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Wilson, Bruce Gordon. "Systems modelling of municipal solid waste collection operations /." *McMaster only, 2001.
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Bernal, Renato, Edgar Sánchez, David Mauricio, and Carlos Raymundo. "Comprehensive management model for solid waste collection and transportation in Peruvian urban municipalities." Springer Verlag, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656369.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>Here in, comprehensive management model of municipal solid waste collection and transportation, “MIGRU,” is proposed, based on the Lean Six Sigma, VSM, and Servqual methods. This model considers and includes three important management systems for an efficient collection value chain: quality management, route management, and HR and community management. The proposed model was implemented and validated in the municipality of Lima, Peru, and the results showed that municipal costs were reduced up to 40%, solid waste was reduced in the streets, and routes and processes were updated and improved in addition to an improvement in the participation and environmental education of citizens. Thus, correct management of the proposed model’s three general approaches to a very positive municipal impact at economic and environmental levels, without the investment of excessive amounts of money observed in first-world countries.
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Bolyard, Stephanie Carbone. "Fate of Coated Zinc Oxide in Municipal Solid Waste Landfills." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5133.
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Given the increase in nanomaterial (NM) use in consumer products and the large fraction of waste placed in landfills worldwide, the probability of these products reaching municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills at the end of their useful life is high. Since nanotechnology use is still in its early stages, there are currently no regulations pertaining to the disposal of NMs and their fate in MSW landfills is still unknown. Understanding the fate of NMs in MSW landfills is vital to ensure the proper handling of these novel materials from cradle to grave; such research will provide information on how these NMs can be safely introduced into the environment. This research seeks to understand the fate of NMs within waste environments by examining the interactions between NMs and landfill leachate components. The primary focus of this thesis is the effect of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) on biological landfill processes, solids aggregation, and chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate following the addition of crystalline, nano-sized ZnO coated with triethoxycaprylylsilane. This research (1) observed the effects of coated ZnO on five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and biochemical methane potential (BMP), (2) examined effects of solids aggregation on the fate of ZnO, (3) quantified the concentration of Zinc (Zn) by size fractions, and (4) modeled the chemical speciation of Zn in landfill leachate using Visual MINTEQ. No change in dissolved Zn was observed after coated ZnO was exposed to "middle-aged" leachate. Upon exposure to “mature” leachate there was an increase in dissolved Zn assumed to be a result of the dissociation of ZnO. Solids data supported the aggregation of particles in both middle aged and mature leachate. There was an increase in the Zn concentration in leachate fractions greater than 1500 nm presumably due to the dispersion of normally insoluble ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) following the interaction with humic acids (HA). ZnO did not inhibit anaerobic or aerobic processes in either middle aged or mature leachate, presumably due to the relatively low concentration of dissolved ionic Zn. Despite the observation of increased dissociation upon exposure to mature leachate, the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) may have hindered the ability for dissolved ionic Zn to become bioavailable. Fractionation, BOD5 and BMP tests, and chemical speciation modeling provided insight on the mobility of ZnO in landfills and the absence of inhibitory effects on landfill processes. Aggregation of ZnO NPs may prevent movement through traditional containment systems (i.e. geomembrane liners) due to the increased particle size. However, the increased dispersion suggests that ZnO NPs will be transported out of the landfill in the leachate, however biological treatment of leachate should be unaffected by the presence of ZnO. The bioavailability of Zn was not substantially affected by the presence of ZnO due to affinity of dissolved Zn for DOM. However, due to the heterogeneity of landfill leachate and the utilization of different NM coatings, it is challenging to predict the overall mobility of other NMs in a landfill.<br>ID: 031001302; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: .; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 15, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.Env.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-97).<br>M.S.Env.E.<br>Masters<br>Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Environmental Engineering
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Rhea, Lisa R. "Mineral Solubilization from Municipal Solid Waste Combustion Residues: Implications for Landfill Leachate Collection Systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000534.
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Nguyen, Xuan Hoang, and Hoang Viet Le. "Solid waste management in Mekong Delta." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-88553.
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Municipal solid waste (MSW) in Vietnam has been increasing quickly and became one of the most considered environmental problems in Mekong Delta (MD) region covering 13 provinces and municipalities in the south of Vietnam. With a considerably large amount of MSW, the region produces about 5% of the total amount of MSW of the country. The collection rate of solid waste is about quite high (65 - 72%) in the cities and rather low (about 40 - 55%) in the rural areas, with a high content in organic matter (about 60 - 85%). The climate of MD can be characterized as tropical and monsoonal with a high rate of humidity and a strong impact of flooding. Like other regions too, the MSW collection and treatment system is still underdeveloped and rudimentary, with disposal sites being the sole dumping method of the unsorted MSW remaining untreated by any mechanical and biological pre-treatment steps. Within this paper, the current treatment, management and operation of MSW systems are introduced, as well as the identification of advantages and disadvantages, environmental impacts, potential risks of the MSW system within the impact of global climate change. The situation of MSW treatment and management is correlated with the climate change impact and the integrated solid waste management is introduced as a new approach for adapting the environmental protection awareness by considering the climate change for the longterm sustainable development orientation<br>Sự gia tăng chất thải rắn ở các đô thị Việt Nam ngày càng nhanh và chất thải rắn đang là một trong những vấn đề môi trường được quan tâm hàng đầu. Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long (ĐBSCL) nơi có đến 13 tỉnh và thành phố nằm ở phía Nam Việt Nam. Với lượng chất thải không nhỏ, chiếm khoảng 5 % tổng lượng chất thải rắn sinh hoạt của quốc gia. Tỷ lệ thu gom chất thải rắn thấp, chiếm khoảng 65 - 72 % ở thành thị, tỷ lệ này ở nông thôn thấp 40 - 55%, chất thải có hàm lượng hữu cơ cao chiếm khoảng 60 - 85%. Khí hậu nhiệt đới gió mùa với độ ẩm không khí cao và chịu ảnh hưởng lớn của lũ lụt hàng năm. Cũng như các khu vực khác, hệ thống thu gom và xử lý rác thải ở khu vực ĐBSCL còn rất thô sơ và lạc hậu, bãi rác là nơi duy nhất tiếp nhận trực tiếp hổnhợp rác thải không phân loại và qua bất kỳ công đoạn tiền xử lý nào. Trong phạm vi bài viết này, chúng tôi giới thiệu hoạt động vận hành hệ thống quản lý và xử lý rác đô thị trong khu vực đồng thời phân tích các thuận lợi và bất lợi, cũng như các tác động môi trường, những rủi ro tiềm ẩn trong điều kiện ảnh hưởng của biến đổi khí hậu toàn cầu - khu vực ĐBSCL là nơi chịu ảnh hưởng nặng nề nhất. Tình hình quản lý và xử lý rác được cân nhắc trong điều kiện tác động của biến đổi khí hậu, đồng thời quản lý tổng hợp rác thải cũng được đề xuất như một các tiếp cận mới nhằm đáp ứng nhiệm vụ bảo vệ môi trường trong điều kiện biến đổi khí hậu theo định hướng phát triển bền vững lâu dài
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Dellinger, Adam Ross. "Economic Feasibility and Environmental Analysis of a Municipal Food Waste Collection and Anaerobic Digestion Program Model." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1383843493.
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Tasneem, Kazi. "Beneficial Utilization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ashes as Sustainable Road Construction Materials." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6370.
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Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is common for energy recovery, and management of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes has received a growing attention around the world. In the U.S., generation of MSW has increased up to 65% since 1980, to the current level of 251 million tons per year with 53.8% landfilled, 34.5% recycled and composted, and 11.7% incinerated with energy recovery. In the process of incineration, MSWI ash is being produced as byproducts; about 80 to 90% of the MSWI ash is bottom ash (BA) and 10 to 20% is fly ash (FA) by weight. The current practice of the U.S. is to combine both BA and FA to meet the criteria to qualify as non-hazardous, and all combined ashes are disposed in landfills.
European countries have utilized MSWI BA as beneficial construction materials by separating it from FA. The FA is mostly limited to landfill disposal as hazardous material due to its high content of toxic elements and salts. BA has been actively recycled in the areas of roadbed, asphalt paving, and concrete products in many of European and Asian countries. In those countries, recycling programs (including required physical properties and environmental criteria) of ash residue management have been developed so as to encourage and enforce the reuse of MSWI ashes instead of landfill disposal. Moreover, many studies have demonstrated the beneficial use of MSWI ashes as engineering materials with minimum environmental impacts.
On the other hand, the U.S. has shown a lack of consistent and effective management plans, as well as environmental regulations for the use of MSWI ashes., Due to persistent uncertainty of engineering properties and inconsistency in the Federal and State regulations in the U.S., however, the recycling of the MSWI ashes has been hindered and they are mostly disposed in landfills.
In this research work, current management practice, existing regulations, and environmental consequences of MSWI ashes utilization are comprehensively reviewed worldwide and nationwide with an emphasis of the potential area of its utilization in asphalt paving and concrete product. This research also entails a detailed chemical and microstructural characterization of MSWI BA and FA produced from a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) facility in Florida so that the MSWI ash is well characterized for its beneficial uses as construction materials.
The material characterization includes Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. In addition, leaching experiments have been conducted to investigate the environmental properties (e.g. leachate concentration) of BA and ash-mixed hot mix asphalt (HMA) and Portland cement concrete (PCC). Leaching results reveals the reduced leaching potential of toxic material from MSWI ashes while incorporated in HMA and PCC. Lastly, a preliminary experimental approach has been devised for the vitrification of FA which is a promising thermal process of transferring material into glassy state with higher physical and chemical integrity to reduce toxicity so that utilization of FA can be possible.<br>M.S.C.E.<br>Masters<br>Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Civil Engineering
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Vaníček, Filip. "Analýza dopravních dat s vazbou na rizika v odpadovém hospodářství." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433372.
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The aim of this thesis is to prepare real data for subsequent optimization of the collection plan using advanced VRP („Vehicle Routing Problem “) algorithms. The diploma thesis is motivated by the project Strategic Partnership for Environmental Technologies and Energy Production. The output focuses on indeterminate factors that have a major risk for subsequent operations. These are economic, environmental and social risks (overcrowded containers). Another result is the implementation and processing of the time-consuming passage of all streets, the estimation of the speed of the collection (garbage) truck for the subsequent optimization of the route and the estimation of the mean value of the filling of individual collection containers.
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Hina, Syeda. "Municipal Solid Waste Collection Route Optimization Using Geospatial Techniques: A Case Study of Two Metropolitan Cities of Pakistan." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10365/25816.
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The population growth in many urban cities and its activities in developing countries have resulted in an increased solid waste generation rate and waste management has become a global environmental issue. Routing of solid waste collection vehicles in developing countries like Pakistan poses a challenging task. In the process of solid waste management, collection and transportation play a leading role in waste collection and disposal, in which collection activities contributed the most to total cost for solid waste collection activities. Therefore, this study describes an attempt to design and develop an appropriate collection, transportation and disposal plan for the twin cities of Pakistan by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to determine the minimum cost/distance/time efficient collection paths for the transportation of the solid wastes to the landfill sites.
In addition to this, identification of solid waste disposal sites and appropriately managing them is a challenging task to many developing countries and Pakistan is no exception to that. The existing landfill sites for the twin cities are not technically viable and environmentally acceptable and are thus damaging to the environment due to their location and the type of waste dumped. Therefore, the second aim of our study was to find out the suitable landfill sites for the twin cities and the study employed Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) methods to combine necessary factors considered for landfill site selection for the twin cities. Hence, our present study has proved that GIS is a tool that can be used in integration with other techniques such as MCE for a identifying new landfill sites and it can help decision makers deal with real-world developmental and management issues.
Finally, the study has developed a Wed-Based Decision Support System (DSS) via Application Programming Interface (API) which will help decision-makers to search for cost-effective alternatives and it can be operated by people who don?t have knowledge of GIS. The proposed study can be used as a decision support tool by the municipalities of the twin cities for efficient management and transportation of solid wastes to landfill sites, managing work schedules for workers, etc.
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Khajevand, Nikoo. "GREAT RECESSION, ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS, AND PHILADELPHIA’S WASTE GENERATION." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/412634.
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Environmental Engineering<br>M.S.Env.E.<br>Waste disposal has always been one of the challenging aspects of human life mostly in populated areas. In every urban region, various factors can impact both amount and composition of the generated waste, and these factors might depend on a series of parameters. Therefore, developing a predictive model for waste generation has always been challenging. We believe that one main problem that city planners and policymakers face is a lack of an accurate yet easy-to-use predictive model for the waste production of a given municipality. It would be vital for them, especially during business downturns, to access a reliable predictive model that can be employed in planning resources and allocating budget. However, most developed models are complicated and extensive. The objective of this research is to study the trend of solid waste generation in Philadelphia with respect to business cycle indicators, population growth, current policies and environmental awareness, and to develop a satisfactory predictive model for waste generation. Three predictive models were developed using time series analysis, stationary and nonstationary multiple linear regressions. The nonstationary OLS model was just used for comparison purposes and does not have any modeling value. Among the other two developed predictive models, the multiple linear regression model with stationary variables yielded the most accurate predictions for both total and municipal solid waste generation of Philadelphia. Despite its unsatisfactory statistics (R-square, p-value, and F-value), stationary OLS model could predict Philadelphia’s waste generation with a low level of approximately 9% error. Although time series modeling demonstrated a less successful prediction comparing to the stationary OLS model (25% error for total solid waste, and 10.7% error for municipal waste predictions), it would be a more reliable method based on its model statistics. The common variable used in all three developed models which made our modeling different from the Streets Department’s estimations was unemployment rate. Including an economic factor such as unemployment rate in modeling the waste generation could be helpful especially during economic downturns, in which economic factors can dominate the effects of population growth on waste generation. A prediction of waste generation may not only help waste management sector in landfill and waste-to-energy facilities planning but it also provides the basis for a good estimation of its future environmental impacts. In future, we are hoping to predict related environmental trends such as greenhouse gas emissions using our predictive model.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Cardoso, Antonio J. "Relationship of waste characteristics to the formation of mineral deposits in leachate collection systems." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001266.
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Gawande, Nitin. "MODELING MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE BIOREACTOR: DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS OF A THREE-PHA." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3803.
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The numerical computer models that simulate municipal solid waste (MSW) bioreactor landfills have mainly two components--a biodegradation process module and a multi-phase flow module. The biodegradation model describes the chemical and microbiological processes of solid waste biodegradation. The models available to date include predefined solid waste biodegradation reactions and participating species. In a bioreactor landfill several processes, such as anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation, nitrogen and sulfate cycling, precipitation and dissolution of metals, and adsorption and gasification of various anthropogenic organic compounds, occur simultaneously. These processes may involve reactions of several species and the available biochemical models for solid waste biodegradation do not provide users with the flexibility to selectively simulate these processes. This research work includes the development of a generalized biochemical process model, BIOKEMOD-3P, which can accommodate a large number of species and process reactions. This model is able to simulate bioreactor landfill processes in a completely mixed condition; when coupled with a multi-phase model it will be able to simulate a full-scale bioreactor landfill. This generalized biochemical model can simulate laboratory and pilot-scale operations which are important to determine biochemical parameters important for simulation of full-scale operations. To illustrate application of BIOKEMOD-3P, two sets of laboratory MSW bioreactors were simulated in this research work. The first demonstrated simulation of data from anaerobic biodegradation of MSW in experimental bioreactors. In another application, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification processes in MSW bioreactors were simulated. The results from these simulations generated information about various modeling parameters that would help implement these processes in a full-scale bioreactor landfill operation.<br>Ph.D.<br>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Environmental Engineering PhD
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Graça, Viviane Fernandes. "Plano de Gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos - Uma proposta para a cidade de Porto Novo, Ilha de Santo Antão, Cabo Verde." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11116.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>In Cape Verde, environmental pollution has been the focus of national concern. The wastes and the way they have been "handled" are some of the indicators of this problematic situation that negatively affects the environment and public health. Waste production has been increasing, reached in 2005, a total of 145 thousand tonnes more than predicted for 2010 (Direção Geral do Ambiente-DGA, 2012).
In the city of Porto Novo, Santo Antão Island, the study area, with less than 10 thousand inhabitants, in 2010, according to the Plan and developing of Santo Antão (PDSA, 2011), were produced about of 1100 tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW). The current management system consists of undifferentiated collection, transport and landfilled in the city dump, where medical waste are also disposed and burned. The remaining wastes are inappropriately disposed by the population creating critical situations of pollution, which occurs throughout the national territory.
This work aims to propose some suggestions for the improvement of MSW management through the elaboration of a MSW management plan for the city of Porto Novo: proposing a selective collection for recyclable waste, using ecopoints, and biodegradable, and collecting some specific waste streams for recycling.
The implementation of this plan requires the construction of a treatment centre to MSW management (already designed) which includes a controlled landfill, sorting and composting units. With the construction of a landfill, it was proposed the decommissioning and the area requalification of the dump
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Oliveira, Luciana Nunes de. "Coleta seletiva no município de Santa Maria (RS) : panorama, limitações e oportunidades." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/55135.
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O aumento da renda da população em conjunto com o crescente volume de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) está causando uma série de impactos no meio ambiente. Considerando que parte dos resíduos pode ser reciclada, e que apenas novecentos e noventa e quatro cidades brasileiras possuem programas de coleta seletiva, parte do lixo acaba sendo misturado, o que se torna um desperdício, uma vez que a coleta seletiva além de permitir o reaproveitamento de matéria prima, diminui a quantidade final de resíduo que deve ser tratado. A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) sancionada em 2010 tem como objetivo a melhora na gestão do lixo a partir da divisão de responsabilidades entre a sociedade, poder público e iniciativa privada, denominada responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida dos produtos. Além disso, a PNRS incentiva a coleta seletiva nos munícipios. Sendo assim, o município de Santa Maria (RS) em um projeto pioneiro na região contratou uma associação de catadores de materiais reutilizáveis e recicláveis para que fizessem a coleta seletiva na cidade. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual a atual situação da coleta seletiva no município de Santa Maria (RS). Para a obtenção do objetivo foram realizadas entrevistas com o Secretário de Proteção Ambiental do município, com associações de catadores e com catadores autônomos. Foi possível perceber que a proposta da Prefeitura Municipal foi interessante, porém, a sociedade não recebeu treinamento adequado para se inserir em um programa de coleta seletiva, a associação contratada não está preparada para assumir tamanha responsabilidade (falta estrutura e conhecimento para tal), as outras associações estão esquecidas pelo poder público municipal e não possuem estrutura física adequada e a figura do catador autônomo é discriminada por todos. Entretanto, o município possui uma série de oportunidades para que a coleta seletiva tenha êxito, tais como: é uma cidade universitária que conta com pesquisadores que podem auxiliar na captura de recursos para tal, a presença de projetos especiais (que poderiam ser replicados), presença de órgãos federais que poderiam adotar a Coleta Seletiva Solidária e por fim a própria Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Portanto, para que o munícipio, após um série de tentativas frustradas tenha uma coleta seletiva eficiente, faz-se necessário que as limitações sejam resolvidas e que todos os envolvidos tenham ciência do seu papel na cadeia de reciclagem do município.<br>Increasing incomes of the population with the growing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) is causing a series of impacts on the environment. Whereas part of the waste can be recycled, and only nine hundred ninety-four Brazilian cities have programs of selective collection, part of the garbage ends up being mixed, which becomes a waste, since the selective collection allows the reuse of raw material and decreases the final amount of residue to be treated. The National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) enacted in 2010 aims to improving the management of waste from the division of responsibilities between society, government and private initiative, called shared responsibility for the life cycle of products. In addition, PNRS encourages selective collection in towns. Therefore, the municipality of Santa Maria (RS) in a pioneering project in the region signed an association of collectors of recyclable and reusable materials to make the selective collection in the city. Thus, the objective of this study was to verify the current status of collection at Santa Maria City (RS). To achieve the objective, interviews were conducted with the Secretary of Environmental Protection of the municipality, with associations of waste pickers and autonomous waste pickers. It could be observed that the proposed City Hall was interesting, however, the society has not received adequate training to enter into a selective collection program, the association hired is not prepared to assume such responsibility (lack structure and knowledge to do so), the other associations are forgotten by the municipal government and do not have adequate physical infrastructure and the figure of the autonomous waste pickers is as broken down by everyone. However, the city has a number of opportunities for the selective collection to be successful, such as: is a university town that has researchers who can assist in the capture of resources to do so, the presence of special projects (which could be replicated) presence of federal agencies that could adopt the Joint Selective Collection and finally the National Policy for Solid Waste. Therefore, for the municipality, after a series of unsuccessful attempts to have a selective collection efficiency, it is necessary that the limitations are addressed and that all involved are aware of their role in the recycling chain in the city.
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Reis, Thatiana Costa. "Programas municipais de coleta seletiva sem parceria com catadores de materiais recicláveis, no Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-21092015-121312/.
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Introdução - No Brasil, o Programa Municipal de Coleta Seletiva (PMCS) pode ser executado pelo próprio município, por empresa contratada ou em parceria com uma organização de catadores. Mais de 50 por cento dos PMCS no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por essas organizações. Logo, a maioria dos estudos foca-se nessas organizações, mas os municípios que não possuem parceria também precisam ser estudados. Objetivo - Analisar e avaliar PMCS realizados sem parceria com organização de catadores, na perspectiva de sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental e institucional. Métodos - Para esse estudo, 7 municípios foram selecionados conforme os critérios porte do município e tempo de existência mínima de 2 anos do PMCS, a partir de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento e ligações telefônicas Os municípios estudados foram divididos em pequeno (4) e grande (3) porte. Os responsáveis pelo PMCS foram entrevistados, com base em questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar os PMCS e alimentar 13 indicadores e 2 índices de sustentabilidade de PMCS. Resultados - Foram identificados 4 arranjos institucionais de execução dos PMCS, envolvendo a prefeitura municipal e empresa terceirizada. Os municípios de grande porte apresentam mais indicadores favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de pequeno porte. A produtividade é maior nos de grande porte, mas a remuneração é melhor nos pequenos. Por outro lado, esses apresentam melhor taxa de recuperação, adesão e atendimento e menor taxa de rejeito, o que eleva o índice de sustentabilidade. Para os 2 índices considerados, os municípios de pequeno porte são mais favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de grande porte. Conclusões - Os municípios de pequeno porte apresentam maior tendência à sustentabilidade nos indicadores considerados mais importantes num PMCS sem parceria com organizações de catadores. Embora a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos priorize PMCS em parceria com organização de catadores, arranjos sem parceria são possíveis e apresentam-se também sustentáveis na sustentabilidade da valorização de materiais recicláveis.<br>Introduction - In Brazil, the Municipal Program for Selective Collection (MPSC) can be performed by the municipality itself, by a company contracted or through a partnership with waste pickers organization. More than 50 per cent of the MPSC in São Paulo State is performed by these organizations. Then, most of the studies focuses on these organizations, but the municipalities that dont have partnership also need to be studied. Objective - To analyze and evaluate MPSC performed without partnership with waste pickers organization, through the perspective of socioeconomic, environmental and institutional sustainability. Methods For this study, 7 municipalities were selected according to the criteria: size and minimum time of existence, using data form the National Sanitation Information System and phone calls. The municipalities studied were divided into small (4) and large (3) sizes. The people responsible for MPSC were interviewed, based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The results allowed to characterize the MPSC and feed 13 indicators and 2 MPSC sustainability indexes. Results - Were identified 4 institutional arrangements of MPCS, involving the city government and outsourcing company. The large cities have more favorable indicators of sustainability than the small ones. The productivity is bigger in large municipalities, but the payment (compensation) is better in the small ones. Nevertheless, these present higher recovery rate, adherence and attendance and lower reject rate, what raises the sustainability index. For the 2 index considered the small municipalities are more sustainability favorable than the large ones. Conclusions - Small municipalities are more likely to sustainability for those indicators considered more important in a MPCS without a partnership with waste pickers organizations. Although the National Solid Waste Policy prioritizes MPCS through a partnership with waste pickers organization, arrangements without these kind of partnership are possible and also are sustainable for the recovery of recyclable materials.
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Cornieri, Marina Gonzalbo. "Programa municipal de coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Santo André - SP: um estudo a partir do ciclo da política (policy cycle)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-17022012-171613/.
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Garantir tratamento e disposição final adequada para os resíduos sólidos urbanos é um desafio para as administrações municipais, principalmente porque a geração de resíduos tem aumentado à taxa maior do que a de aumento da população e as grandes áreas para construção de aterros sanitários são escassas nas grandes cidades. Assim, desde o final da década de 1980, no Brasil, alguns municípios têm implementado programas de coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos em parceria com organizações de catadores, que desviam resíduos da disposição em aterros sanitários, aumentando sua vida útil. Torna-se importante olhar para os programas de coleta seletiva como parte de políticas públicas, enfatizando sua continuidade administrativa e seus objetivos. Nesse sentido, buscou-se estudar o programa de coleta seletiva de Santo André SP, entre os anos de 1998 e 2011. O objetivo é estudar como se deram a elaboração e a implementação do programa de coleta seletiva do município de Santo André, em 1998, e como vem sendo feito seu monitoramento e avaliação nos anos posteriores, até o ano de 2011. Para isso foi utilizada a abordagem de policy cycle, que considera a política pública como um ciclo deliberativo, constituído por vários estágios, formando um processo dinâmico e de aprendizagem. Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, bem como entrevistas qualitativas semi-estruturadas com: representantes do Serviço Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental de Santo André (Semasa); os coordenadores administrativos das duas cooperativas parceiras do programa (Coopcicla e Coop Cidade Limpa) e uma amostra randômica de seis cooperados de cada uma das cooperativas parceiras do programa. Após as entrevistas, houve aplicação de questionários a todos os catadores da Coopcicla e Coop Cidade Limpa, totalizando 79 cooperados. Além disso, foram realizadas visitas técnicas com registros escritos e fotográficos aos equipamentos públicos: estação de coleta, usina de triagem e reciclagem de papel, centrais de triagem de materiais recicláveis, usina de reciclagem de madeira. Foi possível constatar que o programa de coleta seletiva foi elaborado com objetivo de atender toda a população urbana do município; em seguida, foi implementado, colocando-se em prática as ações planejadas, mas até o momento não há ações de monitoramento e avaliação do programa, que poderiam produzir aprendizagem administrativa. Em relação às cooperativas, a parceria com o Semasa é instável, o número de catadores vem diminuindo e não há ações para enfrentar coletas paralelas de materiais recicláveis. Por outro lado, as cooperativas garantem aos catadores renda maior que em suas ocupações anteriores, estabilidade e inclusão. Como conclusão, não pode ser considerado satisfatório que um programa municipal de coleta seletiva que existe há mais de 10 anos, dispõe de coleta porta a porta em 100% de sua área urbana, pontos de entrega voluntária, estações de coleta seletiva consiga desviar menos de 3% dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do aterro sanitário. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessário mudar o paradigma: ter coleta seletiva não significa só oferecer o serviço; é necessário coletar seletivamente, com a participação dos munícipes.<br>Guaranteeing treatment and appropriate disposal to municipal solid waste is a challenge to municipal administrations, mainly because waste generation has increased more than population and big areas to landfills are few in big cities. Thus, since last 1980, in Brazil, a few cities have implemented municipal programs of selective waste collection in partnership with waste pickers organizations, that remove waste from landfills, increasing your lifetime. It is important to look at programs of selective waste collection as part of policy, emphasizing your administrative continuity and objectives. Therein it was sought to study Santo Andrés program of selective waste collection, between 1998 and 2011. The objective is to study how were formulation and implementation of Santo Andrés program of selective waste collection, in 1998, and how it has been making your monitoring and evaluation in the following years, until 1998. For this reason it was used policy cycle approach, that considers policy as a deliberative cycle, formed by several steps, constituting a dynamic and learning process. It was made bibliographical and documental research, such as qualitative semi-structured interviews with: managers of Serviço Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental de Santo André (Semasa); managers of two partner cooperatives of program (Coopcicla and Coop Cidade Limpa) and a random sample of six members of each cooperative. After the interviews, it was made questionnaire application to all waste pickers of Coopcicla and Coop Cidade Limpa, totalizing 79 members. In addiction, it was made technical visits with written and photographic records to public equipment: collect station, paper selection and recycling plant, recyclables selection centers, wood recycling plant. It was possible to notice that program of selective waste collection was formulated with the objective to cover all urban population; it was implemented, putting planned actions into practice, but there are not monitoring and evaluation, that would produce administrative learning. Concerning cooperatives, the partnership with Semasa is not steady, members of cooperatives number has decreased and there are not actions to face parallels recyclables collects. In the other hand, the cooperatives guarantee to your members bigger income than in former occupations, stability and inclusion. As a conclusion, it is not satisfactory that a municipal program of selective waste collection that exists for more than 10 years, has door to door selective waste collection in 100% of urban area, collect stations is able to remove less than 3% of municipal solid waste from landfill. Therein it is necessary to change the paradigm: selective collection does not mean to offer the service; it is necessary to collect in a selective way, with people participation.
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Anděrová, Veronika. "Management logistických procesů zpracování komunálního odpadu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-360163.
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The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the logistic processes in the processing of municipal waste in the company Local Enterprise in Hluboká nad Vltavou. Describe the business and analyze its decision-making issues. Then analyze the current situation and propose changes to apply optimization methods through a special computer program. The conclusion of the thesis is a concrete proposal of route optimization to improve the current situation of the company, which will lead to a positive economic effect on logistics of waste processing.
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Knoop, Christine [Verfasser], Thomas [Gutachter] Raab, and Christina [Gutachter] Dornack. "Anaerobic treatment of municipal organic waste from separate collection : digestate properties and substance flows during two-stage digestion and subsequent aerobic treatment / Christine Knoop ; Gutachter: Thomas Raab, Christina Dornack." Cottbus : BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1185489894/34.
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Silva, Wanderlei Pires da. "Percepção de lixo da população de Manaus (AM): a problemática da reciclagem." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2008. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2619.
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Previous issue date: 2008-09-19<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Since the Manaus Free Trade Zone creation in 1967 the solid wastes become serious problem in whole urban Manaus City. In 2002, the generation of per capita Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Manaus was 1 kg/inhabit./day in average, representing a production of 1,300 t/day. The objectives this present work were i) evaluating the Manaus inhabitant perception
on the MSW and the recycling, ii) characterizing the current form of MSW management applied, and iii) proposing a alternative program for MSW managing for town hall of the
Manaus. Structured questionnaires were applied in six Manaus geographical zones in which the inhabitants answered on socioeconomic, MSW problems, recycling several aspects,
separate collection questions. Findings showed that the Manaus town hall public politics have been completely deficient for solving the MSW problems. However, the results also revealed
Manaus inhabitants having a good perception on MSW problems. The respondents were agreed with the implantation of an alternative MSW management including separate collection.<br>A partir da criação da Zona Franca de Manaus, em 1967, os resíduos sólidos urbanos se tornaram um sério problema em toda a área urbana da cidade de Manaus. Em 2002, a geração de RSU per capita em Manaus era de 1 kg/hab./dia, em média, o que significava uma produção de 1.300 t/dia. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: i) avaliar a percepção sobre
RSU e reciclagem dos habitantes de Manaus, ii) caracterizar a forma atual de manejo dos RSU praticada e iii) propor um programa alternativo para o gerenciamento de RSU no
município de Manaus. Questionários estruturados foram aplicados em seis zonas geográficas de Manaus, nos quais os habitantes responderam sobre questões sócio-economicas, problemas de RSU, vários aspectos da reciclagem e coleta seletiva. Os resultados mostraram que as políticas públicas do município de Manaus tem sido completamente deficientes para resolver o problema dos RSU. Entretanto, os resultados reveleram também que os habitants de Manaus têm boa percepção sobre os problemas de RSU. Os entrevistados se mostraram receptivos à implantação de um programa alternativo de gerenciamento de RSU, incluindo coleta seletiva.
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Fortunato, Ricardo Jorge Alves. "Problema de determinação de circuitos de recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos da Câmara Municipal de Oeiras." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6555.
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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e Empresarial<br>O estudo tem como objetivo, através da parceria com a Câmara Municipal de Oeiras (CMO), determinar circuitos de recolha de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) indiferenciados, melhorando, se possível, os tempos de recolha atuais.
O Decreto-Lei n.º 178/2006 (do Diário da República, 1.ª série – n.º 171—5 de Setembro de 2006) define a recolha de RSU como uma operação de recolha de resíduos com vista ao seu transporte. Esta é executada em horários pré-estabelecidos, com periodicidade variável consoante a capacidade dos veículos e das suas características bem como das características dos resíduos e do meio envolvente (rural/ urbano).
Empiricamente, o problema enquadra-se num problema de roteamento de veículos (―Vehicle Routing Problem‖ (VRP)) pelo facto de ser um problema de procura nos vértices, com restrição de capacidade. Os vértices representam os pontos de recolha que se encontram em cruzamentos ou pracetas. A dimensão do Concelho de Oeiras, levou a uma abordagem do tipo ―cluster-first, route-second‖, subdividindo o concelho em partes homogéneas para uma formalização mais compacta e de mais rápida resolução.
Atendendo à informação disponibilizada e à análise dos resultados obtidos, após o tratamento realizado aos dados, foram obtidos resultados positivos. Estes parecem traduzir uma melhoria na ordem dos 10% na distância total percorrida numa semana e em 13% no tempo total despendido.<br>The study aims, through a partnership with Câmara Municipal de Oeiras (CMO) to determine collection circuits of undifferentiated solid waste, improving, if possible, the time of the current collection circuit.
The Law DL n.º 178/2006 (of the Diário da República, 1.ª série – n.º 171— 5th of September 2006) defines the collection of undifferentiated solid waste as a gathering of waste in order to its transport. This is performed at pre-defined intervals with variable periodicity depending on the vehicles capacity and type, as well as the waste and environment types (rural / urban).
Empirically, the problem relates to a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) because demands are located on the vertices, with a vehicle capacity constraint and where the vertices (alleys or intersections) represent collection points. Due to the size of the refuse instances in Câmara de Oeiras, a “cluster-first, route-second" approach was adopted, which starts by subdividing the county in homogeneous parts to obtain a more compact and faster model.
Therefore, given the available information and a preliminary treatment of the data, it seems that if compared to actual circuits, positive results were found. In fact an improvement of around 10% in the total distance traveled and of 13% in the total time spent was achieved.
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Sobral, Cristiane Raquel do Sacramento. "Percepção popular e educação ambiental para a gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3773.
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Previous issue date: 2012-01-20<br>Each individual recognizes, reacts and responds differently, depending on the environment. These responses or events are therefore a result of perceptions, cognitive processes, judgments and expectations of each individual. The study of environmental perception is critical to help us better understand the interrelationships between human being and the environment in which we live, our expectations, satisfactions and dissatisfactions, values and behaviors. The result is that there is a better understanding of this relationship and allow human to developed efficient ways to retrieve the methodological gaps and problems arising out of the man versus environment relationship. Aiming to elucidate more about this relationship, we sought to verify the environmental perception of the population of Desterro do Melo, about the importance and impact of municipal solid waste. For this purpose, we conducted field work in the city where residents were asked to answer a structured questionnaire on the subject, the population was divided into municipal, housewives or responsible for home and students, the response obtained from the first group (municipal) was used to build a municipal selective collection program, the response of the second group (students), was used build an alternative methodological program content offered by formal education. The questionnaire was answered by 313 homes and showed important conceptual flaws related to solid disposal management, demonstrating the need for leveling concepts about this subject. At school the questionnaires were submitted to students from 5th to 9th year in elementary school and 1st to 3rd year in high schools, totalizing 356 questionnaires, of this total, 268 corresponded to elementary school students and 88 to high school students. The pattern of responses in all levels of elementary school were similar, allowing to group responses indicating that the relationship between years of study and environmental knowledge is not linear, often high school students had higher lags of the environmental knowledge compared to elementary students, highlighting the gaps in environmental education in formal education which enabled the construction of methodological alternatives that seek the inclusion of environmental content in education<br>Cada indivíduo percebe, reage e responde diferentemente frente às ações sobre o meio. As respostas ou manifestações são, portanto, resultado das percepções, dos processos cognitivos, julgamentos e expectativas de cada indivíduo. O estudo da percepção ambiental é fundamental para que possamos compreender melhor as inter-relações entre o homem e o ambiente no qual vive, suas expectativas, satisfações e insatisfações, valores e condutas. Fazendo assim com que haja uma melhor compreensão deste relacionamento e permitindo que sejam desenvolvidas formas metodológicas eficientes para recuperar as defasagens e problemas advindos da relação homem X ambiente. Objetivando elucidar mais sobre esse relacionamento, buscou-se verificar a percepção ambiental, da população do município mineiro Desterro do Melo, acerca da importância e impactos dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. Para tal, foi realizado um trabalho de campo onde os moradores do município foram convidados a responder um questionário estruturado sobre à temática, a população foi dividida em municipal, donas de casa ou responsáveis pela residência e estudantil, sendo que a resposta obtida com os primeiros foram utilizadas para a construção do programa de coleta seletiva municipal e a resposta do segundo grupo, os estudantes, foi utilizada para a construção de alternativas metodológicas do conteúdo programático oferecido pelo ensino formal. O questionário foi respondido por 313 residências e demonstrou importantes falhas conceituais relacionadas com a gestão dos resíduos sólidos, demonstrando a necessidade de nivelamento de conceitos sobre este assunto. Na escola os questionários foram aplicados aos alunos do 5º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental e nas três séries do ensino médio, totalizando 356 questionários, deste total, 268 corresponderam aos estudantes do ensino fundamental e 88 as três séries do ensino médio. O padrão de respostas em todas as séries do ensino fundamental foram semelhantes, possibilitando o agrupamento das respostas indicando assim que a relação entre anos de estudos e conhecimento ambiental não é linear, muitas vezes os alunos do ensino médio apresentaram maiores defasagens do conhecimento ambiental do que os alunos do ensino fundamental, evidenciando as lacunas da formação ambiental no ensino formal o que possibilitou a construção de alternativas metodológicas que buscam a inserção do conteúdo ambiental no ensino.
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SILVA, Rodrigo Cândido Passos da. "Avaliação do modelo de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos da cidade de Recife/PE e estudos dos indicadores gerenciais nos setores de coleta por meio de técnicas multivariadas." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2015. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17250.
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Previous issue date: 2015-08-31<br>CAPEs<br>A pesquisa faz (i) uma avaliação do atual modelo de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos da cidade de Recife/PE por meio do levantamento de oito eixos temáticos, os quais são avaliados conforme a técnica de análise do conteúdo. Em sequência, (ii) estuda a relação de quatro indicadores (população, renda, geração e composição gravimétrica) em 31 setores de coleta de resíduos sólidos urbanos, utilizando, para tal, técnicas multivariadas, como a análise do componente principal e do agrupamento hierárquico. Os resultados mostram que o modelo gerencial de Recife apresenta ótima cobertura da coleta convencional, ineficiência e baixo atendimento na aplicação da hierarquia da redução, reutilização e reciclagem, limitação nos programas de coleta seletiva e educação ambiental, e restrição na adoção de diferentes tecnologias de tratamento e disposição final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, precisando adequar-se às exigências legislativas vigentes para o trato com os resíduos sólidos. A análise multivariada dos indicadores indica forte correlação positiva entre renda e geração per capita dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, expressa na elevada produção de resíduos por habitante dos setores de classe alta, exceto nos setores essencialmente comerciais, com valores superiores aos apresentados nas rotas de elevado poder aquisitivo. A participação média dos resíduos potencialmente recicláveis nos setores de coleta foi superior aos putrescíveis, com valores de 41% e 36%, respectivamente. A análise do agrupamento hierárquico setorizou as rotas de coleta em cinco subgrupos, mediante o grau de similaridade entre os indicadores, sendo um importante instrumento para o estabelecimento de modelos setoriais de gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos que busquem o entendimento das particularidades elencadas.<br>The research is (i) an assessment of the current model of management of municipal solid waste in the city of Recife/PE through the survey eight themes, which are evaluated according to the analysis of technical content. In sequence, (ii) studies the relationship of four indicators (population, income, generation and gravimetric composition) in 31 municipal solid waste collection sectors, using for this, multivariate techniques such as principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering . The results show that the managerial model of Recife has great coverage of conventional collection, inefficiency and low attendance in the application of the reduction of hierarchy, reuse and recycling, limitation in selective collection programs and environmental education, and restriction on the use of different treatment technologies and final disposal of municipal solid waste, needing to adapt to the legislative requirements in force for dealing with solid waste. Multivariate analysis of the indicators indicates a strong positive correlation between income and per capita generation of municipal solid waste, expressed in the high production of waste per habitant of the upper class sectors, except for primarily commercial, with values higher than those presented in high power routes purchasing. The average participation of potentially recyclable waste in the areas of collection was higher than the putrescible, with values of 41% and 36%, respectively. The analysis of hierarchical clustering setorizou the collection routes into five sub- groups by the degree of similarity between indicators, an important tool for the establishment of sectoral models of management of municipal solid waste that seek the understanding of the listed features.
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Ogliari, Elizandra Machado. "Avaliação de duas cooperativas de catadores de resíduos sólidos urbanos para identificação de parâmetros operacionais e de gerenciamento que influenciam na quantidade de rejeitos gerados no processo de coleta e triagem." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/5388.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-18<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares<br>A melhoria nos processos produtivos em busca da eficiência na produção de novos bens e o crescimento populacional acompanhado pela elevação no consumo, ocasionam uma crescente geração de resíduos sólidos. Verifica-se que os problemas ambientais são decorrentes do perfil de consumo que as pessoas passaram a adotar ao longo dos anos, porém há um aumento de preocupação com a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos gerados pela sociedade. O reflexo desta preocupação são leis que foram criadas para proteger o meio ambiente. Um marco na legislação brasileira foi a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que busca com o apoio dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis, realizar uma gestão correta dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. No entanto, no país, os empreendimentos que realizam a coleta, triagem e comercialização de resíduos sólidos, possuem níveis elevados de rejeitos ocasionados nas atividades internas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos em dois empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis localizados na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS para propor, a partir destes estudos, ações voltadas ao aumento da eficiência de triagem dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis instalados em vários municípios brasileiros. Foi possível observar que variáveis externas às atividades dos empreendimentos de catadores de materiais recicláveis, como veículo utilizado na coleta, influenciam nos níveis de rejeitos encaminhados aos aterros. Gerencialmente, a coleta seletiva é mais eficaz para obter melhor aproveitamento dos materiais potencialmente recicláveis. A COOTRE que realiza a coleta seletiva de RSU com caminhão com carroceria e tria com a esteira parada, apresenta eficiência de 97,1% na triagem dos materiais potencialmente recicláveis. Já a COOPERESÍDUOS que recebe RSU procedentes da coleta regular realizada com caminhão compactador e opera a triagem em uma esteira com velocidade de 20m/min, possui eficiência de 15,6% na triagem de materiais potencialmente recicláveis. Cabe considerar, contudo que, embora percentualmente esta eficiência seja bem menor que a da outra cooperativa, em função da quantidade de resíduos coletados nesta forma (regular com posterior triagem) ser muito maior, o resultado financeiro ainda é superior. A efetiva melhoria no processo está na mudança do sistema de coleta, de regular para seletiva, já que na coleta regular realizada hoje em São Leopoldo, 59,7% do total coletado é inadequado à reciclagem de inertes. Estes resíduos nem deveriam passar por qualquer triagem, sendo encaminhados diretamente para área de disposição final.<br>The improvement in production processes in pursuit of efficiency in the production of consumer goods and population growth accompanied by an increase in consumption, cause an increasing solid waste generation. It appears that environmental problems are arising from the consumption profile that people have adopted over the years, but there is a concern increased with the proper disposal of solid waste generated by society. The reflection of this concern are laws that are designed to protect the environment. A milestone in Brazilian law was the National Solid Waste Policy, which seeks the support of pickers of recyclable materials enterprises, conduct proper management of municipal solid waste. However, in the country, the enterprises that carry out the collection, sorting and marketing of solid waste, have caused high levels of waste in the internal activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the management of municipal solid waste in two projects of recyclable material collectors located in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre / RS to propose, from these studies, actions aimed at increasing the enterprises screening efficiency of recyclable material collectors installed in various municipalities. It was observed that external variables to the activities of waste pickers ventures as a vehicle used in the collection, influence the levels of waste sent to landfills. Management, selective collection is more effective for better use of potentially recyclable materials. The COOTRE that performs the selective collection of MSW with truck body and with industry to stop treadmill, shows 97,1% efficiency in the screening of potentially recyclable materials. COOPERESÍDUOS already receiving MSW coming from the regular collection held with compactor truck and operates screening on a treadmill at a speed of 20m / min, it has 15,6% efficiency in the screening of potentially recyclable materials. It is worth noting, however, that although this percentage efficiency is much lower than that of the other cooperative, depending on the amount of waste collected in this way (with subsequent regular screening) be much larger, the financial result is even higher. The actual process improvement lies in changing the collection system regularly for selective, since the regular collection held today in São Leopoldo, 59,7% of the total collected is inadequate recycling of aggregates. This waste should not go through any screening being sent directly to final disposal area.
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Silva, Aline Carolina da. "Análise da gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos em capitais do nordeste brasileiro: o caso de Aracaju-SE e João Pessoa-PB." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/5520.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-25<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The Brazilian Federal Law number 12,305, August 2nd, 2010, which instituted the Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy (Política Nacional dos Resíduos Sólidos - PNRS), establishes deadlines for some actions, such as the removal of sanitary landfills and the environmentally appropriate waste disposal, by 2014. However, this Law, a historic mark in the environmental management of the country, is subject to failure in its implementation if there is not a commitment between all the political entities of the Brazilian federation. In this context, this study is aimed at analyzing the solid waste management in the cities of Aracaju (SE) and João Pessoa (PB), both located in the northeastern part of Brazil, focusing on the methods of final disposal, the collection programs, and the problems faced in the implementation of the Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste. To achieve the main objective of the study, it was necessary to prepare an investigation concerning the administration and management of urban solid waste in João Pessoa and in Aracaju, in order to identify the technical, economic, and socio-environmental issues that encompass the subject. We gathered information about the methods of final disposal, the separate collection systems in the cities, the plans, the actions, the laws of each city, the practices performed as well as their infrastructures. These data allowed a comparison between the cities studied. The Data Collection Method used was the Primary Data and the Secondary Data. The collection instrument was the field research (extensive direct observation), and surveys. The methods of data analysis were quantitative and qualitative, represented by simple statistics in graphics, tables, charts and flowcharts. The results showed that the cities have similarities regarding the prospects of developing proposals to implement the policy, but both face difficulties related to technical training, financial resources, environmental awareness and meeting the deadlines established by the specific law. Also, we verified that, in general, the political issues in Brazil have influence in the decision-making, therefore affect the planning of the waste management systems, inhibiting successful experiences. It was also discovered that the cities lack a system for collecting consistent, comprehensive and standardized data on quantities, compositions of solid waste and quality indicators that enable the scope and efficiency of these data systems. This shows that there is a need to restructure all executive areas directly or indirectly responsible for this issue in Brazil. Only then, will it achieve the desired objectives in the legislation, and enable an effective supervision in order to provide continuity in the actions to be implemented.<br>A Lei Federal Brasileira nº 12.305, de agosto de 2010, que instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS), estabelece prazos ou limites temporais para algumas ações, como a eliminação de lixões e a consequente destinação final ambientalmente adequada dos rejeitos até 2014. Contudo, a implementação desta Lei, marco histórico na gestão ambiental do País, enfrentará grandes desafios que necessitam de comprometimento entre os entes da federação brasileira para que as metas sejam alcançadas. Neste contexto, o estudo objetivou analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos nos municípios de Aracaju (SE) e João Pessoa (PB), ambos localizados na região nordeste, focando as formas de disposição final, os programas de coleta seletiva e os problemas enfrentados para o cumprimento da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Para alcançar o objetivo principal do estudo foi necessário a elaboração de um diagnóstico quanto à gestão e o gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos das capitais Aracaju e João Pessoa, de modo a elencar as dificuldades técnicas, econômicas e socioambientais que englobam a temática. Para isso, foram levantadas informações acerca das formas de disposição final e sistemas de coleta seletiva dos municípios, dos planos, das ações, das legislações municipais e das práticas realizadas, assim como das infraestruturas instaladas. Esses dados permitiram uma análise comparativa entre os municípios estudados. A metodologia utilizada para levantamento das informações foi de ordem primária e secundária, tendo como instrumentos de coleta a pesquisa de campo (observação direta extensiva) e o formulário de entrevista aberta. Os métodos de análise dos dados foram quantitativos e qualitativos, representados através de estatística simples em gráficos, tabelas, quadros e fluxogramas. Os resultados mostraram que os municípios apresentam semelhanças quanto às perspectivas de elaboração de projetos para implementação da Política, porém ambos enfrentam dificuldades relacionadas à capacitação técnica, a recursos financeiros, a sensibilização ambiental e aos cumprimentos dos prazos estipulados pela Lei em questão. Também, foi possível constatar que, de modo geral, as questões políticas no Brasil influem nas tomadas de decisões, pois afetam o planejamento dos sistemas de gestão de resíduos impossibilitando experiências exitosas. Verificou-se, ainda, que falta um sistema de coleta de dados consistentes, compreensivos e padronizados sobre quantidades, composições de resíduos sólidos e indicadores de qualidade que possibilitem o alcance e eficiência da gestão de resíduos. Salienta-se que se faz necessária a reestruturação em todas as instancias executivas direta ou indiretamente responsáveis por tal temática no Brasil. Só assim será possível atingir as metas estabelecidas na legislação e viabilizar uma fiscalização efetiva para que haja continuidade nas ações a serem implementadas.
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Zamazal, Petr. "Statistická analýza rozsáhlých dat z průmyslu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445466.
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This thesis deals with processing of real data regarding waste collection. It describes select parts of the fields of statistical tests, identification of outliers, correlation analysis and linear regression. This theoretical basis is applied through the programming language Python to process the data into a form suitable for creating linear models. Final models explain between 70 \% and 85 \% variability. Finally, the information obtained through this analysis is used to specify recommendations for the waste management company.
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Ventura, Marcus Antonio. "Otimização de sistema de roteirização de coleta de resíduos sólidos domiciliares urbanos utilizando ferramentas computacionais." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7999.
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A operação de coleta e transporte de resíduos sólidos urbanos é
indispensável dentro de quaisquer sistema de limpeza urbana. É necessário que se
intensifique a pesquisa nessa área de conhecimento afim de produzir-se material de
auxílio ao poder público municipal e o setor privado. Deste modo o objetivo geral
deste trabalho é o estudo da utilização de ferramentas computacionais para a
otimização dos roteiros dos serviços de coleta de resíduos sólidos domiciliares. Foi
feito um comparativo entre os itinerários percorridos pelos caminhões de coleta
quando dimensionados de forma empírica e quando dimensionados com o auxílio de
ferramentas computacionais. Verificou-se as vantagens e desvantagens de cada
modelo de dimensionamento e o grande potencial de redução de custos quando
utilizadas ferramentas computacionais.<br>The operation of collection and transportation of municipal solid waste is
essential within any system of urban sanitation. It is necessary to intensify research
in this area of knowledge in order to produce up to aid the municipal government and
the private sector material. Thus the objective of this work is to study the use of
computational tools for the optimization of routes of solid waste collection services. A
comparison between the routes traveled by pickup truck when scaled empirically and
when scaled with the aid of computational tools was made. There are advantages
and disadvantages of each model sizing and great potential for cost savings when
used computational tools.
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Khýr, Lukáš. "Matematické modely v oblasti strategického rozhodování." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417058.
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This master thesis deals with various mathematical models, which can be used for designing the location of collection points for various fractions of municipal waste with consideration of walking distance, economic demands and utilization of allocated capacities. Scripts for generating input datasets for applied models from basic input data, which are address points with population and GPS coordinates, is also included in the thesis. The model was implemented in GAMS and the script was written in VBA in Microsoft Excel. Model was used in case study. Results of single and multi-criteria approaches are analyzed and compared.
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EKANEM, EMMANUEL OKON. "EFFECTIVE RECYCLE PLANNING FOR CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/119942.
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Civil Engineering<br>M.S.E.<br>Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes are materials produced in the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of structures (buildings and roads). It also includes materials generated as a result of natural disasters (EPA, 2009). Preliminary estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show that the nation generated more than 160 million tons of building related C&D wastes in 2003. Also, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) estimated that in 2005, Pennsylvania disposed over 2.25 million tons of C&D wastes in its municipal and C&D landfills (PADEP, 2009).Though previous studies have shown that it is cost-effective and environmentally friendly for contractors or construction managers to recycle C&D wastes rather than disposing them in landfills, these previous studies, however, paid little or no attention to detailed cost of recycling C&D wastes in a particular geographical area or region as compared to the availability of market for recycled materials or monetary value of the recycled materials. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model that helps stakeholders in construction business to evaluate the potential cost of recycling C&D waste components in their geographical area or region, and the potential revenue from the recycled materials. The model developed in this thesis will enable private companies or individuals to identify, invest and participate in the recycling of C&D waste components that yield good profits in their region or area. It will also enable Government to identify, sponsor or provide incentives for the recycling of C&D waste components that yield no or less profit in order to reduce environmental pollution and generate jobs. A case study is conducted in Pennsylvania to test the model developed in this thesis and the test has been successful. Based on the mathematical model and logic structure for selecting C&D waste components for recycling, drywall, roofing shingles and wood are identified as the components whose recycling will yield good profit and thus may not need government's support or incentives. Moreover, C&D waste components such as concrete, brick, block and asphalt, have been identified as components whose recycling will not be profitable enough and therefore would require government's support or incentives. The result of the case study also shows that the quantity of non-ferrous metals in C&D wastes are very small and their recycling will not yield any significant profit.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Peçanha, Reynaldo Schirmer. "Cooperativas de reciclagem na capital paulista: um estudo multicasos sobre a inclusão socioeconômica dos catadores de material reciclável." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/1127.
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Previous issue date: 2015-03-26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This study aimed to verify if the recycling cooperatives implant the collectors of recyclable material, socioeconomically or not. The research was based on bibliographical and documentary review on the subject and also the comparative analysis of multi-case study in three recycling cooperatives located in São Paulo. We used to collect data from semi-structured interviews with cooperative members of these organizations and direct non-participant observation. The chosen approach was the analysis of qualitative data with the support of Atlas.ti software. The results will offer suggestions with proposals to managers, companies and policy makers so that the socio-economic inclusion is more effective. The main results of the study showed that the inclusion of collectors of recyclable material is processed with greater emphasis by the economic dimension in which the generation of employment and income become important factors to promote citizenship of these workers. It was observed in the cooperatives eager, but little effectiveness in implementing programs aimed at the social dimension as inclusion factor, in which the categories 'education' and 'health' could have priority in their management. It's worth mentioning that the analyzed recycling cooperatives comply with their proposals to provide access to work and therefore income. However, gaps in the social dimension could be minimized by the most action of public authorities and companies, in partnership with these collective social enterprises, in drafting of strategic plans that seek to actions aimed at increasing access to health and education programs and professional training of collectors<br>Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se as cooperativas de reciclagem inserem socioeconomicamente ou não os catadores de material reciclável.
A pesquisa baseou-se na revisão bibliográfica e documental sobre o tema e também na análise comparativa de estudo multicasos em três cooperativas de reciclagem localizadas na capital paulista.
Utilizou-se a coleta de dados a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os cooperados dessas organizações e da observação direta não participante.
O enfoque escolhido foi a análise de dados qualitativos com o apoio do software Atlas.ti. Os resultados permitirão oferecer sugestões com propostas aos gestores, empresas e formuladores de políticas públicas a fim de que a inclusão socioeconômica seja mais efetiva.
Os principais resultados da pesquisa apontaram que a inclusão dos catadores e catadoras de material reciclável se processa com maior ênfase pela dimensão econômica, na qual a geração de trabalho e renda tornam-se fatores preponderantes para promover a cidadania desses trabalhadores.
Observou-se por parte das cooperativas muita vontade, mas pouca efetividade na implementação de programas que visem à dimensão social como fator de inclusão, na qual as categorias educação e saúde poderiam ter prioridade em suas gestões.
Vale destacar que as cooperativas de reciclagem analisadas cumprem com suas propostas de prover acesso a trabalho e, consequentemente, renda.
No entanto, as lacunas encontradas na dimensão social poderiam ser minimizadas pela maior ação do poder público e das empresas, em parcerias com esses empreendimentos sociais coletivos, na elaboração de planos estratégicos que busquem ações direcionadas para maior acesso à saúde e aos programas de educação e capacitação profissional dos catadores de material reciclável
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Yudoko, Gatot. "Exploring the potential of integrated municipal solid waste planning and management in developing countries, a case study in the municipality of Bandung, Indonesia with a focus on households." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51241.pdf.
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Lima, Francielle da Silva de. "Estratégias de educação ambiental em duas escolas municipais de Campo Magro - PR." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/995.
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Os princípios básicos na educação ambiental como as ações de sensibilização, compreensão e responsabilidade, tornam-se cada vez mais necessários para possibilitar reflexões sobre práticas cotidianas em prol da melhoria geral da qualidade de vida. Neste aspecto, a temática de resíduos sólidos inserida na educação ambiental pode representar uma valiosa contribuição para despertar a comunidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sensibilizar alunos de ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Campo Magro – PR, sobre a importância da segregação e destinação correta de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Após a realização de entrevista com diretores e de diagnóstico dos ambientes das nove escolas municipais, foram definidas duas escolas para dar continuidade ao trabalho. Foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário para os alunos do 4º e 5º anos das escolas para avaliar as concepções e atitudes em relação à temática dos resíduos sólidos, ainda no mesmo dia foi solicitado a eles que realizassem uma representação (desenho) sobre o tema “lixo”. Através de análises destes instrumentos pôde-se fazer algumas considerações sobre o entendimento que os alunos têm da temática proposta, e traçar estratégias de educação ambiental de forma lúdica, como rodas de conversas e plantio de árvores, envolvendo as turmas de 4º e 5º anos. Também foram realizadas atividades de educação ambiental com os alunos dos 1°, 2° e 3° anos de ambas as escolas, além de diálogos com funcionários de limpeza, professores e os pais dos alunos. Após esta etapa, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas atividades envolvendo as duas escolas, como confecções de cartazes (desenhos e frases) e de brinquedos, utilizando material reciclável. Todo o material produzido foi exposto nas escolas em um evento denominado “Reciclando Ideias”. No desenvolvimento das estratégias notou-se curiosidade e empenho bem como, trabalho e cooperação entre equipes. Em diálogo com os alunos, os mesmos opinavam de forma positiva sobre a continuidade das estratégias em outros momentos, mostrando interesse pelo assunto proposto e pela forma com que estávamos realizando o trabalho. Durante a realização dessas atividades pôde ser notado o envolvimento da comunidade escolar referente a questões ambientais em ambas as escolas, sendo relevante destacar a participação dos professores que sempre junto com seus alunos participaram e colaboraram para as atividades. Através desse projeto, pode ser confirmado que a temática ambiental para as séries iniciais da educação básica, deve ser trabalhada através de atividades diferenciadas e envolvendo alunos, professores, corpo técnico e a comunidade onde residem os alunos, pois somente com a ação dos multiplicadores ambientais é que será possível haver mudanças no cenário em que o meio ambiente encontra-se hoje.<br>The basic principles in environmental education as awareness, understanding and responsibility become actions are increasingly necessary to provide reflections on everyday practices on overall quality of life. In this regard, solid waste topic insertion in environmental education may represent a valuable contribution to awaken the community. The present study aimed to sensitize primary school students of municipal schools in Campo Magro - PR, of segregation and proper disposal of solid waste importance. After conducting interviews with directors and diagnostic environments of the nine public schools, two schools were established to continue the work. A questionnaire was elaborated and applied to students in 4th and 5th years of schools to assess views and attitudes towards solid waste topic, and they was prompted to stage a representation (drawing) on the topic "junk" on the same day. Through analysis of these instruments it was possible to make some considerations on the understanding that students have of the proposed topic, and design strategies for environmental education in a playful way, like wheels conversations and planting trees, involving groups of 4 and 5 years. Environmental education activities with students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd years of both schools were also performed, as well as dialogues with cleaning staff, teachers and parents of students. After this step, were developed and applied activities involving the two schools, as clothing, posters (drawings and phrases) and toys, using recyclable material. All material produced was exposed in schools in an event called "Recycling Ideas". The development of strategies was noted curiosity and commitment as well as work and cooperation between teams. In dialogue with the students, they opined positively about the continuity of the strategies at other times, showing interest in the proposed issue and by the way we were doing the work. While performing these activities could be noted the involvement of the school community regarding environmental issues at both schools, being relevant to highlight the participation of teachers who always together with their students participated and contributed to the activities. Through this project, it can be confirmed that the environmental issue in the early grades of elementary education, must be worked through differentiated activities and involving students, teachers, staff and community where students reside, because only with the action of environmental multipliers is that current environment scenario can be changed.
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Rollin, Jérôme. "Normes environnementales et diversité périurbaine : Les enjeux de la professionnalisation de l'assainissement non collectif." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986712.
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Ce travail de thèse interroge l'application différenciée des politiques publiques et ses dynamiques. À travers l'étude de huit services publics d'assainissement non collectif, situés dans des espaces périurbains provençaux, hauts-alpins, vauclusiens et rhônalpins, la réflexion met en valeur les tensions entre des normes réglementaires et techniques d'une part et, d'autre part, des territoires disposant de ressources variables pour les appliquer. S'appuyant sur une démarche quantitative et qualitative auprès d'institutions et d'usagers, cette recherche met en évidence la grande différenciation des Spanc. Celle-ci s'explique par la difficulté, pour les Spanc, de s'imposer dans un jeu d'acteurs complexe et face à des usagers souvent récalcitrants. Notre recherche montre, au final, que la professionnalisation des agents de ces services, qui suppose le développement d'une identité, d'une culture et de pratiques communes, permet de réduire les différences d'application de la politique publique.
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黃承威. "Municipal Waste Collection Routing based on Workload and Turn Penalty." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38065534510002232992.
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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程與科學系<br>86<br>The municipal solid waste collection routing is an important issue for waste management and the privatization policy that was recently initiated. Yet, the traditional experience-basedmethod is not capable of responding rapidly various demand and situation changes. An appropriated routing tool is trerefore explored. Furthermore, research in the routing field concentrated mostly on the reduction of cost, and the equity of workload among the collection crew and collection safety and convenience may be thus neglected. In this study, a mathematical model that can be resolved within reasonable computationsal time was proposed. The model considers, in addition to the cost, both the workload equity and vehicle turning efficiency.
The complex structure of a real city street network makes it necessary to consider simultaneously directed, un-directed, and the not-served streets. Such a network is difficult to resolve by using a general routing model. For improving the model solvability, the original city street network is transformed to a totally dircted augmented network by a pre-treatment method developed based on the Minimum Cost flow. The augmented network is transformed again by the arc-to-node niethod into an equivalent node-based network. The finally transformed network is then possible to be resolved by using the proposed model within reasonable computational time.
A case study in the east region of Hsinchu City was conducted. Total working time, total waste quantity, and the weighted sum of both previous measures are the three workload equity criteria studied. The result shows significant improvement in workload distribution, collection time, and vehicle turning efficiency, when compared with the current collection routing schedule.
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Li, Yun-yen, and 李昀晏. "A Study of Optimal Route for Municipal Solid Waste Collection." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95409959444078663302.
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碩士<br>逢甲大學<br>環境工程與科學所<br>98<br>The recent industrial and economic development has improved the quality of life and has enhanced consumers’ purchasing power in Taiwan. The amount of everyday solid waste has also increased as a result during the decade of the 1990. At the same time, the government in Taiwan has been vehemently promoting resource recovery. The amount of solid waste collection is declining each year since 2000, but the amount of recoverable resources is on the rise. However, those recoverable resources are still being transported by the solid waste collection trucks. The transporting of the solid waste and recoverable resources from the source to the final destination has become an important subject for study.
Nowadays the solid waste collection usually follows a certain route patterns. But very often these collection routes may not have been the best routes. The shorter the route, the less fuel the collection truck requires and, often times, the fewer collections.
The objective of this study is to develop a solid waste collection route model. The model makes use of the linear programming technique to solve for the optima route. The study uses an simple example and an actual example to help prove the validity of the solid waste collection route model. The actual example is the neighborhood community of 22 solid waste collection points near Feng Chia University. Under the assumption of one-truck load of solid waste, the model identified the shortest route to be 5.4 km. The model developed in this study can be applied to regular pattern or irregular pattern streets. The study can provide valuable insight information to the local government in planning solid waste collection routes.
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Lin, Hung Yueh, and 林宏嶽. "Spatial Models for Landfill Siting and Municipal Solid Waste Collection Districting." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24577727969392150468.
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博士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程所<br>87<br>Landfill siting and municipal solid waste (MSW) collection subregion districting for prompting waste collection privatization are important responsibilities of local waste management authorities. These issues have also gained increasing attention from the general public. The goals of this study are to develop appropriate spatial optimization models and heuristic methods to improve landfill siting and MSW collection subregions districting analyses.
Siting a landfill typically requires processing of massive spatial data. A geographical information system (GIS), although capable of manipulating spatial data, generally lacks the ability to obtain an optimal site, especially when multiple siting rules are simultaneously considered. In this study, a spatial mixed-integer programming (MIP) siting model with consideration of varied siting factors and spatial property was developed to facilitate the landfill siting analysis. A comparison between the model and two other models was presented with a real case (Orange County, NC, USA) to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. According to the comparison result, the total solving time for the proposed model is less than 1/20 of those for two other models. Application of the model for the Shihu County was implemented to explore the model applicability for a semi-real world case. With a multi-factor analysis, the model can avoid the mis-selection problem that may be encountered when only a single factor is included.
Solving the MIP model for a large landfill siting problem generally require long computational time to accomplish. A heuristic method was therefore proposed to overcome this difficulty for a large siting area. A case for Shihu County was presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristic method. Results show that the longest solving time is about 10 hours and the worst objective value among all solutions still have 95% of the optimum. The heuristic method is believed to be practical.
A competitive market is an essential factor for successful MSW collection privatization. Properly dividing the entire MSW collection area into several subregions is capable of prompting the competitive market. Factors such as cost, subregion variance, and region compactness should be evaluated in districting. However, the compactness definition used for landfill siting is not appropriate for this problem because MSW is collected along the road network instead of the entire region. Therefore, a road compactness index (RCI) was proposed. Currently, a model specifically developed for MSW collection subregion districting is not available. An MIP model was thus developed to resolve this districting problem. A real case for Shansan District in Hsinchu showed the bias problem for only a single factor being considered. For the two subregions of the District, populations of both subregions were almost the same, but the transportation costs were significantly different. The proposed model can avoid this bias problem by minimizing the difference among sub-regions. In the other case study for South District and Dingpu District, the result illustrated that solutions with a high RCI implied low total cost and high variance among subregions, and vice versa. A further decision-making analysis to compromise the two objectives for determining the final solution is necessary.
The MIP districting model may need long time to solve for a large problem. Two heuristic methods was thus proposed to improve this difficulty. The Aggregation Method can significantly decrease the number of land parcels. The Average-Division method reduces the number of subregions in each step. Two pseudo cases were discussed to demonstrate the applicability of the methods.
In summary, appropriate spatial models and heuristic methods for landfill siting and MSW collection subregion districting were developed. The models or heuristic methods can be used with a GIS to improve its optimization ability. With the assistance of the models and methods, landfill siting and MSW collection sub-region districting analyses can be significantly improved and solutions can be obtained within acceptable computational time.
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Lin, Jing-kai, and 林靖凱. "Considering temporal convenience in routing of municipal solid waste collection and recycling." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97445011064879377971.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>環境工程與管理系碩士班<br>95<br>Collections and transports of the municipal solid wastes (MSW) are important works for local environmental authorities. The cost of collection and transport is often more than half of the total budget of MSW collection and treatment services. Nowadays the public are more willing to participate in recycling works as the environment protection consensus gradually grows. In Taiwan, the major recycle efforts are from curbside collection, it means the public used to contribute the recycled materials to the MSW collection vehicles where they dump wastes to. However, the concerns of former MSW routing were mainly in cost and equity issues, factors about time convenience of the public are not included in these routing models. Due to the inappropriate collection time schedule, some citizens could not dump their waste during the collection tours, and not to say to participate in the curbside recycling works. Thereby, the proposed model with time convenience was explored in this study.
The mathematical model with different definitions of time convenience was compared, in respects of cost, time and other MSW collection factors. In the process of analysis, a large scale scenario was found to cost much more time than expected to find the optimal solution. The heuristic method, which is the genetic algorithms in our work, was thus applied to reduce the solving time. Based on the results of scenarios, the routing plans generated by the proposed model averagely saved 30% of the total collection time than those generated by traditional models. In addition, the results of the proposed model provided both conveniences of spatial and temporal. Although the results of genetic algorithms are not as good as those generated by the proposed model, they still achieve an average 70 % of the optimal solutions and can be solved under expected time. The results also demonstrate the satisfaction and flexibility of the proposed model and genetic algorithms to be applied in the MSW collection and curbside recycling problems.
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TSENG, CHIA-YUAN, and 曾佳媛. "Research of Municipal Waste Collection Route Planning - The Example of Luodong Township." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rs9x39.
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碩士<br>醒吾科技大學<br>資訊科技應用系<br>104<br>Waste is a product that can not be avoided in human daily life and socio-economic activities. The waste disposal is the processes of storage, collection, transport, intermediate treatment and final disposal. In particuar, the waste collection and removal is closely related to people's daily life and is important to the environmental health. Most cities have planned their waste collection routes by using the combination of collection points and routes. However, there have been several issues such as disportionate labour work load, uneven collection coverage, regional collection overlap, etc., due to the lack of consideration of the key factors (e.g. the amount of the waste, the length of routes,input costs, and work load). Therefore, the prime goal of this study is to analyse the exisitg waste collection data with limited resources by using gepraphic informtion and the spatial model in order to propose an effective and efficient waste collection and disposal plan for the region.
Waste collection route planning has Vehicle Routing Problems (VRP) related route length and the limitation of collection capacity. In this study, we used the 11 waste collection routes in Luuodong town as an example to test our model. Our model set out 9 collection efficency indicators, with the evenly distributed work load as a prerequisit and waste load, collection points and distance as constraints. It used the spatial information technology applications such as Geographic Information System(GIS) and Google Map to adjust the routes to reduce the total distance of the collection routes and the number of the vehicles to find the most cost effective and efficent route distribution plan. It used vehicle maintenance cost, fuel cost and staffing cost to calcualte the operating cost for each route. Then, it analysed the changes of 9 indicators resulted from route adjustments and came up with the proposed waste collection plan which minises the total operating cost and maximises the efficency for the region This study demonstrates the model can play an important role in assisting the government to plan the future waste collection points and routes in a short time in order to respond quickly to the waste collection needs due to rapid change of urban development and population distribution.
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Achankeng, Eric. "Sustainability in municipal solid waste management in Bamenda and Yaounde, Cameroon." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/38002.
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In Cameroon, and most other developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management ( MSWM ) is endemic. This is easily identified by persistent heaps of uncollected waste found on street sides or ubiquitous illegal dumps. This thesis examines the sustainability of MSWM in Cameroon using two contrasting city cases of Yaoundé ( 1.5m people ) and Bamenda ( 300 000 people ). As major contributions the thesis generates the much - needed basic original data, critically examines and compares the sustainability of MSWM in both cities ' systems, evaluates the environmental impacts and uses these findings to suggest valuable research, policy and strategic - planning recommendations needed to make both systems, and others in similar situations, sustainable. To achieve these goals multiple triangulated methods were used. In Bamenda, where reliable basic data are non - existent, solid waste from sampled households was collected and analysed for generation rates, quantities and characteristics. In both cities questionnaire were administered to sampled household units selected from four stratified quarters. The survey questions addressed waste management issues and sustainability indicators that were needed to study, compare and evaluate the systems within the wider concept of the waste management hierarchy. The statistical programme for social sciences ( SPSS ) computer software was used to analyse the survey results. Field observations, interviews and a review of secondary sources complemented the data. New findings show that Bamenda city generates 120 - 160 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily ( 0.40-0.54 kg per capita ), 76 % of which is biodegradable and 24 % non - biodegradable. About 90 % of all solid waste comes from households. Bamenda Urban Council ( BUC ) regularly covers only 1 / 20th of the city area and collects and transports 20 - 30 tonnes of waste from its skips, accounting for only 17 - 25 % of the total daily waste generation. The waste is disposed of at an uncontrolled dump on the Mezam River flood plain. The citizens illegally dump the rest. Skips are crucial to the system but their total capacity and access are grossly inadequate ( 37m ³ over 28 sites ), with a further 465m ³ needed. Citizens move an average of 105 m to waste disposal sites. This suggests a sustainable inter - skip distance of 210 m for Bamenda city, far from the present 700 m. Yaoundé ' s daily per capita MSW generation rate is estimated at 0.79 kgs or 1200 tonnes for the entire city, three - quarters of which is biodegradable. Only one - third of the city area is regularly served with about 40 - 50 % ( ~ 540 tonnes ) of the waste collected and disposed of at the sanitary landfill on the Nfoulou River valley. Total available skip capacity is 1440m ³ with 3048m ³ lacking. The primary waste disposal average distance is 87 m. Yaoundé and Bamenda cities are unique in physical conditions and status but neither is able to deal adequately with the increasing waste generation rates, quantities and varieties that are driven by rapid urban population growth, spatial expansion and improved affluence and consumption among selected groups. Yaoundé ' s management has an edge over Bamenda ' s in terms of performance rates but leaves behind five times more uncollected and illegally dumped waste than Bamenda. Though Yaoundé ' s system is private and Bamenda ' s is public, both systems apply the same conventional approach that concentrates on imported technologies while neglecting waste prevention, recycling, safe disposal, involvement and integration of citizens and other stakeholders. This limited and monopolistic approach makes the system unworkable and equally creates huge environmental and health - related problems present at all the stages of the waste management cycle. Government devolves the waste function to urban councils but centralises funds and power. Its waste policies are limited, fragmented and confusing. The garbage tax law yields only 5 % in Bamenda and 7 % in Yaoundé, making both cities rely heavily on extra financial support from Cameroon and abroad. In all, neither city in the study demonstrates sustainability in any aspects of its MSWM system. The existing systems are not sustainable. A new system based on an integrated sustainable model operated within the context of good urban governance is proposed. This model accommodates the uniqueness of cities and is recommended for other cities in the country, Africa and the developing world.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Social Sciences, 2004.
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Chien, Huang Tzu, and 黃子健. "A Study on the Optimal Collection Mode of Municipal Solid Waste Fee in Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96592548261642789311.
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碩士<br>大葉大學<br>環境工程學系碩士班<br>94<br>Government of various countries often deals with one kind which is regarded as the public service of the removing of the offal for a long time, have not totally reflected the cost in charging, taking Taiwan as an example, the rubbish which general people pay removes and deals with the fee to only account for and remove about 30% which deals with the cost actually at present, not only accord with the fair principle like this, for suppressing the growth of rubbish quantity not to also benefit, also deal with its cost pressure of pollution as to people. Transporting clearly in rubbish at present, government not of various countries already adopt not for systemming, in latest idea ' polluter /pay user ', and such a concept has also already been accepted far and wide by the people. Can also judge policy management by the experience of Taiwan (for example categorised resources of pressure which the environmental protection administration activelies promotes are retrieved in recent years, and the rubbish fee which Taipei promote seeks accepting with bag ) is the important change factor changing of the domestic rubbish amount.
Administration actively promote under the policy idea on ' polluter pay / pay by user ' in environmental protection, the offal revised newly clears up the law and requires every local government to collect the garbage disposal fee with the datum of 100% response cost, the people must afford the rubbish and clear up the fee by oneself in the future. The rubbish of most countries removes and deals with the fee at present, didn’t reflect with 100% that the cost is born fully by the people, what the government still subsidized partly with the tax revenue is removed and dealing with the expenses. Adopt structure rate and reflect that the proportion of the cost removes the rubbish and deals with the expenses to divide into fixed cost and variable cost, at the same time the also appropriate district can not merely reflect the cost further so through the cost clearing stage and dealing with stage, and will clear up the cost and display it in rate , can promote the working efficiency of the cleaning squad. This research regards the cases of other countries as reference, and make policy and analyse that the result of incomes carries on the adjustment basis that try being regarded as of structure rate with the will of the people questionnaire and AHP, it is expected that can offer the reference of seeking charging rate adjustment in the future .
This research carries on the questionnaire interview of the telephone to general people at first, an investigation result shows the suggestions of the costs in fee removing rubbish: 65% of the interviewees would like to accept the present rate (about 105 NT every month of each household ), 23% of the interviewees would like to accept the each household and bear 200 NT per month, 12% of the interviewees would like to accept the each household and bear 250 NT , 9% of the interviewees to like to accept the each household and bear 300 NT per month per month, the adjustment of rate is under regarding adjusting and rising as the prerequisite of the trend in this research, it is the rational phenomenon that a system improves in initial stage that the people's acceptance degree will drop when the time comes, so estimate the will of the people and is accepted degree and can be regarded as the adjustable rational range that rise in the corresponding amount of money of rubbish fee between 30% and 40%, namely it is 157.5 to 184.3 NT to lie between the rubbish fee that the each household should afford every month.
Carry on AHP expert's questionnaire analysis to the experts and scholars and decision officer at the same time , the doing in the test amount factor of the decision structure includes environmental protection technology (the rate of recovery of resource is with clear working load), economy (rubbish fee income and privatization with higher speed), environment the fair /promote environmental consciousness of and not implement not for principling justice and politics / policy (consider offal policy and politics of leader not elected), the analysis result shows that the expert makes policy group thinks that the people should afford the rubbish and remove 79% which deals with the cost (scheme A does not adjust reflecting for 0.281 , scheme B100% it is 0.713 ), the weight of considering the factor of every decision is: Environmental protection technology is 0.113, 0.331 of economies, environment the fair /justice 0.301 and politics / 0.254 of policies,know economy and environment the fair /justice for lasting factoring mainly.
Synthesizing two kinds of above-mentioned analysis results can infer the rational range which reflect the cost , and it is fixed cost and variable cost time to try being regarded as the rubbish and removed and dealt with the cost, try calculating various kinds of proportion, draw the range that the people should afford the cost rationally between the two, learn by this that should each reflect among fixed cost and variable cost (such as 30% of fixed cost on the optimization range of the proportion, change cost is 100%; Fixed cost is 60%, change cost is 70%; Fixed cost is 80%, change cost is 60%; Fixed cost is 100%, 50% of the grades of change cost).
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Peixoto, Hugo Miguel Pereira. "Optimization of municipal solid waste collection routes based on the containers' fill status data." Dissertação, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59440.
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HWANG, WEN-TING, and 黃雯婷. "DESIGN OF THE OPERATION MODEL FOR OUT-SOURCING THE COLLECTION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30081609402539383591.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班<br>94<br>Market orientation and enterprise management have been conducted worldwide as core of government reforming since 1980s. Municipal solid waste collection has become privatization for years in western countries as one of market oriented example. In Taiwan, local government bodies have actively to push through privatized-run household waste collection. A few local environmental public sectors have been implementing these tasks from outsourcing since 1991. However, these private agents must follow the transportation and route routine standardized by government and there is less autonomy of operation. As a consequence, it is still far from market orientation. Moreover, there are still spaces to work better and improve competition mechanism of quality to ensure the public sheltering mechanism. As a result, it is worth to find out if there is other feasible contracting-out model.
The study focuses on analyzing references. It is through theoretical research, case study of privatization household waste collection, and practical strategies in different privatization public-service field to analyze the effective factors of contracting-out municipal solid waste collection. Furthermore, this study will propose a franchise contracting-out model of municipal solid waste collection. It will take Taipei city as example to design a practical waste collection model to comprehend the key issues in future operation.
The key conclusion and recommendation of study are as followed：
1. Purpose and restriction of outsourcing municipal solid waste collection：It is necessary to minimize risks, guarantee to offer public service, establish competition mechanism and step toward market governance. Moreover, franchise contracting-out model is more feasible than other contracting-out model. It could sort out the dilemma of current outsourcing.
2. Franchise private sectors work along with public-owned sector to establish competition mechanism：The sheltering mechanism of minimizing risks is that private sectors should take the partial responsibility of risks while public sectors should remain services in certain areas. The purpose is to encourage teams with enhanced service, technique, financial and operation to participate in the competition.
3. Separate agreements and charges are allowed for private sectors to sign with multi-units residence or closed-community：It is to raise the operation autonomy of private sectors to gradually frame the market governance mechanism of municipal solid waste collection service.
4. It is learnt from Taipei city experience of municipal solid waste collection. The challenge is how to coordinate related policy assignments which include garbage collection fee and resources recycling . However, the influence of job rearrange to current official cleaning staffs and their psychologically affection are far more effective than essence rights.
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Silva, Rodrigo Ferreira da Rocha e. "The multi-compartment vehicle routing problem in the collection of recyclable municipal solid waste." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/13537.
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JEL Classification System:
C61 – Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
R410 – Transportation: Demand, Supply and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise<br>Waste production is an inevitable by-product of today’s society activities, and its collection is an essential public service. With an increase in population density and consequently in the production of waste, a growing concern on environmental sustainability came along. European and national legislation imposes material recycling, and in order to ensure the sector’s economic viability and offset the strong market regulation, companies seek to find more efficient alternatives.
In a waste collection system, transportation costs represent approximately 70% of the total cost, meaning that routing decisions have a great impact on the financial sustainability of the companies in this sector. This mind-set led to the study of the operation of Valorsul, the company responsible for the collection of recyclable municipal solid waste in the western region of Portugal.
This work intends to assess the impact on the distance travelled by using multi-compartment vehicles, collecting Paper and/Cardboard and Plastic and/Metal simultaneously, in comparison to the use of single compartmented vehicles, where only one material is collected at a time. To do so, a hybrid model was developed that firstly selects which collection points from the existing network are worth visit with multi-compartment vehicles, and then implements a heuristic to cluster and route those collection points.
The proposed model was applied to a specific region of Valorsul system, and the results obtained suggest that the use of vehicles with multi-comparts is more beneficial than the use of vehicles with only one, reducing the total distance travelled.<br>A produção de resíduos é um subproduto inevitável da atividade da sociedade atual, sendo a sua recolha um serviço público essencial. A acompanhar o aumento da densidade populacional, e consequentemente a produção de resíduos, existe uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade ambiental. A legislação europeia e nacional impõe a reciclagem de materiais e, para garantir a viabilidade económica do setor e compensar a forte regulação do mercado, as empresas procuram alternativas mais eficientes.
Num sistema de recolha de resíduos, o seu transporte representa cerca de 70% do custo total, o que significa que a definição de rotas tem um grande impacto na sustentabilidade financeira das empresas deste setor. O caso de estudo desta dissertação baseia-se na operação da Valorsul, empresa responsável por um sistema de recolha de resíduos recicláveis.
Este trabalho pretende avaliar o impacto na distância percorrida comparando a utilização de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos, recolhendo os contentores de Papel e Plástico em simultâneo, e a utilização de veículos com um único compartimento, recolhendo um material de cada vez. Desta forma, foi desenvolvido um modelo híbrido que, numa primeira fase, seleciona os ecopontos que devem ser visitados por veículos com múltiplos compartimentos. Através do desenvolvimento de uma heurística, são definidas as rotas para recolher esses ecopontos.
O modelo proposto foi aplicado a uma região específica do sistema da Valorsul, e os resultados obtidos sugerem que o uso de veículos com múltiplos compartimentos é mais benéfico (em termos de distância percorrida) do que o uso de veículos com apenas um.
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Peixoto, Hugo Miguel Pereira. "Optimization of municipal solid waste collection routes based on the containers' fill status data." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/59440.
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Huang, You-Ti, and 黃宥禔. "Development and Application of Performance Assessment and Resource Allocation Models for Municipal Solid Waste Collection System." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09901864443309260135.
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博士<br>國立交通大學<br>環境工程系所<br>100<br>Municipal solid waste (MSW) collection is significant components of waste
management; consequently, assessment methods for MSW collection performance warrant
evaluation. Data envelopment analysis (DEA), a method frequently used for performance
assessment, assigns the most advantage weight set to maximize the performance value of an
evaluated unit. However, high values in a few indicators can lead to a unit being regarded
as ‘efficient,’ despite valuing poorly in other essential indicators. Furthermore, spatial
differences resulting from varying population densities between regions influence the
practicality of assessments. Distribution of resources also plays an important role in the
effectiveness of MSW collection, but prior resource distribution methods have yet to take
this into account. Therefore, this study has developed methods to improve MSW collection
performance evaluation and resource usage.
This study developed methods to assess MSWC services and resource allocation for
307 Taiwan local governments. For overcoming the drawback of the DEA method,,
Reverse Data Envelopment Analysis (RDEA) was established to discern the relative
significance of indicators. DEA and RDEA models were then combined in this study to
develop a more precise method of analysis, referred to here as the Inefficiency
Countervailed Data Envelopment Analysis (IC-DEA), which can be verified through
evaluation of corporate environmental performance. The indicator framework of MSW
collection evaluation is more complex than IC-DEA case; therefore, when assessing
performance, work-loading must also be considered. This study developed the Enhanced
Inefficiency Countervailed Data Envelopment Analysis (EIC-DEA) method to analyze the
MSW collection performance. Because the different weight sets of EIC-DEA results and
spatial issue heavily influence MSW collection performance, the Spatial Inefficiency
Countervailed Common Weight (SIC-CW) method was enhanced to obtain suitable
common weight, addressing the issue of ineffective compensation and differences in spatial
distribution. Additionally, appropriate resource usage can increase the effectiveness of
MSW collection. Consequently, a dual mode approach was employed to create the MSW
Resource Usage Analysis (MSW-RUA) method, which increases resource efficiency.
Additional procedure indicators with work loading using these methods resulted in
improvements over previous approaches for evaluation. Considerations of spatial
differences and common weighting can also adjust for differences in performance caused
by disparities in spatial distribution, and provide a more practical weighting structure.
Results from this study can be used as references to determine improvements necessary for
resource efficiency as well as follow-up planning. Approaches of analysis proposed in the
study can be used to improve MSW collection performance assessment and resource usage.
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Cai, Zong-pei, and 蔡宗沛. "The ants colony optimization enhanced model for residents access convenience of municipal solid waste collection and recycling." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63381764637589815369.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>環境工程與管理系碩士班<br>97<br>As the economy growth and national income increasing, the quality of life and consumption of level also rapidly raise. The above phenomena result in increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) as well. There are a lot of citizens in urban areas of Taiwan, because of their various daily life schedule, who can’t match up the curbside collection time of MSW or recyclable materials. Therefore, temporal convenience and spatial convenience of MSW collection are evaluated in this study to modify the original single shift collection plan into day-and-night shift collection. Two mixed integer programming (MIP) models are established to analyze the problem. The first model is to divide the collection points into two groups while considering the convenience of residents, for day shift and night shift, respectively. The second model is a typical traveling salesman problem MIP model, which is used for solving the optimal collection pan of each shift. To improve the solving efficiently of second model, a heuristic skill, ants colony optimization has been introduced. A case study has been demonstrated to realize the suitability and flexibility of the proposed methodology. The results also reveals that the collection plans generated by the proposed methodology in all the scenarios are superior to the collection plan at present based on the same temporal and spatial convenience.
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Jiang, Limin. "Scope economies between indiscriminate and selective urban solid waste collection." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/15434.
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Recycling is one possible option within municipal solid waste (MSW) management to
deal with the growing quantities of MSW produced. Only a few scholars have analysed
the costs of this service and asked the question whether municipal solid waste
management service utilities benefit from providing waste disposal and recycling
services jointly. This dissertation tries to answer this question in the Portuguese context.
In other words, it tries to find whether there are economies of scope in the Portuguese
municipal solid waste management market between waste collection and disposal and
recycling services.
To answer the question, this study estimates a cost function of the municipal solid waste
collection and disposal and recycling services in Portugal. Using a panel of 260
Portuguese retail municipal solid waste management service providers observed from
2001 to 2015, a multi-output translog cost function is estimated. The index value for
scope economies is -0.27, meaning diseconomies of scope have been found.<br>A reciclagem é uma opção possível na gestão de residuos sólidos urbanos para lidar com
a crescente quantidade deste tipo de resíduos que é produzida. Não existem muitos
Estudos que tenham analisado este serviço e perguntado se as entidades gestoras de
resíduos sólidos urbanos beneficiam do fornecimento simultâneo dos serviços de recolha
de lixo e de reciclagem. Esta dissertação procura responder a essa questão no contexto
português. Por outras palavras, ela tenta descobrir se existem economias de gama na
gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos no mercado português entre a recolha de resíduos e os
serviços de reciclagem.
Para responder à questão, este estudo estima uma função de custo para os serviços de
recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos e de reciclagem em Portugal. Usando um painel de
260 entidades gestoras de serviços de gestão de resíduos sólidos urbanos observadas de
2011 a 2015, estima-se uma função de custos multi-produto translog. O índice de
economias de gama é de -0.27, significando que existem deseconomias de gama.
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Paixão, Susana Mónica Marinho. "Recolha seletiva: um balanço de energia e recursos face à dispersão geográfica - estudo caso: concelho de Coimbra e concelho da Figueira da Foz." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/32383.
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Tese de doutoramento em Geografia, na especialidade de Geografia Física, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra<br>O presente estudo desenvolveu-se através da análise dos dados acerca das ”quantidades de resíduos” provenientes da recolha seletiva dos ecopontos dos concelhos de Coimbra e Figueira da Foz do Distrito de Coimbra e dos “quilómetros percorridos” para a recolha desses resíduos e encaminhamento para a estação de triagem. Os anos em estudo foram de 2009 a 2013 e os dados anteriormente referidos foram obtidos através da consulta do sítio da internet da ERSUC, empresa gestora dos resíduos urbanos. Por outro lado, com a informação recolhida da tipologia dos camiões de recolha e do ano de matrícula, recorreu-se ao programa COPERT IV para obter as quantidades de CO2 emitidos por fluxo de resíduos, tendo conseguido fazer um balanço, recorrendo ao software do site norte americano STOPWASTE. Com esta calculadora, e fazendo as adaptações necessárias à realidade portuguesa, conseguimos calcular a quantidade de CO2 que se deixa de emitir para a atmosfera ao fazer a reciclagem das quantidades de resíduos recolhidos. De referir que foi usada a percentagem de 6% como taxa de refugo, segundo os dados obtidos através da ERSUC.
Assim, verificou-se que temos um balanço muito positivo no que respeita às quantidades de CO2 que são poupadas com a reciclagem dos resíduos provenientes dos ecopontos comparativamente com a quantidade de CO2 emitido com a sua recolha e encaminhamento para a estação de triagem. É certo que no presente estudo não foram contemplados os quilómetros percorridos e as consequentes emissões de CO2 com o transporte da estação de triagem para as empresas recicladoras.
Por outro lado, o presente estudo permitiu chegar à conclusão que também conseguimos poupar energia ao reciclarmos os materiais recolhidos, quando comparamos com a energia que é gasta com a recolha e transporte destes mesmos materiais.
This study was developed by analyzing the data "quantities of waste" from the selective collection of waste recycling bins, for the municipalities of Coimbra and Figueira da Foz the district of Coimbra and "mileage" for such waste and referral to the station screening. The years in the study were from 2009 to 2013 and previously reported data were obtained through the Internet site of the ERSUC, company wich managing municipal waste. On the other hand, with the information collected from the type of truck collection and year of registration, he used the COPERT IV program to obtain the quantities of CO2 emitted with a waste stream and managed to take stock, using the site's software north American STOPWASTE. With this calculator, and making the necessary adjustments to the Portuguese reality, we can calculate the amount of CO2 that is allowed to emit into the atmosphere when you recycle the quantities of waste collected. Note that the percentage of 6% as scrap rate was used, according to data obtained by ERSUC.
Thus it was found that we have a very positive with regard to the quantities of CO2 are saved with the recycling of waste from ecopoints compared to the amount of CO2 emitted to the collection and forwarding to the screening station. It is true that in this study the mileage and consequently CO2 emissions with transportation screening station at recycling companies were not included.
Furthermore this study has lead to the conclusion that we can also save energy by recycling the collected materials, when compared to the energy that is spent on the collection and transport of these same materials.
KEYWORDS: Municipal waste, selective collection, balance, Coimbra<br>This study was developed by analyzing the data "quantities of waste" from the selective
collection of waste recycling bins, for the municipalities of Coimbra and Figueira da Foz the
district of Coimbra and "mileage" for such waste and referral to the station screening. The
years in the study were from 2009 to 2013 and previously reported data were obtained
through the Internet site of the ERSUC, company wich managing municipal waste. On the other
hand, with the information collected from the type of truck collection and year of registration,
he used the COPERT IV program to obtain the quantities of CO2 emitted with a waste stream
and managed to take stock, using the site's software north American STOPWASTE. With this
calculator, and making the necessary adjustments to the Portuguese reality, we can calculate
the amount of CO2 that is allowed to emit into the atmosphere when you recycle the
quantities of waste collected. Note that the percentage of 4% as scrap rate was used,
according to data obtained by ERSUC.
Thus it was found that we have a very positive with regard to the quantities of CO2 are saved
with the recycling of waste from ecopoints compared to the amount of CO2 emitted to the
collection and forwarding to the screening station. It is true that in this study the mileage and
consequently CO2 emissions with transportation screening station at recycling companies were
not included.
Furthermore this study has lead to the conclusion that we can also save energy by recycling
the collected materials, when compared to the energy that is spent on the collection and
transport of these same materials.
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CHENG, HUAN-LING, and 鄭煥玲. "Carbon Footprint calculation for Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Sky Lantern Festival in Pingxi District,New Taipei City." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18837365476801292087.
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碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>自然資源與環境管理研究所在職專班<br>101<br>To confront and mitigate the potential impact of climate change, GHG emissions management has been generally recognized as the specific practice in response to future development trend and control of regulation. Public sectors, in coordination with nation’s overall policy of energy conservation & carbon reduction, should actively implement GHG inventory and carbon reduction for organization and activities, directing efforts toward carbon neutrality. This study focuses carbon footprint inventory on Pingxi Clean Team garbage removals and Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival activities to analyze and explore GHG emissions sources. New Taipei City Environmental Protection Bureau
Organizational inventory of Pingxi Clean Team based on available data of 2011, covering garbage removals area by Pingxi Clean Team, amounted to 133,715.5 kg CO2e. Scope 1, 2 and 3 proportionate67.1%, 9.4% and 23.5% respectively. It reveals that the main GHG emissions source are transportation vehicles (diesel) accounted for 46.2%, transportation vehicles (gasoline) stand 13.4%, the employees transport vehicles (gasoline) reached to 23.5%, and electricity use was 9.4%.
Carbon footprint inventory of Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival Event based on the latest available data of 2013, covering area by Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival activities, amounted to 57,930.6 kg CO2e. Scope 1, 2 and 3 proportionate 90.3%, 0.1%, and 9.6% respectively.Main GHG emissions source are transportation vehicles (diesel) accounted for 50.2%, stems from discharging sky lanterns (kerosene) accounted for 1.2%, while electricity use accounted for 0.1%.
The analysis result is referable for New Taipei City setting future GHG reduction measures. In regard to garbage removals, the improvement can be fulfilled by planning garbage trucks maintenance and service routes. As for Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival activities, it is necessary to find substituent for kerosene. When holding Pingxi Sky Lantern Festival activities in the future, public sectors should take account of environmental impact, despite of immediate benefits from economic & tourism development. Acting on the premise of environmental conservation and respect for local culture, economic profits via activities must feed back to the maintenance of environmental systems so as to ensure the sustainable development of activities. Consequently, it is recommended to introduce ISO 20121 as early as possible to reduce carbon footprint, resource use and cost savings.
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Wang, Chao-Chin, and 王招錦. "A Study on Planning and Charging for Municipal Solid Waste Collection — an Example of Jiouru Hsiang in Pingtung County." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49690190735536566582.
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碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>環境工程與科學系<br>92<br>“Keep Trash off the Ground” policy has been implemented in Jiouru Hsiang, Pingtung County since January, 2003. The collected municipal solid waste is transported to the Kanding municipal waste incineration plant which is 30 kilometers away and pays 450 dollars per ton for the treatment fee. According to the “General Waste Clearance and Treatment Fees Reflect That Costs Ratio Bulletin”, the ratio is set to be 100% in 2003. The objectives of this study are (l) to understand whether the contemporary municipal solid waste clearance and treatment fees reflecting that costs ratio reach l00% or not? (2) to investigate the adequate applicable mode of the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment under the contemporary vehicle and worker condition; (3) to examine the significant factors that reduce the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment costs; (4) to inspect the different charge modes for the waste clearance and treatment with respect to that costs. Thus this study can hopefully provide some useful references to the government in the selection of charge modes on waste clearance and treatment.
This study first collected the background information about the waste clearance and treatment area, and then solved the vehicle route problem with Euler Cycle concept and LINDO software package to obtain the shortest route for the waste clearance and treatment vehicle. Further, the different collection frequency and working load was investigated to provide the efficient way for waste collection. Moreover, amount of the household charge, which was contemporarily adopted, was compared with the variation with amount of the population and with the collection frequency.
This research has the following results. (l) the contemporary municipal solid waste clearance and treatment fees reflect that costs ratio only reach 58.5%; (2) the contemporary vehicle and worker condition for waste clearance and treatment goes by one driver and two workers, it looks that condition as the fifth and sixth scheme (clearance and treatment vehicle 9H-845) are the most efficient; (3) the worker cost is a major factor that reduces the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment costs; (4) to charge by the amount of the household and the collection frequency is better than that by the population that can be provided to the government for a reference in the selection of charge mode for the waste clearance and treatment.
This research found that the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment costs will be effectively reduced for the Jiouru Hsiang in Pingtung County if the frequency of municipal solid waste clearance and transport mode is twice every week and waste clearance worker is reduced to one and clearance vehicle is switched to 9H-845. The municipal solid waste clearance and treatment fees charged by the amount of the household principles that the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment fees reflect that cost ratio raising from 58.5% to 78.8%. In the future, if the municipal solid waste clearance and treatment fees still will be charged by the amount of the household, then under the fair principle, the charge variation based on the different population per household can be investigated. Feasibility study on the switch of “the amount of the household” to a “per-bag” basis would follow by “Keep Trash off the Ground” policy, or turn to the private providers for municipal solid waste collection.
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Sung, Pao-Jui, and 宋寶瑞. "Analytical hierarchy process for out-sourcing the collection of municipal solid waste — take the Dali township of Taichung County as an example." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32447261606978923082.
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碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>環境工程與管理系碩士班<br>96<br>In this study, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to evaluate the policy for out-sourcing the collection of municipal solid waste. The Dali township in Taichung County was taken as an example. The questionnaires were designed according to analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Several types of officials from different level of governments were chosen to realize the weight of four indicators including system aspect, economic aspect, political aspect and executive aspect. The results indicated that the four major indicators to evaluate the policy for out-sourcing the collection of municipal solid waste were in the order: system aspect, economic aspect, political aspect and executive aspect.