co – 4 variety of chick pea was subjected to different dose/concentration of Gamma rays (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kR) and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mM) for inducing mutation. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was calculated based on biological damage in M1 and chlorophyll mutations in M2. The results indicated that, mutagenic effectiveness increased with the increase in dose/concentration of mutagen. Intermediate treatments in general were found more efficient in causing less biological damage and inducing maximum amount of mutations. It shows that the chemical mutagens are more effective and efficient than physical mutagen for inducing mutation in Chick pea
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Langová, M., Z. Polívková, P. Šmerák, J. Bártová und I. Bárta. „Antimutagenic effect of resveratrol“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 23, No. 5 (15.11.2011): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3392-cjfs.
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Evidence exists from population-based and laboratory studies that some phytochemicals have protective effects against tumors or other diseases and reveal antimutagenic activity. We studied the protective effect of the plant phytoallexin resveratrol on the mutagenic activity of three mutagens, i.e. aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]qui-noline (IQ) and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) using the Ames and the micronucleus tests. In the Ames test, we proved a significant antimutagenic activity only against the indirect mutagens AFB<sub>1</sub> and IQ, not against the direct mutagen MNU. A significant decrease of mutagenicity of all three mutagens was detected by the micronucleus test.
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Nagarajan*, Prabhu, Vigneshwari Ramakrishnan Sundaramoorthy und Joseph Pushpa Innocent Danialas. „Antimutagenic effects of compounds obtained from Eclipta alba linn. against strains of Salmonella typhimurium“. International Journal of Bioassays 1, Nr. 10 (16.10.2012): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2012.10.009.
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In this experimental study, antimutagenic activity of compounds obtained from Eclipta alba Linn was screened by using Ames assay for detecting direct mutagenic activity and those requiring the metabolic activation. The crude compound extracted from Eclipta alba was considered as antimutagen and analyzed in this experiment. Two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA163 and TA96 were used to analyze the test. These two strains are confirmed as histidine requiring mutant strains. When the mutagen is added to the culture, the strain is mutated back, thereby loosing the histidine dependence for its growth. By this study, the crude compound of Eclipta alba prevents the strain to be mutated back to the non dependence for the genotyping of the Salmonella strains were performed by histidine requirement, rfa mutation analysis, UVrB mutation, R-factor analysis toxicity tests and antimutagenicity assay. The antimutagens obtained from the plant extract were determined for antimutagenic activity against direct acting mutagens and mutagen needing activation. For direct acting mutagens, NPD (N- nitro-o-phenyl diamine), MNNG (N- methyl-N-nitro-N-nitro soguanidine) and NaNa3 (sodium azide) with 1mg of the plant extract gives 98%, 95.2% and 90.7% inhibition the reverted colonies were observed whereas the mutagen needing activation 2-AAf (2-acetyl aminofluorine) gives 96.6% inhibition was observed. These above results indicated that the extract could inhibit the mutagenicity induced by direct acting mutagens as well as mutagens needing activation. Thus the extracts isolated from the test plant have possibility of antimutagenic activity of compound and further biochemicals extracted from the test plant will be analyzed.
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Šmerák, P., H. Šestáková, Z. Polívková, I. Bárta, B. Turek, J. Bártová, M. Langová und M. Anděl. „Antimutagenic effect of ellagic acid and its effect on the immune response in mice“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 20, No. 5 (19.11.2011): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3530-cjfs.
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Using the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test and an in vivo micronucleus test, we investigated the antigenotoxic effect of ellagic acid on the genotoxicity of three mutagens: amino-methylimidazo-quinoline (IQ), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU). Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring phenolic compound which is found in a variety of soft fruits and vegetables. The effect of this compound on the immunosuppressive activity of mutagens was followed in vivo by the chemiluminescence test. In the Ames assay, ellagic acid at concentrations of 300 and 30 μg/plate demonstrably inhibits the mutagenic activity of two indirect mutagens: IQ and AFB1. The concentration of 300 μg/plate had the strongest effect on mutagenicity of all concentrations of IQ in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium, whereas in strain TA100 concentration of 30 μg per dish of ellagic acid was more effective than 300 μg per plate. Also in combination with different concentrations of AFB1, ellagic acid proved to be a strong antimutagen. In this case the lower of the two effective concentrations – 30 μg/plate – had a much greater antimutagenic effect on both strains tested than 300 μg/plate. In combination with the direct mutagen MNU, ellagic acid did not show any marked antimutagenic effect at most of the concentrations tested in strain TA100. Only the highest concentrations of ellagic acid reduced the mutagenic effect of MNU weakly and only in combination with two lower concentrations of MNU. In the micronucleus test, three-day oral application of ellagic acid prior to the applicaton of AFB1, IQ, or MNU, respectively, markedly reduced the numbers of micronuclei induced by these three mutagens in polychromatophilic erythrocytes of mice. Chemiluminescence test with mouse granulocytes proved that ellagic acid not only prevents the inhibitory effects of mutagens on free oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide production, but that this production is stimulated by ellagic acid in combination with mutagens even to a greater extent than by ellagic acid alone. From these results we can deduce that ellagic acid repairs strong immunosuppressive effects of all mutagens applied.
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KRONE, CHERYL A., und WAYNE T. IWAOKA. „Commercial Food Processing Operations and Mutagen Formation“. Journal of Food Protection 50, Nr. 2 (01.02.1987): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.2.167.
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Thermally-induced bacterial mutagens are formed when foods are processed by some commercial food preservation techniques. The processes which involve longer times and higher temperatures are most likely to produce mutagens (e.g., canning and evaporative concentration). Pasteurization and spray drying processes possess a low potential for creation of mutagens. The types of food products with the greatest tendency to contain mutagens following heat treatments are muscle foods such as canned meats and fish. Canned beef broth, chili, hash, roast beef, pink and red salmon, and mackerel contain substances which induce mutation rates up to 20 times higher than spontaneous revertant colonies in the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Using canned pink salmon as a representative product, reprocessing increased mutagen content, whereas addition of Maillard-browning reaction inhibitors led to significant decreases in mutagen formation. Even though thermally-induced mutagens can arise during household cooking (e.g., frying and charcoal grilling), the consumer can choose to minimize their production through use of lower temperature methods such as boiling, steaming or microwave heating. This option is not available to the consumer of commercially canned foods. Hence, further research into the reduction of mutagen formation during thermal processing is needed.
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G, Parthasarathi, Sugitha Thankappan, M. Arumugam Pillai, R. Kannan, S. Merina Prem Kumari und Asish K. Binodh. „INDUCED GENETIC VARIABILITY IN SESAME (Sesamum indicum L): A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND EMS IN SEED GERMINATION, POLLEN VIABILITY AND CHLOROPHYLL MUTANTS“. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, Nr. 6 (30.12.2020): 774–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(6).774.788.
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The present study envisaged the effects of two mutagens, gamma rays and EMS on the phenotypes of two sesame varieties viz., TMV7 and SVPR1. A known quantity of dry, uniform, and healthy seeds of TMV7 and SVPR 1 were irradiated using Co60 (Cobalt 60) with different doses (250, 300, 350, 400, 450 Gy) of gamma rays. For chemical mutagenesis, different concentrations of EMS @ 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60% was used and treated for 8 h. The dose-response curve of the probit analysis showed that the optimal lethal dose for SVPR1was lower than TMV7. The expected LD50 values of gamma radiation for TMV 7 and SVPR1 were 403.91Gy and 343.84Gy, respectively. For EMS, the expected LD50 values are 0.525 % and 0.276% for TMV7 and SVPR1 respectively. Germination and pollen fertility declined linearly with an increase in dose or concentration of the mutagens. Three classes of chlorophyll mutants viz., xantha, chlorine, and viridis in M2 generation reveals a dose dependent relationship between mutagens and frequency of chlorophyll mutants. Mutagenic effectiveness was higher at lower doses whereas mutagenic efficiency was observed higher at extremity doses in both the varieties. The overall considerations on M1 generation effects showed that SVPR1was highly sensitive to gamma rays and TMV7 produced more viable mutationsthan SVPR1. The current studies suggest gamma rays as an efficient mutagen to induce essential mutations in TMV7 for the further crop improvement program.
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Uchinomiya, Kouki, und Masanori Tomita. „A mathematical model for cancer risk and accumulation of mutations caused by replication errors and external factors“. PLOS ONE 18, Nr. 6 (14.06.2023): e0286499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286499.
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Replication errors influence mutations, and thus, lifetime cancer risk can be explained by the number of stem-cell divisions. Additionally, mutagens also affect cancer risk, for instance, high-dose radiation exposure increases lifetime cancer risk. However, the influence of low-dose radiation exposure is still unclear because this influence, if any, is very slight. We can assess the minimal influence of the mutagen by virtually comparing the states with and without mutagen using a mathematical model. Here, we constructed a mathematical model to assess the influence of replication errors and mutagens on cancer risk. In our model, replication errors occur with a certain probability during cell division. Mutagens cause mutations at a constant rate. Cell division is arrested when the number of cells reaches the capacity of the cell pool. When the number of cells decreases because of cell death or other reasons, cells resume division. It was assumed that the mutations of cancer driver genes occur stochastically with each mutation and that cancer occurs when the number of cancer driver gene mutations exceeds a certain threshold. We approximated the number of mutations caused by errors and mutagens. Then, we examined whether cancer registry data on cancer risk can be explained only through replication errors. Although the risk of leukemia was not fitted to the model, the risks of esophageal, liver, thyroid, pancreatic, colon, breast, and prostate cancers were explained only by replication errors. Even if the risk was explained by replication errors, the estimated parameters did not always agree with previously reported values. For example, the estimated number of cancer driver genes in lung cancer was larger than the previously reported values. This discrepancy can be partly resolved by assuming the influence of mutagen. First, the influence of mutagens was analyzed using various parameters. The model predicted that the influence of mutagens will appear earlier, when the turnover rate of the tissue is higher and fewer mutations of cancer driver genes were necessary for carcinogenesis. Next, the parameters of lung cancer were re-estimated assuming the influence of mutagens. The estimated parameters were closer to the previously reported values. than when considering only replication errors. Although it may be useful to explain cancer risk by replication errors, it would be biologically more plausible to consider mutagens in cancers in which the effects of mutagens are apparent.
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Cassand, Pierrette, Hasnaa Abdelali, Christine Bouley, Gerard Denariaz und Jean F. Narbonne. „Inhibitory effect of dairy products on the mutagenicities of chemicals and dietary mutagens“. Journal of Dairy Research 61, Nr. 4 (November 1994): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900028478.
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SummaryThe antimutagenic effects of uninoculated milk and milks cultured with Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus strains towards the mutagenicity induced by two direct mutagens, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and 2-nitrofluorene, and three dietary indirect mutagens, aflatoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene and quercetin, were investigated using the in vitro Salmonella typhimurium test. Each cultured milk sample and control milk had a significant antimutagenic effect, to an extent varying with the mutagen used. Uninoculated milk had a greater inhibitory effect than cultured milks towards dietary indirect mutagens.
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Wani, Mohammad Rafiq. „Characterization of chlorophyll deficient mutants in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)“. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, Nr. 4 (31.12.2020): 1013–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i4.52532.
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A wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutants was obtained in M2 generation following mutagenesis with MMS, HZ and SA. All these chlorophyll deficient mutants were lethal except maculata, viridis and virescent. MMS treatments induced the highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations followed by HZ and SA. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations was dose dependent and increased with increasing concentrations of all the three mutagens utilized. Chlorina followed by xantha outnumbered the other types of chlorophyll mutants with all the three mutagens. Based on effectiveness, the order of mutagens was HZ > SA > MMS. Two criteria viz., pollen sterility (Mp/S) and seedling injury (Mp/I) were taken into consideration to determine the efficiency of the mutagens. With regard to these criteria, MMS mutagen was found to be the most efficient followed by HZ and SA. Lower concentrations of all the three mutagens were most effective and efficient in inducing chlorophyll mutations.
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Polívková, Z., M. Langová, P. Šmerák, B. Bártová und I. Bárta. „Antimutagenic effect of genistein“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 3 (12.11.2011): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3306-cjfs.
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A great variety of health benefits including the protection against breast and prostate cancers has been attributed to the soya consumption, because of the presence of soy beans isoflavones, genistein, and others. We investigated the antigenotoxic effect of genistein on the genotoxicity of three mutagens and carcinogens – aflatoxine B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), using the Ames bacterial mutagenicity test and the micronucleus test. In the Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium, a significant antimutagenic effect was determined against the indirect mutagen AFB<sub>1 </sub>in two strains, TA98 and TA100. However, the effect on the IQ indirect mutagenicity was more pronounced in the test with TA98 than with TA100. The mutagenicity of the direct mutagen MNU was suppressed by genistein only at its highest concentration used (300 µg/plate). The protective effect of genistein against all three mutagens was proved in the micronucleus test as the treatment of mice with the combinations of genistein and mutagens resulted in a significant reduction of the number of micronuclei in comparison with the number of micronuclei induced by the individual mutagens alone.
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Türkoğlu, Aras, Kamil Haliloğlu, Metin Tosun, Henryk Bujak, Barış Eren, Fatih Demirel, Piotr Szulc et al. „Ethyl Methanesulfonate (EMS) Mutagen Toxicity-Induced DNA Damage, Cytosine Methylation Alteration, and iPBS-Retrotransposon Polymorphisms in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)“. Agronomy 13, Nr. 7 (29.06.2023): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071767.
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The use of mutagens in plant breeding is used to create new germplasm, increase agricultural yield, quality, and resistance to diseases and pests. Mutagens are physical or chemical factors that can alter the DNA or RNA structure of an organism, causing mutations above the expected level. One of the most common and potent chemical mutagens is EMS (ethyl-methane sulfonate), which produces point mutations in plants, but to a lesser degree can also cause the loss or deletion of a chromosomal region. This study used inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and coupled restriction enzyme digestion inter-primer binding site (CRED-iPBS) technique analysis to determine the effect of EMS mutagens on methylation rates in wheat genotypes at seedling growth stage. Treatments with five different EMS concentrations (0%; control, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4%) at four different times (0; control, 3, 6, and 9 h) were used. Inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers were employed to assess genomic instability and cytosine methylation in treated wheat. In seeds treated with EMS at different concentrations and times, the disappearance of regular bands and the formation of new bands due to the effects of the EMS mutagen revealed that genetic diversity exists. The CRED-iPBS analysis revealed that the 3 h + 0.1% EMS treatment produced the highest MspI polymorphism value (19.60%), while the 9 h + 0.1% EMS treatment produced the lowest value (10.90%). The mutagenic effects of EMS treatments had considerable polymorphism on a variety of impacts on the cytosine methylation and genomic instability of wheat. According to the current research, EMS mutagenesis may be a practical method for accelerating breeding programs to produce enough genetic diversity in wheat populations. Mutation-assisted breeding and the subsequent selection of desirable mutants using genetic markers may also be carried out in wheat utilizing an integrated strategy.
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Nakamuro, K., H. Ueno und Y. Sayato. „Evaluation of Mutagenicity of Municipal River Water Concentrated Using XAD Resin Column Method“. Water Science and Technology 25, Nr. 11 (01.06.1992): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0305.
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The physico-chemical and mutagenic properties of organic concentrates from the Yodo river water were investigated using XAD resin column method with XAD-2, XAD-4 and XAD-8 under various adsorptive and desorptive conditions. XAD resin concentrates showed to be directly and indirectly frameshift mutagenic. Organic mutagens in the Yodo river water were almost absorbed to XAD-2 resin and then desorbed effectively with CH2Cl2. The physico-chemical properties of these concentrates were acidic and hydrophobic. Additionally organic mutagens which possess basic and hydrophilic properties may contribute to the mutagenicity.
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Kishida, M., T. Kumabe, H. Takanashi, T. Nakajima, A. Ohki, Y. Miyake und T. Kameya. „Chlorination by-products of fenitrothion“. Water Science and Technology 62, Nr. 1 (01.07.2010): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.264.
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The mutagens produced through chemical reaction between chlorine and the insecticide fenitrothion were studied by using a quadrupole GC-MS. The mutagenicity and the mutagen formation potential (MFP) of the identified by-products were evaluated by the Ames assay (preincubation method) using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 without exogenous activation by S9 mix (TA100-S9). Before conducting GC/MS analyses, six compounds were presumed to be produced in chlorinated fenitrothion. These compounds were confirmed to be produced by the GC/MS analyses, but none of them were mutagenic. One of the chlorination by-products, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, has 19 times greater MFP than that of fenitrothion. This result suggests that a major mutagen in chlorinated fenitrothion will be produced via a chemical reaction between chlorine and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol.
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Degtyareva, I. A., E. V. Babynin und E. A. Prishchepenko. „Nanostructured minerals developed to be used as fertilizers: biosafety evaluation“. Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 12, Nr. 3 (07.10.2022): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2022-12-3-438-446.
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Natural zeolites are effectively used as fertilizers, substrates, and pesticide carriers, as well as sorbents in the remediation of contaminated soils. Since nanostructured minerals exhibit unique physicochemical properties, they must be tested for toxicity and genotoxicity prior to their use in practice. The mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of a nanostructured water-zeolite suspension were first tested using two bacterial test systems: Ames test and SOS-lux test. According to the obtained data, the nanostructured water-zeolite suspension exhibits no mutagenic activity within the analyzed concentration range (0.75–400 µg/mL). In order to assess the antimutagenic activity of the nanostructured water-zeolite suspension, different types of mutagens were selected: mitomycin C, ethyl methanesulfonate, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, as well as DNA-damaging agents (ofloxacin and hydrogen peroxide). A significant antimutagenic effect of the nanostructured water-zeolite suspension at 200 μg/mL was shown against mitomycin C in the SOS-lux test (50.0% inhibition of mutagenic activity) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in the Ames test (62.0% inhibition). For the other mutagens, a weak antimutagenic effect was observed (17.0% for ethyl methanesulfonate), while no antimutagenic effect was reported for ofloxacin and hydrogen peroxide. These differences can be attributed to the negative charge in zeolites, meaning that they can capture only positive (or neutral) molecules. Therefore, the antimutagenic effect of the nanostructured water-zeolite suspension depends on the charge of the mutagen molecule. According to the obtained results, the nanostructured water-zeolite suspension can be considered environmentally friendly, which allows it to be used for agro-industrial purposes as a fertilizer in the production of crops.
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Hovhannisyan, Galina, Tigran Harutyunyan, Rouben Aroutiounian und Thomas Liehr. „DNA Copy Number Variations as Markers of Mutagenic Impact“. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, Nr. 19 (24.09.2019): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194723.
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DNA copy number variation (CNV) occurs due to deletion or duplication of DNA segments resulting in a different number of copies of a specific DNA-stretch on homologous chromosomes. Implications of CNVs in evolution and development of different diseases have been demonstrated although contribution of environmental factors, such as mutagens, in the origin of CNVs, is poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about mutagen-induced CNVs in human, animal and plant cells. Differences in CNV frequencies induced by radiation and chemical mutagens, distribution of CNVs in the genome, as well as adaptive effects in plants, are discussed. Currently available information concerning impact of mutagens in induction of CNVs in germ cells is presented. Moreover, the potential of CNVs as a new endpoint in mutagenicity test-systems is discussed.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. „Developing of Bacterial Mutagenic Assay System for Detection of Environmental and Food MutagensV – Using Anticancer Drug Cyclophosphamide“. Baghdad Science Journal 5, Nr. 4 (07.12.2008): 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.5.4.500-512.
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G-system composed of three isolates G3 ( Bacillus),G12 ( Arthrobacter )and G27 ( Brevibacterium) was used to detect the mutagenicity of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP) under conditions similar to that used for standard mutagen, Nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The CP effected the survival fraction of isolates after treatment for 15 mins using gradual increasing concentrations, but at less extent comparing to NTG. The mutagenic effect of CP was at higher level than that of NTG when using streptomycin as a genetic marker, but the situation was reversed when using rifampicin resistant as a report marker. The latter effect appeared upon recording the mutagen efficiency (ie., number of induced mutants/microgram of mutagen). Measuring the Relative mutability revealed that isolate G12 was highly mutable by both mutagens. The Relative mutational results showed also that isolate G12 is more sensitive, except when recording rifampicin resistance as a genetic marker, and this pattern was similar to NTG.
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Al-Khafaji, Zahra M., Elham A. Kalaf und Gaith L. Al-Azawi. „Developing of Bacterial Mutagenic Assay System for Detection of Environmental and Food MutagensV – Using Anticancer Drug Cyclophosphamide“. Baghdad Science Journal 5, Nr. 4 (07.12.2008): 500–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2008.5.4.500-512.
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G-system composed of three isolates G3 ( Bacillus),G12 ( Arthrobacter )and G27 ( Brevibacterium) was used to detect the mutagenicity of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP) under conditions similar to that used for standard mutagen, Nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The CP effected the survival fraction of isolates after treatment for 15 mins using gradual increasing concentrations, but at less extent comparing to NTG. The mutagenic effect of CP was at higher level than that of NTG when using streptomycin as a genetic marker, but the situation was reversed when using rifampicin resistant as a report marker. The latter effect appeared upon recording the mutagen efficiency (ie., number of induced mutants/microgram of mutagen). Measuring the Relative mutability revealed that isolate G12 was highly mutable by both mutagens. The Relative mutational results showed also that isolate G12 is more sensitive, except when recording rifampicin resistance as a genetic marker, and this pattern was similar to NTG.
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Hubanova, Yu S. „Evaluation of informativeness of mutation groups of Nigella damascena L. M2 generation“. Plant varieties studying and protection 19, Nr. 1 (30.03.2023): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21498/2518-1017.19.1.2023.277767.
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Purpose. To carry out a mathematical and statistical evaluation of the mutagenesis data of the M2 generation of Nigella damascena varieties ‘Berehynia’ and ‘Charivnytsia’ in order to identify relationships between groups of mutations and mathematical justification of their use in the process of further analysis and selection of hereditary changes of mutant plants. Methods. Seeds of the varieties ‘Berehynia’ and ‘Charivnytsia’ were treated with chemical mutagens. The mutations identified by visual observation of the plants at different stages of their growth and development were divided into eight groups. In each group of each treatment option, the frequency of mutations was calculated as a function of the type of mutagen, its concentration and exposure time. The mathematical and statistical evaluation of the results was carried out using the MS Excel analysis package and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results. The mutational difference in the M2 generation between eight groups of Nigella damascena varieties ‘Berehynia’ and ‘Charivnytsia’ under the influence of the mutagens ethyl methanesulfonate, nitrosomethylurea and the new chemical mutagen DG-2 (a complex of 3-N,N-dimethylamino sulfonane with dimethyl) was identified and evaluated. It was found that the correlation value of the mutagenic effects ranged from 0.437 to 0.752 with significance levels from 3.540 ´ 10–5 to 0.037. The following groups of mutations can be considered informative: stem, shoot and leaf structures; flower structure; colour of the corolla petals; structure of the capsule; physiological changes in the process of growth and development. Conclusions. The effect of the mutagens EMS, NMU in concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% and DG-2 in concentrations of 0.5 and 0.05% was determined on Nigella damascena varieties ‘Berehynia’ and ‘Charivnytsia’ after exposure for 6 and 16 hours. Mutations in the structure of the stem, shoots and leaves, the colour of the petals of the corolla, the structure of the flower and capsule, and those causing a violation of chlorophyll synthesis should be considered informative.
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Ostojic, Bojana, und Dragana Djordjevic. „The role of molecular properties of mononitrofluoranthenes to their mutagenic activity: Insight from ab initio and DFT calculations“. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, Nr. 8 (2019): 861–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190509045o.
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The molecular properties of the environmental mutagens nitrofluoranthenes (NFs; 1-, 2-, 3-, 7- and 8-NF), such as (hyper)polarizability, dipole moment, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), spectroscopic characteristics, magnetic index (NICS) and others, obtained by means of ab initio (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) approaches have been correlated with the observed mutagenic activities. A very good linear correlation (Rav = 0.99) between average polarizability (<?>) and experimental mutagenic activities of NFs in different Salmonella typhimurium strains from two independent experimental studies (Vance and Levin, Environ. Mutagen. 6 (1984) 797 and Zielinska et al., Mutation Res. 206 (1988) 131) was established. Higher values of polarizability derivatives with respect to the vsNO+CN vibrational coordinate for 8-NF and 3-NF compared to 1-NF and 7-NF and, consequently, higher Raman activities in the spectra that are in correlation with mutagenic activities, implicate significant intermolecular interactions along this vibrational coordinate. The results indicate that the binding of NFs to enzymes is the main step in mutagenic pathway of these nitro derivatives.
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Ariraman, M., T. Bharathi und D. Dhanavel. „Studies on the effects of mutagens on cytotoxicity behaviour in Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) Var.CO-7.“ Journal of Applied and Advanced Research 1, Nr. 1 (18.06.2016): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2016.v1i1.10.
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The cytological studies provide more information regarding the response of a genotype to the particular mutagen and also provide chances to select desirable characters. The seeds of pigeon pea were subjected to different doses and concentrations of gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS). The effects of different mutagenic treatments on mitosis chromosomal behavior have been studied in both the mutagens. Different types of mitotic aberrations like stickiness, precocious movement, bridge, clumping of chromosome and laggards, etc., were observed in all the treatments. However, the gamma rays treatments proved to be more effective in inducing mitotic aberrations as compared to EMS. The frequency of laggard was high when compared to other mitotic aberrations. The reduction in mitotic index and relative deviation rate frequency were observed with increase in doses and conc. of both the mutagenic treatments and gamma rays were found to be more effective than EMS treatments.
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Bhat, Navya, M. R. Dinesh, H. S. Vageeshbabu, G. C. Acharya, S. N. Dash und S. C. Swain. „Determination of mutagenic sensitivity and its manifestations on papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Arka Prabhath“. Journal of Horticultural Sciences 18, Nr. 1 (30.06.2023): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v18i1.2143.
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Papaya is an important fruit crop of the family Caricaceae which needs the improvement in terms of virus resistance and shelf life with dwarf stature. Mutation breeding technique has been considered as an efficient tool adopted by plant breeders to create variability in papaya. The mutation frequency and population structure of the mutants directly depend upon the type of mutagen and the time of exposure. Irrespective of the used mutagens, the ultimate induced mutations are random and therefore determination of mutagenic sensitivity is important pre-requisite. Based on this, investigation on the induction of mutation in papaya cv. Arka Prabhath was carried out with the objective of creating genetic variability through physical mutagen. In this study, papaya seeds were irradiated with five different dose of gamma rays ranging from 50 Gy to 500 Gy. The results revealed that gradual reduction in germination, survival of seedlings and delayed germination with increase in dosage of gamma rays. Based on probit analysis, LD50 (Lethal dose) was fixed at 186.24 Gy. Total seven types of chlorophyll mutants were observed as a result of mutation. Mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness were higher in a lower dose of gamma treatment (50 Gy).
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Wolz, Lucie, Günter Krause und Gerhard Scherer. „The Comet Assay with MCL-5 Cells as an Indicator of Genotoxic Treatment with Chemicals and Cigarette Smoke Condensate“. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 30, Nr. 3 (Mai 2002): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290203000311.
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The metabolically competent human lymphoblastoid cell line MCL-5 was treated with a panel of mutagens to assess the induction of DNA damage. Treatment effects were observed by monitoring cell proliferation and by single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The direct-acting mutagens benzo[ a]pyrene-7,8-diol 9, 10-epoxide (BPDE) and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), as well as pro-mutagens requiring metabolic activation, i.e. benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyri-dine (PhIP), 4- N-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and cigarette-smoke condensate (CSC), were assayed by SCGE. Assay schemes were adapted for the MCL-5 cell line and for low levels of strand break induction, by inclusion of the DNA synthesis inhibitors cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea, and by extending the electrophoresis time. For all mutagens tested, dose-dependent increases of median and average tail moment values among 50 nucleoids per slide were observed. The determining factors for selecting the treatment doses for mutation-induction experiments were the solubility of BaP and PhIP in the exposure medium, and the cytotoxicity exhibited by BPDE, MNNG and CSC. Induction of DNA strand breaks was obtained at mutagen concentrations permitting sufficient cell proliferation, except in the case of MNNG.
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Kim, Eun J., Anna M. Matuszek, Bo Yu und Jóhannes Reynisson. „Theoretical Investigations into the Role of Aryl Nitrenium Ions' Stability on Their Mutagenic Potential“. Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, Nr. 7 (2011): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11043.
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By using Mulliken and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) methods based on the density functional theory (DFT), partial charges of exocyclic nitrogen atoms were calculated for nitrenium ions formed from 201 known drugs and 50 Ames positive (mutagenic) compounds containing aryl amine and nitro moieties. The statistical difference of the partial charges was analysed based on the hypothesis that the mutagens have a more negative charge on their exocyclic nitrogen atom resulting in stable nitrenium ions, and thus a longer lifetime to react selectively with DNA; whereas known drugs are not in general mutagenic and therefore have a relatively more positive partial charge. The nitrenium ions with 1° amine parent compounds did not show a statistical difference between drugs and mutagens based on the Mulliken charges. A slight difference was observed in the NBO data where the drugs have more negative partial charge on their exocyclic nitrogen atoms compared with the mutagens. Interestingly, nitrenium ions with aryl nitro drugs as their parent compounds have more negative charge on the exocyclic nitrogen compared with the other drug classes. Aryl nitro drugs are relatively scarce and are often linked to genotoxicity, which fits with the hypotheses proposed. These results indicate that other physical properties besides the stability of the nitrenium ions are important to determine the mutagenic potential of aryl amine and nitro containing compounds.
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Rajendran, Rajam, und Yoshiyuki Ohta. „Binding activity of Natto (a fermented food) and Bacillus natto isolates to mutagenic-carcinogenic heterocyclic amines“. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, Nr. 10 (01.10.2001): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-094.
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The fermented food, whole meal Natto, viscous polymeric material from Natto, Natto bean, cooked soya bean, and 28 bacterial isolates from Natto were studied for their binding capacity to foodborne mutagenic-carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. The mutagenic heterocyclic amines used were Trp-P-1 (3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole); Trp-P-2 (3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido(4,3-b)indole); Glu-P-1 (2-amino-6-methyldipyrido(1,2-a:3'2'-d)imidazole); PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine); IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline); MeIQ (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline); MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline); and MeAαC (2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido(2,3)indole). The lyophilized Natto and other fractions of Natto exhibited high binding activity towards Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, PhIP, and MeAαC, while Glu-P-1, IQ, and MeIQ were not effectively bound. The binding capacity of bacterial isolates (Bacillus natto) were isolate-mutagen dependent. Heat treated lyophilized cells, cell wall, and cytoplasmic contents of the bacterial isolate with the highest binding capacity were analyzed for their ability to bind different heterocyclic amines. The results indicate the importance of the cell wall in binding to heterocyclic amines, whereas the cytoplasmic contents were less effective. Heat-treated cells were not much different from that of viable cells in their binding. The impact of different factors, such as pH, incubation time, metal ions, different concentrations of sodium chloride and alcohol, various enzymes, and acetylation of mutagens on binding of Trp-P-1 and IQ, were discussed. The significance of the present results is also discussed from the viewpoint that Natto, a fermented food, is able to scavenge dietary mutagenic heterocyclic amines through binding.Key words: fermented food, mutagens, heterocyclic amines, Natto, binding.
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S. Sofia, D. M. Reddy, K. H. P. Reddy, P. Latha, B. Ravindra Reddy und M. Sreevalli Devi. „Effectiveness and efficiency of physical and chemical mutagens in inducing viable mutations in M2 generation of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)“. Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Nr. 02 (2024): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i02.054.
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Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and sodium azide (SA) treatments were assessed in two mungbean varieties viz., WGG-42 and LGG-460 in M2 generation. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were calculated in relation to biological damage in M1 and viable mutations in M2 generation. In the present study, viable mutation frequency increased with an increase in dose/concentration of mutagens, EMS showed the highest frequency of viable mutations than gamma rays and SA treatments in both the genotypes. The highest frequency of viable mutations were observed at 600 Gy of gamma rays, 0.6% of EMS and 3 mM of SA. The mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency showed a trend, which was inversely proportional to the increasing dose of mutagens used, EMS treatments were found to be more effective and efficient in inducing viable mutations followed by gamma rays and SA treatments in both the cultivars.
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Bara, Adrianna Wiktoria, Agnieszka Braszewska und Jolanta Kwasniewska. „DNA Methylation—An Epigenetic Mark in Mutagen-Treated Brachypodium distachyon Cells“. Plants 10, Nr. 7 (09.07.2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071408.
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The chromatin structure is significantly influenced by some epigenetic modifications including DNA methylation. The nuclear organization plays an essential role in the cell response to external stresses including mutagens. We present an analysis of the correlation between epigenetic modifications and the instability of the Brachypodium distachyon genome, which are observed as micronuclei, following maleic hydrazide (MH) and nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) treatments. We compared the level of DNA methylation in the control (untreated) and mutagen-treated B. distachyon nuclei. An immunostaining method using specific antibodies against modified DNA anti-5-methylcytosine was used for the evaluation of DNA methylation in a single nucleus and micronucleus. Interestingly, we showed an alteration of DNA methylation in cells after mutagenic treatments. The results indicate that DNA methylation might be involved in the response of the B. distachyon genome to mutagenic treatments. This demonstrates that analyses of the epigenetic modifications should be integrated into current plant genetic toxicology in order to explain the mechanisms of DNA damage and repair in plants.
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Abdul-Hafeez, Essam Y., Nazira S. Karamova und Olga N. Ilinskaya. „Evaluation of mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of stem bark aqueous extracts of eight trees by the bacterial reverse mutation assay“. Ecological genetics 16, Nr. 3 (30.10.2018): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen16355-61.
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Stem bark aqueous extracts of eight woody plants Brachychiton populneus, Ceiba pentandra, Bombax malabaricum, Chorisia speciosa, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia variegata, Kigelia africana and Pinus halepensis were tested for their mutagenic and antimutagenic potential in the Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. The aqueous extracts were neither toxic nor mutagenic in S. typhimurium tester strains. All of the tested extracts showed detectable antimutagenic effect towards the direct acting mutagens 2-nitrofluorene (2-NF) in TA98 as well as sodium azide in TA100. The extract from Kigelia africana was the most effective in reducing the mutagenicity caused by the direct mutagen 2-NF in the TA98 with 85.42% inhibition rate. A. lebbeck stem bark extract demonstrated the highest antimutagenic activity reducing the base substitution mutations rate for strain TA100 by 94.66% in pre-incubation assay. The results obtained showed that the stem bark aqueous extracts tested can protect cells against induced gene mutations.
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Kolar, Firdose R., Swaroopa R. Ghatge, Mansingraj S. Nimbalkar und Ghansham B. Dixit. „Mutational Changes In Delphinium malabaricum (Huth.) Munz.: A Potential Ornamental Plant“. Journal of Horticultural Research 23, Nr. 2 (01.12.2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2015-0012.
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AbstractMutation breeding is an established method used for crop improvement and has played a major role in the development of many new flower color/shape mutant cultivars in ornamentals. The present study is aimed at inducing mutations inDelphinium malabaricumusing chemical mutagens ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), sodium azide (SA) and physical mutagen (gamma rays). It was observed thatD. malabaricummanifested specific reactions to the treatments with EMS, SA and gamma rays. Identification and selection of mutations were carried out in the second generation (M2). A variety of chlorophyll deficient mutants and high percentage of the flower color and morphological mutants were recorded. The maximum frequency of chlorophyll and flower color and morphological mutations were recorded in EMS treated plants when compared to the other two mutagens. The frequency values for the individual mutant types were varied and randomly distributed at different mutagenic treatments. The highest percentage of color mutants arose after treatments with 0.25% of EMS and the lowest at 20 kR of gamma rays. The mutants were quite distinct, as compared to the control and often had more attractive ornamental features compared to the starting material. The major commercial benefit of the application of this technology has so far been obtaining of novel flower mutants that can be used as an initial material for further breeding of new cultivars.
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Totušek, J., D. Lefnerová, M. Kyseláková, J. Balík, J. Veverka, J. Tříska und N. Vrchotová. „Antimutagenic activity of raw materials and by-products by production of grape wines“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 26, Special Issue (10.02.2009): S55—S59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/247/2008-cjfs.
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The inhibition of mutagenicity was assessed by Ames test by bacterial strains <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> TA98 and TA100 using two mutagens and methanolic extracts of healthy fresh berries of blue grapevine varieties – St. Laurent, Portugal, André and white varieties – Chardonnay, Welschriesling, Pinot Gris and berries infected with <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> fungus. As model mutagens, two compounds whose presence in food is real, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo-(4.5-f-)-quinoline (IQ), arising from certain heat treatments of meat and acting as indirect mutagen after metabolic activation, and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU) acting as a direct mutagen, were applied. An increased risk of MNU is due to its possible endogenous formation. Fermentation sediment after vinification of the varieties Chardonnay, Welschriesling and André was tested by similar experimental system. All extracts showed strong positive inhibition of mutagenicity, berries infested with Botrytis cinerea also in diluted extracts. Positive inhibition was demonstrated also by fermentation sludge.
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Kaur, Rajbir, Upendra Sharma, Bikram Singh und Saroj Arora. „Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Characteristics of Chukrasia tabularis A Juss Extracts“. International Journal of Toxicology 30, Nr. 1 (19.10.2010): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810385362.
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The current study aims to evaluate the antioxidative and antimutagenic activities of methanol extract and different fractions of Chukrasia tabularis leaves. The antioxidative potential was evaluated using 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) cation and superoxide anion radical-scavenging assay. The antimutagenic potential was evaluated against direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro- o-phenylenediamine and sodium azide; and S9-dependent mutagen, 2-aminofluorene in TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium using Ames assay. It has been found that methanol extract and its fractions were more efficient against S9-dependent mutagen in pre-incubation mode of treatment as compared to direct-acting mutagens in both the strains. Methanol extract and its fractions also exhibited strong radical-scavenging potential. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of methanol extract showed the presence of gallic acid, epicatechin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and rutin. From the study, it could be concluded that antioxidative and antimutagenic activity of methanol extract and its fractions was related to the synergistic interactions among different chemical compounds.
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Yasmin, K., und D. Arulbalachandran. „Gamma irradiation effects on crop plants“. Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, Nr. 8 (25.07.2022): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1708rjbt1260135.
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Mutation breeding has played a crucial role to enhance the world food security, hence new crop varieties induced by the utilization of various mutagens have contributed to the significant enhancement of crop production. In the current scenario, physical mutagen played a vital role to induce more new varieties with desirable traits in crop breeding. Among the physical mutagens, gamma irradiation act as more effective tool to induce new traits in various crop plants. Hence, the present critical review focused to determine the potential effects of gamma irradiation on plant growth, biological and physiological alterations, reactive oxygen species alteration, mutant induction in successive generations, quantitative and qualitative traits alteration in various crop plants.
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Jiang, Li, und Bruce L. Dunn. „Ethyl Methanesulfonate and Caffeine Mutagenetic Treatment to Four Ornamental Silene Species“. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 34, Nr. 4 (01.12.2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-34.4.95.
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Mutagenesis breeding for horticultural crops is valuable not only for creating new cultivars, but also expanding the genetic pool for hybridization. Four Silene species were subjected to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and/or caffeine mutagenesis to obtain valuable ornamental traits and to test the effects of different mutagens and combinations. Species responded differently to the mutagens. Generally, caffeine plus EMS treatments had a greater effect on mutation rate than either treatment applied alone. Caffeine alone was found to enhance seed vigor of S. floscuculi. Caffeine as a plant mutagen should be further investigated to determine the most efficient concentration as well as effects on other plant species, as several desirable mutants were obtained with leaf variegation.
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Jongen, W. M. F., und F. O. Dorgelo. „Naturally occurring carcinogens and modulating factors in food of plant origin.“ Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 34, Nr. 3 (01.08.1986): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v34i3.16793.
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The current state of knowledge concerning the process of carcinogenesis, including the role of initiators and promoters is discussed, and foods of plant origin which contain naturally occurring carcinogens and mutagens are highlighted. Carcinogens and promoters, anticarcinogens and endogenous formation of mutagens and carcinogens are also covered. The mutagenic activity in some foods of plant origin is tabulated and the role of plant breeding in introducing or deleting the carcinogenic or anticarcinogenic properties in these foods is discussed. It is suggested that future research will focus on tumour promotion. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Acésio, Nathália Oliveira, Pollyanna Francielli de Oliveira, Daiane Fernanda Pereira Mastrocola, Ildercílio Mota de Souza Lima, Carla Carolina Munari, Vânia Luiza Ferreira Lucatti Sato, Andressa Aparecida Silva Souza, Lúzio Gabriel Bocalon Flauzino, Wilson Roberto Cunha und Denise Crispim Tavares. „Modulatory Effect of Betulinic Acid on the Genotoxicity Induced by Different Mutagens in V79 Cells“. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8942730.
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Betulinic acid (BA) is a pentacyclic triterpene that can be isolated from many medicinal plants around the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of BA and its effect on the genotoxicity induced by different mutagens in V79 cells using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Different BA concentrations were combined with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), doxorubicin (DXR), camptothecin (CPT), and etoposide (VP-16). The frequencies of micronuclei in cultures treated with different BA concentrations did not differ from those of the negative control. Treatment with BA and MMS resulted in lower micronucleus frequencies than those observed for cultures treated with MMS alone. On the other hand, a significant increase in micronucleus frequencies was observed in cultures treated with BA combined with DXR or VP-16 when compared to these mutagens alone. The results showed no effect of BA on CPT-induced genotoxicity. Therefore, BA was not genotoxic under the present experimental conditions and exerted a different influence on the genotoxicity induced by different mutagens. The modulatory effect of BA depends on the type of mutagen and concentrations used.
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Nazarenko, M. M. „Rates and spectra of chromosome aberrations in winter wheat cells after dimethylsulfate action“. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, Nr. 3 (13.08.2017): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_60.
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In the article we report about our investigation of cytogenetic parameters in chromosomal complex of the new Ukrainian winter wheat varieties and some relations amid value of cytological indexes and different concentrations of DMS (dimethylsulfate). We used the anaphases method for the investigation of chromosomal rearrangements and determination the mutagen action on plants and identification the nature of mutagen. We studied combined the sensitivity of genotype by the cytological analysis of mutagen treated population of wheat and revealed the reaction of different varieties depending upon the way of its origin. This was done for determining its connections and differences on cytogenetics level together with specificity of mutagen action on cell level. Dry seeds of seven varieties and one line of winter wheat were subjected to DMS in 0.0125, 0.025, and 0.05 % concentrations, which are the most useful for winter wheat in terms of genetic investigation programs. We investigated the rates and spectra of chromosomal aberrations in winter wheat (primary roots of tips cells) during the mitosis. We identified the following types of chromosomal rearrangements: chromatid and chromosome bridges, single and double fragments, micronuclei, and lagging chromosomes. Investigation of DMS action confirmed reliability of fragments-bridges ratio (prevalence of fragments under the bridges for chemical mutagens and vice versa for physical mutagens) for the mutagen nature identification.
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Awasthi, Sanjay. „Haploinsufficiency Interactions of RALBP1 and TP53 in Carcinogenesis“. Cancers 13, Nr. 2 (12.01.2021): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13020255.
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Mutagenic environmental chemical or radiant stresses directly damage DNA and amplify the formation of potent endogenous mutagens from lipid peroxidation, leading to cancers that cause millions of deaths and impose enormous financial and social burdens [...]
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Surashe, S. M., H. V. Kalpande und S. B. Borgaonkar. „Study on mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens in inducing chlorophyll mutations in m2 generation in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ]“. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 15, Nr. 2 (15.07.2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/15.2/107-112.
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An investigation was carried out to create the variability generated through induced mutation in two sorghum populations viz., 296 B (Kharif) and Parbhani Moti (Rabi). Two mutagens viz., gamma irradiation (10 kR, 20kR, 30kR and 40kR) and EMS (0.1%EMS, 0.2%EMS, 0.3%EMS and 0.3%EMS) and their combination were used M2 generation. Mutagenic sensitivity in M2 generation on the basis of reduced germination and plant survival revealed a dose dependent reaction and differential response of the populations. In general, chlorophyll mutation frequency expressed on M2 seedling basis increased linearly with doses of three the mutagens in 296 B and Parbhani Moti. The frequency was more in 296 B followed by Parbhani Moti of three mutagens. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutations comprised albina, xantha, viridis, xanthaviridis, chlorina. The most frequently occurred mutant was viridis type followed by chlorina in all the populations. The population 296 B had expressed largest frequency of chlorophyll mutants followed by Parbhani Moti.
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N, NADARAJANI, SETHUPATHI RAMALINGAM R und SIVASAMY N. „BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MUTAGENIC TREATMENTS IN (Cajanus cajan (L.) MILL. Sp.“ Madras Agricultural Journal 72, june (1985): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.a02375.
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Experiments were carried out with two redgram varieties to study the effects of gamma rays and DES on germination, survival, plant height, pollen and seed forti- lity in M, generarion. The germination of seeds and survival of seedlings were gradu- ally reduced by the increase in doses of mutagens. But the reduction was more with gamma rays than DES. The low doses of mutagens slightly increased the plant height on 30th day, while the higher doses reduced the plant height. The height reduction was more at early stage than at later stage for the same dose of muta- gons. In respect of pollen fertility, more reduction was noticed with DES than with gamma rays in the variety SA, 1 and the reverse was the case in CO. 2. DES was more potent in reducing the seed fertility than gamma rays. The mutagenic sensiti- vity not only depends upon the genotype but also on the type of mutagens used.
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Fritsch, C., J. F. Gout, S. Haroon, A. Towheed, C. Chung, J. LaGosh, E. McGann et al. „Genome-wide surveillance of transcription errors in response to genotoxic stress“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, Nr. 1 (21.12.2020): e2004077118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2004077118.
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Mutagenic compounds are a potent source of human disease. By inducing genetic instability, they can accelerate the evolution of human cancers or lead to the development of genetically inherited diseases. Here, we show that in addition to genetic mutations, mutagens are also a powerful source of transcription errors. These errors arise in dividing and nondividing cells alike, affect every class of transcripts inside cells, and, in certain cases, greatly exceed the number of mutations that arise in the genome. In addition, we reveal the kinetics of transcription errors in response to mutagen exposure and find that DNA repair is required to mitigate transcriptional mutagenesis after exposure. Together, these observations have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of mutagenesis in human aging and disease, and suggest that the impact of DNA damage on human physiology has been greatly underestimated.
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Rampal, Geetanjali, Tarunpreet Singh Thind, Adarsh Pal Vig und Saroj Arora. „Antimutagenic Potential of Glucosinolate-Rich Seed Extracts of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italica Plenck)“. International Journal of Toxicology 29, Nr. 6 (23.09.2010): 616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581810379165.
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In the current study, isolation of glucosinolate degradation products was done in 4 different incubation solutions with different pHs based on the fact that distinct hydrolytic products are formed at different pHs. All the extracts were tested against direct-acting mutagens (4 nitro- o-phenylenediamine [NPD]), sodium azide, and indirect-acting mutagen (2-aminofluorene [2AF]). It was observed that extracts inhibited mutagenesis induced by the S9-dependent mutagen (2AF) more significantly than direct-acting mutagens. Two different modes of experimentation (pre-incubation and co-incubation) were used, and it was observed that the extracts showed better results in the pre-incubation mode of experimentation. Out of the 4 extracts tested, 0.1 mol/L of HCl extract was found to be the most effective in inhibiting mutagenesis with both TA 98 and TA 100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. All other extracts also showed pronounced antimutagenic potential. The results of this study indicate the presence of potent antigenotoxic factors in broccoli, which are being explored further for their mechanism of action.
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Šmerák, P., H. Šestáková, Z. Polívková, R. Štětina, M. Langová, BártaI, B. Turek und J. Bártová. „Antimutagenic effect of epigallocatechin gallate and its effect on the immune response in mice“. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 24, No. 4 (12.11.2011): 180–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3315-cjfs.
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Green tea is the second-most consumed beverage in the world (water is the first one) and has been used medicinally for centuries in Indiaand China. The active substances in the green tea are polyphenols (catechins) and flavonols which possess a potent antioxidant activity. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the four major green tea catechins. Using the Ames test, micronucleus test, comet assay, chemiluminescence test, and blastic transformation test, we examined the antimutagenic effects of chemoprotective substance epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in the pure form on the mutagenicity induced by three reference mutagens: aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (AFB<sub>1</sub>), 2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] qui-noline (IQ), and N-nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), and the effect of EGCG on the immunosuppression caused by these mutagens. Using the Ames test the dose dependent antimutagenic activity of EGCG was proved against indirect mutagens AFB<sub>1</sub> and IQ, but not against the direct mutagen MNU. In the micronucleus test, EGCG had antimutagenic effect upon all three mutagens. EGCG decreased the level of DNA breaks induced by AFB<sub>1</sub> in bone marrow cells and colon epithelium, and the level of DNA breaks induced by MNU in colon cells to the level found in control. The reparatory effect of EGCG on immunosupression induced by all three carcinogenic compounds was proved using chemiluminescence and blastic trasformation tests.
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Barshile, J. D. „Frequency and Spectrum of Induced Viable Macromutations in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivar ‘Vishwas’“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 30 (Dezember 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.30.1.
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Present investigation was undertaken to study the frequency and spectrum of induced viable macromutations employing SA, EMS and gamma radiation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar Vishwas (Phule G 5). The seeds of chickpea, cultivar Vishwas were treated with three different concentrations / doses of SA (2, 3 and 4 mM), EMS (8, 12 and 16 mM) and gamma radiations (400, 500 and 600 Gy). The mutagen administered seeds were sown in experimental fields to raise M1 progeny. Seeds of M1 plants and control were harvested separately and sown to raise M2 population. The M2 progeny were screened for viable macromutaions. A wide spectrum of viable macromutations was isolated in the M2 generation. In all twenty four different types of viable morphological macromutations were observed. These included 7 types of plant type mutations and 6 types of leaf mutations, 1 types of flower mutation, 5 types of pod mutation and 5 types of seed mutations. Results indicated that all mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing viable mutations in chickpea, during M2 generation. Differences in response to different mutagens were observed in the spectrum and frequency of viable mutations. Some mutation types occurred more frequently than others. The frequency and spectrum of viable mutations were relatively high with EMS followed by gamma radiation and SA. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made for increasing frequency and spectrum of locally important chickpea cultivar ‘Vishwas’ employing chemical and physical mutagens.
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Barshile, J. D. „Frequency and Spectrum of Induced Viable Macromutations in Chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.) Cultivar ‘Vishwas’“. International Letters of Natural Sciences 30 (14.12.2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-l1h206.
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Present investigation was undertaken to study the frequency and spectrum of induced viable macromutations employing SA, EMS and gamma radiation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivar Vishwas (Phule G 5). The seeds of chickpea, cultivar Vishwas were treated with three different concentrations / doses of SA (2, 3 and 4 mM), EMS (8, 12 and 16 mM) and gamma radiations (400, 500 and 600 Gy). The mutagen administered seeds were sown in experimental fields to raise M1 progeny. Seeds of M1 plants and control were harvested separately and sown to raise M2 population. The M2 progeny were screened for viable macromutaions. A wide spectrum of viable macromutations was isolated in the M2 generation. In all twenty four different types of viable morphological macromutations were observed. These included 7 types of plant type mutations and 6 types of leaf mutations, 1 types of flower mutation, 5 types of pod mutation and 5 types of seed mutations. Results indicated that all mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing viable mutations in chickpea, during M2 generation. Differences in response to different mutagens were observed in the spectrum and frequency of viable mutations. Some mutation types occurred more frequently than others. The frequency and spectrum of viable mutations were relatively high with EMS followed by gamma radiation and SA. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made for increasing frequency and spectrum of locally important chickpea cultivar ‘Vishwas’ employing chemical and physical mutagens.
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Tanaka, Y., N. Shimizu, H. Tsukatani, N. Sera und S. Kitamori. „The mutagenicity of amino-derivatives of diphenyl ether herbicides in new Salmonella typhimurium YG tester strains“. Water Science and Technology 46, Nr. 11-12 (01.12.2002): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0768.
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In this study, we examined the mutagenicity of four diphenyl ether herbicides and their amino derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium TA tester strains and YG tester strains. YG tester strains have been newly developed for sensitive detection of specific chemicals. S. typhimurium YG 1021, YG 1024, YG 1026 and YG 1029 strains are sensitive to mutagenic nitoroarenes and hydroxyamines. S. typhimurium YG 3003 is a strain that is sensitive to some oxidative mutagens. And S. typhimurium YG 7108 is useful for detection of mutagenic alkylating agents. As a result, each amino derivative of diphenyl ether herbicides is more mutagenic than its parent herbicide in S. typhimurium TA and YG tester strains with metabolic activation by S9 mixture. Moreover, S. typhimurium YG tester strains are more useful for highly sensitive detection of mutagens than S. typhimurium TA tester strains. WE also examined the production of amino derivatives in a water environment from parent herbicides. It was clear that diphenyl ether herbicides rapidly transform to amino derivatives in a water environment.