Auswahl der wissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Thema „Munitions non explosées“

This article evaluates the impact of explosives residues left after the explosion of low-detonation munitions on the health of population (children and adults) living on the former battlefield. To determine the toxicological impact of explosives on humans, we used data from artillery shelling near the village of Stepanivka, Donetsk region, during the fighting in 2014. By the number of craters formed on the battlefield and their size, the calibre of the shells and, accordingly, the mass of the explosives were determined. When calculating the mass of unexploded explosives, it was assumed that the number of munitions with low detonation was 2.5%, while the mass of "unburned" explosives in them was 37% from the total. The types of explosives were mixtures of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) - 40% and 1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) - 60%. To assess the toxicological effects of explosives on humans, this study used the EPA's assessment model of health risk. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with the influence of explosives on people were evaluated. The results of the risk assessment suggest that the residual amount of explosives in the soil does not lead to dangerous consequences for the health of people who are living on the territory of the former hostilities. However, the lack of data about the location of explosive objects (unexploded munitions, land mines etc.) into the soil of Donbas does not allow us fully assess their toxicological hazard to humans and the environment. The problem of the toxicological impact of explosive residues on residents and the environment of the Donbas region remains relevant.

Environmental contextExplosive organic compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are major constituents of ammunition materials. These compounds are of environmental concern because they can have a significant impact on ecosystems and humans. Through investigations of adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics, we demonstrate the suitability of pseudographitic carbon for removing TNT and RDX from groundwater, and additionally confirm the viability of the use of pseudographitic carbon through comparison with other adsorbents. Abstract2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) – common explosives in military munitions – can easily enter groundwater supplies and have an adverse impact on human health. There is great concern about the need to remove these explosives from groundwater, and this study presents pseudographitic carbon (PGC) prepared from edible sugar as a material to remove explosives from contaminated groundwater via adsorption. The purity and physicochemical characteristics of the PGC were characterised using advanced spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption mechanism and its efficiency were investigated in terms of the non-linear adsorption kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamics using TNT and RDX adsorption data. The results of the non-linear modelling indicate that TNT and RDX adsorption was determined by rate-limiting monolayer exothermic adsorption on the homogeneous PGC surface. Ionic strength was studied with various ions, and the results indicate that the adsorption of TNT and RDX was significantly influenced by divalent cations and the carbonate anion. The results of desorption and re-use tests indicate that acetone and acetonitrile are the best desorbing agents. The PGC can be recycled and re-used for up to 3 cycles, with insignificant loss in adsorption efficiency. Finally, the PGC was applied to real spiked groundwater to evaluate its applicability in the field in removing TNT and RDX. The overall results indicate that PGC is a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent that effectively removes the organic explosives from groundwater, thereby reducing risk to humans and the aqueous environment.

Du fait de leur profession, les militaires sont particulièrement concernés par la problématique des blessures par arme à feu. Les données sont issues de la surveillance épidémiologique des blessures par arme à feu. Les critères de déclaration étaient : « traumatismes (pénétrants ou non) liés à l’utilisation d’une arme à feu, d’engins explosifs ou pyrotechniques, de munitions, militaires ou civiles, à l’exclusion des traumatismes sonores aigus et des conduites auto-agressives ». Entre 2004 et 2008, le taux d’incidence des blessures par arme à feu était de 21,0 p 100 000 personnes-années. Ces blessures sont survenues majoritairement dans l’armée de Terre et la Gendarmerie et diminuaient significativement avec l’âge. Dans 57,3 % des cas, elles sont survenues en OPEX où elles étaient majoritairement consécutives à des faits de guerre ou d’opérations (85,8 %). Les armes à l’origine des blessures étaient majoritairement des grenades et des roquettes (environ la moitié des blessés déclarés) et les agents vulnérants étaient principalement des éclats et des balles (respectivement 62 % et 28,6 % des blessés). Au total, 43 blessés sont décédés (létalité : 11,8 %) dont 36 (83,3 %) en OPEX (20 en Afghanistan et 11 en RCI). La fiche de déclaration G3 devrait être révisée avec un groupe d’experts du SSA (chirurgiens, médecins d’unité, experts en balistique) afin de mieux prendre en compte des retours d’expérience des théâtres d’opérations et d’adapter la fiche au projet Nato Trauma Registry

The research paper studies current issues and prospects for the formation and implementation of the state policy of combating terrorism. As the author emphasizes, terrorist acts related to the of weapons, munitions or explosives are defined as the most dangerous and destructive consequences, as they pose a real threat to people’s lives and health, and cause the destruction of industrial, economic, or defense facilities. It became especially relevant during the resistance of the Ukrainian people to armed aggression by Russia. Therefore, the relevance of the theoretical and methodological development of particular issues of the concept of “terrorism” is beyond doubt and is the purpose of writing this research paper. The most characteristic features of modern terrorist activity should be considered to be its mostly organized nature, ideological cover for political or self-interested motivation, financing and coordination by non-governmental organizations, representatives of criminal communities or individual states, as well as the use by terrorists of corrupt connections with representatives of state authorities, law enforcement officers, employees of special services of foreign countries and influential persons of the economic and financial segment.

This study aims to better know and understand how the procedure of owning non-organic firearms for civilians to create legal policies that apply in Indonesia. Some things the author has said about the rules applied and how they relate to Islamic law related to the theory of Sadd Al-Dzari'ah which is still new enough to be associated with the title the author conveys. The approach taken in this study is normative juridical using literature or document studies, which are managed through secondary data sources in the form of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials whose type of research is normative law. The results of the study concluded that the legal aspects of firearm ownership based on the investigation of firearms, munitions, and explosives as stated in Police Regulation Number 1 of 2022 regarding the classification of weapons and how the permit procedures must be met for prospective owners of non-organic firearms for special police, PPPNS, Civil Service Police Units, Security Forces or interests for self-defense. Referring to the theory of Sadd Al-Dzariah, Dzari'ah is one of the postulates in establishing the law despite disputed use. There are benefits from the ownership and use of firearms but if the use does not follow the requirements and can cause stability for the owner, then the ideal form of ownership of firearms, based on the theory of the purpose of law provides certainty, justice and benefit for human problems explains the ideal legal framework and law enforcement policy.

Use of landmines as a weapon of unconventional warfare rapidly increased in armed conflicts of the last century and some estimates suggest that least 100 million remain in place across post-conflict nations. Among munitions and explosives of concern (MECs), aerially deployed plastic anti-personnel mines are particularly challenging in terms of their detection and subsequent disposal. Detection and identification of MECs largely relies on the geophysical principles of magnetometry and electromagnetic-induction (EMI), which makes non-magnetic plastic MECs particularly difficult to detect and extremely dangerous to clear. In a recent study we demonstrated the potential of time-lapse thermal-imaging technology to detect unique thermal signatures associated with plastic MECs. Here, we present the results of a series of field trials demonstrating the viability of low-cost unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with infrared cameras to detect and identify the most notorious plastic landmines—the Soviet-era PFM-1 aerially deployed antipersonnel mine. We present results of an experiment simulating analysis of a full-scale ballistic PFM-1 minefield and demonstrate our ability to accurately detect and identify all elements associated with this type of deployment. We report significantly reduced time and equipment costs associated with the use of a UAV-mounted infrared system and anticipate its utility to both the scientific and non-governmental organization (NGO) community.

Des campagnes de terrain ont été menées en automne 2006 dans la portion sud-ouest du lac Saint-Pierre en vue de déterminer la concentration des contaminants dans les sédiments sommitaux (entre 0-50 cm) et de fond (>50 cm) des carottes prélevées. Ces campagnes de forages ont été menées sous la direction d’une équipe d’experts du ministère de la Défense nationale (MDN). La zone à l’étude fait partie de l’ancienne zone de tir (zone CYR 606) du Centre d’essais et d’expérimentation en munitions des Forces armées canadiennes. Elle présente des risques environnementaux en raison de la présence de munitions non explosées (UXO) dans les sédiments. Cette zone a aussi été identifiée comme une zone affectée par divers contaminants, dont des éléments métalliques (EM) et des polluants organiques. Les analyses effectuées dans la portion sud-ouest du lac Saint-Pierre indiquent que les concentrations des EM et autres contaminants (BPC, HAP) dans les sédiments sont relativement faibles sur l’ensemble des sites d’échantillonnage. Ce sont surtout l’arsenic et le chrome qui affichent les plus fortes concentrations, dépassant le seuil des concentrations d’effets occasionnels (CEO) et le seuil des concentrations produisant un effet (CSE), tels que définis par les critères pour l’évaluation de la qualité des sédiments élaborés conjointement par le fédéral et le provincial. Sur le plan granulométrique, ce sont surtout les sables loameux ou les loams sableux qui constituent les matrices dominantes. En comparant avec les travaux antérieurs réalisés dans cette portion du lac Saint-Pierre, la contamination des sédiments serait moins importante que par le passé, ce qui présume à une amélioration de la qualité de l’eau et des sédiments depuis les premières analyses effectuées au cours des années 1976-1986. À la lumière des résultats obtenus, cette partie du bassin n’apparaît pas comme un secteur problématique pour la contamination des sédiments par les éléments métalliques (EM), les biphényles polychlorés (BPC) et les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP).

Cette thèse présente la caractérisation d’anomalies magnétiques par des réseaux de neurones convolutifs, et l’application d’outils de visualisation pour comprendre et valider leurs prédictions. L’approche développée permet la localisation de dipôles magnétiques, incluant le comptage dunombre de dipôles, leur position géographique, et la prédiction de leurs paramètres (moment magnétique, profondeur, et déclinaison). Nos résultats suggèrent que la combinaison de deux modèles d’apprentissage profond, "YOLO" et "DenseNet", est la plus performante pour atteindre nos objectifs de classification et de régression. De plus, nous avons appliqué des outils de visualisation pour comprendre les prédictions de notre modèle et son principe de fonctionnement. Nous avons constaté que l’outil Grad-CAM a amélioré les performances de prédiction en identifiant plusieurs couches qui n’avaient aucune influence sur la prédiction et l’outil t-SNE a confirmé la bonne capacité de notre modèle à différencier différentes combinaisons de paramètres. Ensuite, nous avons testé notre modèle avec des données réelles pour établir ses limites et son domaine d’application. Les résultats montrent que notre modèle détecte les anomalies dipolaires dans une carte magnétique réelle, même après avoir appris d’une base de données synthétique de moindre complexité, ce qui indique une capacité de généralisation significative. Nous avons également remarqué qu’il n’est pas capable d’identifier des anomalies dipolaires de formes et de tailles différentes de celles considérées pour la création de la base de données synthétique. Nos travaux actuels consistent à créer de nouvelles bases de données en combinant des données synthétiques et réelles afin de comparer leur influence potentielle dans l’amélioration des prédictions. Enfin, les perspectives de ce travail consistent à valider la pertinence opérationnelle et l’adaptabilité de notre modèle dans des conditions réalistes et à tester d’autres applications avec des méthodes géophysiques alternatives
This thesis presents the characterization ofmagnetic anomalies using convolutional neural networks, and the application of visualization tools to understand and validate their predictions. The developed approach allows the localization of magnetic dipoles, including counting the number of dipoles, their geographical position, and the prediction of their parameters (magnetic moment, depth, and declination). Our results suggest that the combination of two deep learning models, "YOLO" and "DenseNet", performs best in achieving our classification and regression goals. Additionally, we applied visualization tools to understand our model’s predictions and its working principle. We found that the Grad-CAM tool improved prediction performance by identifying several layers that had no influence on the prediction and the t-SNE tool confirmed the good ability of our model to differentiate among different parameter combinations. Then, we tested our model with real data to establish its limitations and application domain. Results demonstrate that our model detects dipolar anomalies in a real magnetic map even after learning from a synthetic database with a lower complexity, which indicates a significant generalization capability. We also noticed that it is not able to identify dipole anomalies of shapes and sizes different from those considered for the creation of the synthetic database. Our current work consists in creating new databases by combining synthetic and real data to compare their potential influence in improving predictions. Finally, the perspectives of this work consist in validating the operational relevance and adaptability of our model under realistic conditions and in testing other applications with alternative geophysical methods
Esta tesis presenta la caracterización de anomalías magnéticas mediante redes neuronales convolucionales, y la aplicación de herramientas de visualización para entender y validar sus predicciones. El enfoque desarrollado permite la localización de dipolos magnéticos, incluyendo el recuento delnúmero de dipolos, su posición geográfica y la predicción de sus parámetros (momento magnético, profundidad y declinación). Nuestros resultados sugieren que la combinación de dos modelos de aprendizaje profundo, "YOLO" y "DenseNet", es la que mejor se ajusta a nuestros objetivos de clasificación y regresión. Adicionalmente, aplicamos herramientas de visualización para entender las predicciones de nuestromodelo y su principio de funcionamiento. Descubrimos que la herramienta Grad-CAM mejoraba el rendimiento de la predicción al identificar varias capas que no influían enla predicción y la herramienta t-SNE confirmaba la buena capacidad de nuestro modelo para diferenciar entre distintas combinaciones de parámetros. Seguidamente, probamos nuestro modelo con datos reales para establecer sus limitaciones y su rango de aplicación. Los resultados demuestran quenuestro modelo detecta anomalías dipolares en unmapa magnético real incluso después de aprender de una base de datos sintética con una complejidad menor, lo que indica una capacidad de generalización significativa. También observamos que no es capaz de identificar anomalías dipolares de formas y tamaños diferentes a los considerados para la creación de la base de datos sintética. Nuestro trabajo actual consiste en crear nuevas bases de datos combinando datos sintéticos y reales para comparar su posible influencia en la mejora de las predicciones. Por último, las perspectivas de este trabajo consisten en validar la pertinencia operativa y la adaptabilidad de nuestro modelo en condiciones realistas y en probar otras aplicaciones con métodos geofísicos alternativos

Chaque année des munitions chimiques non explosées sont retrouvées, émergeant du sol dans les régions des combats de la Première Guerre mondiale. Depuis les années 90, ces munitions étaient rassemblées dans un dépôt à côté de Vimy (Pas-de-Calais). Début avril 2001, une dégradation des conditions de stockage a été brusquement constatée, plusieurs dizaines de tonnes d’obus chimiques menaçant de répandre leur contenu dans l’atmosphère. Cette situation d’urgence a nécessité une gestion de crise impliquant les différents niveaux de l’État, du Premier ministre aux préfets de zone et de département, ainsi que les municipalités menacées. Le 13 avril, 12 500 personnes sont évacuées pour une dizaine de jours, ce qui a représenté l’opération d’évacuation la plus importante depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La délicate opération de sécurisation du dépôt a été conduite dans des conditions difficiles et les munitions ont été transportées sur un site sécurisé en vue de leur destruction. La gestion de cette crise reste un modèle de gestion gouvernementale et territoriale d’une crise de nature chimique sur le territoire national. Si aucune victime n’est à déplorer, elle rappelle qu’un siècle après les combats, ce danger n’est pas complètement écarté et elle montre l’importance qu’a eue la prise de décisions rapides, à tous les niveaux, pour garantir la sécurité de la population.

Aleppo, Syria—a city that will join the infamous likes of Nanking, Stalingrad, Manila, Berlin, Hue, Panama City, Mogadishu, Grozny, and Donetsk as one of modern history’s worst urban war zones. Much of the destruction in this city is the result of indirect fires and air-delivered munitions. Indeed, this is the case in Aleppo; the now-infamous “barrel bomb” has become synonymous with indiscriminate Syrian government attacks against rebel-held areas of the city. In response to the humanitarian dangers associated with the use of such weapons in urban and built-up areas, there is a growing trend among international humanitarian law advocates to severely restrict—or even ban outright—the use of fires, high-explosive munitions, and associated weapons systems in built-up civilian population centers. These humanitarian initiatives reveal that for proponents of such restraint, the “problem” of high explosives in populated areas, whether delivered by indirect fire systems or air assets, is critical. The core premise of this chapter is that new restrictions on urban fires may actually exacerbate civilian risk and that fires in support of urban operations are not only operationally essential, but may, when properly employed, actually reduce risk to civilians and civilian property. Accordingly, civilian risk mitigation efforts should continue to focus on enhancing commitment to and compliance with already existing attack precautions and law of armed conflict (LOAC) targeting obligations.

Security challenges are faced by every single country on this planet. These threats can occur through violent non-state habitats, any organized group of criminals, economic threats, disasters, or native citizens. In ancient wars, nations used physical forces and weapons as a tool to acquire regions, resources. Whereas, in the future, a wide range of technologies like automated weapons, drones, and cyber warfare may come into action. A single person can control an army of computers, and the person behind the actions can go unidentified. The surging need for the use of computers has greatly imposed an effect on the military. Unlike traditional warfare, where large mobilizations of military forces were involved, in modern warfare, integration with latest innovations in military forces like guided munition systems, explosives, and nuclear weapons are brought into use. As a result, there rises an inevitable need to acquire insight into the field of cyber military technology. This chapter mainly aims to analyse the nation's virtual threats and asymmetric military challenges.

For an impulsively loaded containment vessel, such as the Sandia Explosive Destruction System (EDS), the traditional notion of a single-value explosive rating may not be sufficient to qualify the vessel for many real-life loading situations, such as those involving multiple munitions placed in various geometric configurations. Other significant factors, including detonation timing, geometry of explosive(s), and standoff distances, need to be considered for a more accurate assessment of the vessel integrity. It is obvious that the vessel structural response from an explosive charge detonated at the geometric center of the vessel will be very different from the structural response from the same explosive charge detonated next to the vessel wall. It is, however, less obvious that the same explosive can produce vastly different vessel response if it is detonated at one end versus at the middle versus from both ends. The goal of this paper is to identify some of the effects that non-trivial loading situations have on the vessel structural integrity. The metric for determining vessel integrity is based on Code Case 2564 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Based on the findings of this work, it may be necessary to qualify impulsively loaded containment vessels for specific explosive configurations, which should include the quantity, geometry and location of the explosives, as well as the detonation points.

Explosive containment chambers are produced for a number of purposes. Some chambers are designed to protect personnel from a single accidental explosion, such as storage in a manufacturing process. Other chambers are designed for multiple intended detonations such as a chamber used for explosive research and testing. Several bomb containment vessels are produced that are used for explosives storage and transportation, as well as the destruction of conventional and chemical-biological improvised explosive devices (IED). Multiple spherical vessels exist that are rated for multiple detonations of explosives that range from 10-lbs TNT equivalent to more than 25-lbs TNT in what would be considered a venting mode of operation. Additionally, there are similar chambers designed to limit the risk of exposure to hazardous materials during the transportation and destruction of an IED that has an associated chemical or biological hazard. The charge rating for these chambers is typically less due to the nature of the threat. A new type of bomb containment vessel has emerged to contain the effects of a device found in luggage or smaller shipping packages. These chambers are typically intended to contain IEDs that do not have an associated chemical or biological hazard. Often times these units do not have the preferred geometrical shape of a sphere because of use and spatial restrictions. Additionally, these units are designed for a single detonation of the design charge weight (i.e., it is not reusable). It is expected to undergo severe permanent displacement during an event, but will not rupture. Other explosive containment chambers are used to destroy military munitions. Many of these chambers have survived hundreds or even thousands or detonations. Typically, these chambers are designed using a dynamic non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) during initial design. Following the design phase, these vessels are tested to confirm performance, and (in the case of a sealed chamber) characterize the leakage characteristics. Additionally, the test program is intended to identify and eliminate any physical weaknesses in the system, quantify structural response of the system under various explosive charge weights, and identify operational and maintenance problems. This paper describes the design and testing procedures for these programs and compares them based on similarities and differences.

Under the development of insensitive munitions, the relationship of the diameter - velocity (dj-vj) plane of the jet and the initiation characteristics of explosives under jet impact is studied with conducting numerical simulations. It is found that under the action of jet impact, the initiation point of Comp-B explosive is concentrated at the lower right of the dj-vj plane, and the unexploded point is concentrated at the upper left of the dj-vj plane. There is an obvious boundary between the two domains. The desensitization characteristic of the precursor wave is verified, and it is proved that the vj 2dj criterion is not sufficient. It is also found that there are three different initiation modes of shelled Comp-B with jet impact. One is the impact initiation when the jet begins to penetrate the explosive, the other is the penetration initiation during jet penetration, and the third is the reflection wave initiation caused by the reflection enhancement of bow wave on the exit wall before shooting out of the target. With the increase of the barrier thickness, the three initiation modes change sequentially. Only impact initiation occurred in bare Comp-B and the gap shelled Comp-B.

Abstract An alternate material for thick, e.g. greater than ∼6 inches (152 mm), non-welded Explosive containment vessels (ECVs) cover forgings was investigated. ECVs are used to partially or fully contain the detonation products of explosives. Uses of ECVs include containment of suspect luggage at airports, bomb disposal, containment of dynamic experiments, and disposal of chemical munitions. The impulsive loading and dynamic response of ECVs necessitates the use of materials with high strength and high toughness to prevent ductile exhaustion and brittle fracture. Design rules for impulsively loaded vessels (ILVs), applicable to ECVs, were introduced into Section VIII, Division 3 of the ASME BPVC Code through Code Case 2564 in 2008. In 2019, the ILV design rules were incorporated into Section VIII, Division 3, and Code Case 2564 was annulled. Section KM-4 of Section VIII, Division 3 includes approved materials for vessel fabrication; however, many of these materials either do not exhibit the requisite mechanical properties for ECV applications or lack corresponding published mechanical testing data necessary for ECV design. Another compounding factor is the new guidance in Section KM-234.1 (ASME BPVC Section VIII, Division 3, 2023), which requires Charpy V-notch (CVN) testing 60 °C (108 °F) below the Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT). For many applications, this will require ECV construction materials to exhibit high toughness at low temperatures. In the present study, ASTM A723 steel forgings have been investigated as a candidate material for ECV construction. Mechanical property data from industrially produced forged disks are presented including full CVN temperature-transition curves and tensile test results. Additionally, insight is provided on the effect of tempering temperature on mechanical properties of A723 Steel.

The US Army, like most US federal and state environmental organizations, is faced with limited resources to conduct environmental work, an increasing workload, and challenges in achieving closeout of its environmental cleanup programs. In 2001, in an effort to incorporate proven private sector tools into federal cleanup programs, the Department of Defense (DoD) Business Initiative Council (BIC), initiated the use of Performance-Based Acquisition (PBA) for environmental cleanup. Since fiscal year 2000, the US Army Environmental Command (USAEC) has successfully awarded more than 55 performance-based contracts for environmental remediation. These contracts range in size from $500,000 to $52.4 million, and include closing properties (Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC)) and some of the US Army’s most complex active installations. The contracts address a range of activities including investigation through monitoring and site completion, as well as various technical challenges including dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in ground water, karst systems, munitions and explosives of concern, and biological agents. The contracts are most often firm-fixed price, and 50 percent of the contracts required contractors to purchase environmental insurance in the form of remediation stop loss insurance (also known as cleanup cost cap insurance). The USAEC has conducted continuous process improvement since inception of the initiative. This paper presents results of two studies that were conducted in 2005–2006 to determine what lessons learned can be applied to future activities and to measure performance of contractors currently executing work under the performance based contracts.

Certain types of dredging projects require screening of the dredged material (DM) to achieve the project’s DM placement requirement(s). Screening in the context of this report will be defined as the separation of an oversized fraction of the DM from the remaining fraction to meet project-specific placement compliance criteria (or criterion). Examples of DM placement requirements include aspects such as removing Munitions and Explosives of Concern (MEC) to address safety concerns and extracting over-sized material for beneficial use of DM (e.g., gravel and debris from sand to meet beach nourishment placement standards). Welp et al. (2008) provide detailed guidance for personnel involved in dredging projects with sediment containing MEC. The purpose of this document is to not only update the previous MEC-centric guidance with newly developed or identified technology but to also expand upon screening aspects to provide guidance for personnel involved in dredging projects that require removal of an oversized fraction for screening purposes other than just MEC removal.