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Sembiring, Jaka, and Kageo Akizuki. "Realization of Multi-Scale Stochastic Process on Multiple Tree." IEEJ Transactions on Electronics, Information and Systems 120, no. 2 (2000): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejeiss1987.120.2_194.
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Blöschl, Günter. "Flood generation: process patterns from the raindrop to the ocean." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 9 (2022): 2469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-2469-2022.
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Abstract. This article reviews river flood generation processes and flow paths across space scales. The scale steps include the pore, profile, hillslope, catchment, regional and continental scales, representing a scale range of a total of 10 orders of magnitude. Although the processes differ between the scales, there are notable similarities. At all scales, there are media patterns that control the flow of water and are themselves influenced by the flow of water. The processes are therefore not spatially random (as in thermodynamics) but organized, and preferential flow is the rule rather than the exception. Hydrological connectivity, i.e. the presence of coherent flow paths, is an essential characteristic at all scales. There are similar controls on water flow and thus on flood generation at all scales but with different relative magnitudes. Processes at lower scales affect flood generation at larger scales, not simply as a multiple repetition of pore-scale processes but through interactions which cause emergent behaviour of process patterns. For this reason, when modelling these processes, the scale transitions need to be simplified in a way that reflects the relevant structures (e.g. connectivity) and boundary conditions (e.g. groundwater table) at each scale. In conclusion, it is argued that upscaling as the mere multiple application of small-scale process descriptions will not capture the larger-scale patterns of flood generation. Instead, there is a need to learn from observed patterns of flood generation processes at all spatial scales.
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Simms, Cormac, and Jasbir Singh. "Rapid Process Development and Scale-Up Using A Multiple Reactor System." Organic Process Research & Development 4, no. 6 (2000): 554–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/op000049p.
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Klafke, Karina, Marcio Martinello Sanches, William Sihler, Marlinda Lobo de Souza, and Aldo Tonso. "Bioreactor Production Process of Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Biopesticide." Pathogens 12, no. 8 (2023): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081001.
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Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is one of the most important maize pests in the world and the baculovirus Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), a natural pathogen of this pest, has been used as a biopesticide for its control. At present, in vivo strategies at the commercial scale are employed by multiplying the virus in the host insect in biofactory facilities; however, in vitro large-scale production is an interesting alternative to overcome the limitations of baculoviruses massal production. This study aimed to develop the process of the SfMNPV in vitro production by evaluating the effects of different multiplicities of infection (MOI) and nutritional supplements, morphological and molecular analysis of the infection on the growth of Sf9 cells and virus production. The Bioreactor Stirred Tank Reactor (STR) approach with glutamine-supplemented Sf-900 III serum free culture medium, combined with the MOI of 1.0, showed the best viral production performance, with a specific productivity above 300 occlusion bodies (OBs)/cell and volumetric productivity of 9.0 × 1011 OBs/L.
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Xu, Yigang, Yifei Du, Yong Zeng, and Shiming Li. "Flexible Manufacturing of Continuous Process Enterprises with Large Scale and Multiple Products." Technology and Investment 04, no. 01 (2013): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ti.2013.41006.
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Xu, Jianhua, Yiwen Xu, and Chunan Song. "An Integrative Approach to Understand the Climatic-Hydrological Process: A Case Study of Yarkand River, Northwest China." Advances in Meteorology 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/272715.
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Taking the Yarkand River as an example, this paper conducted an integrative approach combining the Durbin-Watson statistic test (DWST), multiple linear regression (MLR), wavelet analysis (WA), coefficient of determination (CD), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) to analyze the climatic-hydrological process of inland river, Northwest China from a multitime scale perspective. The main findings are as follows. (1) The hydrologic and climatic variables, that is, annual runoff (AR), annual average temperature, (AAT) and annual precipitation (AP), are stochastic and, no significant autocorrelation. (2) The variation patterns of runoff, temperature, and precipitation were scale dependent in time. AR, AAT, and AP basically present linear trends at 16-year and 32-year scales, but they show nonlinear fluctuations at 2-year and 4-year scales. (3) The relationship between AR with AAT and AP was simulated by the multiple linear regression equation (MLRE) based on wavelet analysis at each time scale. But the simulated effect at a larger time scale is better than that at a smaller time scale.
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Xie, Eric, Colin Cook, L. Grayson-Warren, and Jason Benkoski. "Novel surfactant self-assembly process generates multi-scale surface topographies for stem cell growth and differentiation." Chemical Industry 72, no. 2 (2018): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind170508020x.
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Topographical features on a substrate can greatly influence stem cell fate through contact guidance. While the response of stem cells to topography at the nano-, micro-, and meso-scale has been studied extensively, little is known about the interplay of surface features acting simultaneously across multiple length scales. A limiting factor has been the availability of high throughput methods for probing the potentially unlimited parameter space. Herein we describe a facile method for rapidly generating a hierarchy of multi-scaled topographical features on polymer substrates via the self-assembly of surfactants at the monomer/water interface. Having previously assembled polydimethylsiloxane-diacrylate (PDMS-DA) into surfaces resembling multiple tissue morphologies, the current study refines this method to produce biocompatible substrates. To manage the large parameter space, we limit the scope of this study to surface features spanning nanometer (< 1 ?m) and micrometer (1-50 ?m) length scales, which arise both individually and in combination. Adipose-derived stem cells were plated onto five surface types and their morphology, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were assessed after non-inductive and osteogenic culture. We observed statistically significant differences in cellular responses to each surface. Among our observations, the increased osteogenesis of cells on surfaces with nano-scaled features superimposed over micro-scaled features suggests that such hierarchical surface structure mediates the osteogenic properties of a surface.
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Díaz-Pernas, Francisco J., Míriam Antón-Rodríguez, Mario Martínez-Zarzuela, J. Fernando Díez-Higuera, David González-Ortega, and Daniel Boto-Giralda. "Multiple scale neural architecture for enhancing regions in the colour image segmentation process." Expert Systems 28, no. 1 (2010): 70–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.2010.00543.x.
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Jurtz, Nico, Urvashi Srivastava, Alireza Attari Moghaddam, and Matthias Kraume. "Particle-Resolved Computational Fluid Dynamics as the Basis for Thermal Process Intensification of Fixed-Bed Reactors on Multiple Scales." Energies 14, no. 10 (2021): 2913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14102913.
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Process intensification of catalytic fixed-bed reactors is of vital interest and can be conducted on different length scales, ranging from the molecular scale to the pellet scale to the plant scale. Particle-resolved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to characterize different reactor designs regarding optimized heat transport characteristics on the pellet scale. Packings of cylinders, Raschig rings, four-hole cylinders, and spheres were investigated regarding their impact on bed morphology, fluid dynamics, and heat transport, whereby for the latter particle shape, the influence of macroscopic wall structures on the radial heat transport was also studied. Key performance indicators such as the global heat transfer coefficient and the specific pressure drop were evaluated to compare the thermal performance of the different designs. For plant-scale intensification, effective transport parameters that are needed for simplified pseudo-homogeneous two-dimensional plug flow models were determined from the CFD results, and the accuracy of the simplified modeling approach was judged.
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Ban, Yuseok, and Kyungjae Lee. "Multi-Scale Ensemble Learning for Thermal Image Enhancement." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (2021): 2810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062810.
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In this study, we propose a multi-scale ensemble learning method for thermal image enhancement in different image scale conditions based on convolutional neural networks. Incorporating the multiple scales of thermal images has been a tricky task so that methods have been individually trained and evaluated for each scale. However, this leads to the limitation that a network properly operates on a specific scale. To address this issue, a novel parallel architecture leveraging the confidence maps of multiple scales have been introduced to train a network that operates well in varying scale conditions. The experimental results show that our proposed method outperforms the conventional thermal image enhancement methods. The evaluation is presented both quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Liu, Mao. "Simulation on Rationalization Process Scheduling in Large-Scale Civil Engineering." Applied Mechanics and Materials 602-605 (August 2014): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.602-605.571.
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In the construction process of large-scale civil engineering and architecture, how to realize rational scheduling is a key problem need to be solved. This paper studies the construction process of the large-scale Civil Engineering decoration companies, particularly the construction with parallel multiple sets of team and multi-project. To solve the problem, the paper designs a special scheduling algorithm and carries out simulation. The scheduling algorithm shorts the duration of construction and improves enterprise efficiency.
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Li, Jianlin, Yuepeng Zhang, Youngho Shin, and Ozgenur Kahvecioglu. "(Invited) Materials Manufacturing and Process Scale up for Energy Storage." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2024-01, no. 4 (2024): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2024-014639mtgabs.
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The demand for energy storage devices is ever increasing with their applications to electrical vehicles and grid storage. To keep up the ever-growing battery manufacturing capacity, it is critical to develop novel processes that can produce materials and electrodes at scale at low cost and with high throughput and low environmental impact. This presentation will discuss multiple processes in material and electrode manufacturing from batch to continuous or roll-to-roll operation. Benefits and challenges of each process will be discussed.
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Bautista, Carlos, Eloy Revilla, Teresa Berezowska-Cnota, Néstor Fernández, Javier Naves, and Nuria Selva. "Spatial ecology of conflicts: unravelling patterns of wildlife damage at multiple scales." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1958 (2021): 20211394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.1394.
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Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife damage to agriculture and livestock. Spatial risk modelling is a useful tool to gain the understanding of wildlife damage and mitigate conflicts. Although resource selection is a hierarchical process operating at multiple scales, risk models usually fail to address more than one scale, which can result in the misidentification of the underlying processes. Here, we addressed the multi-scale nature of wildlife damage occurrence by considering ecological and management correlates interacting from household to landscape scales. We studied brown bear ( Ursus arctos ) damage to apiaries in the North-eastern Carpathians as our model system. Using generalized additive models, we found that brown bear tendency to avoid humans and the habitat preferences of bears and beekeepers determine the risk of bear damage at multiple scales. Damage risk at fine scales increased when the broad landscape context also favoured damage. Furthermore, integrated-scale risk maps resulted in more accurate predictions than single-scale models. Our results suggest that principles of resource selection by animals can be used to understand the occurrence of damage and help mitigate conflicts in a proactive and preventive manner.
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Lau, John H., Cheng-Ta Ko, Tzvy-Jang Tseng, et al. "Six-Side Molded Panel-Level Chip Scale Package with Multiple Diced Wafers." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2020, no. 1 (2020): 000057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2020.1.000057.
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Abstract In this study, the design, materials, process, assembly, and reliability of a 6-side molded panel-level chip scale package (PLCSP) are presented. Emphasis is placed on the fabrication of the RDLs (redistribution layers) of the PLCSP on a large temporary panel with multiple device wafers. Since all the printed circuited board (PCB) panels are in rectangular shape, some of the device wafers are diced into two or more pieces so the panel is fully utilized. Thus, it is very high throughput. Since all the processes/equipment are PCB process/equipment (not semiconductor process/equipment), it is a very low cost process. After the fabrication of RDLs, the wafers from the PCB panel are debonded. It is followed by solder ball mounting and fabricating the 6-side molded PLCSP from the original device wafers with RDLs. The drop test and the results including failure analysis of the PLCSP are presented. Thermal cycling of the 6-side molded PLCSP PCB assembly is performed by a nonlinear temperature- and time-dependent finite-element simulation.
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Park, Miran, Claude Loverdo, Sebastian J. Schreiber, and James O. Lloyd-Smith. "Multiple scales of selection influence the evolutionary emergence of novel pathogens." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1614 (2013): 20120333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0333.
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When pathogens encounter a novel environment, such as a new host species or treatment with an antimicrobial drug, their fitness may be reduced so that adaptation is necessary to avoid extinction. Evolutionary emergence is the process by which new pathogen strains arise in response to such selective pressures. Theoretical studies over the last decade have clarified some determinants of emergence risk, but have neglected the influence of fitness on evolutionary rates and have not accounted for the multiple scales at which pathogens must compete successfully. We present a cross-scale theory for evolutionary emergence, which embeds a mechanistic model of within-host selection into a stochastic model for emergence at the population scale. We explore how fitness landscapes at within-host and between-host scales can interact to influence the probability that a pathogen lineage will emerge successfully. Results show that positive correlations between fitnesses across scales can greatly facilitate emergence, while cross-scale conflicts in selection can lead to evolutionary dead ends. The local genotype space of the initial strain of a pathogen can have disproportionate influence on emergence probability. Our cross-scale model represents a step towards integrating laboratory experiments with field surveillance data to create a rational framework to assess emergence risk.
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Leineweber, Daniel B., Andreas Schäfer, Hans Georg Bock, and Johannes P. Schlöder. "An efficient multiple shooting based reduced SQP strategy for large-scale dynamic process optimization." Computers & Chemical Engineering 27, no. 2 (2003): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(02)00195-3.
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Junique, Stéphane, Qin Wang, Susanne Almqvist, et al. "GaAs-based multiple-quantum-well spatial light modulators fabricated by a wafer-scale process." Applied Optics 44, no. 9 (2005): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.44.001635.
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Freitag, Amy, Suzana Blake, Patricia M. Clay, et al. "Scale Matters." Nature and Culture 17, no. 2 (2022): 144–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2022.170202.
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Interdisciplinary science and environmental management involve bringing together data and expertise at multiple spatial scales. The most challenging part of merging scales is aligning the scale of inquiry with the research application. Through the Louisiana case study relating wetland loss and commercial fishing, we examine how the nature and strength of the relationship changes depending on the scale of investigation. Resulting management implications also vary because of tradeoffs in choosing the scale of inquiry. State-level fisheries managers may miss effects of wetland loss in fishing communities because they are looking at aggregate data. Scientific information must directly address the constituent scale, where managers can enact policy. The case study demonstrates why scalar considerations should be an explicit part of the planning process for both science and management.
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Lau, John H., Cheng-Ta Ko, Tzvy-Jang Tseng, et al. "Six-Side Molded Panel-Level Chip-Scale Package with Multiple Diced Wafers." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 17, no. 4 (2020): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.1226533.
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Abstract In this study, the design, materials, process, assembly, and reliability of a six-side molded panel-level chip-scale package (PLCSP) are presented. Emphasis is placed on the fabrication of the redistribution layers (RDLs) of the PLCSP on a large temporary panel with multiple device wafers. Because all the printed circuited board (PCB) panels are in rectangular shape, some of the device wafers are diced into two or more pieces so the panel is fully utilized. Thus, it is very high throughput. Because all the processes/equipment are PCB processes/equipment (not semiconductor process/equipment), it is a very low-cost process. After the fabrication of RDLs, the wafers from the PCB panel were debonded. It is followed by solder ball mounting and fabricating the six-side molded PLCSP from the original device wafers with RDLs. The drop test and the results including failure analysis of the PLCSP are presented. Thermal cycling of the six-side molded PLCSP PCB assembly is performed by a nonlinear temperature- and time-dependent finite-element simulation.
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Sebaa, Abderrazak. "Parallel Maintenance of Materialized Views in Large-Scale Analytic Platforms." International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 12, no. 1 (2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoci.305209.
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Speeding up queries processing is an important issue in database management. Materialized views are largely used to address this issue. They have been proven successful for query performance optimization. However, updating data sources of the corresponding view requires maintaining the related views. Therefore, a view maintenance strategy is required. This paper presents a novel approach for materialized view maintenance that overcomes the limitations of prior approaches using a parallel “Divide and Conquer” strategy. We modeled the view maintenance problem using a new concept called “Multiple-Views-Matrix” as a matrix that brings up all affected views and their corresponding base relations. Moreover, we introduce a new algorithm for performing maintenance of multiple views, the proposed algorithm is able to use multiple parallelism and recursivity; this allows it to maintain multiple views and to process several updates at the same time. We show that our method provides a significant improvement in terms of maintenance process cost.
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Glenis, Apostolos, and George A. Vouros. "SCALE-BOSS-MR: Scalable Time Series Classification Using Multiple Symbolic Representations." Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2024): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14020689.
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Time-Series-Classification (TSC) is an important machine learning task for many branches of science. Symbolic representations of time series, especially Symbolic Fourier Approximation (SFA), have been proven very effective for this task, given their abilities to reduce noise. In this paper, we improve upon SCALE-BOSS using multiple symbolic representations of time series. More specifically, the proposed SCALE-BOSS-MR incorporates into the process a variety of window sizes combined with multiple dilation parameters applied to the original and to first-order differences’ time series, with the latter modeling trend information. SCALE-BOSS-MR has been evaluated using the eight datasets with the largest training size of the UCR time series repository. The results indicate that SCALE-BOSS-MR can be instantiated to classifiers that are able to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy and can be tuned for scalability.
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Leeman, Jennifer, Alix Boisson, and Vivian Go. "Scaling Up Public Health Interventions: Engaging Partners Across Multiple Levels." Annual Review of Public Health 43, no. 1 (2022): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-113438.
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Advancing the science of intervention scale-up is essential to increasing the impact of effective interventions at the regional and national levels. In contrast with work in high-income countries (HICs), where scale-up research has been limited, researchers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have conducted numerous studies on the regional and national scale-up of interventions. In this article, we review the state of the science on intervention scale-up in both HICs and LMICs. We provide an introduction to the elements of scale-up followed by a description of the scale-up process, with an illustrative case study from our own research. We then present findings from a scoping review comparing scale-up studies in LMIC and HIC settings. We conclude with lessons learned and recommendations for improving scale-up research.
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Stolyar, A. L. "Diffusion-Scale Tightness of Invariant Distributions of a Large-Scale Flexible Service System." Advances in Applied Probability 47, no. 1 (2015): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1427814590.
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A large-scale service system with multiple customer classes and multiple server pools is considered, with the mean service time depending both on the customer class and server pool. The allowed activities (routeing choices) form a tree (in the graph with vertices being both customer classes and server pools). We study the behavior of the system under a leaf activity priority (LAP) policy, introduced by Stolyar and Yudovina (2012). An asymptotic regime is considered, where the arrival rate of customers and number of servers in each pool tend to ∞ in proportion to a scaling parameter r, while the overall system load remains strictly subcritical. We prove tightness of diffusion-scaled (centered at the equilibrium point and scaled down by r−1/2) invariant distributions. As a consequence, we obtain a limit interchange result: the limit of diffusion-scaled invariant distributions is equal to the invariant distribution of the limiting diffusion process.
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Stolyar, A. L. "Diffusion-Scale Tightness of Invariant Distributions of a Large-Scale Flexible Service System." Advances in Applied Probability 47, no. 01 (2015): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800007795.
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A large-scale service system with multiple customer classes and multiple server pools is considered, with the mean service time depending both on the customer class and server pool. The allowed activities (routeing choices) form a tree (in the graph with vertices being both customer classes and server pools). We study the behavior of the system under a leaf activity priority (LAP) policy, introduced by Stolyar and Yudovina (2012). An asymptotic regime is considered, where the arrival rate of customers and number of servers in each pool tend to ∞ in proportion to a scaling parameter r, while the overall system load remains strictly subcritical. We prove tightness of diffusion-scaled (centered at the equilibrium point and scaled down by r −1/2) invariant distributions. As a consequence, we obtain a limit interchange result: the limit of diffusion-scaled invariant distributions is equal to the invariant distribution of the limiting diffusion process.
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Zuo, Hong, Zhiqiang Yang, Shouchun Deng, and Haibo Li. "High-order asymptotic solutions for gas transport in heterogeneous media with multiple spatial scales." Physics of Fluids 35, no. 1 (2023): 013106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0130971.
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Subsurface structures generally exhibit strong heterogeneities at multiple spatial scales. In this study, two- and three-scale high-order models are developed to effectively predict nonlinear gas transport in heterogeneous porous media with multiscale configurations. The considered heterogeneous porous media are composed of the matrix and inclusions at the mesoscopic and microscopic scales, respectively. First, using the formal two-scale asymptotic analysis, the homogenized solutions, the two-scale first-order and higher-order solutions are derived, with the first-order and second-order cell functions defined at the mesoscopic cell. Second, by further expanding all the mesoscopic cell functions to the microscopic levels, the second-order expansions of the mesoscopic cell functions are established and the upscaled relationships for the permeability tensor from the microscale to the macroscale are developed accordingly. Finally, the three-scale low-order and high-order solutions are constructed by combining the multiscale expansions of the mesoscopic cell functions and the macro–meso two-scale solutions. Several representative cases are simulated to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the proposed multiscale solutions. The results show that the high-order solutions can perfectly capture the locally steep pressure fluctuations and non-equilibrium effects caused by the heterogeneities and large permeability contrast in porous media with two- or three-scale configurations. The strategies to obtain the multiscale high-order solutions follow the reverse thought process of the reiteration homogenization method, and can be easily extended to heterogeneous porous media with arbitrary multiple scales.
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Folt, Carol L., Keith H. Nislow, and Mary E. Power. "Implications of temporal and spatial scale for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) research." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55, S1 (1998): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/d98-017.
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The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a model species for studying scale issues (i.e., the extent, duration, and resolution of a study or natural process) in ecology. Major shifts in behavior and habitat use over ontogeny, along with a relatively long life span and large dispersal and migration distances, make scale issues critical for effective conservation, management, and restoration of this species. The scale over which a process occurs must be linked to the research design and we illustrate this with a discussion of resource tracking by Atlantic salmon. Identifying scale inconsistencies (e.g., when a process is evident at one scale but not another) is shown to be an effective means by which some scale-dependent processes are understood. We review the literature to assess the temporal and spatial scales used in Atlantic salmon research and find most current studies appear to sacrifice spatial and temporal extent for increased resolution. Finally, we discuss research strategies for expanding the temporal and spatial scales in salmon research, such as conducting multiple scales studies to elucidate scale inconsistencies, identifying mechanisms, and using techniques and approaches to generalize across studies and over time and space.
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Spiliopoulos, Konstantinos. "Fluctuation analysis and short time asymptotics for multiple scales diffusion processes." Stochastics and Dynamics 14, no. 03 (2014): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219493713500263.
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We consider the limiting behavior of fluctuations of small noise diffusions with multiple scales around their homogenized deterministic limit. We allow full dependence of the coefficients on the slow and fast motion. These processes arise naturally when one is interested in short time asymptotics of multiple scale diffusions. We do not make periodicity assumptions, but we impose conditions on the fast motion to guarantee ergodicity. Depending on the order of interaction between the fast scale and the size of the noise, we get different behavior. In certain cases additional drift terms arise in the limiting process, which are explicitly characterized. These results provide a better approximation to the limiting behavior of such processes when compared to the law of large numbers homogenization limit.
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Nightingale, J. M., S. R. Phinn, and A. A. Held. "Ecosystem process models at multiple scales for mapping tropical forest productivity." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 28, no. 2 (2004): 241–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133304pp411ra.
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Quantifying mass and energy exchanges within tropical forests is essential for understanding their role in the global carbon budget and how they will respond to perturbations in climate. This study reviews ecosystem process models designed to predict the growth and productivity of temperate and tropical forest ecosystems. Temperate forest models were included because of the minimal number of tropical forest models. The review provides a multiscale assessment enabling potential users to select a model suited to the scale and type of information they require in tropical forests. Process models are reviewed in relation to their input and output parameters, minimum spatial and temporal units of operation, maximum spatial extent and time period of application for each organization level of modelling. Organizational levels included leaf-tree, plot-stand, regional and ecosystem levels, with model complexity decreasing as the time-step and spatial extent of model operation increases. All ecosystem models are simplified versions of reality and are typically aspatial. Remotely sensed data sets and derived products may be used to initialize, drive and validate ecosystem process models. At the simplest level, remotely sensed data are used to delimit location, extent and changes over time of vegetation communities. At a more advanced level, remotely sensed data products have been used to estimate key structural and biophysical properties associated with ecosystem processes in tropical and temperate forests. Combining ecological models and image data enables the development of carbon accounting systems that will contribute to understanding greenhouse gas budgets at biome and global scales.
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Paterson, Scott R., T. Kenneth Fowler, and Robert B. Miller. "Pluton emplacement in arcs: a crustal-scale exchange process." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 87, no. 1-2 (1996): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300006532.
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ABSTRACT:Buddington (1959) pointed out that the construction of large crustal magma chambers involves complex internal processes as well as multiple country rock material transfer processes (MTPs), which reflect large horizontal, vertical and temporal gradients in physical conditions. Thus, we have attempted to determine the relative importance of different magmatic and country rock MTPs at various crustal depths, and whether country rock MTPs largely transport material vertically or horizontally, rather than seeking a single model of magma ascent and emplacement.Partially preserved roofs of nine plutons and in some cases roof–wall transitions with roof emplacement depths of 1·5–11 km were mapped. During emplacement, these roofs were not deformed in a ductile manner, detached or extended by faults, or significantly uplifted. Instead, sharp, irregular, discordant contacts are the rule with stoped blocks often preserved immediately below the roof, even at depths of 10 km. The upper portions of these magma chambers are varied, sometimes preserving the crests of more evolved magmas or local zones of volatile-rich phases and complex zones of dyking and magma mingling. Magmatic structures near roofs display a wide variety of patterns and generally formed after emplacement. Transitions from gently dipping roofs to steep walls are abrupt. At shallow crustal levels, steep wall contacts have sharp, discordant, stepped patterns with locally preserved stoped blocks indicating that the chamber grew sideways in part by stoping. Around deeper plutons, an abrupt transition (sometimes within hundreds of metres) occurs in the country rock from discordant, brittle roofs to moderately concordant, walls deformed in a ductile manner defining narrow structural aureoles. Brittle or ductile faults are not present at roof–wall joins.Near steep wall contacts at shallow to mid-crustal depths (5–15 km), vertical and horizontal deflections of pre-emplacement markers (e.g. bedding, faults, dykes), and ductile strains in narrow aureoles (0·1–0·3 body radii) give a complete range of bulk strain values that account for 0–100% of the needed space, but average around 30%, or less, particularly for larger batholiths. A lack of far-field deflection of these same markers rules out significant horizontal displacement outside the aureoles and requires that any near-field lateral shortening is accommodated by vertical flow. Lateral variations from ductile (inner aureole) to brittle (outer aureole) MTPs are typically observed. Compositional zoning is widespread within these magma bodies and is thought to represent separately evolved pulses that travelled up the same magma plumbing system. Magmatic foliations and lineations commonly cross-cut contacts between pulses and reflect the strain caused either by the late flow of melt or regional deformation.Country rocks near the few examined mid- to deep crustal walls (10–30 km) are extensively deformed, with both discordant and concordant contacts present; however, the distinction between regional and emplacement-related deformation is less clear than for shallower plutons. Internal sheeting is more common, although elliptical masses are present. Lateral compositional variations are as large as vertical variations at shallower depths and occur over shorter distances. Magmatic foliations and lineations often reflect regional deformation rather than emplacement processes.The lack of evidence for horizontal displacement outside the narrow, shallow to mid-crustal aureoles and the lack of lateral or upwards displacement of pluton roofs indicate that during emplacement most country rock is transported downwards in the region now occupied by the magma body and its aureole. The internal sheeting and zoning indicate that during the downwards flow of country rock, multiple pulses of magma travelled up the same magma system. If these relationships are widespread in arcs, magma emplacement is the driving mechanism for a huge crustal-scale exchange process.
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Jacquier, Mickaël, Jean-Michel Vandel, François Léger, et al. "Population genetic structures at multiple spatial scales: importance of social groups in European badgers." Journal of Mammalogy 101, no. 5 (2020): 1380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyaa090.
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Abstract Population viability and metapopulation dynamics are strongly affected by gene flow. Identifying ecological correlates of genetic structure and gene flow in wild populations is therefore a major issue both in evolutionary ecology and species management. Studying the genetic structure of populations also enables identification of the spatial scale at which most gene flow occurs, hence the scale of the functional connectivity, which is of paramount importance for species ecology. In this study, we examined the genetic structure of a social, continuously distributed mammal, the European badger (Meles meles), both at large spatial scales (among populations) and fine (within populations) spatial scales. The study was carried out in 11 sites across France utilizing a noninvasive hair trapping protocol at 206 monitored setts. We identified 264 badgers genotyped at 24 microsatellite DNA loci. At the large scale, we observed high and significant genetic differentiation among populations (global Fst = 0.139; range of pairwise Fst [0.046–0.231]) that was not related to the geographic distance among sites, suggesting few large-scale dispersal events. Within populations, we detected a threshold value below which badgers were genetically close (&lt; 400 m), highlighting that sociality is the major structuring process within badger populations at the fine scale.
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Helm, Jonathan Lee, Nilam Ram, Pamela M. Cole, and Sy-Miin Chow. "Modeling Self-Regulation as a Process Usinga Multiple Time-Scale Multiphase Latent Basis Growth Model." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 23, no. 5 (2016): 635–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1178580.
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Wu, Qihang, Haiyan Li, Xiaodong Hu, et al. "Full-scale evaluation of reversed A2/O process for removal of multiple pollutants in sewage." Chinese Chemical Letters 31, no. 10 (2020): 2825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2020.06.029.
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Thipdech, Atipad, Kulchanat Prasertsit, and Songtham Photaworn. "Process intensification of biodiesel production using pilot-scale continuous multiple baffle reactor with feed distribution." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 195 (January 2024): 109614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2023.109614.
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Xu, Chuanyun, Hang Wang, Yang Zhang, Zheng Zhou, and Gang Li. "Dual-Branch Multi-Scale Relation Networks with Tutorial Learning for Few-Shot Learning." Applied Sciences 14, no. 4 (2024): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14041599.
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Few-shot learning refers to training a model with a few labeled data to effectively recognize unseen categories. Recently, numerous approaches have been suggested to improve the extraction of abundant feature information at hierarchical layers or multiple scales for similarity metrics, especially methods based on learnable relation networks, which have demonstrated promising results. However, the roles played by image features in relationship measurement vary at different layers, and effectively integrating features from different layers and multiple scales can improve the measurement capacity of the model. In light of this, we propose a novel method called dual-branch multi-scale relation networks with tutoring learning (DbMRNT) for few-shot learning. Specifically, we first generate deep multiple features using a multi-scale feature generator in Branch 1 while extracting features at hierarchical layers in Branch 2. Then, learnable relation networks are employed in both branches to measure the pairwise similarity of features at each scale or layer. Furthermore, to leverage the dominant role of deep features in the final classification, we introduce a tutorial learning module that enables Branch 1 to tutor the learning process of Branch 2. Ultimately, the relation scores of all scales and layers are integrated to obtain the classification results. Extensive experiments on popular few-shot learning datasets prove that our method outperforms other similar methods.
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Wilke, Daniel N., Paul W. Cleary, and Nicolin Govender. "From discrete element simulation data to process insights." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 15001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124915001.
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Industrial-scale discrete element simulations typically generate Gigabytes of data per time step, which implies that even opening a single file may require 5 - 15 minutes on conventional magnetic storage devices. Data science’s inherent multi-disciplinary nature makes the extraction of useful information challenging, often leading to undiscovered details or new insights. This study explores the potential of statistical learning to identify potential regions of interest for large scale discrete element simulations. We demonstrate that our in-house knowledge discovery and data mining system (KDS) can decompose large datasets into i) regions of potential interest to the analyst, ii) multiple decompositions that highlight different aspects of the data, iii) simplify interpretation of DEM generated data by focusing attention on the interpretation of automatically decomposed regions, and iv) streamline the analysis of raw DEM data by letting the analyst control the number of decomposition and the way the decompositions are performed. Multiple decompositions can be automated in parallel and compressed, enabling agile engagement with the analyst’s processed data. This study focuses on spatial and not temporal inferences.
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Makeng, Huguette Laure Wamba, Ivric Valaire Yatat-Djeumen, Bothwell Maregere, Rendani Netshikweta, Jean Jules Tewa, and Winston Garira. "Multiscale modelling of hepatitis B virus at cell level of organization." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 21, no. 9 (2024): 7165–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2024317.
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<p>Multiscale modelling is a promising quantitative approach for studying infectious disease dynamics. This approach garners attention from both individuals who model diseases and those who plan for public health because it has great potential to contribute in expanding the understanding necessary for managing, reducing, and potentially exterminating infectious diseases. In this article, we developed a nested multiscale model of hepatitis B virus (HBV) that integrates the within-cell scale and the between-cell scale at cell level of organization of this disease system. The between-cell scale is linked to the within-cell scale by a once off inflow of initial viral infective inoculum dose from the between-cell scale to the within-cell scale through the process of infection; the within-cell scale is linked to the between-cell scale through the outflow of the virus from the within-cell scale to the between-cell scale through the process of viral shedding or excretion. The resulting multiple scales model is bidirectionally coupled in such a way that the within-cell scale and between-cell scale sub-models mutually affect each other, creating a reciprocal relationship. The computed reproductive number from the multiscale model confirms that the within-host scale and the between-host scale influence each other in a reciprocal manner. Numerical simulations are presented that also confirm the theoretical results and support the initial assumption that the within-cell scale and the between-cell scale influence each other in a reciprocal manner. This multiple scales modeling approach serves as a valuable tool for assessing the impact and success of health strategies aimed at controlling hepatitis B virus disease system.</p>
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Vrolijk, Jan-Willem, Eric Verschuur, and Gabriel Lopez. "Integrated receiver deghosting and closed-loop surface-multiple elimination." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 4 (2017): T133—T141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0442.1.
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Accurate surface-related multiple removal is an important step in conventional seismic processing, and more recently, primaries and surface multiples are separated such that each of them is available for imaging algorithms. Current developments in the field of surface-multiple removal aim at estimating primaries in a large-scale inversion process. Using such a so-called closed-loop process, in each iteration primaries and surface multiples will be updated until they fit the measured data. The advantage of redefining surface-multiple removal as a closed-loop process is that certain preprocessing steps can be included, which can lead to an improved multiple removal. In principle, the surface-related multiple elimination process requires deghosted data as input; thus, the source and receiver ghost must be removed. We have focused on the receiver ghost effect and assume that the source is towed close to the sea surface, such that the source ghost effect is well-represented by a dipole source. The receiver ghost effect is integrated within the closed-loop primary estimation process. Thus, primaries are directly estimated without the receiver ghost effect. After receiver deghosting, the upgoing wavefield is defined at zero depth, which is the surface. We have successfully validated our method on a 2D simulated data and on a 2D subset from 3D broadband field data with a slanted cable.
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Zhang, Min, Lu Wang, Ran Wang, and Jingjing Xiong. "Measuring hospital process service quality: emerging technologies’ challenge." International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 12, no. 3 (2020): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijqss-02-2020-0018.
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Purpose In the mobile internet era, the path and mechanism of hospital patient-perceived quality have been changed radically. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale that adequately captures the characteristics of hospital service quality from the patient’s perspective under the background of the mobile internet. Design/methodology/approach Based on previous related research and interviews with focus groups, this paper conceptualized, constructed, refined and tested a multiple-item scale that examined key dimensions of hospital process service quality in the mobile context. To validate this scale, data were collected through two formal surveys in Chinese hospitals and were used to test the reliability and validity of the instrument. Findings The final measurement scale contains three dimensions, that is, environment conditions, attitude and behavior and technical convenience. With the help of this quality scale, hospital managers could have a better understanding of patients’ expectations under the new condition and pinpoint appropriate initiatives to fill the service gap. Originality/value This study focuses on service quality measurement issues related to the application of mobile internet technology in traditional clinical settings, such as hospitals. This paper develops an original and specific service quality scale that catches the online and offline characteristics of the hospital process in the mobile setting and considers both human-technology interaction and human-human interaction.
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黃金俊, 黃金俊. "教育創新透過多元智慧理論對攝影量表之編製". 臺東大學教育學報 33, № 1 (2022): 021–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/102711202022063301002.
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<p>攝影是拍攝過程將個人創意、經驗與美感透過照相機過程紀錄影像。攝影創作歷程，若能透過多元智慧，表現出不同智慧學習與運用，將可創造新價值影像。過去較少研究探討高職設計類科學生攝影學習，使用自陳式多元智慧攝影量表進行評量。本研究為了補足上述不足，探討教育創新透過多元智慧理論，了解多元智慧攝影組成成分，編製多元智慧攝影量表，評估學生多元智慧攝影能力。研究者分別以臺灣地區高職設計類科617位學生為研究樣本，進行量表預試和正式施測。預試部分經過項目分析及探索性因素分析後，顯示此量表具有自然智慧、內省智慧、人際智慧、空間智慧、音樂智慧、語文智慧、肢體智慧、數學智慧與新價值影像九個因子結構，且各項目分析皆是良好。正式施測的驗證性因素分析也顯示此量表九個因子結構具備良好的模式適配度。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Photography is the process of recording images of personal creativity, experience and beauty through the camera process. If the photographic creation process can demonstrate different wisdom learning and application through multiple intelligences, it will create new value images. Few studies on learning photography by vocational high school design department students use the Self-Reporting Scale of Multiple Intelligences Photography. To make up for that shortcoming, this study explores the studies of education innovation through the theory of multiple intelligences photography, compiles the Multiple Intelligences Photography Scale of vocational high school design department students, and then evaluates students’ perceptions of multiple intelligences photography. The researcher uses 617 vocational high school design department students in Taiwan as the research objects to conduct scale pretests and then the formal tests. After the item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) are conducted in the pre-test phase, the results showed that the scale contains a nine -factor structure: Natural Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Interpersonal Intelligence, Spatial Intelligence, Musical Intelligence, language Intelligence, Mathematical Intelligence, and New Value Image, and the analysis results of each item are good. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed in the formal tests, also show that the nine-factor structure of this scale has a goodness-of-fit.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>
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Cantemir, A., A. Visan, N. Parvulescu, and M. Dogaru. "THE USE OF MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES IN THE PROCESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS UPDATING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 10, 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-19-2016.
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The methods used in the process of updating maps have evolved and become more complex, especially upon the development of the digital technology. At the same time, the development of technology has led to an abundance of available data that can be used in the updating process. The data sources came in a great variety of forms and formats from different acquisition sensors. Satellite images provided by certain satellite missions are now available on space agencies portals. Images stored in archives of satellite missions such us Sentinel, Landsat and other can be downloaded free of charge.The main advantages are represented by the large coverage area and rather good spatial resolution that enables the use of these images for the map updating at an appropriate scale. In our study we focused our research of these images on 1: 50.000 scale map. DEM that are globally available could represent an appropriate input for watershed delineation and stream network generation, that can be used as support for hydrography thematic layer update. If, in addition to remote sensing aerial photogrametry and LiDAR data are ussed, the accuracy of data sources is enhanced. Ortophotoimages and Digital Terrain Models are the main products that can be used for feature extraction and update. On the other side, the use of georeferenced analogical basemaps represent a significant addition to the process. Concerning the thematic maps, the classic representation of the terrain by contour lines derived from DTM, remains the best method of surfacing the earth on a map, nevertheless the correlation with other layers such as Hidrography are mandatory. In the context of the current national coverage of the Digital Terrain Model, one of the main concerns of the National Center of Cartography, through the Cartography and Photogrammetry Department, is represented by the exploitation of the available data in order to update the layers of the Topographic Reference Map 1:5000, known as TOPRO5 and at the same time, through the generalization and additional data sources of the Romanian 1:50 000 scale map. This paper also investigates the general perspective of DTM automatic use derived products in the process of updating the topographic maps.
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Cantemir, A., A. Visan, N. Parvulescu, and M. Dogaru. "THE USE OF MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES IN THE PROCESS OF TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS UPDATING." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 10, 2016): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-19-2016.
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The methods used in the process of updating maps have evolved and become more complex, especially upon the development of the digital technology. At the same time, the development of technology has led to an abundance of available data that can be used in the updating process. The data sources came in a great variety of forms and formats from different acquisition sensors. Satellite images provided by certain satellite missions are now available on space agencies portals. Images stored in archives of satellite missions such us Sentinel, Landsat and other can be downloaded free of charge.The main advantages are represented by the large coverage area and rather good spatial resolution that enables the use of these images for the map updating at an appropriate scale. In our study we focused our research of these images on 1: 50.000 scale map. DEM that are globally available could represent an appropriate input for watershed delineation and stream network generation, that can be used as support for hydrography thematic layer update. If, in addition to remote sensing aerial photogrametry and LiDAR data are ussed, the accuracy of data sources is enhanced. Ortophotoimages and Digital Terrain Models are the main products that can be used for feature extraction and update. On the other side, the use of georeferenced analogical basemaps represent a significant addition to the process. Concerning the thematic maps, the classic representation of the terrain by contour lines derived from DTM, remains the best method of surfacing the earth on a map, nevertheless the correlation with other layers such as Hidrography are mandatory. In the context of the current national coverage of the Digital Terrain Model, one of the main concerns of the National Center of Cartography, through the Cartography and Photogrammetry Department, is represented by the exploitation of the available data in order to update the layers of the Topographic Reference Map 1:5000, known as TOPRO5 and at the same time, through the generalization and additional data sources of the Romanian 1:50 000 scale map. This paper also investigates the general perspective of DTM automatic use derived products in the process of updating the topographic maps.
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Deck, Premela, Sarah Eisensmith, and Jacqueline Cafaro. "The Parents Divorcing Conflict Scale." Advances in Social Work 22, no. 3 (2023): 1174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/26385.
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Practical measures to screen for high levels of pre-divorce conflict offer a unique opportunity for early intervention by forensic social work professionals in divorces where children are at risk of being exposed to high levels of interparental conflict and subsequent maladjustment. There is a lack of validated short screening instruments specifically addressing pre-divorce conflict for parents with at least one minor child. An instrument of this nature would support those in the forensic social work field in identifying families that may be at risk for a high-conflict divorce process. Accordingly, this study describes the development of a self-report measure to assess conflict in parenting couples who are in the process of divorce. An Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was conducted with data from a sample of parents in the process of divorce (n=114), and multiple factor structures were examined. The EFA confirmed that a one-factor model offered the best fit. The short 8-item Parents Divorcing Conflict Scale (PDCS) is a promising measure for use in forensic social work, research, and clinical and policy settings as it captures pertinent themes of conflict, including communication, social network, parent characteristics, satisfaction with agreements, and mistrust, and can inform early intervention strategies that will serve to support healthy communication practices amongst divorcing couples throughout the marriage dissolution process.
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Wagner, Udo, Fernanda Sepúlveda Simon, and Margit Enke. "Measuring Product Commoditization: Scale Development." Marketing ZFP 45, no. 4 (2023): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2023-4-3.
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Commoditization refers to the process by which a product or service becomes standardized and interchangeable with similar products or services on the market, resulting in a reduction of its perceived value and a focus on price competition. The extant literature lacks a validated scale to assess product commoditization from a consumer perspective. The current research conceptualizes the construct of product commoditization and develops a self-assessment scale that evaluates commoditization as expressed by the four dimensions of brand importance, ease of switching, price sensitivity, and product homogeneity. Four studies using multiple methods confirm the reliability and validity of the product-commoditization construct.
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Kabouris, J. C., and A. P. Georgakakos. "Accounting for Different Time Scales in Activated Sludge Process Control." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 5-6 (1992): 1381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0581.
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A multirate approach is presented for the integration and discrete linearization of the activated sludge dynamics, that can be readily incorporated in optimal control and uncertainty propagation algorithms. This procedure fully accounts for the existence of multiple time-scale clusters in the activated sludge process and lends itself to a computationally efficient implementation. The method is verified in a computational case study involving a reduced-order version of the IAWPRC model.
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Lee, S. B. "The correlation between acculturation stress and acculturation dreaming process." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72255-6.
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AimThe purpose of this study was to test the correlation between acculturative stress scale and acculturation dream scale and to verify previous research outcomes.Methods165 Korean American undergraduate and graduate students (M age = 23.3, SD = 4.1) participated in this study. They submitted the most recent dreams and assessed acculturative stress scale. Total 165 dreams were coded by “Lee Acculturation Dream Scale” (Lee, Sang Bok, 2005: Psychological Reports, 96, 454–456). The hypothesis was that the group members having higher acculturative stressscale would have lower acculturation dream scale than the group members with lower acculturative stress scale.ResultsThe first generation Korean American students group (n = 80, M age = 23.4, SD = 4.2) had higher acculturative stress level and lower acculturative dream scale when compared with the second generation Korean American college student group (n = 85, M age = 23.6, SD = 4.3). The t-test on the two group comparison was significant on acculturative stress level (p < 0.001) and “Lee Acculturation Dream Scale” (p < 0.001). It was proven that day time acculturative stress situation had an effect on the night-time dreaming neurocognitive activities, i.e., unconscious acculturation process (Lee, Sang Bok, 2006: “Acculturation Scale for Korean American College Students,” Psychological Reports; Lee, Sang Bok, 2006: “Asian Values Scale - Comparisons of Korean and Korean-American High School Students,” Psychological Reports).ConclusionThe multiple domains of acculturative processes need to be explicated in terms of “multicultural hermeneutics” (Lee, Sang Bok, 2003: “Working with Korean-American Families - Multicultural Hermeneutics,” The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 159–178) and of real life experience mapping.
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Magliozzi, Chiara, Robert C. Grabowski, Aaron I. Packman, and Stefan Krause. "Toward a conceptual framework of hyporheic exchange across spatial scales." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 12 (2018): 6163–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-6163-2018.
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Abstract. Rivers are not isolated systems but interact continuously with groundwater from their confined headwaters to their wide lowland floodplains. In the last few decades, research on the hyporheic zone (HZ) has increased appreciation of the hydrological importance and ecological significance of connected river and groundwater systems. While recent studies have investigated hydrological, biogeochemical and ecohydrological processes in the HZ at bedform and reach scales, a comprehensive understanding of process-based interactions between factors operating at different spatial and temporal scales driving hyporheic exchange flows (HEFs) at reach scale and larger is still missing. Therefore, this review summarizes the factors and processes at catchment, valley, and reach scales that interact to control spatial and temporal variations in hyporheic exchange flows. By using a multi-scale perspective, this review connects field observations and modelling studies to identify the process driving patterns and dynamics of HEF. Finally, the influence of process interactions over multiple spatial scales is illustrated in a case study, supported by new GIS analyses, which highlights the importance of valley-scale factors to the expression of HEF at the reach scale. This conceptual framework will aid the development of approaches to interpret hyporheic exchange across scales, infer scaling relationships, and inform catchment management decisions.
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Marsh, Christopher B., John W. Pomeroy, and Howard S. Wheater. "The Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM) v1.0: a multi-scale, multi-extent, variable-complexity hydrological model – design and overview." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 1 (2020): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-225-2020.
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Abstract. Despite debate in the rainfall–runoff hydrology literature about the merits of physics-based and spatially distributed models, substantial work in cold-region hydrology has shown improved predictive capacity by including physics-based process representations, relatively high-resolution semi-distributed and fully distributed discretizations, and the use of physically identifiable parameters that require limited calibration. While there is increasing motivation for modelling at hyper-resolution (< 1 km) and snowdrift-resolving scales (≈ 1 to 100 m), the capabilities of existing cold-region hydrological models are computationally limited at these scales. Here, a new distributed model, the Canadian Hydrological Model (CHM), is presented. Although designed to be applied generally, it has a focus for application where cold-region processes play a role in hydrology. Key features include the ability to do the following: capture spatial heterogeneity in the surface discretization in an efficient manner via variable-resolution unstructured meshes; include multiple process representations; change, remove, and decouple hydrological process algorithms; work at both a point and spatially distributed scale; scale to multiple spatial extents and scales; and utilize a variety of forcing fields (boundary and initial conditions). This paper focuses on the overall model philosophy and design, and it provides a number of cold-region-specific features and examples.
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Wang, Ling, Hongqiao Wang, and Guangyuan Fu. "Multi-Nyström Method Based on Multiple Kernel Learning for Large Scale Imbalanced Classification." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (June 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9911871.
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Extensions of kernel methods for the class imbalance problems have been extensively studied. Although they work well in coping with nonlinear problems, the high computation and memory costs severely limit their application to real-world imbalanced tasks. The Nyström method is an effective technique to scale kernel methods. However, the standard Nyström method needs to sample a sufficiently large number of landmark points to ensure an accurate approximation, which seriously affects its efficiency. In this study, we propose a multi-Nyström method based on mixtures of Nyström approximations to avoid the explosion of subkernel matrix, whereas the optimization to mixture weights is embedded into the model training process by multiple kernel learning (MKL) algorithms to yield more accurate low-rank approximation. Moreover, we select subsets of landmark points according to the imbalance distribution to reduce the model’s sensitivity to skewness. We also provide a kernel stability analysis of our method and show that the model solution error is bounded by weighted approximate errors, which can help us improve the learning process. Extensive experiments on several large scale datasets show that our method can achieve a higher classification accuracy and a dramatical speedup of MKL algorithms.
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Jeon, Jueun, Jong Hyuk Park, and Young-Sik Jeong. "Resource Utilization Scheme of Idle Virtual Machines for Multiple Large-Scale Jobs Based on OpenStack." Applied Sciences 9, no. 20 (2019): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9204327.
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Cloud computing services that provide computing resources to users through the Internet also provide computing resources in a virtual machine form based on virtualization techniques. In general, supercomputing and grid computing have mainly been used to process large-scale jobs occurring in scientific, technical, and engineering application domains. However, services that process large-scale jobs in parallel using idle virtual machines are not provided in cloud computing at present. Generally, users do not use virtual machines anymore, or they do not use them for a long period of time, because existing cloud computing assigns all of the use rights of virtual machines to users, resulting in the low use of computing resources. This study proposes a scheme to process large-scale jobs in parallel, using idle virtual machines and increasing the resource utilization of idle virtual machines. Idle virtual machines are basically identified through specific determination criteria out of virtual machines created using OpenStack, and then they are used in computing services. This is called the idle virtual machine–resource utilization (IVM–ReU), which is proposed in this study.
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Horemans, Joanna A., Alexandra Henrot, Christine Delire, et al. "Combining multiple statistical methods to evaluate the performance of process-based vegetation models across three forest stands." Central European Forestry Journal 63, no. 4 (2017): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forj-2017-0025.
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AbstractProcess-based vegetation models are crucial tools to better understand biosphere-atmosphere exchanges and ecophysiological responses to climate change. In this contribution the performance of two global dynamic vegetation models, i.e. CARAIB and ISBACC, and one stand-scale forest model, i.e. 4C, was compared to long-term observed net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) time series from eddy covariance monitoring stations at three old-grown European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands. Residual analysis, wavelet analysis and singular spectrum analysis were used beside conventional scalar statistical measures to assess model performance with the aim of defining future targets for model improvement. We found that the most important errors for all three models occurred at the edges of the observed NEE distribution and the model errors were correlated with environmental variables on a daily scale. These observations point to possible projection issues under more extreme future climate conditions. Recurrent patterns in the residuals over the course of the year were linked to the approach to simulate phenology and physiological evolution during leaf development and senescence. Substantial model errors occurred on the multi-annual time scale, possibly caused by the lack of inclusion of management actions and disturbances. Other crucial processes defined were the forest structure and the vertical light partitioning through the canopy. Further, model errors were shown not to be transmitted from one time scale to another. We proved that models should be evaluated across multiple sites, preferably using multiple evaluation methods, to identify processes that request reconsideration.